IGCSE Biology (0610) Practical Opportunities

Opportunities for Practical Activities

Syllabus reference
Practical Activity
Section1: characteristics and classification of living organisms (5% teaching time)
1. Characteristics of living organisms

Core

List and describe the characteristics of living organisms

Paper cards to match terms and definitions.

Define the terms: nutrition; excretion; respiration; sensitivity;

reproduction; growth; movement

Posters.
Use of letters MRS GREN to remember terms

2.1 Concept and use of a classificatory system

Core

Define and describe the binomial system of naming species as a

system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of
two parts showing the genus and species

Quick check right or wrong cards.

List the main features of the following vertebrates: bony fish,

amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

Visit to local zoo or nature reserve.

Cards of animals - vertebrate photographs.

Supplement

Know that there are other classification systems e.g. cladistics

(based on RNA/ DNA sequencing data)
List the main features used in the classification of the following
groups: viruses, bacteria and fungi, and their adaptation to the
environment, as appropriate

Show examples of spoiled fruit, leaves

Posters.
size / measurement exercise from photomicrographs


Syllabus reference
2.2 Adaptations of organisms to their environment

Practical Activity

Core

List the main features used in the classification of the following

groups: flowering plants (monocotyledons and eudicotyledons
(dicotyledons)), arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids and
myriapods), annelids, nematodes and molluscs

Identification of local plants which are available living specimens.

Quiz to identify and classify animals from preserved and /or specimens or
illustrations

3. Simple keys
Core
Use simple dichotomous keys based on easily identifiable features

Specimens of leaves or shells to prepare a simple key and to practise using

keys from past exam papers.


Syllabus reference
Practical Activity
Section 11: Organisation and maintenance of the organism. (50% teaching time)
1. Cell structure and organisation

Core

State that living organisms are made of cells

Identify and describe the structure of a plant cell (palisade cell) and
an animal cell (liver cell), as seen under a light microscope

Describe the differences in structure between typical animal and

plant cells

Posters; if possible use of microscope or bioviewers to look at palisade cells,

liver cells. Photomicrographs.
Websites eg www.cellsalive.com.
Paper cards to match structure and function.
Drawings of organelles for posters.

Supplement

Relate the structures seen under the light microscope in the plant
cell and in the animal cell to their functions


Syllabus reference
2. Levels of organisation

Practical Activity

Core

Relate the structure of the following to their functions:

o

ciliated cells in respiratory tract

images from websites;

root hair cells absorption

bioviewers,

xylem vessels conduction and support

use of light microscope to view specimens.

muscle cells contraction

red blood cells transport

Define: tissue; organ; organ system.

3. Size of specimens
Core

Use of posters;

Calculate magnification and size of biological specimens using

millimetres as units

Opportunity in previous section to practice calculating magnification and to be

aware of size of cells and measurement in millimetres. To be aware that some
illustrations may be reduced in size.
Triangular diagram D/A/M; magnification = drawing size
actual size
use of x for times without unit


Syllabus reference
4. Movement in and out of cells

Practical Activity

4.1 Diffusion
Diffusion of alkaline [ammonia] or acidic gases along closed glass tubes using
appropriate coloured litmus paper.

Core

Define diffusion.

Describe the importance of diffusion of gases and solutes and of

water as a solvent

4.2 Active Transport

Diffusion of coloured liquids in gel / agar. Potassium permanganate crystals

dissolving in water.

Supplement

Define active transport.

Discuss the importance of active transport.

4.3 Osmosis
Core

Define osmosis.

Describe the importance of osmosis in the uptake of water by

plants, and its effects on plant and animal tissues

[1] Plant tissue eg potato or other tissue in salt / sugar solutions of different
concentration measure mass or length of pieces;
[2] Destruction of membranes by leakage of coloured plant sap eg beetroot
sections.

Supplement

Observe plasmolysis in red onion cells if microscope available or on video.

Describe and explain the importance of a water potential gradient in
the uptake of water by plants

Use of visking tubing to represent cell membrane.


Syllabus reference
5. Enzymes

Practical Activity

Core

Use of cardboard models jigsaw pieces to fit together.

Define the term catalyst.

Define enzymes as proteins that function as biological catalysts

Investigate and describe the effect of changes in temperature and

pH on enzyme activity

Supplement

Explain enzyme action in terms of the lock and key model

Explain the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme

activity

Describe the role of enzymes in the germination of seeds, and their

uses in biological washing products and in the food industry
(including pectinase and fruit juice)

Experimental investigation on [i] temperature; [ii] pH using buffers on catalase [

from fresh plant of animal tissue] / amylase [diastase] / protease eg trypsin /
lipase/ rennin / pectinase / or other available enzyme.
Provide a set of results to work on if short of time.
Important that planning of an enzyme investigation is carried out so how to control
variables and safety factors are fully realised.

Practical germination of seeds showing activity of enzymes from seeds

breaking down starch in agar plates; or extracting enzymes from cotyledons
and breaking down starch in solutions;
Pectinase on fruit pulp and filtering juice + and enzyme;
Washing powder activity on protein stains eg egg yolk [ care needed]
Large flasks can be used to show simple laboratory fermenters.

Outline the use of microorganisms and fermenters to manufacture

the antibiotic penicillin and enzymes for use in biological washing
powders

Describe the role of the fungus Penicillium in the production of

antibiotic penicillin


Syllabus reference
6. Nutrition

Practical Activity

6.1 Nutrients

Core

Making molecular models; link up to make polymers

List the chemical elements that make up:
o

carbohydrates

fats

proteins

Posters giving examples of common foods

To carry out the tests on pure substances and on different foods.

