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Forum:

General Assembly 5: Administration and Budgetary

Issue:

Financing UNAMID (African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in

Darfur)

Student Officer: Dhruv Pujara

Position:

Deputy Chair of GA5

Introduction
Darfur is the most western region of Sudan that consists of seven and a half million people enclosed
in 439,180 kilometers squared. Before the year 2003, many locals within the Western region (informally
known as Dartunjur for decades) felt neglected by the political party of Sudan residing in the capital;
Khartoum. Due to years of political instability between the western region and eastern region of Sudan,
in the year 2003, western Sudan became a separate region all together currently known as Darfur.
Currently there lies a catastrophic civil war between the Darfur region and Sudan, with almost a two
million people displaced and near four hundred thousand people dead. After this outbreak the United
Nations along with the African Union looked to sign their first partnership of the African Union/United
Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) agreement on the 5th of May 2006 to promote and hold
peace within the two regions. This partnership was reinstated in June 2011 and is informally known as
the Doha Agreement. There are five main mandates within the UNAMID program which look to achieve
peace and protection for both the regions, as stated here below:
1. Protection of Civilians
2. Contributing to Security of Humanitarian Assistance
3. Monitoring and Verifying Implementation of Agreements
4. Assisting an Inclusive Political Process
5. Contributing to the Promotion of Human Rights and the Rule of Law.
The United Nations looks to support the African Union through political influence, monetary methods,
strategic political planning, and physical placement of peacekeeping troops. Since 2014 the United
Nations along with the African Union and supporting nations funded 8.3 billion dollars in the aid of
securing political peace and ensuring the progression of the fundamental laws of the UNAMID
organization. The financing was used in numerous categories ranging from military and police personal
to facilities and infrastructures. With the financing from donor nations through the United Nations the
UNAMID project was able to help situations in Darfur by helping with ensuring that all citizens that are
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displaced and living in camps have appropriate security. Although according to official reports the
UNAMID still lack finance to purchase more equipment in order to continue to make a positive impact in
Darfur.

Definition of Key Terms

Darfur
Darfur is the western region of Sudan in which civil wars are effective between two parties. The
Darfur political conflicts have led to a lot of social and economic instabilities within the region leading to a
lot of issues with local citizens. Due to political conflicts between the eastern and western region of
Sudan, the western region known as Darfur is now a separate state from Sudan.
Genocide
The intentional killing of a large group of people in regards to a certain type of ethnicity, physical
looks, or decent. In Darfur, the Sudanese government is accused in starting the genocide against those
with non-Arabic decent. The genocide has led to a lot conflicts in the region and created the need to
solve it through the UNAMID.
Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration
Disarmament is the reduction and removal of military forces as well as weapons. Demobilization
is the action of disarming nations military actions to an inactive state. Lastly reintegration is to provide
and support the forming of unity. Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration is a key objective of the
UNAMID and looks to mandate these objectives through various policies.

Background Information
On February 26th 2003, rebel movements from the Western region of Sudan started to oppose
the government of Sudan. Rebel groups such as the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and
Equality Movement (JEM) were opposing the government due to racial discrimination and political
neglect for years. On the opposing side the Government of Sudan led by President Omar al-Bashir
responded by placing an ethnic cleanse of all those who were non-Arab Sudanese (typically found in
Darfur region) by provoking a civil war and deploying the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), the Rapid
Support Forces (RSF) and the Janjaweed (a militia group) to terminate all those from the Darfur region.
Omar al-Bashir was taken to court and faced with multiple acts against the Human Rights Act and looked
to violate multiple international laws. He was tried at the International Criminal Court and was found
guilty for the provoking of genocide. Although the government and political parties of Sudan refuse from
officially working with the Janjaweed militia group, evidence suggests that they have a close link to the
Sudan government and are currently playing a large role in the civil war. In regards to casualties, it is
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estimated that around two million people are displaced due to the civil war without a safe and secure
area to rest. An estimated two hundred and fifty thousand people died due to war, starvation, and
disease, this number continued to grow as the war ignited amongst the rebel groups and the
government. In 2010 with the aid of the African Union and the United Nations both opposing parties
signed on the peace framework implemented through resolution 1769. Although this peace was short
lived as the government of Sudan was accused for launching raids and airstrikes in the Darfur region.

