IS : 436 ( Part l/Set 1) - 1964

( Reaffirmed 2001 )
h&an Standard
METHODS FOR SAMPLING OF COAL AND CO@3
PART I SAMPLING OF COAL
Section 1 Manual Sampling

( Revised)
Ei&th
Reprint MAR’bH 1991
( Incorporating Amendment No. 1 )

UDC 662’66:620’1-13

BUREAU OF IND1A.N STANDARDS

MA&K BHAVAN, 9 RAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARC3
NEW DELHI lMJO2

Gr 6 February 1965

-\
 Indian Standard
METHODS FOR SAMPLING OF COAL AND COKE
PART I SAMPLING OF COAL

Section 1 Manual Sampling

( Revised ) ’

Solid Mineral Fuels Sectional Committee, CDC 14

Chairman Re~cscnfirlg
DnA. LAIXIBI Central Fuel Research Institute ( CSIR ), Jcalg&

Members
SEBI A. K. MOITEA ( Altemak to
Dr A. Lahiri )
-I S. K. Bosn Nati;;naanlciCoal .Developmmt Corpoiation Ltd,

&rl~r MININQ ADVISEB, ROIL- Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways)

WAY BOILED, DEANBAD
JOINT DIBICOTOB. MEOHANX-
OAL EN~INEE~XN~ ( FUEL ),
RAILWAY BOABD, NEW
DELHI ( Alternate )
DBA.N. CHOWDEUBY Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
S~sr R. C. DAS GUPTA Government Test House, Calcutta
SHBI K. L. BANEBJB~~’( Allernate )
SHBI B. K. Gaos~ Coal Board, Calcutta
SEBI.U. N. JH~ ‘(‘Alfernats )
SHBI E. B. HALL Bird & Co Private Ltd. Calcutta
Sj&I_HAl%DEt StiAI Hindustan Steel Ltd, Ranchi
SEBI G. S. JABBI Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Institute of
India, Calcutta
SEBI A. K. MITBA Coal Controller, Calcutta
SHBI K. G. RANQBEZ Regional Research Laboratory ( CSIR ), Hyderam
SHBI K. SESEAQIBI RAO ( Altcrnatc )
DB C. V. S. RA~AM Neyvcli Lignite Corporation Ltd, Neyveli
SEBI DEVINDEB-NATE QBAL ( Ahrnatc)
SEEI K. K. ROY CEOlJDEUltI Coal Consumers’ Association, Calcutti
SHEI B. C. ROY GHATAK The Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Calcutta
SHBI D. K. SAMANTA Joint Working Committee of Indian Mining Associa_
tion, Indian Mining Federation, Indian Colliery
Owners’ Association & Madhya Pradesh Mining
Association, Calcutta
( Continueddnfiage 2 1.

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDAR3S

MANAK BHAVAN,. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
 IS I 436 ( Part I/See 1) - 196i
( Confkaudfrom pogr 1 )
Mrmbcrs &M-k
Sam F. S. WATCHA The Tatr Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshed UC
DP J. W. WH~TAX~B Iiikiian Institute of Petroleum ( CSIR ), gehra-Dun
DB SADOOPAL, _ Director, BIS ( Ex-ofiio Mmnbcr )
Dcpucy Director ( Chem )
&r0&Y
Sxu B. N. Sxaezt
Assistant Director (Stat ), BIS

Sampling Subcommittee, CDC 14 : 1

Canrmer
DB A. LARIBI Central Fuel Research Institute (CSIR ), Jealgora

A4cmbcrs
SBBI E. J. BBEULEUX R.V. Brigg 8 CO Privat: Ltd, Calcutta
SaBIk;.S.R.CliAlU NatiT;ichZoal Development Corporation ‘Ltd,

CEIE~ MXN~N~ ADVISER, RAIL- Pailway~Board ( Ministry of Railways )

WAY BOA~D,~EANBAD
JOINT DISECTOB, MECHAN~-
~ALL~;;NEXXINo ( FUEL ),
BOABD, Nrw
DSLHI I Allcmat )
SHRI N. N. DAS GUPTA Central Fuel Research Institute ( CSIR ), Jealgora
SRal.4. GEOSAL Central Fyel Research Institute ( CSIR ), Jcalgora
SEBI B. B.C;aoSrL Indian Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Calcutta
SttnIJ. N. BABMAN (A~frrnotc)
SHRI B. K. GEOSH Coat Board, Calcutta
SHRI U. N. JBA (Aftnnate )
SHEI E. B. HALL Bird & Co I%ivate Ltd, Calcutta
5.3~1~. 0. HUGHES Indian Mining Association, Calcutta
DR A. KHAN Hindustan Steel Limited, Rourkela
SHRI 0. B. LAHIBI Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta
DR A. MATTHAI ( Altern&)
S~sr F. G. MASSE~ANN Mining, Geological t Metallurgical Institute of
India, Calcutta
SBRI L. D.HUGtm(Allcmat~)
SBXI 0. K. SAMAXTA Indian Colliery Owners’ Association, Dhanbad
SHBIS.B.SABKAB Coal Controller, Calcutta
Snnl M. SEW CUPTA Indian Mining Federation, Calcutta
DR A. V. SIJKEATME The Tata Iron Rr Steel Co Ltd, Jamshcdpur
Snnr F. S. WATCEA Coal Consumers’ Association, Calcutta; ondThe,Tata
Iron & Steel Co Ltd, Jamshedpur