Describe the synthesis of large molecules from smaller basic units

o

simple sugars to starch and glycogen

amino acids to proteins

fatty acids and glycerol to fats and oils

Describe tests for:

o

starch (iodine solution)

reducing sugars (Benedicts solution)

protein (biuret test)

fats (ethanol)

List the principal sources of, and describe the importance of:
carbohydrates; fats; proteins; vitamins (C and D only); mineral salts

It is important to be able to prepare the crushed or extracted food materials for

comparative testing. Stress safety aspects of handling the reagents.
Explain use of dip sticks Clinistix and Albustix. used in health clinic testing
of urine.
Estimation of vitamin C with coloured solutions eg DCPIP compare ascorbic
acid with fruit juices.

Prepare yoghurt using a starter obtained commercially.

Collect food labels. Discuss purpose of labelling. Discuss hazards details on
labels re nut allergy, phenylalanine, etc
To separate by water chromatography the different component colours in common food
colourings

(calcium and iron only); fibre (roughage); water.

Describe the deficiency symptoms for:

o

vitamins (C and D only)

mineral salts (calcium and iron only

Supplement

Describe the use of microorganisms in the food industry, with

reference to yoghurt and single cell protein

Describe the uses, benefits and health hazards associated with

food additives, including colourings


Syllabus reference
6.2 Plant nutrition

Practical Activity

6.2.1 Photosynthesis

To use a simple apparatus eg inverted filter funnel to demonstrate and collect

oxygen bubbles from water weed.

Core

Define photosynthesis as the fundamental process by which plants

manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from
light

State the word equation for the production of simple sugars and
oxygen

Investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light and carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis, using appropriate controls

Describe the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants

Explain that chlorophyll traps light energy and converts it into

chemical energy for the formation of carbohydrates and their
subsequent storage

Supplement

Modify to show effect of colour of light using celluloid filters; the intensity by
moving a lamp closer and a heat shield;carbon dioxide by adding salts to
water.
To carry out a starch test on a leaf using a green leaf and a variegated leaf.
Keep the leaf in the dark for 12 hours to destarch.
To find the effect of lack of light on formation of starch by masking an area.
Use of hydrogencarbonate indicator observe change from red to purple by
photosynthesising plant.

State the balanced equation for photosynthesis in symbols

Investigate and state the effect of varying light intensity, carbon

dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate of
photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plants)

Define the term limiting factor.

Opportunity to visit local plant nursery.

Explain the concept of limiting factors in photosynthesis

Explain the use of carbon dioxide enrichment, optimum light and

optimum temperatures in glasshouse systems

6.2.2 Leaf structure

Core

To prepare surface views of epidermis to show distribution of stomata

stomatal index.

Identify and label the cuticle, cellular and tissue structure of a

dicotyledonous leaf, as seen in cross-section under the light
microscope, and describe the significance of these features in
terms of functions, to include:

Use of bioviewers or microscopes to observe sections of leaves

Look at images on web sites or books. Posters

distribution of chloroplasts photosynthesis

stomata and mesophyll cells gas exchange

vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) transport and

support


Syllabus reference
6.2.3 Mineral requirements

Practical Activity

Core

Describe the importance of:

o

nitrate ions for protein synthesis

magnesium ions for chlorophyll synthesis

Set up a simple mineral nutrition experiment with controls to grow cereal

seedlings for a few weeks

Describe the uses, and the dangers of overuse, of nitrogen

fertilisers

Supplement

Explain the effects of nitrate ion and magnesium ion deficiency on

plant growth

6.3 Animal nutrition

6.3.1 Diet

Energy content of food.-

Core

simple calorimetry.

State what is meant by the term balanced diet and describe a

balanced diet related to age, sex and activity of an individual

Describe the effects of malnutrition in relation to starvation,

coronary heart disease, constipation and obesity

Compare with calorimeter illustration.

Poster work.
Refer to certain case studies re malnutrition.
Compare energy content of different foods. Data can be found on food labels.

Syllabus reference
6.3.2 Food supply

Practical Activity

Core

Discuss ways in which the use of modern technology has resulted

in increased food production.

Supplement

Discuss the problems of world food supplies

Discuss the problems which contribute to famine.

Map source of food available in area and mark on world map.

Refer to air miles.

6.3.3 Human alimentary canal

Core

Define ingestion.

Define egestion.

Paper cards to identify regions on large wall sized diagram of alimentary canal

Identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and associated

organs.

or model torso.
Paper dominoes to match region and function.

Describe the functions of the regions of the alimentary canal.


Syllabus reference
6.3.4 Mechanical and physical digestion

Practical Activity
Use mirrors to check own teeth, compare with the ideal set.

Core

Models or diagrams to explain structure of teeth.

Define digestion.

Identify the types of human teeth and describetheir structure and

functions

Observe diagrams or specimens of different animals teeth. [museum visit]

State the causes of dental decay and describe the proper care of
teeth

Observe data on use of fluoride. Look at additions to different toothpastes

which are available.

Describe the process of chewing

Poster work. Use of model torso. Demonstration of bolus [ ball] passing

through tubing rubber tubing or sock or stocking.

Describe the role of longitudinal and circular muscles in peristalsis

Outline the role of bile in emulsifying fats.

Supplement

Describe how fluoride reduces tooth decay and explain arguments

for and against the addition of fluoride to public water supplies

Swabs of teeth and saliva tested with indicator to show pH. [safety
disinfectant to dispose of used equipment]


Syllabus reference
6.3.5 Chemical digestion

Practical Activity
Paper models of molecules cut apart into monomers.