Although a lot of efforts have been taken by the African Union and the United Nations to prevent
and eradicate war within the borders of the two regions. The UNAMID headquarters are located in El
Fasher, North Darfur, although offices are found in all regions of Darfur as well as Sudan. The UNAMID
deployed 25,987 peacekeepers which included 19,555 troops, 360 military observers and liaison officers,
3,772 police advisers, and 2,660 formed police units on the 31st of July 2007. Due to the workings of the
first batch of UN troops, the reform of the policy in 2012 decreased the number of the UN troops by two
thousand. The UNAMID carries out more than 100 patrols daily in insecure areas to ensure that areas
are safe and have the required materials needed. The UN and AU together provided around 1.15 billion
USD for the year 2014-2015 alone in efforts to seize the conflicts between the two parties.
There have been a lot of challenges faced by the UN and AU in regards to maintaining the peace
between the regions and ensuring that both parties of the civil war remain calm. Due to the political
instability the UN troops are forced to communicate with rebel groups in hostile situations, pass through
rough terrain, face numerous logistical issues, and face severe security problems. Currently the UNAMID
program faces shortages of multiple resources such as equipment, transport, infrastructure, and aviation
assets.
Civil Affairs
The civil affairs section of the UNAMID looks to promote peace through communication amongst
major parties within the civil war. It looks to facilitate peaceful sittings amongst major parties involved so
that they can support the population and the government in creating a peaceful environment for the
citizens of Sudan and Darfur. The civil affairs of the UNAMID have three main mandates which are:
1. Cross-mission representation, monitoring and facilitation of the peace process at the local level.
2. Confidence-building, conflict management and support to reconciliation and the resolution of
conflicts.
3. Support to the restoration, strengthening and extension of state authority and governance
institutions.
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There are multiple methods used to ensure that these mandates have been met. The UNAMID
organization has supervised all communications between parties in the Darfur region to ensure that they
succeeded in monitoring and facilitating the peace process in the Darfur region. The UNAMID have built
a structured dialogue between opposing parties, interest groups, and stakeholders within this agreement
so that they can ensure all activities are peaceful and that they can come to a positive solution, it looks to
provide a consistent message amongst the groups and look over all negotiations. The UNAMID have
successfully continued to restructure the government authority both within Sudan and Darfur so that they
can reinstate peace and ensure that there is a fair and democratic ruling of regions with peace.
The UNAMID were able to support the dissemination of the Doha Document for peace in the
Darfur region which includes all five states of Darfur. They were able to facilitate local level conflict
resolution/reconciliation dialogue between opposing parties which aids in creating peace in Darfur.
UNAMID were able to organize capacity building workshops, seminars, and trainings for those who were
affected within the Darfur war. The UNAMID were able to organize and follow through on 450 quick
impact projects which are projects that look to help those areas that have just been hit by war. The
UNAMID were able to facilitate the participation of members from all parties in the Darfur region to
represent themselves in the Doha Peace Process.
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration
The DDR program of the UNAMID looks to follow the procedures and protocols stated within the Final
Security Arrangements provisions of the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) so that they can provide a
communication channel for the two parties of opposing side. The DDR program works with the Sudan
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Commission (SDDRC), the United Nations
Development Program (UNDP), and lastly United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund
(UNICEF) to strategically ensure that the two bordering regions get set back on track at the right pace
and with the right organizations. They have been able to complete this through three main mandates
which are:
1. Adult demobilization/discharge and child DDR programme
2. Public Information and sensitization
3. Community-based labor intensive projects
The UNAMID were able to accomplish multiple tasks to ensure that they follow the mandates within the
DDR aspect. UNAMID were able to demobilize more than 1,401 children who are within the rebel and
militia groups as well as were able to understand different methods to promote communication between
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the two major parties. By demobilizing the children from the active groups within the civil war, the
UNAMID were able to provide the children a safe environment to develop as citizens of the world with
the common rights of food, health, and education through their relief programs. The UNAMID were able
to program and create a new strategy to be implemented for those who are in the Darfur region for
sensitization and were able to use media to promote public awareness on the issues as well as provide
information on where local affected citizens can get help. The UNAMID were able to educate many
through organizations that look to improve the lives of those who were affected by civil war and those
that still are. The UNAMID helped in improving social relations and gave civilians an opportunity for
better employment, leading to a healthier and safer life for citizens of the Darfur region.
Humanitarian, Protection Strategy Coordination
The Humanitarian, Protection Strategy Coordination (HPS) unit of the UNAMID works with
individuals within the Darfur region to ensure the safe transition from a war zone to a fully recovered
state. The HPS sector overlooks development in humanitarian issues within the war plagued regions,
including the safety of those within the UN camps. The HPS ensure that those who are in regions that
are pegged as dangerous have a chance to survive and make their way to a safe UN camp. The major
role of the HPS is to coordinate and follow through with peace keeping missions within the Darfur region,
through which they can take action against opposing groups if need be, to support innocent civilians who
are caught in the crosshairs. Some of the main mandates are here below;
1. Liaison and information exchange between UNAMID and the humanitarian community.
2. Civil-Military liaison, including training, medical evacuation and facilitation of humanitarian
escorts.
3. Monitoring welfare of UN camps and support for their return and recovery.
4. Delivery of emergency humanitarian assistance.
The UNAMID have taken many measures to implement the above mandates. The UNAMID were
successfully able to have a total of 141, 549 people recover from the Darfur war and were sent back to
their respective homes with food, water, and education. The UNAMID through the HPS were able to stop
more than 43 attacks in small rural areas within the Darfur region ensuring that more than 160,000
people are able to successfully live in peace in a conflict free zone. The UNAMID started operation
Springbasket that looks to expand humanitarian relief services. The Springbasket operation have
taken care of more than 10 regions in which they successfully helped deliver emergency humanitarian
assistance.
Political Affairs