__,. -^ ” -- ,. -
..
c
hiian ; Standard
METRO% FOR SAMPLING OF COAL AND COKE
PART I SAMPLING OF COAL

Section 1 Manual Sampling

( Revised )
0. FOREWORD
0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part I ) ( Revised )’ was adopted by the Indian
Standards Institution on 20 July 1964, after the draft finalized by the Solid
.Mmeral Fuels Sectional Committee had been approved by the Chemical
Division Council.
0.2 Thii standard was originally “issuedin 1953 with a view to prescribing
the procedures for obtaining repr@entative samples of coal and coke for
test purposes. However, in vi& of the fact &at at that time experiments
on Indian coal under Indian conditions had just been initiated, i,t was
issued as a tentative Indian Standard. The present revision incorporates
the infbrmatidn obtained from the extensive investigations since carried
out and the experience gained during the last eleven years.
Qq The plFeswtt revisi& diffcn f?om the earlier version-in several important
respects.
OS.1 For purposes of samplink, Indian coals bad originally been divided
into five size groups, but the Sectional Committee reshnsible for the pre-
Paration of this standard felt that the division of coal .into so many size
groups was rather Aringcnt. Hence, it decided that for the purpose. of
sampling, c&l should be divided into the following three size groups only
( see Note ), which would generally be adequate in Practice:
Ninne Nominal Size
Run-of-mine coal 23toOcm
c=lataree I5 to5 cni
( the uppa lit not
Weeding23cm)
coal, small 5toocm
~a--Theritegmupsgivar’urO~.1uemcantonlyfbr~~’ j’ ’
Asrcgadstbe sizcgradingofco&th: vWioussizuasspccilkdin I~:&$$~~3
* rpplY.

lSii grading of cod and coke ck muketing (rdd)t (Second revisiinof this
stan&tddsoissucdin 1965.)
 0.33 Depending upon-the ash content, the Indian coal had originally
been divided into two ash groups, namely, with ash less than 10 percent.
and with ash 10 percent or more. But since the ash content of most of
the Indian coals was found to be generally more than 10 percent, and
since the variation in the quality of Indian. coal does not depend on
ash content, it was felt that the division of coal into two ash groups was
not necessary and that it may be dispensed with. Accordingly, this
standard lays down the sampling procedures for coal without any regard
to its ash content.
0.33 The earlier version had specified the minimum number of incre-
ments and the minimum weight of the gross sample for an accuracy
off 10 percent of the value sought with 95 percent probability. These
recommendations ‘had been made on the basis of results obtained for
American coals. The experiments conducted on Indian coals, however,
revealed that the average and the standard deviation for the ash percentage
were not correlated, implying thereby that the standard deviation does not
increase or decrease with the average ash in any well-defined manner. This
finding made it imperative that the number of increments and the weight of
the gross sample for Indian coals be determined differently. Accordingly,
the optimum weight for a gross sample was lirst determined by trying out
different sample weights and adjudging their optimal nature.by taking the
minimum standard deviation criterion. That is, the weight of the gross
sample for which the observed standard deviation was found to be mini-.
mum was deemed to be the minimum weight for drawing samplcs in
practice. The weight of the increment was then determined separatjy
and thus the number of increments, to be taken for constituting the gross
sample became known.
0.3.4 Regarding the sampling procedure recommended in the earlier
version it was also felt that this procedure did not provide any means for
checking whether the expected accuracy ( of fl0 percent of the value
sought with 95 percent probability ) was being maintained in the course
of sampling or not. This checking becomes essential as the errors intro.
duced due to uncertainties at the various stages of reduction of a gross
sample might, in :ffect, render the confidence limits obtained for the true
average ash content inapplicable. TO obviate this difficulty, it was con-
sidered desirable to always test more than one gross sample’s0 that the test
results themselves may furnish an estimate of the sampling error which can
be utilized in setting the confidence limits.
0.3.4.1 Accordingly, thii standard recommends the division of a lot
into a number of sub-lots ( see Table 1 ) depending upon the weight of the
lot and then drawing a representative gross sample from each, of the sub-
lots separately. The gross samples after suitable, reduction are to be tested
individually for- determination of important characteristics of coal and
compositely forlothers. The standard also lays down a proper procedure
for valid interpretation of the test results so as to evaluate the average

4
 IS I 436 ( Pa*I/Sec 1;) - 1864

levelof quality 848 also the extent in the iywrage for a

of\variation lot
with 95 percent confidence.
O&4.2 For obtaining reliable conclusions, it is recommended that coal
may be sampled when it is in motion, that is, from conveyers or during
loading or unloading. For this purpose the sampling procedure as laid down
in 3,4 and 5 shall be followed. If, however, it is desired to sample the coal
when it is stationary as, for example, from a,stoclc pile or a loaded.wagon, the
pro&ura as laid down in 6,7 and 8 may be followed.. Jt may, however, be
mentioned that the representativeness of .the samples drawn in thii manner
and hence the reliability of the conclusions is not likely to be assured.

OA Careful consideration was given to the various conditions under which

coal may be available or supplied, for example, coal reserves, wagons,
stock piles, conveyers, ships, etc. However, taking into account the many
variationsin the sampling conditions as also from the commercial point
of view, the Committee responsible for the preparation of this standard felt
that the sampling procedures should be prescribed only for ‘conveyers,
wagons, ships, stock piles and seems.