Core

Amylase breakdown of starch using Iodine test.

State the significance of chemical digestion in the alimentary canal

in producing small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed

State where, in the alimentary canal, amylase, protease and lipase

enzymes are secreted

Link with model gut using visking tubing.

Protease with milk breakdown of casein in milk or gelatine on photographic
film or fresh meat
Breakdown of fats to form acids with help of bile salts litmus or pH indicator.

State the functions of a typical amylase, a protease and a lipase,

listing the substrate and end-products

6.3.6 Absorption

Core

Define absorption as movement of digested food molecules through

the wall of the intestine into the blood or lymph

Identify the small intestine as the region for the absorption of

digested food

Bioviewers and microscope to study wall of small intestine.

Posters to reinforce uptake into blood or lymph.

Describe the significance of villi in increasing the internal surface

area of the small intestine

Supplement

Describe the structure of a villus.

State the role of the hepatic portal vein in the transport of absorbed
food to the liver

Use of data to provide opportunity to reinforce understanding of volumes

involved.

Identify the role of the small intestine and colon in absorption of

water.

6.3.7 Assimilation

Core

Define assimilation.

Describe the role of the liver in the metabolism of glucose (glucose

glycogen) and amino acids (amino acids proteins and
destruction of excess amino acids)

Describe the role of fat as an energy storage substance

Torso or large diagram to demonstrate position and size of liver. [link back cell
structure] .

Poster work to summarise digestion.

Supplement

Define deamination.

State that the liver is the site of breakdown of alcohol and other
toxins

Molecular models or paper models to demonstrate deamination.


Syllabus reference
7. Transportation

Practical Activity

7.1 Transport in plants

Core

Examine whole young herbaceous dicotyledonous plants to observe roots and

aerial parts. Grow from seed in pots [ link with later sections on growth and
germination].

State the functions of xylem and phloem

Identify the positions of xylem and phloem tissues as seen in

transverse sections of unthickened, herbaceous, dicotyledonous
roots, stems and leaves

Use of bioviewers or microscopes with prepared slides. Photomicrographs.

7.1.1 Water uptake

Core

Observe root hairs on plants and use hand lens.

Identify root hair cells, as seen under the light microscope, and
state their functions

State the pathway taken by water through root, stem and leaf (root
hair, root cortex cells, xylem, mesophyll cells)

Investigate, using a suitable stain, the pathway of water through the

above-ground parts of a plant

View under microscope or in photomicrographs.

Poster work.

Supplement

Relate the structure and functions of root hairs to their surface area and
to water and ion uptake

Test the uptake of dyes such as methylene blue or eosin in freshly cut petioles
of celery or pale coloured stems or germinated seedlings eg mung beans.


Syllabus reference
7.1.2 Transpiration
Core

Define transpiration

Describe how water vapour loss is related to cell surfaces, air spaces
and stomata

Describe the effects of variation of temperature, humidity and light

intensity on transpiration rate

Describe how wilting occurs

Supplement

Explain the mechanism of water uptake and movement in terms of

transpiration producing a tension (pull) from above, creating a
water potential gradient in the xylem, drawing cohesive water
molecules up the plant.
Discuss the adaptations of the leaf, stem and root to three
contrasting environments, to include pond, garden and desert, with
emphasis on local examples (where appropriate) and the factors
described in the core

Practical Activity
Use of bioviewers or microscopes to observe TS section of leaf.
Photomicrographs.
Poster work to follow pathway.
Preparation of epidermis to show surface view of stomata wax impression, or
peel of nail varnish layer. Some leaves are easier than others to tear in order
to obtain a separate epidermis to study. Trandescantia, [has different coloured
guard cells compared with epidermis;] Peperonia.
Leave cut shoot without water for wilting.
Use of potometer or flasks on top pan balance to show water loss in mass
under different conditions.
Use of capillarity tubing potometer to measure rate of water uptake to quantify
this rate of water uptake.
Observe leaves of succulents, water weeds.


Syllabus reference
7.1.3 Translocation

Practical Activity

Core

Define translocation in terms of the movement of sucrose and

amino acids in phloem;
o

from regions of production

to regions of storage OR to regions of utilisation in

respiration or growth

Supplement

Describe translocation throughout the plant of applied chemicals,

including systemic pesticides

Compare the role of transpiration and translocation in the transport

of materials from sources to sinks, within plants at different seasons

Poster work
.Use of bioviewers or microscopes to study phloem.
Cut bark of tree on one side to observe sap escaping. Analyse sap for sugars
or test stickiness.

7.2 Transport in humans

Core

Describe the circulatory system as a system of tubes with a pump

and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

Describe the double circulation in terms of a low pressure

circulation to the lungs and a high pressure circulation to the body
tissues and relate these differences to the different functions of the
two circuits

Large diagram of circulation of blood system.

Model torso to demonstrate.
Use of video.


Syllabus reference
7.2.1 Heart

Practical Activity
Large diagrams to label and colour.

Core

Models of heart.

Describe the structure of the heart.

Describe the function of the heart in terms of muscular contraction

and the working of the valves

Investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on pulse

rate

Measure pulse rate at wrist.

Describe coronary heart disease.

Plan investigation on effect of exercise on pulse rate.

7.2.2 Arteries, veins and capillaries

Core

Name the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and
kidney
Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and
capillaries

Supplement

Explain how structure and function are related in arteries, veins and
capillaries

Describe the transfer of materials betweencapillaries and tissue

fluid

Obtain a fresh heart from a legal approved source to demonstrate external and
internal structures especially thickness of the atrial and ventricular walls, the
nature of the valves and coronary blood vessels.

