uk

engineering

JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS

CONTENTS

CONTENTS
1

OBJECTIVES..................................................................................1-1
1.1
1.2

DIODES...........................................................................................2-1
2.1

2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.10

2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15

Level 1.........................................................................................1-1
Level 2.........................................................................................1-1
Semi-Conductors.........................................................................2-1
2.1.1
Intrinsic Semi-Conductor................................................2-1
2.1.2
Extrinsic Semi-Conductor..............................................2-2
The Hall Effect.............................................................................2-4
The Junction Diode......................................................................2-7
Diode Symbol..............................................................................2-9
Diode Characteristics..................................................................2-9
Diodes in Series and Parallel.......................................................2-11
Rectifier Diodes...........................................................................2-12
Examples of Rectifier Diodes.......................................................2-13
Rectifier Diodes...........................................................................2-14
2.9.1
Selenium Rectifiers........................................................2-14
2.9.2
Silicon Rectifiers............................................................2-15
Voltage Regulator/Reference Diodes...........................................2-17
2.10.1 Voltage Reference Diode...............................................2-19
2.10.2 Voltage Regulator Diode................................................2-20
2.10.3 Construction..................................................................2-21
2.10.4 Switching On.................................................................2-22
2.10.5 SCR Characteristics......................................................2-23
2.10.6 Use of the SCR..............................................................2-24
The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)...................................................2-26
2.11.1 Use of LEDs..................................................................2-26
The Photo Conductive Diode.......................................................2-27
Varistors......................................................................................2-28
Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV).........................................................2-28
Testing Diodes.............................................................................2-29

TRANSISTORS...............................................................................3-1
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

Transistor Construction................................................................3-1
Transistor Operation....................................................................3-3
Switching Transistors...................................................................3-5
Amplifier Transistors....................................................................3-6
3.4.1
Output Characteristics (Load Line)................................3-7
Transistor Configurations.............................................................3-11
Field Effect Transistors (FET)......................................................3-13
3.6.1
Construction..................................................................3-13
3.6.2
JFET Operation.............................................................3-15
3.6.3
Circuit Symbol................................................................3-17
3.6.4
Drain Characteristics.....................................................3-18
3.6.5
Insulated-Gate FET.......................................................3-19

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3.6.6
3.6.7

4.2

4.3
4.4

4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15

CONTENTS

Depletion Mode MOSFET..............................................3-19

Enhancement Mode MOSFET.......................................3-21

General.......................................................................................4-1
4.1.1
Advantages....................................................................4-1
4.1.2
Disadvantages...............................................................4-2
IC Construction............................................................................4-3
4.2.1
Monolithic ICs...............................................................4-3
4.2.2
Bipolar IC Construction..................................................4-4
4.2.3
MOS ICs.......................................................................4-5
4.2.4
Thin-Film IC...................................................................4-6
4.2.5
Thick-Film ICs...............................................................4-7
4.2.6
Hybrid ICs.....................................................................4-7
4.2.7
IC Packages..................................................................4-8
Types of Integrated Circuit...........................................................4-10
Digital ICs...................................................................................4-10
4.4.1
AND Gate......................................................................4-11
4.4.2
OR Gate........................................................................4-12
4.4.3
NOT Gate......................................................................4-12
4.4.4
Combination Logic Circuits............................................4-13
Linear (or Analogue) IC...............................................................4-15
THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP AMP)...............................4-15
The Unity Gain Follower..............................................................4-19
The Follower with Gain................................................................4-20
The Inverter.................................................................................4-21
The Summing Amplifier...............................................................4-22
The Difference Amplifier..............................................................4-23
The Integrator..............................................................................4-24
The Differentiator.........................................................................4-25
The Comparator..........................................................................4-26
The Ideal Operational Amplifier...................................................4-27

PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS........................................................5-1

5.1
5.2
5.3

MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS...............................................................4-1
4.1

JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE

Construction................................................................................5-1
Multi-Layer Circuits......................................................................5-3
Handling Printed Circuit Boards...................................................5-3

SERVOMECHANISMS...................................................................6-1
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8

Page 2

Open Loop System......................................................................6-1

Closed Loop System...................................................................6-2
Follow Up....................................................................................6-3
Types of Servo............................................................................6-3
Feedback.....................................................................................6-4
6.5.1
Positional Feedback......................................................6-4
Rotary Variable Differential Transducer (RVDT)..........................6-6
Capacitance Transmitter..............................................................6-8
Velocity Feedback.......................................................................6-9

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engineering
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17

6.18

JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS

CONTENTS

DC Tacho-Generator...................................................................6-10
AC Tacho-Generator....................................................................6-10
Synchros.....................................................................................6-11
6.11.1 Introduction....................................................................6-11
Torque Synchro...........................................................................6-11
6.12.1 Principle of Operation....................................................6-11
Control Synchro...........................................................................6-14
6.13.1 Principle of Operation....................................................6-14
Differential Synchro.....................................................................6-16
Torque Differential Synchro.........................................................6-18
Control Differential Synchro.........................................................6-19
Resolver Synchro........................................................................6-20
6.17.1 Polar and Cartesian Co-ordinates..................................6-20
6.17.2 Resolver Synchro Operation..........................................6-21
6.17.3 Conversion from Polar to Cartesian Co-ordinates..........6-22
6.17.4 Conversion from Cartesian to Polar Co-ordinates..........6-23
6.17.5 Use of Resolver Synchros.............................................6-24
E and I Bar Transmitter................................................................6-24

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engineering

JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE

CONTENTS

MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS

PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
BLANK

Page 4

306296911.doc Issue 4 28/02/16

uk
engineering

JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE

MODULE 4.3

MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS

SERVOMECHANISMS

uk
engineering

JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE

MODULE 4.3

MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS

SERVOMECHANISMS

PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
BLANK