0.5 In drawing up the tables for the minimum weight of gross samples,
consideration has been. given to the fact that the distribution of impurities
varies more in some coals than in others. The recommendations made in
Tables 2 and 3 for the increment sixes and the total weight of the gross
samples are based on the variation of ash percentage in coal. But since
this is the most variable characteristic of coal, the recommended quantities
of samples are expected to be adequate for the determination of other
characteristics also.
0.6 Thii standard as originally issued had also included the sampling
procedure for coke. The investigations on coke are, however, still in
a preliminary stage and it will take quite sometime before sufficient infor-
mation is collected. In the meanwhile, there exists a great and expeditious
demand for the sampling procedure for,coal. The committee responsible
for the preparation of this standard,.therefore, decided to first publish the
methods for sampling of coal as Part I of this standard. P&t II, -dealing
with the sampling of coke, will be issued later on as and when the investi-
gations on coke would be over. In the meantime, through an amendment all
references for coal’ have been deleted Eons IS : 4361953*. Sampling ofCoke
( Part II 7 8f IS: 4361953* has been redesignated as IS: 436
( Part II )-1953* ‘ Methods for sampling of coal and coke, Part 11
Sampling of coke ‘.
0.7 In preparing this standard considerable assistance Gas derived from
the statistically designed investigations carried out at the various coll&&
in the country by the Central Fuel.);\olearch Institute, J’ealgora, Dhanbad.
*Since revised.

F
IS : 436 ( Part I/S+ 1) - 1964
0.8 Thii standard forms one of a series of Indian Standards on coal
and coke. Other standards in the series are:
*IS : 437- 1956 Size grading of coal and coke for marketing ( revised )
?I$ : 439-1953 Hard coke
tIS : 770-1960 General classification of coal
ZIS : 1350-1959 Methods of test for coal and coke - proximate
analysis, total sulphur a$ calorific value
IS : 135 I- 1959 Methods of test for coal and coke - ultimate analysis
IS : 13521959 Methods of’test for coal and coke -special impuritia
IS : 1353-1959 Methods of test for coal carbonization -caking
index, swelling properties and gray-king assay ( L.T. ) coke typa
fIS : 1354-1959 Methods of test for coke - special tests
IS : 1355-1959 Methods of test for ash of coal and coke
0.9 For the determination of the various sizes of coal, as well as for the
reduction purposes, sieves conforming to IS : 46&1962$ shall be used.
Where these sieves are not available, other equivalent standard sieves as
judged by the aperture may be used. For corresponding sizes of British
Sieves and Sieves of the American Society for Testing and Materials,
reference may be made to IS : 460-19628.
0.10 Metric system has been adopted in India and all quantities and
dimensions in this standard have been given only in this system.
0.11 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance with
this standard, if the final value, observed or calculated, is to be rounded
‘off, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1.960 11.

I. SCOPE
1.1 This standard prescribes the methods for sampling of &al from
(a) conveyers, (b) wagons, (c) ships, (d) stock.piles and (e) seams. It also
lays down a procedure for reporting the quality of the material sampled.

2. ‘IXRMINOLOGY
2.0 For the purpose of this standard, the folloiving definitions shall apply. ,
2.1 Cdal, Large - Goal with nominal size 15 to 5 em, the upper lit
.
not exceeding 23 cm.
*Second revision issued in 1965.
‘tSinu revised.
$ Since revised and split into various parts.
$Specification for test sieve3 ( froirrd).
~]Rulu for rounding oRnumerical values ( rrDirrr).

6
c. IS : 436 ( Part I/Set I ) - 1964

_ 2.2 Coal, Run-of-Mine - Unscreened coal containing all sizes, mainly

23, to 0 cm.
2.3 Coal, Small - Coal with nominal size 5 to 0 cm.
2.4 Composite Sample ( for the Lot ) -The quantity of coal obtai’ned
by mixing together equal quantities of coal from each of the laboratory
samples representing the sub-lots into which the lot has been divided.
2.5 Gross Sample -Sample as collected from a sub-lot, that is, the
quantity of coal obtained by aggregating together all the increments drawn
from the same sub-lot.
2.6 Increment - The qua&y of coal taken by a single operation of the
sampling implement.
2.7 Laboratory Sample - The quantity of coal obtained by reducing a
gross sample ( JCC2.5 ) by following a specified procedure for laboratory
testing.
2.8 Lot - The quantity of coal offered for disposal at one time,
2.9 Moisture Sample - A sample ‘to be used e&.uively for the purpose
of determining total moisture.
2.10 Sample Division-The -process whereby a part of the sample is
retained and the remainder rejected.
2.11 Sample’ Reduction -The process of crushing or grinding .the
sample to reduce the particle size and of mixing and sample-dividing ia
successive stages.
2.12 Sub-lot - The quantity of coal in each of the groups into which ,a
lot is divided for the purpose of sampling; a lot may consist of two or more
stib-lots.

3. SAMPLING PROM CONVEYERS

3.1 sub4ots -For the purpose of sampling, a lot, while it is being
discharged over B conveyer, shall be divided into a number of sub-lots of
approximately equal weight as specified in Table 1.

