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    Biology Exam #1 Study Guide

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    Kevin Tran
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology. It defines characteristics shared by living organisms, such as being composed of organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It also describes the basic structures and functions of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures. The document outlines the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and introduces important cellular structures like the nucleus, organelles, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses inheritance of genetic traits, Mendel's research on inheritance, and defines the difference between phenotype and genotype.

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    Biology Exam #1 Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    Kevin Tran
    77 views12 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology. It defines characteristics shared by living organisms, such as being composed of organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It also describes the basic structures and functions of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures. The document outlines the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and introduces important cellular structures like the nucleus, organelles, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses inheritance of genetic traits, Mendel's research on inheritance, and defines the difference between phenotype and genotype.

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    Biology study guide for introductory environmental/organismal biology.

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology. It defines characteristics shared by living organisms, such as being composed of organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It also describes the basic structures and functions of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures. The document outlines the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and introduces important cellular structures like the nucleus, organelles, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses inheritance of genetic traits, Mendel's research on inheritance, and defines the difference between phenotype and genotype.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    77 views12 pages

    Biology Exam #1 Study Guide

    Uploaded by

    Kevin Tran
    This document provides an overview of key concepts in biology. It defines characteristics shared by living organisms, such as being composed of organic molecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. It also describes the basic structures and functions of cells, including prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures. The document outlines the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and introduces important cellular structures like the nucleus, organelles, and cytoskeleton. It also discusses inheritance of genetic traits, Mendel's research on inheritance, and defines the difference between phenotype and genotype.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology

    What characteristics do living organisms share/ have in common?


    Composed of the same organic molecules
    o Carbohydrates
    Sugars
    o Lipids (including fats)
    Fatty acids
    o Proteins
    Amino Acids
    o Nucleic Acid (RNA & DNA)
    nucleotides
    Where does life occur?
    Atoms molecules cells
    o Cells are first level of life
    Why is there such diversity among organisms if theyre all constructed
    from the some components?
    Macromolecules are bonded in different #s of arrangements
    o This dictates behavior of molecules
    What molecules do organic molecules mainly consist of?
    Hydrogen
    Carbon
    o Each atom can form covalent bonds with up to 3 other atoms

    o backbone chain of carbons allow for other atoms to attach


    o carbon ring
    What are the different polymers and monomers?
    Monomers
    o Small organic molecules (subunits) used in constructing larger
    molecules
    Simple sugar
    Fatty acids
    Amino acids
    Nucleotides
    Polymers
    o Molecules that consist of monomers
    Carbohydrates
    Lipids
    Proteins
    Nucleic acids
    Carbohydrates Structure
    o
    Lipids Structure
    o Hydrocarbon chain
    o Carboxyl group
    o Triglycerides

    3 fatty acid tails


    What is necessary for life?
    What is Cell theory?
    Cells are fundamental units of life
    All living things comprised of cells
    All cells come from pre-existing cells
    What are the structures that are common to all cells?
    3-D
    cytoplasm
    performs essential chemical reactions
    o carbs energy
    o modification of smaller molecules
    ex: cholesterol to create hormones
    o translation of genetic code into proteins
    transportation of raw materials & energy into cell
    exportation of finished materials & wastes out of cell
    Plasma membrane
    o Lipid bilayer
    o gatekeeper
    o separates metabolic activities inside cell from outside cell
    Cytoplasm

    o Filled interior
    o Fluid mixture of water, ions, sugars, & other molecules
    Ribosome
    o RNA/protein complex
    o Protein construction
    DNA
    o Prokaryotes
    Suspended in cytoplasm
    Nucleoid
    o Eukaryotes
    Contained in nucleus
    What is the fluid mosaic model?
    Lipid bilayer of phospholipids
    o Each layer has a head thats attracted to water and a tail that
    repels water
    o Together they drift and spin with each other
    o Because the lipid bilayer is liquid at room temperature, it
    allows for proteins and other molecules to move across it,
    hence fluid mosaic"
    Know the properties & structures of a cell membrane
    Lipid bilayer
    Proteins
    Carbs
    Steroids

    Pores
    Channels
    Other molecules
    Prokaryotic Cells
    Structure not complex
    No membrane enclosed organelles
    Single celled
    o Can exist in chains or clusters of cells
    No DNA in nucleus, nucleoid
    o Single chromosome
    Structures
    o Cell membrane
    o Cell Wall
    Bacteria have peptidoglycan (peptides and
    polysaccharids)
    Archaeans
    Proteins
    o Capsule
    Protection
    Toxins
    How they compete with one another
    White blood cells