Model torso or large diagram to locate, identify and name the main blood
vessels.

Bioviewers of microscope slides of TS artery and vein to see the thickness of

walls. Note the arteries and veins seen previously when looking at a fresh
heart structure.


Syllabus reference
7.2.3 Blood

Practical Activity

Core

Identify red and white blood cells as seen under the light
microscope on prepared slides, and in diagrams and
photomicrographs

Use of photomicrographs of blood smears to identify blood cells. Video

List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets and plasma

Safety no use of blood in class.

Use of bioviewers or microscopes and prepared slides.

State the functions of blood components.

Supplement

Poster work. Video.

Describe the immune system in terms of antibody production, tissue
rejection and phagocytosis

Describe the function of the lymphatic system in circulation of body

fluids, and the production of lymphocytes

Describe the process of clotting (fibrinogen to fibrin only)

Link with vaccination in discussion.


Syllabus reference
8. Respiration

Practical Activity

Core

Define respiration as the chemical reactions that break down

nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy

State the uses of energy in the body of humans:

Paper cards for words and symbols to arrange in order for the equations.
Poster work for listing all of the uses.

muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, active transport, growth,

the passage of nerve impulses and the maintenance of a constant body
temperature
8.1 Aerobic respiration
Core

Define aerobic respiration as the release of a relatively large

amount of energy in cells by the breakdown of food substances in
the presence of oxygen

State the word equation for aerobic respiration

Supplement

State the equation for aerobic respiration using symbols (C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O)


Syllabus reference
8.2 Anaerobic respiration

Practical Activity

Core

Define anaerobic respiration

State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles during

hard exercise (glucose lactic acid) and the microorganism yeast
(glucose alcohol + carbon dioxide)

Describe the role of anaerobic respiration in yeast during brewing and

bread-making

Research bread making and flour improvers.

Compare aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration in terms of

relative amounts of energy released

Investigation to show comparative rising of dough in oiled measuring cylinders

in warm water bath.

Supplement

State the balanced equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles

(C6H12O6 2C3H6O3) and the microorganism yeast (C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2), using symbols
Describe the effect of lactic acid in muscles during exercise (include
oxygen debt in outline only).

Prepare culture of yeast in sugar solution. Observe production of CO2 by

bubbling into water.

Research brewing of wines and beer. Visit industrial sites for bakery of
vineyard.


Syllabus reference
8.3 Gas exchange

Practical Activity

Core

List the features of gas exchange surfaces in animals

Identify on diagrams and name the larynx, trachea, bronchi,

bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries

State the differences in composition between inspired and expired

air

Use lime water as a test for carbon dioxide to investigate the

differences in composition between inspired and expired air

Demonstrate indicator colour changes limewater and hydrogencarbonate.

Investigate and describe the effects of physical activity on rate and

depth of breathing

Compare inhaled and exhaled air using simple apparatus [ huff- puff apparatus
mouthpiece with tubing].

Possible to obtain a set of lungs from legal source to pump air into lungs [ car
tyre pump] to observe rise and fall.
Model torso or large diagram for structure.

Supplement

Describe the role of the ribs, the internal and external intercostal
muscles and the diaphragm in producing volume and pressure
changes leading to the ventilation of the lungs

Explain the role of mucus and cilia in protecting the gas exchange
system from pathogens and particles

Explain the link between physical activity and rate and depth of
breathing in terms of changes in the rate at which tissues respire
and therefore of carbon dioxide concentration and pH in tissues and
in the blood

Use of bell jar apparatus with rubber sheet for diaphragm.

Rib model to illustrate muscles.

Use of spirometer and recording or use large diagram to show apparatus.

Vital capacity use inverted plastic container of bell jar with measurements to
determine vital capacity


Syllabus reference
9. Excretion in humans

Practical Activity

Core

Define excretion. Substances should include carbon dioxide, urea

and salts

Describe the function of the kidney in terms of the removal of urea

and excess water and the reabsorption of glucose and some salts
(details of kidney structure and nephron are not required)

Demonstration using the torso or use of large diagrams

Video for demonstration
Poster work
Large diagrams of kidney and kidney tubule to label for functions.

State the relative positions of ureters, bladder and urethra in the

body

State that urea is formed in the liver from excess amino acids

State that alcohol, drugs and hormones are broken down in the liver

Supplement

Outline the structure of a kidney and outlinethe structure and

functioning of a kidney tubule including:

role of renal capsule in filtration from blood of water, glucose, urea

and salts

role of tubule in reabsorption of glucose, most of the water and

some salts back into the blood, leading to concentration of urea in
the urine as well as loss of excess water and salts

Explain dialysis in terms of maintenance of glucose and protein

concentration in blood and diffusion of urea from blood to dialysis

Revise transport across membranes and filtration.

Dissection of animal kidney to show difference between cortex and medulla. [
to obtain from local butcher or abattoir in fat / suet to preserve the ureter and
blood vessels]
Diagrams to compare composition of filtrate to urine along the length of kidney
tubule. Video.

Use of visking tubing to demonstrate diffusion.

Samples of coloured water containing sugar, protein use diluted cold tea to

fluid

provide colour]

Discuss the application of dialysis in kidney machines

Simple food test or clinistix to identify samples.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of kidney transplants,

compared with dialysis


Syllabus reference
10. Coordination and response

Practical Activity
Poster work. Videos.

10.1 Nervous control in humans

Simple examples of voluntary and involuntary actions linking the control with
the action of muscles and glands.

