Bai Giang Chuong 1 1

22/02/2024
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
Applied Thermodynamics
Applied thermodynamics
References:
Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 8th edition
by Michael J. Moran (Author), Howard N. Shapiro (Author), Daisie D. Boettner (Author),
Margaret B. Bailey (Author)
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th edition

by Yunus A. Çengel and Michael A. Boles
Exergy: Energy, Environment And Sustainable Development

by Ibrahim Dincer (Author), Marc A Rosen (Author)
Chapter 1
THERMODYNAMIC FUNDAMENTALS
1
22/02/2024
4
Learning objectives
Learning objectives
After study this chapter, you will be able to
-explain key concepts related to energy, entropy and exergy.

-evaluate energy, entropy and exergy at a state and the
change between two states
- analyze closed systems and control volumes using energy,
entropy and exergy.
Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1
5
1.1 Thermodynamic analysis
1.1 Thermodynamic analysis
Thermodynamic analysis provides different views on
engineering systems using energy, entropy, and exergy.
Analysing allows to:
- Better understanding of the system's overall performance;
- Identify sources of losses due to irreversibilities in the
system, which form the basic for optimizing the systems or its
components.
Most thermodynamic systems appear at

the intersection of these three fields.
6
1.2 Energy
1.2.1 Introduction of energy
Forms of energy: thermal, mechanical, electric, magnetic,
chemical, and nuclear,…
Macroscopic form (KE, PE)
In Thermodynamics, energy:
Microscopic form (U)
-Kinetic energy(KE): -Potential energy(PE):
-Internal energy(U): energy stored in the molecular and
atomic structure of a system
The total energy of a system at a specified state
The change of energy of a system
2
22/02/2024
7
1.2 Energy
1.2.2 Energy transfer
+ Energy transfer by heat: occurs when
temperature of the system is different
from the surrounding
- Unit: J
- The sign convention of heat
 Heat transferred to a system is positive;
 Heat transferred from a system is negative.
+ Energy transfer by work: due to macroscopic forces,
displacement between the system and its surroundings.
- Unit: J
- The sign convention of work
 Work done by a system is positive;
 Work done by the surroundings is negative.
8
1.2 Energy
+ Energy transfer by mass: Mass flow in and out of the system
creates an additional mechanism of energy transfer.
Work is required to push the mass
into or out of the control volume
The total energy of a flowing fluid:
with
Energy transfer with mass flow
9
1.2 Energy
1.2.3 Energy balance (1st law) for closed systems
The exergy balance for during the time interval
where
Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies

0 0
The time rate form of the energy balance
3
22/02/2024
10
1.2 Energy
1.2.4 Energy balance for a control volume
The control volume energy rate balance
energy energy energy

change Transfer by transfer by mass flow
heat and work
Steady state, one inlet (1) one outlet (2)
10
11
1.2 Energy
1.2.5 Applying the first law for a control volume for steady state
1.2.5.1 Nozzles and Diffusers
A nozzle(ống tăng tốc) in which the velocity of a gas or liquid
increases in the direction of flow.
A diffuser(ống tăng áp): the gas or liquid decelerates(giảm tốc)
in the direction of flow.
- Work is only flow work
- The change in potential energy is
negligible.
- is unavoidable, but often small
→ can be neglected.
0 0 0 0
11
12
1.2 Energy
1.2.5.2 Turbines
- KE, PE can be neglected

- is unavoidable, but often small → can be neglected.
0 0 0
12
4
22/02/2024
13
1.2 Energy
1.2.5.3 Compressors and Pumps
Four compressor types: The reciprocating compressor (piston
compressor), the axial-flow compressor, The centrifugal
compressor, the roots compressor (Screw compressor).
The energy rate balance is similar to the turbines
13
14
1.2 Energy
1.2.5.4 Heat exchangers
(a) Direct-contact heat exchanger. (b) Tube-within-a-tube counterflow heat

exchanger. (c) Tube-within-a-tube parallel-flow heat exchanger. (d) Cross-
flow heat exchanger
- Only flow work
14
15
1.2 Energy
1.2.5.5 Throttling Devices
- Only flow work

- Heat transfer with the surroundings can be neglected.
0 0 0 0
The process is called a throttling process.