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The UNAMID looks to create peace and bring understanding between the two opposing parties in the
Darfur region. Implementing policies and promoting peace within the political framework of Sudan has
been UNAMID main aim since 2005. The UNAMID looks to see political affairs as one of their top
priorities in promoting peace as it leads to the wellbeing of the nation politically, socially, and
economically. The UNAMID look to improve political affairs through the following mandates.
1. Monitor the implementation of the Doha Document for peace in Darfur (DDPD).
2. Review and evaluate political as well as security, humanitarian, and economic developments in
Darfur.
3. Provide Secretariat for the Joint Commission responsible for resolving disputes among the
parties to the DDPD referred to it by the Ceasefire Commission, and for ensuring the effective
implementation of the provision for the Final Security Arrangements.
These are all important mandates that the UNAMID looks to address under political affairs. By ensuring
they address these issues there is a guarantee decrease of the violence and political disputes in Darfur.
Political disputes and conflicts are the main reason as to why there is conflicts and civil war within
Sudan. Hence it is important that the UNAMID look to resolve political affairs. The UNAMID, in following
the above mandates, have successfully accomplished many tasks. The UNAMID have had bi-monthly
meeting with both parties in which they were able to successfully communicate peace amongst one
another signing the DDPD which enables there to be peace in the Darfur region. They were able to
communicate to all political parties and rebel groups to come to a ceasefire that took place in February
2010. The UNAMID have been able to keep constant communication with the United Nations forefront
and present statistics on the solution which has helped in the overall situation of the Darfur conflicts.
Administration and Budgetary
Since the creation of the UNAMID group finance has always been an issue. The UN along with
member nations create and allocate a specific amount of funds that are dedicated towards the UNAMID
program across all sections. With an average annual budget of 1 billion dollars, the UNAMID aims to
work on two major mandates.
1. Acquiring more funds through the UN for the Darfur situation.
2. How to use the funds in an efficient manner to further enhance UNAMID activities.
The UNAMID is looking at different ways to acquire funds for their activities although is struggling in
doing so. For the last 3 years the UN has looked to disregard the urgency that the UNAMID put on the
issues that are going on in Darfur. The set budget for the 2014 to 2015 year was 1,153,611,300 US
dollars. Although this does seem like quite a bit for one year, the cost breakdown does not cover the
costs to enhance the current assets that the UNAMID have working to solve the Darfur crisis. The

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UNAMID are looking to ask member states to fund the UNAMID program further in the coming years so
that they can cover all of their costs which were, Military and police personal cost, Civilian personnel
costs, Operational requirements, Enterprise resource planning project, and Staff assessment income.

Major Countries and Organizations Involved

Sudan

The government of Sudan plays a major role in the conflicts of Darfur. Darfur is the
western region of Sudan hence officially was known to be a part of Sudan until conflicts started
in late 2004. At the time Omar al-Bashir was the president of Sudan, who was accused of
committing genocide by the International Criminal Court. Omar al-Bashir was accused of
starting the Darfur conflict by indirectly ordering the army of Sudan and local tribes such as the
Janjaweed to kill all of those with a non-Arab descent. Due to the rash actions of Omar alBashir, the government of Sudan is now one side of the conflict in the Darfur region. Many are
against what has been done by Omar al-Bashir and have taken him to court but cannot find
enough evidence to make claims of genocide as of yet.
Omar al-Bashir is still the current ruling president of Sudan, although is the first sitting
president to be indicted by the International Criminal Court. Sudan still looks to promote peace
on the eastern regions, where there are no opposing parties involved, whereas the government
of Sudan have spent millions of dollars in armed forces to control the conflicts in the western
region which have led to a further outbreak of chaos.
Until 2010, when the DDPD was signed both parties were not at rest. It was after the
signing of the document that both parties agreed to a ceasefire yet the government of Sudan
still is indirectly involved with the killing of local Darfur citizens according to local sources in
Sudan. The UNAMID have looked to talk with the Sudan government to ensure they follow the
DDPD.
National Redemption Front

