IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)

e-ISSN: 2319-2402,p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 9, Issue 9 Ver. II (Sep. 2015), PP 09-15

Influence of the Dipolar Magnetized Water on the Ecological Factors of

Abstract: Ostracods tolerance to different ecological conditions , therefore consider as indicator to types of
water quality to differents water bodies . Thereupon investigation this study to conducted the dipolar
magnetized water with different intensities such as: 0.05 , 0.1 and 0.15 Tesla on some environmental factors for
one species of ostracod animals, Cypris laevis (O. F. Mller , 1776 ) . The present study occurrence of
significant rise in temprature rates for water which they live freshwater ostracod C. laevis when exposed to the
dipole magnetic fields in different intensities compared with untreated water magnetically . As well as,
significantly increased the value of PH an increase of magnetic intensity hanging over the water , compared
with control water . Also increased significantly dissolved oxygen concentration , an increase of magnetic
intensity , especiaally intensity 0.15 Tesla compared to the rest of magnetic intensities and untreated water
magnetically . In that experience happened an increase in the electrical conductivity in the dipolar magnetized
water , increased it's value of electrical conductivity of water an increase of magnetic intensity compared with
the control water . As well as, those in that experience , found the highest increase in water soluble salts (total
dissolved solids ) , especially in 0.15 Tesla intensity , compared with untreated water . All these experiences
were under the level probability of less than o.o5 under the laboratory conditions .
Kye words:Dipolar magnetized water , Ecological conditions , Ostracoda , Cypris laevis , Magnetic fields ,
Magnetic intensity .

I.

Introduction

Ostracoda are a class of crustaceans, characterized by a bivalve carapace which encases their entire
body. Their small size and calcified valves mean that they fossilize easily and because of their abundance in
most aquatic habitats and their sensitivity to a range of environmental variables, they make excellent subjects for
use as palaeo environmental proxies (1). Just as the distributions of some macro invertebrates inhabiting springs
are related to concentration of particular chemicals and to physical variables such as temperature, pH, and
alkalinity (2). But response of freshwater ostracods to different environmental condition anthropogenic impacts,
with a worldwide overview of the anthropogenic impacts, potential use of these micro crustaceans as bio
indicators and several examples of applications in different scenarios. The development of either a single
species or an ostracod assemblage is influenced by physicalchemical properties of waters (salinity,
temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen), hydraulic conditions, bottom grain sizes or sedimentation rates. In
addition to population and community changes, morphological and geochemical changes can also be detected in
the ostracod carapace, which serves as a tracer of the water quality (3). While TUNOLU&ERTEKN (4)
which detect the ostracods climatic and hydro chemical conditions were also determined in detail in order to
provide a picture of the environmental conditions dominating over the fauna (Ostracods) and flora
(Bacillariophyceae/diatomeae, Chlorophyceae/green algae, Cyanophyceae/blue-green algae). That spring waters
with high carbon-dioxide content support the algale population growth. Ostracods are environmentally sensitive
organisms which readily preserve as fossils because of their calcitic shells (5). While the relationships between
morphological patterns of ostracod carapace and environmental factors by combining paleontology and biology
and applying those to environmental reconstruction (6).Therefore ostracods, they are useful organisms for
understanding past and present and estimating future conditions (7). It is well known that a considerable portion
of the world population is being supplied with hard water which has different negative domestic, industrial and
agricultural effects. Recently, various research efforts have been directed towards the treatment of hard water
using magnetic techniques (8). The dipolar magnetized water technique considers as recent and advanced
techniques in magnetic water treatment, which application in different; ecological, agricultures, industrial,
medical and scientific fields (9). But the dipolar magnetized water also known as anti-scale magnetic treatment
or AMT is a controversial method of supposedly reducing the effects of hard water by passing it through
a magnetic field, as a non-chemical alternative to water softening (10). While the effect of magnetic treatment
depends on properties of the pipe. The magnititude of the effect depends on pipe conductivity and surface
roughness (11). A number of species were reported to be sensitive to the dipole magnetic fields, and could
potentially be affected by EM fields created by wave energy devices and cables (12). For example on this effect
for magnetized water was ostracoda C. laevis by demonstrated increased significance the rates of growth by
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09920915