TABLE 1 NUkBER OF SUB-LOTS/GROSS SAMPLES

( Clauses0.3.4.1 and 3.1 )

-Wmrf3Fm or TxlE LOT No. or ~~~-~/Cx.orn,

( hlmzuo TONNISE)

up to 500 2
501 ), 1 ooo 3
1001,,2000 4
2001,,3ooo 5
Over ~3000 6

7
IS : 436 ( Part I/Set 1) - 1964

3.1.1 A representative gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-
lots and shall be kept separately. Thus, there will be as many gross samples
as the number of sub-lots into which the lot has been divided’.
3.2 The number of increments to be taken.from a sub-lot for drawing the
gross sample shall be governed by the weight of the gross sample and the
weight of the increment as specified in Table 2 for various size-groups of
coal. This number shall be evenly distributed over the sub-lot. The
increments shall be drawn with the help of a suitable shovel ( see Fig. 1 ) at
regular intervals.
~_~_
‘TABLE 2 WEIGHT OF GROSS SAMPLE AND NUMB&R OF
INCREMENTS FOR CONVEYERS

SAlaPLS RUN-O;- COALS CJfi’

If:. MINE COAL LATSOIS s ALL

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

i) Weight of gross sample, Miin 350 kg 175 kg 75 kg
ii) Weight of increment ( appro-x ) 5 kg 5 kg 5 kg
iii) Pu’umber of increments, Min 70 35 15

3.2.1 The increments shall preferably be taken from the full cross-section
and thickness of the stream in one operation. When coalis in motion, the
most reliable means of obtaining such increments is to sample at a point
where the coal discharges from the belts. The best possible increment is
one which cuts accross entirely a falling stream of the material by means of
a suitable receptacle passed from one side of the stream to the other without
allowing the receptacle to overflow. : If the whole of the stream cannot
be covered by one increment without overtilling the receptacle, the stream
should be sampled systematically by taking material from all portions.
3.2.2 If it is not possible to sample satisfactorily at a point of’discharge,
the increments may be drawn from the moving belt itself. In this case,
the increments shall be collected from the centre and the left and right
sides of the belt along the same -width. To ensure that very small material
is also correctly obtained in the sample, the scoop should sweep the bottom
of the conveyer.
3.2.3 If it is practicable to stop the belt periodically, increments may be
collected from the whole cross-section of the stream by sweeping the whole
of the coal lying between the sides of a suitable frame placed across the
belt. The frame should be inserted in the coal until it is in. contact with
the belt across its full width.
NOTE - Befoye col1ectin.g the increments,the speed of the conveyer and the quantity
ormaterial passmg a certain point in a given time shall be ascertained so that an appro_
priate spacingof the incrementsmay%e arrangedover the whole of he lot.

-._ _ ._,
.’
 / Smm @ PIN
RIVETED

AC--

CAPACITY WEWUT
I-8 OP
kg BLADE A
280 B
340 C
255 D
255 E(Noar)
200 G(Noar) H x L(NOY,l
5 kg
7 kg 2.0 kg 305 370 280 200 66 55 200 140
200 60 200 170
TOLERANCE + to::
- 5% *6 16 rt6 f6 - *3 tg -

All dimensions in millimetrrs.

FIG. 1 DIMENSIONS OF SHOVEL ( CAPACITY 5 kg AND 7 kg App~ox )
IS : 436 ( Part IiSec 1) - 1964

X2.4 In case automatic samplers are available they may be utilized f&
drawing increments from a conveyer belt. The setting of such-machines
shall be carefully adjusted to ensure that the whole thickness of the stream
is taken.
3.2.5 The material collected from all the increments in a sub-lot shall
be mixed together and shall constitute a gross sampk.

4. SAMRUNG FROM WAGONS DURSNG LOADINti OR

UNLOADING
4.1 Sub-lets - For the purpose of sampiing, all the wagons m a iot shall
be divided into a suitable number of sub-lots of approximately quale
weight in accordance with the requirements of Table 1.
NOT8 -The object ddividing a lot ioto a numb& ofrub-lots is only to facilitate the
drawing of a representative gross sample rather than to indicate its physical division.
4.1.1 One gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots so that
there are as many gross samples as indicated in Table 1.
4.2 In order to get a representative gross sample, coal shall be sampled as
far as possible in steady motion during loading or unloading ofthe wagons.
4.2.1 A minimum of 25 percent of the wagons shall be selected at
random from the sub-lot and to ensure the randomness of .selection the
,procedure as given in Appendix A may be followed. The number of
increments to be taken from the selected wagons and the weights of the
increments and the gross sample shall be inaccordance with Table 3. The
increments shall be eveniy distributed over the selected wagons, with -a
view to determining the necessary number of increments that should be
collected from each of the selected wagons of the sub-lot for making up the
gross sample. These increments shall be drawn with the help of a suitable
scoop or shovel ( see Fig. 1 and 2 j, depending upon the size of the coal
( see Table 3 ), at regular intervals at the time of loading or unloading of
the wagons.
NOTE - In case bigger lumps are encountered which art not acczzmoda:cd in the
scoop or shovel, they shall be collected and crushed separately. The corresponding
increments shall then be drawn from the crushed material.

.*
TA;BLE3 WEIGHT OF GROSS SAMPLE AND NUMBER OF
INCREMENTS EOR WAGONS
/
SArnLx Rnrr.0~. CorL#
rz:. MIRI CoAL 232 RYUL

cli (2) (3) (4) (5).

i) Weight of gross sample, Min 350 kg 175 kg 75 kg
ii) Weight of increment ( approx ) 7t 7 kg 5 kg
iii) Number of increments, Ma 50 25 15

10
c IS : 436 ( Part I/Stc 1,) : 1964

All dimensions in centimetres.

FIG. 2 SAMPLING SCOOP ( CAPACITY 5 kg AND 7 kg )

4.2.2 The material collected from the selected wagons in a sub-lot shall
constitute a gross sample.

5. SAMPLING FROM SHIPS DURING LOADING OR UNLOADING

5.1 Sub-lots -For the purpose of sampling, the entire quantity of coal
in a ship shall be divided into .a suitable number of sub-lots of approxi-
mately equal weight as specified-in Table 1.
5.1.1 A gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots and shall
be kept separately so that there will be as many gross samples as the
number of sub-lots into which the lot has been divided.
5.2 Sampling of coal. from ships-shall be carried out, as far as practicable,
when coal is in motion. If it is taken on a conveyer, the gross sample shall
be collected as per the procedure laid down in 3, If not, the gross samples
may be drawn during loading or unloading. of the ship.. For this purpose,
the number of increments to be taken shall be governed by the weight of
the gross sample and the weight of increment as specified in Table 3 for
various size groups of coal.