Core

Describe the human nervous system in terms of the central nervous

system (brain and spinal cord as areas of coordination) and the
peripheral nervous system which together serve to coordinate and
regulate body functions
Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory neurones
from diagrams

Describe a simple reflex arc in terms of sensory, relay and motor

neurones, and a reflex action as a means of automatically and
rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with responses

State that muscles and glands can act as effectors

Describe the action of antagonistic muscles to include the biceps

and triceps at the elbow joint

Define sense organs as groups of receptor cells responding to

specific stimuli: light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals

Describe the structure and function of the eye, including

accommodation and pupil reflex.

List the different steps in a learning activity to catch a ball.

Use large diagrams and models of brain to demonstrate different parts of the
brain and to show the protection of the brain by the skull.
Diagrams to label of spinal cord to show grey matter and white matter.
Demonstrations of size of neurones bioviewers or photomicrographs.

Demonstrations of reflex actions pupil / iris reflex, blinking etc.

Plan an investigation to find speed of reaction dropping the ruler or online
tests.
Diagrams or models of muscles and bones of forearm. Bones on skeleton to
identify types of joints and movement.
Demonstrations of sense of temperature and touch by individuals. Paper clip
tip touch investigation to show sensitivity.
Temperature reception of differences not actual temperatures compare with
thermometers.
Model eye. Videos. Demonstration with lenses to form a sharp clear image.

Diagrams of rods and cones to appreciate size and function.

Supplement

Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions

Distinguish between rods and cones, in terms of function and

distribution

Opportunity to check colour vision with test charts of books.

10.2 Hormones

Core

Large diagrams and torso to locate endocrine glands.

Define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland,

carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific
target organs and is then destroyed by the liver

State the role of the hormone adrenaline in chemical control of

metabolic activity, including increasing the blood glucose concentration
and pulse rate

Give examples of situations in which adrenaline secretion increases

Compare nervous and hormonal control systems.

Supplement

Discuss the use of hormones in food production

Paper based cards dominoes to match hormones with glands and control
actions.

Discussion of the adrenaline control and when this hormone maybe secreted.

Video and web sites for industrial uses. If combined with site visits to farms or
laboratories or factories.


Syllabus reference
10.3 Tropic responses
Core

Define and investigate geotropism (as a response in which a plant

grows towards or away from gravity) and phototropism (as a
response in which a plant grows towards or away from the direction
from which light is coming).

Supplement

Explain the chemical control of plant growth by auxins including

geotropism and phototropism in terms of auxins regulating
differential growth, and the effects of synthetic plant hormones used
as weedkillers

Practical Activity
Grow bean or cereal seedlings in gas jars to keep shoot or coleoptiles and root
systems straight. Turn onto side and pin onto board to show positive
geotropism of roots and negative geotropism of coleoptiles. Pin some
germinating beans to clinostat or keep rotating growth of seedlings.
Grow cress / cabbage seedlings in pot to show response to light from one side.
If possible use different growth boxes with coloured filters to experiment with
differing wavelengths.
Observe use of weedkillers by looking at parks / golf courses where areas
have been sprayed. Grow seedlings of broad leaved plants and grasses
together in trays and spray with weedkiller to show differential killing of plants [
takes several weeks].

10.4 Homeostasis

Core

Video. Magnifying glass to observe own skin. Observe the sweat pores on the
finger tips and unique arrangement of ridges link with fingerprinting.

Define homeostasis.

Identify, on a diagram of the skin: hairs, sweat glands, temperature

receptors, blood vessels and fatty tissue

Describe the maintenance of a constant body temperature in

humans in terms of insulation and the role of temperature receptors
in the skin, sweating, shivering, vasodilation and vasoconstriction of
arterioles supplying skin surface capillaries and the coordinating
role of the brain.

Use dry cobalt chloride papers on sweaty palms to show colour change.
Note the distribution of hairs on front and back of hands and on arms.
Observe photomicrographs.
Use various glass containers and coverings to investigate cooling of hot water
- effect of size [ mother v baby]; stature ; clothing layers v wet covering; link
with surface area volume ratios.
Chill factors with varying wind speed.

Supplement

Explain the concept of control by negative feedback

Group of test tubes to demonstrate the herding instinct of animals.

Describe the control of the glucose content of the blood by the liver,
and by insulin and glucagon from the pancreas

Discussion of diabetes.

10.5 Drugs
Core

Define a drug as any substance taken into the body that modifies or
affects chemical reactions in the body

Investigate the effect of caffeine on heart rate of microscopic invertebrate

aquatic animal eg Daphnia.

Describe the medicinal use of antibiotics for the treatment of

bacterial infection

Effects of antibiotic disks on growth of bacteria on agar plate [ use only

recommended permitted bacterial strains from reliable sources] or
photographs.

Describe the effects of the abuse of heroin: a powerful depressant,

problems of addiction, severe withdrawal symptoms and associated
problems such as crime and infection e.g. HIV/AIDS

Describe the effects of excessive consumption of alcohol: reduced

self-control, depressant, effect on reaction times, damage to liver
and social implications

Poster work based on videos. Alcohol intake measured in units and link with
vehicle driving and road accidents.

Describe the effects of tobacco smoke and its major toxic

components (tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide, smoke particles) on
the gas exchange System.

Videos to warn of the dangers of smoking. Smoking in fume cupboard of

cigarette attached to water pump and collect tar on cotton wool.