    Keeps cell from drying out


    Slime coat
    Sticky polysaccharides
    Attach to other cells/surfaces
    Non-essential, some have one some dont
    Ribosomes
    Contained in cytoplasm
    RNA/protein complex
    Construct protein from genetic material
    Nucleoid
    Region in cytoplasm
    Contains DNA
    Single chromosome
    Circular
    Plasmids
    Small circles of DNA
    Can transfer to recipient, lending them genetic info
    Antibiotic resistance
    Pili
    Movement
    Protein

    Cling to surfaces
    Conjugative pili
    sex pilus
    attach to others
    transfer plasmid to receiver
    one way transaction
    o Flagella
    Motion
    Eukaryotic Cells
    DNA found in membrane bound nucleus
    Larger & more complex
    Membrane bound organelles

    Endosymbiosis Theory
    Two separate ancestral prokaryotes become associated
    o Larger ate smaller
    Smaller could convert food & oxygen into energy
    (animal)
    Smaller could convert sunlight into energy (plant)
    merging in two result in symbiotic relationship
    over time, smaller cells evolve into organelles
    Evidence

    o Chloroplasts & Mitochondria


    Similar in size to prokaryotic cells
    Have small amounts of DNA
    Divide by fission
    Have ribosomes similar to bacteria
    Invagination
    o Plasma membrane of ancestral prokaryote folded in on itself
    creating inner compartments resulting in more efficient
    chemical reactions
    pH in different areas could be created resulting in better
    reactions for specific needs
    o modified and specialized organelles
    Structures
    o Nucleus
    Control center
    Molecule production
    Hereditary info
    Nucleolus
    Inner circle
    Ribosome synthesis
    Chromatin
    DNA- protein complex
    Chromosome
    Nuclear Envelope

    Encloses nucleus
    Controls passage of certain molecules
    o Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Connected to nuclear envelope
    Rough ER
    Ribosomes
    Proteins
    Modifies and ships proteins to golgi
    Tertiary structure
    Smooth ER
    No ribosomes
    Breakdown carbs, fatty acids
    Detoxify (drugs, alcohol)
    o Golgi Body
    Packaging house
    Vesicles fuse with and empty contents to?
    ER delivers proteins, lipids,
    o Mitochondrion
    powerhouse
    cellular respiration
    ATP

    Plant
    o

    Own set of DNA & ribosomes


    Reproduces on its own
    Maternally inherited (egg)
    Lysosome
    Garbage disposal/trash can
    Digestive systems
    Acidic fluid
    Dismantles macros, byproducts of cellular reactions,
    bacterial invaders
    Releases broken down products into cytoplasm
    Cell reuses or is released as waste
    If bursts, cell death
    Cell Structures
    Chloroplasts
    Photosynthesis
    Light chemical energy
    Contains own DNA
    Contain ribosomes
    Endosymbiosis
    Photosynthetic bacteria
    Cell Wall
    Structure

    Increase water resistance


    Protection
    Predation
    Viruses & bacterial infections
    o Central Vacuole
    Physical support
    Tugor pressure
    Cell contents & cell membrane pushed up
    against cell resulting in a strong structure
    Healthy looking plant
    Plasmolysis
    Void of water
    Membrane pulls away from cell
    Loses structure
    Shitty looking plant
    o Cytoskeleton
    In both pro and eu cells
    Meshwork of filaments inside cell made from inner
    scaffolding of proteins, located in between nucleus &
    plasma membrane (euk)
    Supports cell and maintains shape
    Aids in cell division
    Movement of cytoplasm
    Anchors extracellular structures through interaction

    Holds organelles & other cells in position


    Controls intracellular traffic
    Tracks organelles & molecules use to move
    around

    How do individuals gain their genetic traits?


    23 pairs of chromosomes (2)
    46 individual chromosomes
    o two copies of each gene
    2 alleles
    alternate form of gene
    one from mom and dad
    What was Mendels Research
    Documented how traits passed from one generation to the next
    through observing self-fertilizing pea plants
    o Easily observable, categorical, only 2 variants
    What is the difference between phenotype & genotype?
    Phenotype
    o Observable trait
    Flower color
    Fur context
    Eye bristles

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