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JM Densmore: X X y y

This document contains solutions to homework problems about the free electron gas model in two dimensions and properties of the electron gas including entropy, heat capacity, and Pauli paramagnetism. Key results include: 1) The density of states and Fermi energy in 2D have specific forms. 2) The entropy of the electron gas is proportional to temperature and the density of states at the Fermi energy. 3) Pauli paramagnetism arises from the difference in occupation of spin-up and spin-down energy levels in an applied magnetic field. The magnetization is proportional to the field and density of states at the Fermi energy.

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Rakesh
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149 views

JM Densmore: X X y y

This document contains solutions to homework problems about the free electron gas model in two dimensions and properties of the electron gas including entropy, heat capacity, and Pauli paramagnetism. Key results include: 1) The density of states and Fermi energy in 2D have specific forms. 2) The entropy of the electron gas is proportional to temperature and the density of states at the Fermi energy. 3) Pauli paramagnetism arises from the difference in occupation of spin-up and spin-down energy levels in an applied magnetic field. The magnetization is proportional to the field and density of states at the Fermi energy.

Uploaded by

Rakesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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P613 HW # 2 Solutions

JM Densmore

1. The Free and Independent Electron Gas in Two Dimensions


(a) In a 2D system with periodic BC you can solve the SE with momentum kx = 2/Lnx and ky = 2/Lny . The number of allowed values
of k space inside a volume will be
V
4 2
The volume in k space is the area of a circle with radius kf . Taking
into account the number of spins for the electron
n

1
n

rs

kf2
2

(1)

(b)
rs2

2
kf

(2)
(3)

(c) In 2D the density of particles in range k + dk is 2kdk


Z
2kdk
n =
f (k )
4 2
Changing to an integral over energy we find
Z
m
n =
f ()d
h2

(4)

(5)
(6)

h2

g=
g=

>0
<0

(d) Since g is constant g0 = 0 all the terms in the BS expansion are equal
to zero. So we find
Z f
m
m
n =
(7)
2 dE + ( f )
h
h2
0
m
(8)
n = n( f ) 2
h
= f
(9)
(e) From 2.67 we have
m
n=
h2
1

1
e()

+1

This integral can be looked up in a table. Using the electron density


and the fermi energy it is easy to show
f

1
ln(1 + e )

(10)

(f) (T ) does not have an analytic expansion about T 0, which is why


the BS expansion does not work in 2D.
2. Entropy of a free electron gas
(a) Well start with the partition function, Z, for a free electron gas
X
Z =
e(ni i ni )
(11)
ni

e(n1 1 n1 )

n1

e(nN N nN )

(12)

nN

For Fermi-Dirac statistics n can be either 0 or 1. The sums are easily


evaluated.
Z

(1 + e(i ) )

(13)

The entropy S is

= T

= kB (ln Z + )

(14)

With the energy defined as


=
=

ln Z

X (i )e(i )
1 + e(i )

(15)
(16)

and

ln(fi ) =
=

ln

e(i )
1 + e(i )

(i ) ln(1 + e(i ) )

from (4), (6), & (8) it is easy to show that


X
[fi ln fi + (1 fi ) ln(1 fi )]
S = kb
k

(b) We can use integration by parts to integrate


Z
s = kB dEg(E)(f ln(f ) + (1 f ) ln(1 f ))
2

(17)
(18)

Z
hE =

g(E)dE

(f ln(f ) + (1 f ) ln(1 f )) =
E

ln

f
1f

f 0 ln f + f 0 f 0 ln(1 f ) f 0
f
)
1f

f 0 ln(

( )

(19)

(20)

The entropy becomes


Z
s

kB

h()( )

(21)

Taylor expanding h()

X
1 (l)
h ()( )l
l!

h() =

l=0

(l + 1) = 2n l = 2n 1
s =

( )2n
1 X (2n1)
h
()(2n)
(f 0 )
T n=1
2n!

(22)

The above integral is just (kB T )2n C2n . For n =1, f .


s

2 2
k T g(f )
3 B

(23)

The electron specific heat is


cv = T

S
/n
T

2 1 2
k T g(f )
3 n B
3. Pauli paramagnetism This problem was solved on the quiz, but here
I will use a different approach. The energy of a electron whose magnetic
moment is parallel (+) or antiparallel (-) to H is given by
cv =

p2
2m

B H

= E0 B H

(24)

where E0 = p2 /2m. The energy levels of the system are populated according to the fermi-dirac distribution function.
f () =
3

1
e()

+1

(25)

The density of levels is given by


M
V

4B
h3

4V
h3

p2 dp. The magnetization / volume is

dpp2 [f (+ ) f ( )]

(26)

Define A = -H if +, A = H if -. Well change the integral in p to an


integral in E.

3/2 Z
EdE
2 3/2
2 1 2
2m
=
[1 +
(
) + ...]
(27)
(E+)
3
8
e
+1
0
with = b A + then f (+) = + B H; f () = B H

8B (2m3 )1/2
2 kB T 2
3/2
]+
M/V =
(
+

H)
[1
+
B
3h3
8 + B H
!
2 kB T 2
3/2
( B H) [1 +
]
(28)
8 B H
After expanding in powers of H and keeping only the leading terms

!
M
82B (2m3 )1/2 H
2 kb T 2
=
1
+ ...
(29)
V
h3
24
is the chemical potential. In the low temperature limit it is just the
fermi energy f . You should be able to convince yourself that this the
same result as the quiz. = 2B g(f ) 106
Using the above results, making sure to use the correct units. We find
that RW = 1.
7.2 Measure K, then use k = 2/L to calculate the length of the box.
7.3See problem 1.
7.4 Make a plot of f vs n, which comes out to be a linear plot.
7.5 vsom 107 , vdru 104 . som 10 eV; dru 102 . som /dru 102 .

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