Supplement

Explain why antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses


Section III: Development of the organism and the continuity of life. (25% teaching time)
Syllabus reference
1. Reproduction

Practical Activity

1.1 Asexual reproduction

Core

Define asexual reproduction as the process resulting in the

production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

Observe various plant specimens, to include the potato and other tubers,
runners.

Describe asexual reproduction in bacteria spore production in fungi

and tuber formation in Potatoes.

To observe growth of moulds and spore production can use blue-vein

cheese if microscopes are available.

Supplement

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to a species of asexual

reproduction

1.2 Sexual reproduction

Core

Define sexual reproduction as the process involving the fusion of

haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote and the production of
genetically dissimilar offspring.

Supplement

Discuss cloning.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to a species of sexual

reproduction


Syllabus reference
1.2.1 Sexual reproduction in plants

Practical Activity

Core

Identify and draw, using a hand lens if necessary, the sepals,

petals, stamens, anthers, carpels, ovaries and stigmas of one,
locally available, named, insect-pollinated, dicotyledonous flower,
and examine the pollen grains under a light microscope or in
photomicrographs

Observe large, insect pollinated flowers from a local source. Use a hand lens
to
see detail of stigma, nectary, etc..

State the functions of the sepals, petals,anthers, stigmas and

ovaries

Define pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from the male part
of the plant (anther of stamen) to the female part of the plant
(stigma)

Name the agents of pollination

Germinate pollen grains to view pollen tubes and observing the microscopic
extension [in a short time] in suitable medium on glass slides.

Compare the different structural adaptations of insect-pollinated

and wind-pollinated flowers

Large diagrams posters to show the route taken by pollen tubes.

Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule
followed by fertilisation (production of endosperm and details of
development are not required)

Investigate and describe the structure of a non-endospermic seed

in terms of the embryo (radicle, plumule and cotyledons) and testa,
protected by the fruit

Outline the formation of a seed.

State that seed and fruit dispersal by wind and by animals provides

Posters / charts to follow the fate of different parts of the flower when
fertilisation has taken place.
Use a hand lens to identify and describe the anthers and stigmas of one,
locally available, named, wind-pollinated flower.
Examine the pollen grains under a light microscope or in photomicrographs.
Candidates should expect to apply their understanding of the flowers they
have studied to unfamiliar flowers.

a means of colonising new areas

Describe, using named examples, seed and fruit dispersal by wind

and by animals by wind and by animals.

Observe large soaked seeds eg beans to observe cotyledons, plumule and

radicle and grow some seeds to show both hypogeal and epigeal types of
germination..
Observe a range of fruits and discuss dispersal means.

Supplement

Distinguish between self-pollination and crosspollination

Discuss the implications to a species of self pollination and crosspollination

1.2.2 Sexual reproduction in humans

Core

Identify on diagrams of the male reproductive system, the testes,

scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis, and state
the functions of these parts

Identify on diagrams of the female reproductive system, the ovaries,

oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina, and state the functions of these
parts

Use of models or large diagrams..

video

Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the uterus and

ovaries

Outline sexual intercourse and describe fertilisation .

Outline early development of the zygote.

Construct charts to align events in the basic 28 day cycle - the hormones and
changes in ovary and thickening of the uterus wall prior to ovulation.

Outline the development of the fetus

Describe the function of the placenta andumbilical cord.

Describe the ante-natal care of pregnant women including special

Models and completion of fact sheets on fetal development

dietary needs and maintaining good health

Outline the processes involved in labour and birth

Video

Supplement

Compare male and female gametes in terms of size, numbers and

mobility

Explain the role of hormones in controlling the menstrual cycle

(including FSH, LH, progesterone and oestrogen)

Indicate the functions of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of breast-feeding

compared with bottle-feeding using formula milk

Comparison of different formula milk available.


Syllabus reference
1.3 Sex hormones

Practical Activity

Core

Describe the roles of testosterone and oestrogen in the

development and regulation of secondary sexual characteristics at
puberty.

Supplement

Describe the sites of production and the roles of oestrogen and

progesterone in the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy (cross
reference 1.2.2)

1.4 Methods of birth control

Core

Outline the following methods of birth control:

o

natural (abstinence, rhythm method)

chemical (contraceptive pill, spermicide)

mechanical (condom, diaphragm, femidom, IUD)

surgical (vasectomy, female sterilisation)

Supplement

Outline artificial insemination and the use of hormones in fertility

drugs, and discuss their social implications

Possible to arrange visit by local health adviser.


Syllabus reference
1.5 Sexually transmissible diseases

Practical Activity

Core

Describe the symptoms, signs, effects and treatment of

gonorrhoea

Describe the methods of transmission of human immunodeficiency

virus (HIV), and the ways in which HIV/AIDS can be prevented from
spreading.

Web sites for data such as World Health Organisation.

Supplement

Outline how HIV affects the immune system in a person with

HIV/AIDS

2. Growth and development

Core

Define growth in terms of a permanent increase in size and dry

mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both

Define development in terms of increase in complexity

Investigate and state the environmental conditions that affect

germination of seeds: requirement for water and oxygen, suitable
temperature

Measuring growth of plants eg increase in height with time and determine dry
mass by drying in the sun or in an oven to constant mass.
Observe examples of seed germination using different seeds.
Germinate seeds in shallow trays or petri dishes, in different places differing in
temperature. Germinate seeds in vacuum flasks with thermometers to
demonstrate rise in temperature.
Seal seeds under oil in water to test germination with suitable controls to show
need for oxygen / air.


Syllabus reference
3. Inheritance

Practical Activity

Core

Define inheritance.

