Relational Database

In computing, databases are sometimes classified according to their organizational
approach. The most prevalent approach is therelational database, a tabular

database in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a
number of different ways. A distributed database is one that can be dispersed or
replicated among different points in a network. An object-oriented
programmingdatabase is one that is congrue
nt with the data defined in object classes and subclasses.
Computer databases typically contain aggregations of data records or files, such as
sales transactions, product catalogs and inventories, and customer profiles.
Typically, a database manager provides users the capabilities of controlling
read/write access, specifying report generation, and analyzing usage. Databases
and database managers are prevalent in large mainframe systems, but are also
present in smaller distributed workstation and mid-range systems such as the
AS/400 and on personal computers. SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard
language for making interactive queries from and updating a database such as
IBM'sDB2, Microsoft's SQL Server, and database products from Oracle, Sybase, and
Computer Associates.
A database management system (DBMS) is system software for creating and

managing databases. The DBMS provides users and programmers with a
systematic way to create, retrieve, update and manage data.
A DBMS makes it possible for end users to create, read, update and delete data in a
database. The DBMS essentially serves as an interface between the database and
end users or application programs, ensuring that data is consistently organized and
remains easily accessible.
The DBMS manages three important things: the data, the database engine that
allows data to be accessed, locked and modified -- and the database schema, which
defines the databases logical structure. These three foundational elements help
provide concurrency, security,data integrity and uniform administration procedures.
Typical database administration tasks supported by the DBMS include change
management, performance monitoring/tuning and backup and recovery. Many
database management systems are also responsible for automated rollbacks,
restarts and recovery as well as the logging and auditing of activity.
The DBMS is perhaps most useful for providing a centralized view of data that can
be accessed by multiple users, from multiple locations, in a controlled manner. A
DBMS can limit what data the end user sees, as well as how that end user can view
the data, providing many views of a single database schema. End users and
software programs are free from having to understand where the data is physically
located or on what type of storage media it resides because the DBMS handles all
requests.
The DBMS can offer both logical and physical data independence. That means it can
protect users and applications from needing to know where data is stored or having
to be concerned about changes to the physical structure of data (storage and
hardware). As long as programs use the application programming interface (API) for
the database that is provided by the DBMS, developers won't have to modify
programs just because changes have been made to the database.
With relational DBMSs (RDBMSs), this API is SQL, a standard programming language
for defining, protecting and accessing data in a RDBMS.
Ex. DBSW Database software provides an interface for the users and the database.
The interactions facilitated by DBMS include data definition and update, retrieval for
reports or queries, and administration of data security and recovery. Some
applications of DBMS include a computerized system for libraries, flight
reservations, company bookkeeping, client profiling and store inventory. More DBMS
applications are possible if the database administrators and systems analysts
customize the DBMS to meet the needs of the end users.
E. DBAPP A database application is a computer program whose primary purpose

is entering and retrieving information from a computerized database. Early
examples of database applications were accounting systems and airline
reservations systems, such as SABRE, developed starting in 1957.
A characteristic of modern database applications is that they facilitate simultaneous
updates and queries from multiple users. Systems in the 1970s might have
accomplished this by having each user in front of a 3270 terminal to a mainframe
computer. By the mid-1980s it was becoming more common to give each user
a personal computer and have a program running on that PC that connected to a
database server. Information would be pulled from the database, transmitted over a
network, and then arranged, graphed, or otherwise formatted by the program
running on the PC. Starting in the mid-1990s it became more common to build
database applications with a Web interface. Rather than develop custom software to
run on a user's PC, the user would use the same Web browser program for every
application. A database application with a Web interface had the advantage that it
could be used on devices of different sizes, with different hardware, and with
different operating systems. Examples of early database applications with Web
interfaces include amazon.com, which used the Oracle relational database
management system, the photo.net online community, whose implementation on
top of Oracle was described in the book Database-Backed Web Sites (Ziff-Davis
Press; May 1997), and eBay, also running Oracle.[1]
Electronic medical records are referred to on emrexperts.com,[2] in December 2010,
as "a software database application". A 2005 O'Reilly book uses the term in its title:
Database Applications and the Web.
Some of the most complex database applications remain accounting systems, such
as SAP, which may contain thousands of tables in only a single module. [3] Many of
today's most widely used computer systems are database applications, for
example, Facebook, which was built on top of MySQL.[4]
The etymology of the phrase "database application" comes from the practice of
dividing computer software into systems programs, such as the operating system,
compilers, the file system, and tools such as the database management system,
and application programs, such as a payroll check processor. On a standard PC
running Microsoft Windows, for example, the Windows operating system contains all
of the systems programs while games, word processors, spreadsheet programs,
photo editing programs, etc. would be application programs. As "application" is
short for "application program", "database application" is short for "database

application program".
Not every program that uses a database would typically be considered a "database
application". For example, many physics experiments, e.g., the Large Hadron
Collider,[5]generate massive data sets that programs subsequently analyze. The
data sets constitute a "database", though they are not typically managed with a
standard relational database management system. The computer programs that
analyze the data are primarily developed to answer hypotheses, not to put
information back into the database and therefore the overall program would not be
called a "database application".
Description is one of four rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse), along
with exposition, argumentation, and narration. Each of the rhetorical modes is present in a variety of
forms and each has its own purpose and conventions. The act of description may be related to that
of definition. Description is also the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the
particulars of a story. Definition: The pattern of development that presents a word picture of a thing,
a person, a situation, or a series of events.

Relational Database

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Relational Database

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In computing, databases are sometimes classified according to their organizational

approach. The most prevalent approach is therelational database, a tabular

A database management system (DBMS) is system software for creating and

E. DBAPP A database application is a computer program whose primary purpose

short for "application program", "database application" is short for "database

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