6. SAMPLING FROM STOCK PILE

6.1~Subdots -For the purpose of sampling, the quantity of coal in
stock ,pile shall be divided, into a suitable number of sub-lots

11

9?.

,
IS : 436 I Part I/Stc 1) - 1964
approximately equal weight as specified in Table 1 by suitably marking the
lines of dcmarcatton on the surface of the lot.

6.1.1 The surface of each sub-lot shall be levelled and one point for
approximately every 250 metric tonnes of material in the sub-lot shall be
chosen at random. A gross sample shall then be taken from each of the
sub-lots as per the nrocedure given in 6.1.2 and 6.13.

6.1.2 In case the height of the stock pile is not more than 1.5 m, the
.naterial shall be collected at every selected point by taking the whole
section of coal from top to bottom over the area of a circle of 30 cm -dia-
meter. For doing so, coal from the surface up to a depth of, approxi-
mately 50 cm shall be collected at first. The bottom of the hole so formed
shall then be covered by a plate and the coal lying on the sides shall be
removed up to that plate so that when the hole is dug further ( to collect
further samples ), the coal from the sides may not fill up the hole by falling
down. This procedure is repeated till the bottom is reached.
NOTE -If the quantity of the material collected in ;he above manner is less than
that sprcified in Table 3, additional quantity of material shall be collected from other
point(s) chosen for the purpose.

6.1.3 In case the height of the stock pile is more than 1.5 m, the sample
shall be collected at every selected point by taking the material over an
area of a Circle of 30 cm diameter and up to a depth of l-5 m. The
manner for taking out the sample shall be as described in 6.1.2.
NOTE -- Pipe sampling may be resorted to for coals of small size which have &n
closely .screenrd or sized so that the material is approaching uniformity and is in any
case not more than 4 cm top size. The equipment and the procedure to be used for
pipe sampling is described in Appendix B.

7. SAMPLING FROM LOADED WAGONS

7.1 sub4ots - For the purpose of sampling, the loaded wagons in a lot
shall be divided into a suitable number of sub-lots of approximately ‘equal
weight in accordance with Table 1.

7.1.1 One gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots, so that
there are as many gross samples as indieated.in Table 1.

7.2 The gross sample shall be collected from a sub-lot according to the
method described in 6.1.2. For this purpose a minimum of 25 percent of
the wagons shall be selected from the sub-lot at random ( see Appendix A~)
and one point shall be located at random on the coal surface of each of
the selected wagons. At every selected point a sample shall be collected
by taking the whole section of coal from top to bottom over an area of
30 cm diameter as described in 6.1.2:

12
c IS : 436 ( P&t I/Set 1) - 1964

8. SAMPLING FROM LOAD= SHIPS

8.1 8ub-lots - For the purpose of sampling, the quantity of coal in a

loaded ship shall be divided into a suitable number of sub-lots of approxi-
mately qua1 weight as specified in Table 1.

8.1.1 A gross sample shall be drawn from each of the sub-lots according
to the method given in 6.1.1 to 6.1.3 and shall be kept separately so that
there will be as many gross samples as the number of sub-lots into which
the lot has been divided.

9. SAMPLING OF COAL SEAM in ‘situ

9.0 Sampling of coal in siti gives a measure of the quahty of coal to be

mined. The analysis of this sample, however, will seldom give the same
results as those of a run-of-mine sample.

9.1 _The section of seam to be sampled shall be exposed fi-om the roof to
the floor. The exposed surface shall be as smooth as possible so that a
rectangular channel may be cut. It may often be necessary to penetrate
into the seam for a few decimetres to avoid taking weathered coal especi-
ally if the ‘ be ’ has been standing exposed .for some time.’ The seam.
sample shall, be taken in a channel representing the entire cross-section of
the seam having the dimensions of 30 x 10 cm, that is, 30 cm in width and
10 cm in depth. For this purpose, two parallel lines, 30 cm apart end at
right angles to the bedding planes of the seam shall be marked by a chalked
string~on the smooth, freshly exposed surface of the seam. Obvious dirt
bands exceeding 10 cm in thickness shall be excluded. The channel
between the marked chalk lines in the seam shall be cut to a depth of 10 cm
and the coal sample collected on a clean strong cloth or tarpaulin placed
immediately at’ the bottcm so that the chances of pieces flying off during
excavation of coal are minim&d. The total height of the channel shall
be measured and noted. The excluded dirt bands shall, if required, be
separately collected and analysed.

19. REDUCTION OF GROSS SAMPLE

10.1 Run-tfeMinc Cod -The gross sample shall be crushed to 5 cm,

preferably by mechanical means, mixed thoroughly and quartered. Two
opposite quarters shall. be retained and the rest rejected. The retained
material shall be further mixed together, halved and one&half retained.
Thus, ultimately one quarter of the original gross sample is retained and the
rest rejected. The material so obtained shall be crushed to 12.5 mm by a
jaw crusher and then to 3.35 mm by a palmac type of reduction mill
( see Fig. 3 ). The .crushed material shall be reduced either by coning and
quartering or by ri6ling ( see Appendix C ) till 2 kg of sample is obtained.

