Me 354 Tutorial, Week #9 Jet-Propulsion Cycle: T (K) P (Kpa) 1 241 32 2 3 4 1400 P 5 6 32
Me 354 Tutorial, Week #9 Jet-Propulsion Cycle: T (K) P (Kpa) 1 241 32 2 3 4 1400 P 5 6 32
Me 354 Tutorial, Week #9 Jet-Propulsion Cycle: T (K) P (Kpa) 1 241 32 2 3 4 1400 P 5 6 32
Jet-Propulsion Cycle
A turbojet is flying with a velocity of 320 m/s at an altitude of 9150m, where the
ambient conditions are 32 kPa and -32C. The pressure ratio across the
compressor is 12, and the temperature at the turbine inlet is 1400 K. Air enters
the compressor at a rate of 40 kg/s, and the jet fuel has a heating value of 42,700
kJ/kg. Assuming ideal operation for all components and constant specific heats
for air at room temperature, determine:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
T
4
Turbine
ction
er Se
Burn
nt
onsta
P=C
5
Nozzle
Compressor
6
Diffuser
stant
P = Con
T (K)
241
P (kPa)
32
1400
P3
32
(Eq1)
Since we have modeled the air as an ideal gas with constant specific heats at
room temperature [Recall: h=h(T)] we can rewrite Eq1 as Eq2.
wturb ,out = (h4 h5 ) = c p (T4 T5 )
(Eq2)
(Eq3)
Since we have assumed the work produced by the turbine is equal to the work
supplied to the compressor we can equate Eq2 to Eq3, to obtain Eq4.
wturb ,out = wcomp ,in c p (T4 T5 ) = c p (T3 T2 )
(Eq4)
(Eq5)
Since we are given T4 in the problem statement, we must solve for T2 and T3 in
order to find T5. Performing an energy balance on the diffuser, we obtain Eq6.
d E cv
= m air [(ke + pe + u + Pv )1 (ke + pe + u + Pv )2 ]
dt
(Eq6)
Using the steady operation assumption, the assumption that pe 0, and the
definition of enthalpy (h = u + Pv), Eq6 reduces to Eq7. Since we are analyzing a
diffuser we can assume V2 0 (of negligible velocity), therefore ke2 0.
ke1 + h1 h2 = 0 c p (T2 T1 ) =
V12
V2
T2 = 1 + T1
2
2c p
(Eq7)
Assuming we are flying in still air, the velocity of the air (relative to the jet) at the
inlet of the diffuser is equal to the velocity of the jet. Therefore, V1 = 320 m/s.
From Table A-2 for air at room temperature cp = 1.005 kJ/kg*K. Substituting these
values into Eq7 we can solve for the temperature at location 2.
m2
m2
102400 2
(320) 2
s
V12
s + 241[K ]
T2 =
+ T1 =
+ 241[K ]=
2
2c p
kJ
3 m
2(1.005)
2.01 10 2
kg K
s K
2
( )
T2 = 291.9 K
We can find the pressure at location 2 by noting that the diffuser process is
modeled as isentropic. We can use the ideal gas relation for isentropic processes
as shown below. From Table A-2 for air at room temperature k = 1.4.
T2 P2
=
T1 P1
k 1
k
1.4
T k 1
P T k 1
291.9[K ] 0.4
2 = 2 P2 = P1 2 = (32[kPa ])
P1 T1
241[K ]
T1
P2 = 62.6 kPa
Using the compressors pressure ratio of 12 (given in the problem statement), we
can solve for the pressure at location 3.
P3 = 12 P2 = 12(62.6[kPa])
P3 = 751.2 kPa
Since the compression process is modeled as isentropic, we can solve for the
temperature at the compressor exit, T3, using the ideal gas relation for isentropic
processes as shown below.
T3 P3
=
T2 P2
k 1
k
P
T3 = T2 3
P2
k 1
k
0.4
T3 =593.7 K
Having determined T2 & T3, we can use Eq5 to determine the temperature at the
turbine exit.
T5 = T4 + T2 T3 = 1400[ K ] + 291.9[ K ] 593.7[ K ]
T5 =1098.2 K
Answer a)
We can find the pressure at the turbine exit by noting the expansion process
through the turbine is modeled as isentropic. We can use the ideal gas relation
for isentropic processes as shown in Eq8.
T5 P5
=
T4 P4
k 1
k
T k 1
P T k 1
5 = 5 P5 = P4 5
P4 T4
T4
(Eq8)
P5 = (751.2[kPa])
1400[ K ]
P5 =321.1 kPa
1.4
0.4
Answer a)
Part b)
To find the velocity of the exhaust gases we must first perform an energy balance
on the nozzle (5 6) as shown in Eq9.
d E cv
= m air [(ke + pe + u + Pv )5 (ke + pe + u + Pv )6 ]
dt
(Eq9)
Using the steady operation assumption, the assumption that pe 0, and the
definition of enthalpy (h = u + Pv), Eq9 reduces to Eq10. Since we are analyzing
a nozzle we can assume V5 0 (of negligible velocity), therefore ke5 is also zero.
V62
h5 ke6 h6 = 0
= c p (T5 T6 ) V6 = 2c p (T5 T6 )
2
(Eq10)
From Eq10, we see we must first determine the temperature at the exit of the
nozzle (Location 6).
Since the process through the nozzle is modeled as isentropic, we can use the
ideal gas relation for isentropic processes as shown below. The pressure at
location 6 is ambient (32 kPa).
T6 P6
=
T5 P5
k 1
k
P
T6 = T5 6
P5
k 1
k
0.4
32[kPa] 1.4
= (1098.2[K ])
321.1[kPa]
T6 = 568.2 K
Substituting this result into Eq10 we can solve for the velocity of the exhaust
gases.
m2
J
3
V6 = 21.005(10 )
(1098.2[ K ] 568.2[ K ]) = 1065300 2
kg K
s
V6 = 1032 m/s
Answer b)
Part c)
The propulsive power developed is defined as shown in Eq11.
(Eq11)
Substituting in the known values into Eq11, we can solve for the propulsive
power developed (it was previously noted that Vinlet = Vaircraft).
p
m
m
m
kg
kg m m
= 40 1032 320 320 = 9113600
2
s
s
s
s s
s
= 9113.6 kW
Answer c)
Part d)
The propulsive efficiency is defined as the propulsive power developed divided
by the rate of heat input as shown in Eq12.
p =
Wp
(Eq12)
Q in
We determined the propulsive power developed in part c). The rate of heat input
can be determined from an energy balance on the burner section (3 4) as
shown in Eq13.
(Eq13)
Substituting in the known values into Eq13 we can solve for the rate of heat
input.
kJ
kg
Q in = 40 1.005
(1400[ K ] 593.7[ K ])
s
kg K
Q in = 32413.3 kW
Substituting in the known values into Eq12 we can solve for propulsive efficiency.
p =
Q in
9113.6[kW ]
=0.2812 or 28.12%
32413.3[kW ]
Answer d)
Part e)
The rate of fuel consumption can be determined from the heating value of fuel
and the rate of heat input as shown in Eq14.
m fuel
Q
= in =
HV
kJ
s =
0.759 kg/s Answer e)
kJ
42700
kg
32413.3