Asb Session 1
Asb Session 1
Asb Session 1
Semester - V
Chapter -1
Contents:
Number System
Number Theory
Percentage Method
Profit and loss
Time and Distance
MCQ
Number line
In basic mathematics, a number line is a picture of a
straight line on which every point is assumed to
correspond to a real number and every real number to a
point. Often the integers are shown as specially-marked
points evenly spaced on the line. Although this image
only shows the integers from 9 to 9, the line includes all
real numbers, continuing "forever" in each direction, and
also numbers not marked that are between the integers.
It is often used as an aid in teaching simple addition and
subtraction, especially involving negative numbers.
Composite number
A composite number is a positive integer which has a
positive divisor other than one or itself. In other words a
composite number is any positive integer greater than
one that is not a prime number.
So, if n > 0 is an integer and there are integers 1 < a, b <
n such that n = a b, then n is composite. By definition,
every integer greater than one is either a prime number
or a composite number. The number one is a unit it is
neither prime nor composite. For example, the integer 14
is a composite number because it can be factored as
2 7. Likewise, the integers 2 and 3 are not composite
numbers because each of them can only be divided by
one and itself.
Natural Number
Natural numbers are the set of all non fractional numbers
from 1 to infinity. Natural numbers are denoted by N. the
set N would have the elements 1,2,3,4.and so on.
Whole Numbers
Whole Numbers are the set of natural numbers and 0
,simply the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (and so on)
No Fractions!
Counting Numbers
Counting Numbers are Whole Numbers, but without the
zero. Because you can't "count" zero. So they are 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, (and so on).
Integers
Integers are like whole numbers, but they also
include negative numbers ... but still no
fractions allowed!
So, integers can be negative {-1, -2,-3, -4, -5,
}, positive {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, }, or zero {0}
We can put that all together like this:
Integers = { ..., -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...
}
Prime number
A natural number
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...
is called a prime or a prime number if it is
greater than 1 and has exactly two divisors, 1
and the number itself. Natural numbers greater
than 1 that are not prime are called composite.
Illustration showing that 11 is a prime number
while 12 is not
Rational Number
In mathematics, a rational number is any
number that can be expressed as the
quotient or fraction a/b of two integers,
with the denominator b not equal to zero.
Since b may be equal to 1, every integer is
a rational number. The set of all rational
numbers is usually denoted by a boldface
Q, which stands for quotient.
Unit fraction
A unit fraction is a rational number
written as a fraction where the numerator
is one and the denominator is a positive
integer. A unit fraction is therefore the
reciprocal of a positive integer, 1/n.
Examples are 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 etc
Examples
Integer
What is the LCM of 4 and 6?
Multiples of 4 are:
4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 68, 72,
76...
and the multiples of 6 are:
6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, ...
Common multiples of 4 and 6 are simply the numbers that are in
both lists:
12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, ....
So the least common multiple of 4 and 6 is the smallest one of
those: 12
Setting out:
Often, we set out the solution as follows:
Example
Find the highest common factor of 14 and
28.
Solution:
Logarithm
The logarithm of a number is the exponent by
which a fixed number, the base, has to be raised
to produce that number. For example, the
logarithm of 1000 to base 10 is 3, because 1000
is 10 to the power 3: 1000 = 103 = 101010.
More generally, if x = by, then y is the logarithm
of x to base b, and is written logb(x), so
log10(1000) = 3.
Log rules
There are a few important log rules you should know:
1. ,
which makes sense because
ax=ax.
2.
This is because .
3.
4.
5
(change of base
formula).
The change of base formula is extra-useful
because calculators usually give only
results (generally speaking, log with no
base specified is taken as log base 10).
Examples
For example, log2(16) = 4, since 24 = 2222 = 16.
Logarithms can also be negative:
since
Percentage
In mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a
number as a fraction of 100 (per cent meaning "per
hundred" in Latin). It is often denoted using the percent
sign, "%", or the abbreviation "pct". For example, 45%
(read as "forty-five percent") is equal to 45/100, or 0.45 .
Percentages are used to express how large/small one
quantity is, relative to another quantity. The first quantity
usually represents a part of, or a change in, the second
quantity, which should be greater than zero. For
example, an increase of $ 0.15 on a price of $ 2.50 is an
increase by a fraction of 0.15/2.50 = 0.06. Expressed as
a percentage, this is therefore a 6% increase.
Copyright Amity University
Answer-
1. A car travels at 30km/hr for the first 2 hrs & then 40km/h for the next 2hrs.
Find the ratio of distance traveled
S1/S2=V1/V2=3/4
2. Two cars leave simultaneously from points A & B (100km apart)& they
meet at a point 40 km from A. What is Va/Vb?
T is constant so V1/V2=S1/S2=40/60=4/6
3. A train meets with an accidient and moves at 3/4th its original speed. Due
to this , it is 20 mins late. Find the original time for the journey beyond the
point of accident?
Method1 : Think about 2 diff. Situations , 1st with accident and another w/o
accident , then S is constant
So V1/V2=T1/T2 =>V1/[3/4)*V2]=(T1+20)/T1
=>4/3=(T1+20)/T1 =>T1=60
Method 2: Velocity decreases by 25% so time will increase by 33.3%
33.3%=20 mins =>100%=60 mins
CONVERSION: 1km/hr=1000m/h=1000/3600m/sec=5/18m/sec
= 2 m/sec.
Converting m/sec to km/hr (see important formulas
section)
= 2 x18 km/hr5
= 7.2 km/hr.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Let the actual distance travelled be x km.
Then,x/10 =x + 20/14
14x = 10x + 200
4x = 200
x = 50 km.
Train Problems
The basic equation in train problem is the same S=VT
The following things need to be kept in mind while
solving the train related problems.
When the train is crossing a moving object , the speed
has to be taken as the relative speed of the train with
respect to the object.
The distance to be covered when crossing an object,
whenever trains crosses an object will be equal to:
Length of the train + Length of the object
A.2 hours
B.
3 hours
C.4 hours
D.
5 hours
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Speed downstream = (13 + 4) km/hr = 17 km/hr.
Time taken to travel 68 km downstream =
[68/17=
= 4 hrs].
A.8.5 km/hr B.
9 km/hr
C.10 km/hr D.
12.5 km/hr
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Man's rate in still water = (15 - 2.5) km/hr = 12.5
km/hr.
Man's rate against the current = (12.5 - 2.5)
km/hr = 10 km/hr.
Copyright Amity University
Circular motion
The circular motion is rotation along a circle: a circular
path or a circular orbit. It can be uniform, that is, with
constant angular rate of rotation, or non-uniform, that is,
with a changing rate of rotation. The rotation around a
fixed axis of a three-dimensional body involves circular
motion of its parts. The equations describing circular
motion of an object do not take size or geometry into
account, rather, the motion of a point mass in a plane is
assumed. In practice, the center of mass of a body can
be considered to undergo circular motion.
Clock
= 180.
Q8 A
is ..proportional to Velocity
when time is constant
A indirectly B inversely C directly D none
Key
1-A
2- B
3- B
4-A
5-C
6-A
7-a
8-a
9-b
10-C
Thank You