13
F”
.IS 436 ( Part I/&c 1 ) - 1961

10.1.1 Laboratory Sample - The sample as reduced under IO.1 shall be

inally ground to pass through !212-micron IS Sieve ( SM alp0 C-4 ). From
the ground mate&l, 1.5 kg shall be taken which'~hau cbnstitute the
laboratory sample.
10.1.1.1 Each laboratory saiirprc shadi be divided i&o 6 equal
par&, one for the purchaser, another for th6supplier and the thw fat -the
referee. The samples shall be kept in glass or polyethylene containers and
shall be sealed and marked properly.
10.2 Large Coal - The gross sample shall be crushed to 5 cm, preferably
by mechanical means, mixed thorougly and then quartered. TWO quarters
shall be retained and the rest rejected. The niaterial so obtained shall be
crushed to 12.5 mm by a jaw crusher and then to 3.35 mm by a pahnac
type of reduction mill ( see Fig. 4 ). The crushed material shall be reduced
either b coning and quartering or ~by riflling ( SGC Appendix C ) till 2 kg
of samp re is obfained.
10.2.1 L.aboratov Sample - From the sample as reduced under 10.2, the
laboratory sample shall be prepared as under lO.lJ and 10.1.1.1.
10.3 Small Coal - The gross sample shall be crushed to 3.35 mm in two
steps, namely, through 12.5 mm by a jaw crusher and finally through
~3.35mm by a palmac type of reduction mill (see Fig. 5 ). The .crushed
material shall be reduced either by coning and quartering or by riffling
( see Appendix C ) till 2 kg of the sample is obtained.
10.3.1 Lclboratory Sample - Frbm the sample as reduced under 10.3, the
laboratory sample shall be prepared as under 101l.l and 10.1.1.1.
10.4 Ash Fusion Sample -Following the procedure laid down
under 10.1, reduce the gross sample in successive stages and take an
additional 1 kg sample, passing 12.5 mm IS Sieve for the determination
of ash fusion. If, however, it is desired still further to avoid any con-
tamination whatsoever with iron, take separate’quantities of about 5 kg of
the .coarsely broken coal ( 12.5 mm and below) for the test. Do not grind
the sample further in iron &ills or vessels. Grind the ash obtained by
incineration in an agate mortar to pass 7Smicron IS Sieve.
10.5 Moisture Sample - In view of the fact that mixing and crushing ,
or grinding of coal has been shown by experiinent to lead, in certain cases,
t6 considerable loss of moisture and since it is usually necessary to know
the moisture content of the original coal, collect, as prescribed under 105.3,
two or three special moisture sample& as required, from the gross
sample.
10.5.1 Where the moisture samples have to be reduced it is prefe&ble
to use machinery which crushes rather than machinery which grinds.
10.5.2 It is essential in all operations, especially i‘f the_ coal has been
partially or totally air-dried, that it should not be exposed for any length

14
c IS : 436 ( Part I/See 1) - 1964

REDUCTION OF GROSS SAMPLES

-5cm
(PREFERABLY
HECwNICALw MECHAF(ICALLV)

I AND. 1 RETAINED AFTER I I

CAREFUL MIXING.
AND OUARTERIN6

-12&m
[BY JAW CRUs)(ER)

CAREFUL MIXING,CONING

I AND DUARTERINC

m
/
-12&m
(BY JAW CRUSHER)
I 2

L 3 -
3.35 mm
(BY PALMAC TYPE OF MILL)

- 12.5mm I
(BY SW CRUSHER)

-3.3imm
;BY E%LMAC TYPE QF MILL)
- 3.35mm
(BY PALMAC TYPE OF MILL)

REDUCED
REPEATEOCV

2is 2 kg 24

I I
I
212_MIC,RON IS SIEVC 212~t.ilCdoN IS SlEVE 212~t!aCR& Is SPVE

I I
till0 ?5bf

FIG. 3 RVN-OP- FIG. 4 LARGE F<G. 5 SMALL

MINE COAL \,cOAL COAL

15
IS : 436 ( Part I/See 1) - 1964

of he te a current of air or to an atmosphdre of appreciably different

temperature or humidity.
10.5.3 At the first stage of reduction of the gross sample to Iz-o mm
( see 10.1) collect 5 kg of sample ( see Note below ) by not less than 10
approximately equal increments. while the coal is being discharged from
the jaw crusher or after it has been collected in a heap. Reduce this sample
to as near to 1 kg as possible.,and put the samnle so reduced in an air-tight
tin and seal it without delay.,
NOTE - If it has been found necessary to air-dry the cod before crushing and it is
required to know the excess moisture, a similar 5 kg szmple ( or more ) of the original
wet coal should Abe taken in a dry container subsequently to be usrd for the’detclmina-
tion of excessmoisture by air-drying.

11, NUMBER OF TESTS

11.1 The laboratory samples; fepresenting the various sub-lots in -a lot shall
be tested individually for the Important characterigeics like ash percentage,
moisture, etc. For the remaining characteristics like ash fusion, a composite
sample prepared by mixing equal quantities ( by weight ) of the material
from each of the laboratory samples shall be tested.

12. REPORTING OF TEST RESULTS

12.1 For those characteristics where a composite sample has been tested,
onlyone Pest result shall be available and that result shall be reported as
the value of the characteristic for the lot.
12.2 When only two laboratory samples have been analysed individual&
Corn a lot, the average of the two available test results shall be reported as
the value of characteristic for the lot sampled. The indiyidual test results
shall also be reported to give an indication of the range of variation in
quality.
12.3 When three or more laboratory samples have been tested inditidually,
the average (X) and the range (R) of the test results shall be calculated as
follows for assessing the average level and the extent of variation in the
average:
If, for any characteristic, X,, X s . . . . . . . . . i.....;..X,, are the-results of .c
analysing n laboratory samples, then

Range (R) = the difference between the maximum and

the minimum of the test results.
12.3.1 The average level of the chkacteristic in the lot shall be reported
as equal to X.