15
5
22/02/2024
16
1.2 Energy
1.2.6 Energy efficiencies
Examples:
- Overall efficiency for the power plant
Efficiency of the Boiler Efficiency of the Turbine Efficiency of the Generator
- COPs of the refrigerator
16
17
1.2 Energy
1.2.7 Example
a simple vapor power plant operating at steady state with
water as the working fluid. Data at key locations are given on
the figure. The mass flow rate of the water circulating through
the components is 109 kg/s. Stray heat transfer and kinetic and
potential energy effects can be ignored.
Determine
(a) the net power developed, MW.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the mass flow rate of the
cooling water, in kg/s.
17
18
1.3 Entropy
1.3.1 Introduction of entropy
Entropy is a measure of molecular disorder, or molecular
randomness in a system.
Entropy is a property, S. For
an internally reversible
process:
The entropy change: Liquids have more Gases have more

randomness and higher randomness and higher
entropy than solids entropy than liquids
Less randomness More randomness
Low entropy higher entropy
Entropy is an extensive property:
S is entropy of a system (J/K), s is specific entropy (J/kg.K)

18
6
22/02/2024
19
1.3 Entropy
+ T dS Equations
Energy balance in differential form is
with
For a unit of mass
Entropy change of an ideal gas
When the specific heat is constant
19
20
1.3 Entropy
1.3.2 Entropy transfer
+ Entropy transfer by heat: Heat
transfer to a system increases
the entropy of that system, and
heat transfer from a system
decreases it.
(J/K)
where Qk is the heat transfer through the boundary at

temperature Tk at location k
- The direction of entropy transfer is the same as of the heat:

 Entropy transferred into the system is positive;
 Entropy transferred out of the system is negative.
20
21
1.3 Entropy
+ Entropy transfer by work: no entropy is transferred by work
+ Entropy transfer by mass: entropy of a system increases

when mass enters the system and decreases when mass
leaves the system
Entropy transferred by mass flow,
where s is the specific entropy

(entropy per unit mass entering or
leaving)
21
7
22/02/2024
22
1.3 Entropy
1.3.3 The increase of entropy principle
Consider a cycle, The Clausius inequality
Where S is called entropy change of the system

- Reversible process: entropy transfer by heat
- irreversible process some entropy generated
22
23
1.3 Entropy
General, we have
Where Sgen is called entropy generation (entropy production)
The increase of entropy principle: for an isolated system
Entropy of an isolated system during a process always

increases or, in a reversible process, remains constant.
23
24
1.3 Entropy
1.3.4 Entropy Balance for Closed Systems
The entropy balance for during the time interval
entropy entropy entropy

change transfer generation
where Qj is the heat transfer through the boundary j having

temperature Tj
The time rate form of the entropy balance
24
8
22/02/2024
25
1.3 Entropy
1.3.5 Entropy Rate Balance for Control Volumes
The control volume entropy rate balance
entropy entropy entropy entropy

change transfer transfer by mass generation
by heat
The term represents the time rate of heat transfer at the

boundary with the instantaneous temperature Tj
At steady state, one-Inlet (1), one-Exit (2)
25
26
1.3 Entropy
Example:Determining Entropy Production in Heat Pump Components
A heat pump operates at steady state, Refrigerant 22 enters the compressor
at -50C, 3.5 bar and is compressed adiabatically to 750C, 14 bar. The
refrigerant passes through the condenser, where it condenses to liquid at
280C, 14 bar. The refrigerant then expands through a throttling valve to 3.5
bar. Indoor return air enters the condenser at 200C, 1 bar with a volumetric
flow rate of 0.42 m3/s and exits at 500C with a negligible change in pressure.
(a) determine the rates of entropy production, in kW/K, for the condenser,
compressor, and expansion valve, respectively. (b) Discuss the sources of
irreversibility in the components considered in part (a).
26
27
1.3 Entropy
State 1 (superheated vapor):
State 2 (superheated vapor):
State 3 (compressed liquid):
State 4 (2 phase liquid-vapor mixture):

Throttling process (3-4):
Apply the entropy rate balance for the condenser at steady state:
0
+Determine :
27
9
22/02/2024
28
1.3 Entropy
Apply energy balance for the condenser:
with
+ Apply the entropy rate balance for the compressor:
0
+ Apply the entropy rate balance for the valve:

0
28
29
1.3 Entropy
1.3.6 Isentropic efficiencies
+ Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines
Neglecting the change of kinetic and

potential energy and the heat transfer:
0 0 0
( =70–90%)
29
30
1.3 Entropy
+ Isentropic Efficiency of Compressor or pump

( =75–85%)
+ Isentropic Efficiencies of Nozzle

( = 95%)
30
10
22/02/2024
31
1.3 Entropy
1.3.7 Example
A simple vapor power plant operating at steady state with
Determine
(a) the net power developed, MW.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the isentropic turbine efficiency.
(d) the isentropic pump efficiency.
(e) the mass flow rate of the cooling water, in
kg/s.
(f) the rates of entropy production, each in
kW/K, for the turbine, condenser, and pump.
31
32
1.4 Exergy
1.4.1 Introduction of exergy
Exergy is defined as the maximum theoretical work a system
can perform when it is brought into thermodynamic
equilibrium with its environment.
- Exergy is a property of both the system and the

environment.
- A system delivers the maximum theoretical work as it

undergoes a reversible process from the specified initial state
to the state of its environment (the dead state).
- Dead state means the system is in thermodynamic

equilibrium with the environment (a system is at the
temperature and pressure of its environment ).
32
33
1.4 Exergy
Exergies of kinetic and potential energy : KE, PE are forms of

mechanical energy, they can be converted to work entirely.
- Exergy of heat of a reversible process 1-2
- Exergy of work of a reversible process 1-2
33
11
22/02/2024
34
1.4 Exergy
+ The change of exergy of a reversible process: consider a
closed system, the exergy balance
Energy balance, we have
- Exergy of a specified state (u, s, v, T): KE PE
At the dead state:

- Specific exergy
34
35
1.4 Exergy
1.4.2 Exergy transfer
+ Exergy transfer by heat:
Tb is Temperature on the boundary where heat transfer occurs

- With T is not constant
Qk is the heat transfer through the boundary k at Tk

+ Exergy transfer by work
is the environment pressure.

- Exergy of shaft work or electrical work is equal to the work
itself.
35
36
1.3 Exergy
+ Exergy transfer by mass:
Work is required to push the mass into
or out of the control volume
Exergy of flow work
Total exergy of mass flow
with
Exergy transfer with mass flow
36
12
22/02/2024
37
1.4 Exergy
1.4.3 The decrease of exergy principle (exergy destruction):
Isolated system:
Entropy balance for isolated system
(decrease of exergy principle)

exergy is destroyed during an actual.
+Exergy destruction
Irreversibilities generate entropy destroys exergy
37
38
1.4 Energy
1.4.4 Exergy Balance for Closed Systems
The exergy balance for during the time interval
exergy exergy exergy exergy

change transfer by heat transfer by work destroyed
where Qj is the heat transfer through the boundary j having

temperature Tj
The time rate form of the exergy balance
38
39
1.4 Energy
1.4.5 Exergy Balance for Control Volumes
The control volume exergy rate balance
exergy exergy exergy exergy exergy

change transfer by heat transfer by work transfer by mass flow destroyed
Steady state , one inlet (1) one outlet (2)
with
39
13
22/02/2024
40
1.4 Exergy
1.4.6 Exergetic (Second Law) Efficiency
+ Exergy efficiency of cycles

- Exergy efficiency of power plant
- Exergy efficiency of refrigerator
40
41
1.4 Exergy
+ Exergy efficiency of components
-Turbine: operating at steady state with no heat transfer with
its surroundings, the exergy rate balance
0
-Compressors and pumps: operating at steady state with no

heat transfer with its surroundings, the exergy rate balance
41
42
1.4 Exergy
-Heat exchanger without mixing:
operating at steady state with no heat
transfer with its surroundings, the
exergy rate balance
-Direct contact heat exchanger:

With mass rate balance, this
can be written as
42
14
22/02/2024
43
1.4 Exergy
1.4.7 Example
a simple vapor power plant operating at steady state with
Determine
(a) Net power developed, in MW.
(b) The net exergy increase of the
water passing the steam generator,
,kW.
(c) The rates of exergy destruction,
each in kW, for the turbine,
condenser, and pump.
(d) The exergy efficiency.
43
15

Bai Giang Chuong 1 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bai Giang Chuong 1 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bai Giang Chuong 1 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

22/02/2024

Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th edition

Exergy: Energy, Environment And Sustainable Development

-explain key concepts related to energy, entropy and exergy.

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

Most thermodynamic systems appear at

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

The change of energy of a system

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

The total energy of a flowing fluid:

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies

The time rate form of the energy balance

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

energy energy energy

Steady state, one inlet (1) one outlet (2)

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

- KE, PE can be neglected

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

The energy rate balance is similar to the turbines

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

(a) Direct-contact heat exchanger. (b) Tube-within-a-tube counterflow heat

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

- Only flow work

The process is called a throttling process.

Efficiency of the Boiler Efficiency of the Turbine Efficiency of the Generator

- COPs of the refrigerator

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

The entropy change: Liquids have more Gases have more

Entropy is an extensive property:

S is entropy of a system (J/K), s is specific entropy (J/kg.K)

For a unit of mass

Entropy change of an ideal gas

When the specific heat is constant

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

where Qk is the heat transfer through the boundary at

- The direction of entropy transfer is the same as of the heat:

+ Entropy transfer by mass: entropy of a system increases

where s is the specific entropy

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

Where S is called entropy change of the system

Where Sgen is called entropy generation (entropy production)

The increase of entropy principle: for an isolated system

Entropy of an isolated system during a process always

entropy entropy entropy

where Qj is the heat transfer through the boundary j having

The time rate form of the entropy balance

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

entropy entropy entropy entropy

The term represents the time rate of heat transfer at the

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

State 4 (2 phase liquid-vapor mixture):

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

+ Apply the entropy rate balance for the valve:

Applied Thermodynamics – Chapter 1

Neglecting the change of kinetic and