National Redemption Front (NRF) is the opposing party to the government of Sudan. The
NRF composes of mostly non-Arab Sudanese men. The NRF consists of two sub divisions
which are Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM). The
NRF is led by Ahmed Diraige who looks to fight against the Government of Sudan for being
oppressed and killed during the genocide. The NRF have the proclaimed support of the United
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States, Eritrea, and Chad. The NRF have 35,000 soldiers on record and many more of record
according to local Darfur news.
The NRF have been constantly involved within the Darfur conflicts and looks to seek
peace with the government. Ahmed Diraige has not settled for anything less. During 2010 the
NRF signed the DDPD and from then on have ceasefire against the Government of Sudan. In
recent years it has been said by the NRF that the government of Sudan still have undercover
missions that are causing multiple tragedies and are going against the DDPD. The UNAMID
are in constant communication with the NRF to ensure peace in Sudan and Darfur.
International Criminal Court
The International Criminal Court (ICC) has played a major role in the conflicts within the Darfur
region and has looked to help solve this world crisis. In March of 2009 after reports that were sent to the
ICC that show Omar al-Bashir as a leader who initiated genocide and filed an arrest warrant on him. The
ICC have looked to find evidence on the Government of Sudan and ensure that they can bring peace
within Sudan and Darfur. The ICC has closely worked with the UNAMID to ensure that there is political
stability in Sudan and Darfur.
UNHCR
The United Nations Refugee Agency have been closely working the UNAMID to help in relief policies.
UNHCR have been active in over 223 sites in Darfur. The UNHCR have been responsible for the setting
up of camps and providing food, shelter, and education to those that have been affected by the conflicts
of the Darfur region. The UNHCR have employed many to help out with medical aid and have ensured
that those who were affected by the Darfur conflict have the correct treatment at the right time so that
they can recover properly and efficiently. The UNHCR have also worked with the UNAMID in emergency
relief programs that are remote and in conflict areas so that they can provide support at a crucial time.

Timeline of Events
Date

Description of Event

June 2003

Conflicts between the government of Sudan and rebels in the

western region of Sudan (Darfur) spark due to political instability.

August 2004

First time Darfur war is recognized as Genocide by the United States

January 9th, 2005

Both parties end the Second Sudanese Civil War although debates
on Darfur region still continue, and are brought to the ICC.

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November 2006

Conflicts rise in Darfur, talks about the Darfur Peace Agreements

arise and the UNSC passes 8 resolutions on the Darfur region. The
Darfur Peace Agreement is signed.

31st July 2007

The United Nations/Africa Union Hybrid Operations in Darfur is

launched with aims to solve the Darfur crisis.

2008

Even though UNAMID are active, internally displaced people (2.7

millions) and deaths (300,000) are at an all-time high within the
Darfur region. UNAMID request more troops and funding.

July 2009

The ICC officially issues an arrest warrant for Omar al-Bashir for
initiating genocide, although the case progress through the whole
year due to lack of evidence.

December 2010

All parties within the Sudan region along with UN and AU

representatives meet in Doha, Qatar to finalize discussion on peace
programs.

2011

Members from the Doha Peace Process have some outbreaks and
still continue to have some conflicts in Darfur.

2012

The signing of the DDPD does not change functions in Sudan and
the UNAMID still continues to work in Darfur.

Relevant UN Treaties and Events

Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA) One of the two peace agreements that were intended to stop
the conflicts in Darfur. Signed by all members of the conflict on 5th May 2006.

Doha Document for Peace (DDPD) Was the second peace treaty sign on 14th of July 2011.
Looking to promote peace between the Government of Sudan and the NRF with the UNAMID as
the communicator.

Multiple Resolutions addressing Darfur conflict(UNAMID) S/RES/2063, S/RES/2091,

S/RES/2113, S/RES/2138, S/RES/2148, S/RES/2173, S/RES/2228

Previous Attempts to solve the Issue

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As we have seen before there have been multiple events to solve this ongoing
conflict in Darfur. One of the major solutions to this issue was the creation and implementation
of the United Nations/African Union Hybrid Operations in Darfur (UNAMID). With the
implementation, the international community can help those that are caught between the conflict
regions. The UNAMID have multiple successes in helping those in need during this time of
conflict by working with the UNHCR and setting up relief camps in no war zones that provide
Darfur citizens food, water, healthcare, education, and shelter until they recover from the
atrocities of the civil war taking place in Darfur. Not only have the UNAMID been able to help
those that are affected by the war but they have tried to work on stopping the war itself by
communicating with both opposing parties and ensuring that both parties are at an agreement
with what they are required to do to promote and ensure peace. The UNAMID have acquired
vast amount of funds from donor countries that have helped in implementing policies that are
currently helping in the reforming of the country, although some efforts still lack and are in dire
need of help through financing the UNAMID program.

