Revision of DNV Standard For Offshore Wind Turbine PDF
Revision of DNV Standard For Offshore Wind Turbine PDF
Revision of DNV Standard For Offshore Wind Turbine PDF
STRUCTURES
Josef Kryger Tadich
Det Norske Veritas, Tuborg Parkvej 8,
DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
[email protected]
Phone: +45 39 45 48 00, Fax: +45 39 45 48 01
Knut O. Ronold
Det Norske Veritas, N-1322 Hvik, Norway
[email protected]
Tove Feld
Det Norske Veritas, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Det Norske Veritas (DNV) was the first institution in the world to issue a self contained standard for design of
offshore wind turbine support structures in June 2004. The standard DNV-OS-J101 Design of Offshore Wind Turbine
Structures represented a condensation of all requirements in DNV standards for the offshore oil and gas industry which
were considered relevant also for offshore wind turbine structures. The requirements were in many cases supplemented by
necessary adaptation to the wind turbine application.
DNV plans to issue the next revision of DNV-OS-J101 in 2007. The revised standard now implements the
requirements of the coming IEC 61400-3 standard, which was presented as a committee draft in 2006. Numerous practical
guidelines have been included to help designers of offshore wind turbine structures to develop cost optimal designs. The
present paper summarises the proposed revisions of DNV-OS-J101.
The most important revisions cover new formulations for design load cases, modified partial safety factors, more
information on wave loads in shallow water and a revised chapter for design of concrete structures.
INTRODUCTION
DNV is an independent foundation working to
safeguard life, property and the environment. DNV was
established in 1864 and the first services involved
classification of ships. During the years DNV has also
provided a long range of certification and consultancy
services to the oil and gas industry and within renewable
energy, information technology, transportation, food and
beverages, defence and health care.
Among the most important competences shared
among DNVs specialist are: structural design, materials,
geotechnical engineering, wave and wind loads, machine
design
including
bearings
and
gearboxes,
electrotechnical engineering, control and safety systems,
welding, corrosion engineering, non-destructive testing,
quality management, environmental impact assessment,
SAFETY FACTORS
When the June 2004 version of DNV-OS-J101 [1]
was developed, its requirements to partial safety factors
for use in design of offshore wind turbine structures were
laid down based on the conclusions from two different
approaches to calibration of partial safety factors:
(1) A relative calibration based on safety factors
required by DNV-OS-C101 [3]. This approach implied
adjustments of the partial safety factor requirements of
DNV-OS-C101, warranted by differences in type of
loading, differences in definitions of characteristic values
and differences in failure consequences between
structures designed by DNV-OS-C101 and structures
designed by DNV-OS-J101 [1]. DNV-OS-C101 [3] was
developed for design of offshore steel structures for the
oil and gas industry and aims for design to high safety
class as defined in NKB [17] and Ris and DNV [14].
Wind turbine structures are unmanned and imply much
less risk to human life, and they can therefore be
designed to a lower safety class. Essentially, to obtain
safety factor requirements for DNV-OS-J101 [1], the
safety factor requirements in DNV-OS-C101 were
lowered to reflect the lower safety class allowed for wind
turbine structures. At the same time as it was kept in
mind that DNV-OS-J101 defines characteristic loads as
50-year values, whereas DNV-OS-C101 uses 100-year
S = 2
H
H
=
2
0
gT
d
d
=
gT 2 0
= 2
STEEL STRUCTURES
Most European designers of steel structures are
familiar with EN 1993, Eurocode 3 [8]. The Eurocode is
to a large extent similar to the standards which
traditionally have been used in the offshore industry such
as DNV-OS-C101 [3] and DNV-RP-C203 [5] but
includes also very detailed requirements to advance finite
element based buckling analysis such as the analysis of a
tower door opening illustrated in Figure 2. To ease the
implementation of DNV-OS-J101 [2], it has been
decided to refer more extensively to EN 1993 [8].
Eurocode 3 [8] is considered a recognised design
code according to IEC 61400-1 [10] and IEC 61400-3
[11]. This implies that Eurocode 3 [8] can be used for
design according to DNV-OS-J101 [2] when the total
safety factor product exceeds the minimum required level
specified in IEC 61400-1 [10]. Accordingly, Eurocode 3
[8] design procedures can be used for offshore wind
turbine substructures when the following material factors
are applied together with load factors and consequence
of failure factors from IEC-61400-3 [11] and DNV-OSJ101 [2]:
Ursell parameter:
Ur =
H
1 S
=
2 3
k d
4 2 3
0
Yielding: 1.1
Buckling: 1.2
Fatigue: 1.0 (above the splash zone and accessible
for inspection and repair)
For several years, there has been a discussion
among designers of offshore structures about the best set
of parametric expressions for stress concentrations in
tubular joints. Consensus has now been reached to
generally recommend the use of the expressions
originally proposed by Efthymiou [12]. All parametric
stress concentration factors for tubular joints in jacket
structures for support of wind turbines, given in the 2007
revision of DNV-OS-J101 [2], are now in line with those
recommended for jacket structures for the oil and gas
platforms in DNV-RP-C203 [5] and ISO 19902 [12].