www.iosrjournals.org

9 | Page

Influence of the Dipolar Magnetized Water on the Ecological Factors Freshwater OstracodCypris
increased the bivalve carapace dimensions (length and width) with increased intensity of magnetotron system
comparative with untreated water. Although increase significant observed in fecundity in ostracodean females
by increase the number and diameter of eggs with increased intensity compared with untreated females. Also,
predominant females upon males in both treated and untreated water with magnetotron system. Then, the
magnetotron system does not effect on heterogonous in sexual formation for this species in same ecosystem (9).
As C. laevis refers to the family Cyprididae. This species living in littoral lakes and spring. It tolerates a wide
range of environmental conditions (13). Therefore the aims of the current study to complete the picture on effect
efficiency magnetic field energy on ecological and biological aspects for this freshwater ostracods in their
ambient ecosystem. Because this species is one of food chain in habitat and can consider as indicate submerged
vegetation. In order to investigation the importance of dipolar magnetized water on regulation the ecological
factors which influence on numbers of species for population growth in their community and freshwater
habitats.

II.

Materials and methods

The ostracods animals were collected by using laboratory sieve type DIA X50mm ASTM Germany
Made E11 75 Micron and zooplankton net, which opening diameter about 25 cm, but the diameter per pore
about 335 micrometer (mesh size) . The samples were collected from Amanat Baghdad Lake for period from
15/10/2014 to 15/12/2014. The dipole magnetized water devices were manufacture locally. Then were calibrated
and give their intensities in laboratory, which 0.05, 0.1and o.15 Tesla by using Gauss Meter type
F.W.Bell/Gauss Model 5070, USA. Use four aquarium, each one capacity 152030 cm, put in these aquarium
6 litter of raw water (14). Then brush the ground docks with cow dong. It was fed by leaky of cow dong and
equal to the amount of grated vegetables or fruit peels (15). Then identified under the microscope magnefication
(40X). Used 4 beckers, these were distribution as followes: 1-Control 2-0.05 T 3-0.1 T 4-0.15 T. The dipole
magnetized water treatment device consist of the following magnetic systems:
1-Dipole magnetized water with 0.05 T.
2- Dipole magnetized water with 0.1 T.
3- Dipole magnetized water with 0.15 T.
These magnets contain on North Pole positive and another South Pole negative. This experiment
contains 4 dealings, which the following:
1- Put 30 ostracodaen animals with 1 litter of raw water (control).
2- Put 30 ostracodaen animals with 1 litter of dipole magnetized water with 0.05 T.
3- Put 30 ostracodaen animals with 1 litter of dipole magnetized water with 0.1 T.
4- Put 30 ostracodaen animals with 1 litter of dipole magnetized water with 0.15 T.
Repeat the process of magnetization every 12 hour, throughout the duration of the experiment. The
environmental measurements were taken a week, for a period of 10 weeks for all beakers which treated and
untreated with dipole magnetized energy. The environmental measurements include the following factors:
1-The temperature measurement by degree Celsius (C0).
2-Acedic water measure (PH).
3-Measuring the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water (mg/L).
4-Measuring the electrical conductivity of the water (s/cm).
5-Measure the amount of dissolved solids in water (ppm).
These previous measurements were taken to device Yk-2001 PH, Intelligent PH meter, UKAS. After
calibration using two calibration solution with PH 4 and 7 in temperature 25 C 0.The results were analyzed using
SDMean and T-test by SAS (2010) The Statistical Analysis System- SAS (16) was used to effect of different
factors in study parameters. Least significant difference (LSD) test was used to significant compare between
means in this study, in level of probability of less than 0.05.

III.

The Result

The current study showed no significant differences between control water and magnetically water with
three types of intensities, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15T respectively. For first seven weeks from life span of ostracods,
about the temperature factor. But this study showed significant differences between control water and the dipole
magnetic water treatment with different intensities. Because occurs increase in rates of temperature degrees in
every 8, 9 and 10 weeks. The high values which recorded in this study were 22.5C0 and 22.4C0in magnetized
water with 0.1T and 0.15T intensities in respectively. But the less value was 17.3C0 in control water. Generally,
it gets a slight increase in the water temperature when increasing the magnetic intensity (fig.1). But the acidic
water (PH) it was significant increasingly in the dipole magnetic water treatment compared with untreated water
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09920915