Possible Solutions
The civil war in Darfur is an important one that must be solved promptly. The United
Nations is here for events such as these, with that in mind the United Nations drafted the
UNAMID to help those who are currently in Darfur facing problems due to the civil war. There
are many possible solutions that can be implemented through the UNAMID which should be
financed by member nations of the United Nations to help solve this issue or to at least come
close to a solution for this grave issue.
One important policy that the UNAMID can look to form is to strengthen their ties with
both parties and produce safe and efficient meetings that aim to produce peace treaties that are
both implemented and followed through after signed. Twice we have seen peace treaties fail
due to the political instability of both parties. The international community can come together to
address the government of Sudan, in specific Omar al-Bashir, and can create policies that will
once and for all put an end to the war that is taking place in Darfur. Although it is always easier
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said than done, hence it is important that all member nations cooperate with the UNAMID in
providing funds and political strength to address the Government of Sudan on the issues within
the Darfur region. This will create a framework through UNAMID that will be able to handle
governmental issues of Sudan and restore peace in the Darfur region. The UNAMID along with
the ICC should look to find evidence on Omar al-Bashir against his acts of genocide in Darfur.
Another policy that can be implemented through the UNAMID is the improvement of the
relief work and the increase in equipment and troops. With the financing of member states
within the UN, UNAMID will be able to take control of the war regions of Darfur and will be able
to politically take control of NRF and the Sudanese government. With this, they will be able to
stop the war as well as help those who were already affected. The UNAMID with the help of the
member nations will be able to increase troops, provide further education, increase food and
distribution, increase the quality and quantity of the healthcare, and increase the outreach
program to facilitate and help all that have been negatively affected by the civil war in Darfur.
In conclusion, there have been multiple solutions taken by the UNAMID, although with
the political support and the financial support from member nations of the United Nations, the
civil war in Darfur can be solved. It will be a long process although it is one that the UNAMID
must take to solve this crisis and one that the world must support.

Bibliography
1. Amnesty International. "CONFLICT ANALYSIS." Eyes On Darfur. Amnesty International, n.d.
Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.eyesondarfur.org/conflict.html>.
2. Copnall, James. "Darfur Conflict: Sudan's Bloody Stalemate - BBC News." BBC News. BBC, 29 Apr.
2013. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-22336600>.
3. DDT. "Darfur Conflict Timeline | Darfur Dream Team." Darfur Conflict Timeline | Darfur Dream Team.
Darfur Dream Team, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://darfurdreamteam.org/the-crisis/timeline>.
4. Sikainga, Ahmad. "'The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis': Understanding the Darfur Conflict |
Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective." 'The World's Worst Humanitarian Crisis':
Understanding the Darfur Conflict | Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective. Ohio State
University, Feb. 2009. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. <http://origins.osu.edu/article/worlds-worst-humanitariancrisis-understanding-darfur-conflict>.
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5. Trust. "Darfur Conflict." Darfur Conflict. Thompson Reuters Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.trust.org/spotlight/Darfur-conflict>.
6. UHRC. "Genocide in Darfur." Darfur. United Human Rights Council, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/genocide/genocide-in-sudan.htm>.
7. UHRC. "Genocide in Darfur." Darfur. United Human Rights Council, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/genocide/genocide-in-sudan.htm>.
8. UNAMID. "Doha Document for Peace in Darfur." UNAMID. United Nations, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
<http://unamid.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=11060>.
9. UNAMID. "Political Affairs." UNAMID. United Nations, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
<https://unamid.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=11017&language=en-US>.
10. UNAMID. "Resolutions of the Security Council on UNAMID - African Union/United Nations Hybrid
Operation in Darfur." UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unamid/resolutions.shtml>.
11. UNHCR. "UNHCR - Search." UNHCR News. United Nations, n.d. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&query=darfur&x=0&y=0>.

Appendix or Appendices
I. Peace Keeping Missions Documents
(http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unamid/documents.shtml)
II. Resources with Maps and Statements
(http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unamid/resources.shtml)
III. Mandates for UNAMID
(http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unamid/mandate.shtml)
IV. Background Information
(http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unamid/background.shtml)

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