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
The text about concrete design in DNV-OS-J101 [2]
has been revised such that this part of DNV-OS-J101
now serves as an application document for the more
extensive DNV concrete design standard DNV-OS-C502
[4] and such that it facilitates use of EN 1992 [7].
The construction of concrete gravity foundations for
offshore wind turbines is illustrated in Figure 3.
For offshore wind turbine concrete foundations the
crack width requirement is an important design criterion.
The crack width criterion covers degradation of the
concrete and corrosion of the steel reinforcement due to
opening of cracks. An unambiguous reference load has to
be defined. In DNV-OS-C502 [4] the criterion refers to
the load effect that is exceeded no more than 100 times
during the service life. For wind turbine foundations this
definition shall be detailed further. In the 2004 edition of
DNV-OS-J101 [1] it was conservatively specified that
the load used for the crack width criterion should not be
exceeded more than 100 times during the service life. It
has been found difficult to interpret this definition and
the interpretation could be somewhat conservative. In the
revision proposal for DNV-OS-J101 [2] the definition is
based on the fatigue load simulations and specifies that
1.
For each considered applicable combination of
wind and wave climate, at least six 10-minute time
FUTURE WORK
DNV-OS-J101 is intended as a living document
which incorporates received feedback in a thorough and
timely fashion with frequent new revisions. Since the
first issue of DNV-OS-J101 in 2004 [1], DNV has
received a significant amount of feedback from the
industry with suggestions for topics to be included in a
revision, either in terms of technical requirements or in
terms of guidance for design. Many of the suggestions
have been complied with in the new revision of the
standard. However, a number of issues raised in the
feedback received have not yet been implemented in the
standard.
One such issue, which remain open and unresolved
and which needs to be referred to future work, is the
issue of detailed requirements and guidelines for
assessment of the risk for extraordinary high wind speeds
above the design limits for the potential wind turbine
design in climates governed by tornados, hurricanes and
typhoons. Data to support general requirements and
guidelines for design of wind turbine structures for such
climates are very limited, and designs will have to be
carried out on a case-to-case basis until sufficient
experience is gained to allow for generalised rules for
design.
CONCLUSIONS
The DNV-OS-J101 standard for design of support
structures for offshore wind turbines was first issued in
2004 [1] and has now been revised according to the
latest knowledge. The revision has been concluded in a
proposal for a revision [2].
The most important new item is a synchronisation
of the definition of load cases and partial safety factors
with those of the coming IEC 61400-3 standard [11]. The
basis for describing design waves in shallow water, for
designing concrete foundations and for designing against
fatigue in steel support structures in the splash zone has
also been improved.
At the time of writing, the proposal for a revision
[2] has not yet been through the formal hearing process
where specialists and stakeholders in the offshore wind
industry are invited to review the details of the revision.
REFERENCES
1. DNV-OS-J101, Design of Offshore Wind Turbine
Structures, 2004
2. DNV-OS-J101, Design of Offshore Wind Turbine
Structures, Revision Proposal, 2007
3. DNV-OS-C101, Design of Offshore Steel Structures,
General (LRFD method), 2004
4. DNV-OS-C502, Offshore Concrete Structures, 2004
5. DNV-RP-C203, Fatigue Design of Offshore Steel
Structures
6. EN 50308, Wind Turbines Protective Measures
Requirements for Design, Operation and Maintenance.
7. EN 1992 Eurocode 2 Design of Concrete structures
8. EN 1993 Eurocode 3 Design of Steel Structures
9. IEC WT01, IEC System for Conformity Testing and
Certification of Wind Turbines, Rules and Procedures,
2001
10. IEC 61400-1, ed. 3, Wind Turbines Part 1: Design
Requirements
11. IEC 61400-3 CD, Wind Turbines, Part 3: Design
Requirements for Offshore Wind Turbines, December
2005
12. ISO/DIS 19902, Petroleum and Natural Gas
Industries Fixed Steel Offshore Structures, October
2006
13. Battjes, J.A., and H.W. Groenendijk, Wave height
distributions on shallow foreshores, Journal of Coastal
Engineering, Vol. 40, pp. 161-182, 2000.
14. DNV and Ris, Guidelines for Design of Wind
Turbines, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2001.
15. Madsen, H.O., S. Krenk, and N.C. Lind, Methods of
Structural Safety, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs,
N.J., 1986.
16. Nestegrd, A., M. Ronss, . Hagen, K.O. Ronold,
and E. Bitner-Gregersen, New DNV Recommended
Practice DNV-RP-C205 on Environmental Conditions
and Environmental Loads, Proceedings, ISOPE
Conference, Paper No. 2006-PT-04, San Francisco, Cal.,
2006.
17. NKB, Nordic Committee on Building Regulations,
Recommendations for Loading and Safety Regulations
for Structural Design, NKB Report No. 36, Copenhagen,
Denmark, 1978.
18. DNV-RP-C205, Environmental Conditions and
Environmental Loads, 2007
19. Wedel-Heinen, J., K.O. Ronold, and P.H. Madsen,
Revision of DNV design standard for offshore wind
turbine structures, Proceedings, OMAE conference,
Paper No. 29118, San Diego, Cal., 2007.