www.iosrjournals.org

10 | Page

Influence of the Dipolar Magnetized Water on the Ecological Factors Freshwater OstracodCypris
magnetically. Because the average of PH in magnetized water were 9.1, 8.97 and 8.9 respectively. But in control
water was 7.9. While the highest values of PH which recorded in this study were 9.81, 9.4 and 9.52 in 0.05T,
0.1T and 0.15T respectively compared with no magnetized water, which were 8.25 as highest value (fig.2). The
study also shows significant differences for the dissolve of oxygen in dipole magnetized water compared with
control water. The highest concentration of dissolved oxygen was 11.9mg/l, 12.0mg/l and 12.0mg/l in dipole
magnetized water with 0.05T, 0.1T and 0.15T respectively, compared with no dipole magnetized water, which
was 9.0mg/l (fig.3). Also, got a significant increase in electrical conductivity increase magnetization. Therefore,
the highest values recorded in magnetically water, which respectively 790s/cm, 790s/cm and 795s/cm
compared with untreated water, which 760s/cm (fig.4). On the other hand got a significant increase in the
amount of total dissolved solids in dipole magnetization water. So the highest values were 537 ppm, 537 ppm
and 538 ppm in intensities 0.05T, 0.1T and 0.15T respectively, compared with non dipole magnetized water,
which the highest value 507ppm (fig.5).

Figure (1): The effect of dipole magnetic field on the temperature (C0) of water

Figure (2): The effect of dipole magnetic field on the PH of water

Figure (3): The effect of dipole magnetic field on the dissolved oxygen (mg/l)of water

DOI: 10.9790/2402-09920915

www.iosrjournals.org

11 | Page

Influence of the Dipolar Magnetized Water on the Ecological Factors Freshwater OstracodCypris

Figure (4): The effect of dipole magnetic field on the electrical conductivity (s/cm) of water

Figure (5): The effect of dipole magnetic field on the total dissolved solids (ppm) of water

IV.

The Discussion

It observed through results, the bipolar magnetized water affect some physical properties of water. Because of
the improvement of some water properties, by the dipole magnetic fields which exposed on the water. And then
influence in some of the environmental and biological aspects of crustaceans that live in the water. Because it
contributes to distribution and spread the organisms. In this study obtained on the elevation temperature with
exposure to the dipole magnetic fields in different intensities. This result agreement with Musa and Hamoshi
(17), when they found a proportional relationship between the solubility of sodium chloride and calcium
chloride dehydrates and the number of water exposure to the dipole magnetic field. There was also a
proportional relationship between the electrical conductivity records and the increasing in temperature and pH
values. It was found that the increasing in pH value is more effective as compared with the elevation in
temperature degree. But this result disagreement with Hasaani et al. (18), because he found that the thermal
conductivity was decreased by 16%. So, he found that some properties of water were changed a lot of new and
strange phenomena were discovered after magnetization by using the magnetic field of 6500G over the region
through which the water was allowed to flow. The elevation of tempearature in this study may be refers to water
is an unusual substance, mostly due to it 3D network of hydrogen bond in the molecule. Its properties allow it to
act as a solvent, reactant, a molecule with cohesive properties and as a temperature stabilizer. Also liquid water
is affected by the dipole magnetic fields (19). The electrical current can flow through a solution of an
electrolyte, and is carried by electrons. The characteristics of current flow in electrolyte in these respects are
different. The current is carried by ions; chemical changes occur in the solution and an increase in temperature
decrease the resistance. The electrical conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electric
current and depended on concentration of ions, specific nature of the ions and on the temperature of solution
(high temperature, high E.C.)(17). Also, in this study increases the acidic of water (PH), especially in 0.1T and
0.15T intensities. This result agreement with study of Kotb (20), when investigating the effect of using the
dipole magnetic water conditioner on the prop- erties of water. The water flows through a closed loop, while the
pH, TDS, and hardness represent its properties. For the dipole magnetic water conditioner with flux density of
170 mT, his results showed that pH increased by 15.65% for 820 minutes of non-stop circulation. The increase
in pH is divided to 93.5% for the first 360 minutes, and 6.5% for the last 460 minutes. Also, this result
agreement withAlkhazan&Saddiq (21), when optioned on the results of pH value showed significant increase
with increasing the dipole magnetic intensity in static and shaking treatments. However, it was observed that pH
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09920915