3.1 Chromosomes

Core

Define the terms:chromosome;

gene as a length of DNA and codes for a specific protein.

allele as any of two or more alternative forms of a gene

haploid nucleus as a nucleus containing a single set of

unpaired chromosomes (e.g. sperm and egg)

diploid nucleus as a nucleus containing two sets of

chromosomes (e.g. in body cells)

Describe the inheritance of sex in humans (XX and XY

chromosomes)

Build paper models of DNA and chromosomes.

Video on the discovery of DNA.
Look at web sites, diagrams of the Human genome project.
Look at diagrams of chromosomes. To observe images of human
chromosomes - karyotypes.
Identify the sex chromosomes and discuss the genes located on these
chromosomes with the human genome project details.


Syllabus reference
3.2 Mitosis

Practical Activity

Core

Define mitosis as nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical

cells in which the chromosome number is maintained by the exact
duplication of chromosomes (details of stages are not required)

Video or link to website to show this process of cell division animated.

State the role of mitosis in growth, repair of damaged tissues,

replacement of worn out cells and asexual reproduction

Recognise the sequence of stages in cell cycle and where DNA is copied.

Observe photomicrographs.

Use of coloured drinking straws to represent chromosomes and chromatids.

Link with cloning identical genetic material.

3.3 Meiosis
Core

Define meiosis as reduction division in which the chromosome

number is halved from diploid to haploid (details of stages are not
required)

State that gametes are the result of meiosis

State that meiosis results in genetic variation so the cells produced

are not all genetically identical

Poster work to show meiosis where this takes place.

Use of coloured drinking straws to represent chromosomes pairing before
meiosis.

Video to show this type of division.

Discuss haploid and diploid status and genetic variation.


Syllabus reference
3.4 Monohybrid inheritance

Practical Activity

Core

Define the terms: genotype as genetic makeup of an organism in

terms of the alleles present (e.g. Tt or GG)
o

phenotype as the physical or other features of an organism

due to both its genotype and its environment (e.g. tall plant
or green seed)

homozygous as having two identical alleles of a particular

gene (e.g. TT or gg). Two identical homozygous individuals
that breed together will be pure-breeding

heterozygous as having two different alleles of a particular

gene (e.g. Tt or Gg), not pure-breeding

dominant as an allele that is expressed if it is present (e.g.

T or G)

recessive as an allele that is only expressed when there is

no dominant allele of the gene present (e.g. t or g)

Purchase seeds from specific crosses to germinate eg Tobacco seeds, upon

germination have cotyledons with and without chlorophyll in 3:1 ratio.

Use Punnett squares to follow inheritance.

Discussion of back crossing and test crossing.
Discuss how it is easier to experiment with plants.
Explain convention of circling gametes in inheritance diagrams.

Calculate and predict the results of monohybrid crosses involving 1

: 1 and 3 : 1 ratios.

Supplement

Poster or board work on inheritance of one characteristic eg seed colour.

Explain codominance by reference to the inheritance of ABO blood

groups, phenotypes, A, B, AB and O blood groups and genotypes.

Poster work and board work to explain the inheritance of alleles which show
codominance.


Syllabus reference
3.5 Variation

Practical Activity

Core

To show continuous variation in plants as well as humans, measure size of

fruits or seeds, number of beans to be picked up in one hand, height, hand
span, etc. Work out the frequency of large data sets and plot histograms.

State that continuous variation is influenced by genes and

environment, resulting in a range of phenotypes between two
extremes, e.g. height in humans State that discontinuous variation
is caused by genes alone and results in a limited number of distinct
phenotypes with no intermediates e.g. A, B, AB and O blood groups
in humans

To discuss inheritance of different characteristics in plants as well as humans

to show discontinuous variation.eg tasters v non tasters, lobed ears v attached
ears.

Define mutation as a change in a gene or chromosome

Observe human karyotype to identify trisomy [chromosome 21] with Downs

Syndrome and to look at the incidence through data on web sites.

Describe mutation as a source of variation, as shown by Downs

syndrome

Poster work on inheritance of sickle cell anaemia and incidence in the world.

Outline the effects of ionising radiation and chemicals on the rate of

mutation

Supplement

Describe sickle cell anaemia, and explain its incidence in relation to

that of malaria


3.6 Selection

Core

Describe the role of artificial selection in the production of varieties

of animals and plants with increased economic importance

Define natural selection as the greater chance of passing on of

genes by the best adapted organisms

Supplement

Describe variation and state that competition leads to differential

survival of, and reproduction by, those organisms best fitted to the
environment

Assess the importance of natural selection as a possible

mechanism for evolution

Describe the development of strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria

as an example of natural selection

Opportunity to visit local museum to observe evolution galleries.

Diagram and discussion of some plant and animal examples of artificial
selection eg bread wheat.

3.7 Genetic Engineering

Poster work to show stages in process in the development of humilin.

Core

Video.

Define genetic engineering as taking a gene from one species and

putting it into another species

Supplement

Explain why, and outline how, human insulin genes were put into
bacteria using genetic engineering

Discuss examples of genetically engineered organisms in many crop plants

and the advantages of these.

Section IV: Relationships of organisms with one another and with their environment. (20% teaching time)
Syllabus reference
1. Energy flow

Practical Activity

Core

State that the Sun is the principal source of energy input to

biological systems

Describe the non-cyclical nature of energy flow

2. Food chains and food webs (emphasis on examples occurring

locally)

Opportunity to go into a natural area locally and identify the feeding

relationships of the organisms which can be seen.

Core

If this is not possible not then bring into the class room - living plants eg
nettles or leaf litter and identify the species and the feeding relationships.