16
 IS : ?36 ( Part I/See 1) - 1964

121.2 The limits for variation of the average quality in the lot shall be
reported as X f hR, where h is a constant, the value of which depends
upon the number of laboratory samples anaiysed ( see Table 4 ), implying
that the average quality of the material in the lot varies between these
limits.

TABLE 4 VALUES OF TflE CONSTANT, h

NUMBIEB01 LDO~A~BY VALvPOrlmscoIBT~,A

SAXPLSS AXN.~BIID,~

3 1.30
4 o-72
5 o-51
6 o-40

12.3.3 In case any. of the test results deviates considerably from the
others, it may be desirable to determine whether such a result may be
rejected or whether it may be accepted as part of the normal variationex-
petted. The procedure given in Appendix D may be followed for thii pur-
pose. If the suspect test result appears to be rejected, the average and the
range shall be re-calculated from the remainmg test resultsand appropriate
inference prawn as in 123.2.

APPENDIX A
( Clauses 4.2.1 and 7.2 )
RANDOM SELEGTION OF WAGONS

A-l. GENERAL
A-l.1 To ensure the randomness of selection of wagons from a sub-lot, the
use of random number tables as described in A-2 is recommended.

A-2. RANDOM NUMBERS

A-2.1 Two sets of random numbers are given in Table 5.. The first set of
random numbers shall be used if the number of wagons in the sub-lot is less
than or equal to 100, whereas the second set shall be used if the number of
wagonsin the sub-lot is more than 100 but less than 1 @OO. Having select-
ed the set, any one numeral shall be chosen from it at random, starting
from the selected numeral and continuing on with the numerals in any
direction, right or left? up or ‘down, the succeeding numerals shall be copied

17

..

-,
IS : 436 (Part I/See 1) - 1964

out one by one till the number of numerals copied out is equal to the num-
ber of wagons to be chosen. The numerals which are greater than the size
of the sub-lot or which have already occurred shall be omitted. The
numerals noted down in this manner shall then be arranged in the ascend4
ing order of magnitude.
A-2.2 Starting from any wagon in the sub-lot and counting them in one
order, the wagons corresponding to the numerals already noted down shal!
be selected for drawing gross samples.

TABLE 5 RANDOM NUMBER TABLES

( Clause A-2.1 )
First Set of Random Numbers

a1 74 67 95 70 56 51 54 50 53
61 37 42 62 93 96 34 18‘ 22 89
52 07 16 29 39 04 71 14 76 78
42 08 77 25 72 49 86 03 83 45
65 32 27 40 63 57 97 84 82 87
21 58 11 23 80 10 30 01 IO0 44
31 90 55 da 13 36 24 91 19 64
73 98 20 05 -66 46 69 85 94 59
33 15 35 26 79 92 38 12 41 17
75 66 99 09 06 47 48 60 28 Q2

Second Set of Random Numbers

288 302 957 018 109 053 044 058 849 285
898 732 965 943 462 554 146 318 313 540
090 553 340 096 870 654 605 ‘96 i I 968 085
370 252 657 094 698 056 813 72 351 266
619 151 079 473 763 886 097 893 506 662
573 866 835 785 689 529 992 243 964 416
304 855 222 564 247 726 626 370 569 002
759 996 232 804 271 605 536 _I.73 607 504
020 357 975 079 547 746 272 659 500 487
039 821 904 130 633 750 579 419 722 753

395 463 995 067 695 681 2t9 885 74.6 493
121 732 123 413 978 882 953 243. 007 380
876 871 606 733 298 482 384 482 801 332
l97 628 957 646 ‘776 436 936 237 913 581
376 581 715 933 367 497 659 196 884 954
227 967 689 687 405 412 tl88. 466 685 099
305 216 474 185 280 576 273 320 270 564
226 712 640 231 789 872 395 896 237 514
238 786 906 967 245 315 316 029 024 692
036 461 087 973 762 208 505 849 449 440

18

~ . 1.

..x.._.._..,. ‘._ I
I_

.
 Suppose there are 60 wagons in a lot of approximately 1 200
tonnes. According to Table l., this would require the division of the
looi~~~n~sub-lots, each consrsting of 15 wagons of approximately
. Considermg any particular sub-lot, if 25 percent of the
wagons ( su 4.2.X ) have to be selected at random for drawing the
gross sample, it shall imply that 4 wagons have to be selected out of
15 in the sub-lot.
A-2.3 Taking the first set of random numbers as given in Table 5, suppose,
further that numeral 07 occurring in the third row under second column is
chosen at random. Proceeding further in any direction, say right, and
omitting the numerals which are greater than 15, the numerals encountered
are 07,04, 14 and 68. Arranging them in one ‘order, the sequence 04,07,
08 and 14 is obtained. It then follows that the 4th, 7th, 8th and 14th
wagon counted from the beginning of the’ sub-lot shall be selected for
drawing the gross sample:

APPENDIX B
( Clause 6.1.3 )
EQ;uIpMENT AND PROGEDURE FOR PIPE SAMPLING

R-1. EQmMENT - The equipment ( su Fig. 6 ) required for pipe sampl-

ing &all consist of a sampling pipe 120 cm long, 10 cm inside diameter ’
and O-5 cm wall thickness fitted with a 10 cm collar at the top and a
separate steel beater. The pipe shall be tapered from 10 cm to 75cm
diameter within the bottom 15 cm and provided with 18 teeth at the
bottom end which shall be bent slightly inward% There are tivo holes in
the collar, diametrically opposite to each other and of 2 cm diameter
through which a 6&m long rod of a slightly smaller diameter passes.
R-2. DUWING OF SAMPiJ3 - For drawing a sample, &e sampling
pipe shall be driven through the coal from the top downwards by means of
blows with a 3-kg hammer on the beater inserted in the collar. If neces-
sary, -a rod shall be inserted through the holes in the collar to rotate the .
pipe between the blows to prevent jamming. After 115 cm of tha;glpe has’
been inserted in the coal bed,‘the hammering shall be stopped. To with- /
draw the sample, the rod .&all be inserted through the two holes in the
collar and the pipe then pulled out with the help of the rod. The sample
shall be collected on a clean strong cloth or tarpaulin, tapping the pipe, if
.
NUEE - If the &al consisb of fina and ia dry, it is occasionally necessary to spray
some water round the pipe to moisten the coal. This will be found essential only in
mydryw=th=.

19
 IS : 436 ( Part IiSec i ) - 1964

APPENDIX C
( Clauses 10.1, 10.1.1, 10.2-and 10.3 )
REDUCTION OF GROSS SAMPLES

C-1. GENERAL PREGAUTIONS

Cl.1 The place set apart for the treatment of gross samples shall prefer-
ably be enclosed, roofed over, cool and free from draughts. Where this is
not possible, precautions shall be taken against (a) loss of fine wind-borne
sample, (b) contamination with moisture, and (c) contamination with
foreign matter.
C-1.2 Select a hard and clean surface free of cracks for sample mixing,
quartering and other operations. Do not let cinders, sand, chippings from
the floor or any other foreign matter get into the sample.

C-2. CONING ANiB QUARTERING

G2.1 The material which has been crushed to. 335 mm ( see 10.1) shall
be heaped into the shape of a cone by pouring one scoopful of the material
after another at the apex of the cone till the entire sample has been coned.
The material shall be allowed to slide down the sides of the cone only under
the influence of gravity.
C-2.2 Flatten the cone evenly so that it forms a low circular pile. Cut the
pile into four quarters along two diameters whichintersect at right angles.
Retain one pair of opposite quarters and reject the other. Repeat till the
size of the retained sample is reduced to the required weight of 2 kg.

C-3. RIFFLING
C-3.1 The material which has been crushed to 3.35 mm shall be dropped
uniformly in the _riffle. One half shall be retained and the other half
rejected. This procedure shall be repeated several times till 2 kg of
material is obtained.

C-4. GRINDING (FINE SIZE) .

C-4.1 In grinding the sample to pass 212-micron IS Sieve (see 10.1.1 ), it

has been found that unnecessarily fine ~grincling is harmful. The ground ’
coal should ‘have the following approximate particle size distribution:
Passing 212-micron IS Sieve and retained on
125-micron IS Sieve 35 percent
Passing 125-micron IS Sieve and retained on
63-micron IS Sieve 30 to 35 percent
Passing 63-micron IS Sieve Remainder

21
IS : 436 ( Part I/Set 1) - 1964

APPENDIX D
( Clause 12.3.3 )
CRITERIA FOR REJECTION OF SUSPECT TEST RESULTS

D-l. GENERAL
D-l.1 It may sometimes happen that a test. redt is obtained which deviate
considerably from the other test results and therefore arouses suspicion that
it may have arisen from a mistake in sampling or sample preparation
rather than in the course of normal variation. If the analyst knows that
a mistake has occurred, the test result must be rejected irrespective of its
magnitude. If, however, only a suspicion exists, it may be desirable to
determine whether such a result may be rejected or whether it must be
accepted as part of the normal variation expected.

D-2. CRITERIA
D-2.1 The procedure as given in D-2.1.1 may be followed for determining
the acceptability or rejectability of the suspect test result.
D-2.1.1 Arrange all the test results obtained by analysing x laboratory
samples in the ascending order of magnitude and designate them as x,, xs,
r,, when x1 is the smallest and X, the largest test results. If x,, is suspect,
calculate the value of Kr from
x1 = x53- %I-1
%a -xi

If x1 is suspect, calculate the value of K’s from

j& - x.9- Xl
% - x1
If the calculated value of X1 or Ks exceeds the corresponding one
given in TabIe 6, the suspect test result shall be rejected, otherwise not. _
The above procedure can also be applied repeatedly to remove the
suspect test results other than the one first removed.

TABLE 6 VALUES OF CRITERION I& OR K,

s- slut Vuur OY K, OS Kr
W
3 o-941
4 0765
5 o-642
6 wi60

22
t
IS : 436 ( Part 1;Sec 1) - 1964

D-3. EXAMPLE

0;3.1..In an investigation on ash percentage of coal, the following test

results are obtained:
28.9, 26.9, 26.8, 267, 26.1
It is required to find out whether 28.9, virhich deviates rather unduly
from the others, could be considered to be a suspect.
The test results, when arranged in ascending order, are:
26.1, 26.7, 26.8, 26.9 and 28.9
According to the criterion given in D-2.1.1,
28.9 - 26.9 2-O
Kl = 28.9 2 26.1 = 2.8 = 0-714

Since this value of Kl exceeds the corresponding tabulated value

O-642 ( HSCC
Table 6 ) for sample size 5, the test result shall be rejected.

23