Define the terms:

o

food chain as a chart showing the flow of energy (food)

from one organism to the next beginning with a producer
(e.g. mahogany tree caterpillar song bird hawk)

food web as a network of interconnected food chains

showing the energy flow through part of an ecosystem

Watch a video and build up food chains and food webs, perhaps of a different
ecosystem.

Visit a farm centre, library or a field centre to find out more examples.
o

producer as an organism that makes its own organic

nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through
photosynthesis
consumer as an organism that gets its energy by feeding
on other organisms herbivore as an animal that gets its
energy by eating plants
carnivore as an animal that gets its energy by eating other
animals

Talk about energy and discuss units. Use a simple calorimeter to find energy
content of seeds or food items.

When searching for living specimens in leaf litter or on plants for animals,
identify [ recall use of keys to identify organisms] and assign to trophic feeding
levels. These can be weighed [fresh weight] or counted to draw the trophic
blocks in pyramid diagrams.

decomposer as an organism that gets its energy from dead

or waste organic matter

Have data available if unable to do this and build up diagrams. Consult tables
for dry biomass to preserve the specimens and return to the environment.

ecosystem as a unit containing all of the organisms and

their environment, interacting together, in a given area e.g.
decomposing log or a lake

trophic level as the position of an organism in a food chain,

food web or pyramid of biomass, numbers or energy

Describe energy losses between trophic levels

Draw, describe and interpret pyramids of biomass and

numbers

Supplement

Explain why food chains usually have fewer than five trophic levels

Explain why there is an increased efficiency in supplying green

plants as human food and that there is a relative inefficiency, in
terms of energy loss, in feeding crop plants to animals


Syllabus reference
3. Nutrient cycles

Practical Activity

Core

Describe the carbon and the water cycles

Supplement

Diagrams.

Describe the nitrogen cycle in terms of:

o

Videos.

the role of microorganisms in providing usable nitrogencontaining substances by decomposition and by nitrogen
fixation in roots
the absorption of these substances by plants and their
conversion to protein followed by passage through food
chains, death, decay nitrification and denitrification and
the return of nitrogen to the soil or the atmosphere (names
of individual bacteria are not required)

Discuss the effects of the combustion of fossil fuels and the cutting
down of forests on the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in
the atmosphere

Observe plant roots of the pea and bean family. [legumes ]

Look for the pink coloration as these are actively fixing nitrogen [ symbiosis /
mutualism explain term]
Use of bioviewers, microscopes or photomicrographs to observe sections
through nodules.


Syllabus reference
4. Population size

Practical Activity

Core

Grow a yeast culture in a flask with low sugar content. Start with low density of
cells and observe.

Define population as a group of organisms of one species, living in

the same area at the same time

State the factors affecting the rate of population growth for a

population of an organism (limited to food supply, predation and
disease), and describe their importance

Identify the lag, exponential (log), stationary and death phases in

the sigmoid population growth curve for a population growing in an
environment with limited resources

Describe the increase in human population size and its social

implications
Interpret graphs and diagrams of human population growth

Supplement

Explain the factors that lead to the lag phase, exponential (log)
phase and stationary phase in the sigmoid curve of population
growth making reference, where appropriate, to the role of limiting
factors

Data handling of count numbers or test turbidity of yeast culture.

Poster work / large diagrams of growth curve perhaps handling data from a
published source.

Interpretation of human population pyramids and diagrams available from

web sites or published data in journals.
Work with published data to find areas where human populations are highest
and lowest and discuss the reasons for this pattern of distribution.


Syllabus reference
5. Human influences on the ecosystem

Practical Activity

Core

Outline the effects of humans on ecosystems, with emphasis on

examples of international importance (tropical rain forests, oceans
and important rivers)

5.1 Agriculture

Core

List the undesirable effects of deforestation (to include extinction,

loss of soil, flooding, carbon dioxide build up)

Describe the undesirable effects of overuse of fertilisers (to include

eutrophication of lakes and rivers)

5.2 Pollution
Core

Describe the undesirable effects of pollution to include:

o

water pollution by sewage and chemical waste

air pollution by sulfur dioxide

Opportunity to visit to sample local streams or rivers to find diversity of

invertebrates to estimate Biological oxygen demand and determine level of
pollution.

air pollution by greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and

methane) contributing to global warming

Measure oxygen content of water from ponds using methylene blue tests or
oxygen meters if available.

pollution due to pesticides and herbicides

Observe safety at all times.

pollution due to nuclear fall-out

Supplement

Discuss the effects of non-biodegradable plastics in the

environment

Discuss the causes and effects on the environment of acid rain, and
the measures that might be taken to reduce its incidence

Explain how increases in greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and

methane) are thought to cause global warming

Possible to show bleaching effect of sulfur dioxide in a fume cupboard on

paper or mosses. [effective at low concentrations]

5.3 Conservation
Core

Opportunity to visit conservation sites or to watch videos or TV programs.

Describe the need for conservation of: species and their habitats

natural resources (limited to water and non-renewable materials

including fossil fuels)

Supplement

Explain how limited and non-renewable resources can be recycled

(including recycling of paper and treatment of sewage to make the
water that it contains safe to return to the environment or for human
use)

Put up local nesting boxes for birds. Keep an area of garden for wildlife. Plant
insect loving shrubs and flowering plants eg Buddleja.
Opportunity to visit sewage treatment plant and to refer to a simple flow chart
to understand the processes.
To understand local or country wide legislation for sewage treatment
discussion.
Opportunity to visit local industrial processing sites involved with re-cycling of
paper, aluminium or glass.