www.iosrjournals.org

12 | Page

Influence of the Dipolar Magnetized Water on the Ecological Factors Freshwater OstracodCypris
value was lower in shaking samples than static ones, as it recorded 6.3 and 7.3, respectively at dipole magnetic
density 390 T after 30 days.The current findings are also consistent with Musa and Hamoshi (17), where they
found when use a dipole magnetic funnel with a magnetic field power of 450 gauss was used to prepare the
dipole magnetic water by passing the later 1, 5 and 10 times with flow rate of 41.66 mL/sec, before dissolving
the sodium chloride and calcium chloride dihydrate salts. There was a proportional relationship between the
solubility of sodium chloride and calcium chloride dihydrate and the number of water exposure to the dipole
magnetic field. There was also a proportional relationship between the electrical conductivity records and the
increasing in temperature and pH values. It was found that the increasing in pH value is more effective as
compared with the elevation in temperature degree. In general, the magnetic solutions of sodium chloride and
calcium chloride dihydrate showed highly electrical conductivity values as compared with non-magnetic
solutions. So the reason for this a direct proportional relationship with the increasing in pH values, because more
hydroxyl (OH-) groups are created. It is these molecules that help reduce the acidity in the dipole magnetized
water (17). In addition to the breakage of hydrogen bonds electromagnetic fields may perturb the gas/liquid
interface and produce reactive oxygen species (22). Changes in hydrogen bonding may affect carbon dioxide
hydration (21). When water is magnetically treated; more hydroxyl (OH-) ions are created to form alkaline
molecules, and reduce acidity. Normal water has a pH level of about 7, whereas the magnetized water can reach
a pH of up to 9.2 following the exposure to a 7000 gauss strength magnet for a long period of time (23). The
third changing which occurred on the chemical properties of water after magnetization process was increasing
the dissolved oxygen. This result agreement with study of Yang et al. (24), when they found that Chlorella will
be affected by the dipole magnetic field during its growth. Magnetic treatment of chlorella indicates that
chlorella is affected by the dipole magnetic field with weaker strength to some extent, for example, protein
content of chlorella increases as well as, oxygen dissolution in chlorella solution. With increasing of the dipole
magnetic field strength, the effect decreases. During the treatment if the strength is 0.24T, protein and oxygen
are produced properly; if it is 0-0.18T, protein content in chlorella trends to increase. Also, this result agreement
with study of Liu et al. (25), when they use the magnetic air stone (MAS) was prepared by coating air stone
(AS) with ferrofluid nanoparticles. Characterization by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and
vibrating sample magnetometer reveals that Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in air stone were paramagnetic with
saturation magnetization of 21emu/g. Moreover, an analysis of biofilm formation on MAS was run. The results
show that dissolved oxygen increased 50%.The reason of increase the dissolved oxygen refers to the water
molecule bi-polar, it is a small magnets, have water molecules in a magnetic field partially.These molecules
have South Pole a positive and a negative North Pole, the north pole is highly effective. The external magnetic
field works to reduce the angle between the two atoms of hydrogen and oxygen withen the water molecule from
103 to 104. As well as at least in the water from 6-7 instead of 10-12 or more. Thus increasing the dissolved
water molecules, and increases its surface and at least a surface tension. On the other hand, got a significant
increase in electrecal conductivity, then this result agreement with study of Musa and Hamoshi (17), when they
are founding the higher electrical conductivities associated with higher pH values. The proportional relationship
also has been found between the temperature elevation and the electrical conductivity for both magnetic and
non-magnetic salt solutions. The pH factor affected the electrical conductivity (the solubility) of the both salt
solutions more than the temperature factor. But the results of this study disagreement with Alkhazan and Saddiq
(21), when they remarkable decrease in electric conductivity (EC). In addition, it was observed that lead ions
and bacterial content decreased. The reason in rise the electrical conductivity refers to the dipole magnetized
field transform the molecular structure of water from large particles to small molecules. Also, this dipole
magnetized force transforms ordinary water quintet installation to effective water installation hexagon, which
has a high permeability to cells and tissue in the body, and then gets increased electrical conductivity. Also, the
water content of the metal ions, for example Fe, Cu, Ca, Na, Zn, these have huge electrical charges and small
density, lead to strengthening the health ionized water installation hexagon. While ions of other metals, for
example Al, Mg, Cl, K, these have a small electric charges and large density, lead to the formation of water
quintet installation and potable. Among the results that were obtained from this experience is increasing the total
dissolved solids in the dipole magnetized water. This result disagreement with results of Kotb (20), when has
been found TDS and Hardness of water are not affected by the dipole magnetic water conditioner. Water
remembers and keeps the impact of passing through the magnetic field for several hours, and pH decreased by
0.642 in 24 hours. While the results lead to introduce and create the dipole magnetized water saturation curve
and water memory meter. While the results of this study are consistent with Musa& Hamoshi (17), when they
found the dipole magnetic funnel with a magnetic field power of 450 gauss was used to prepare the dipole
magnetic water by passing the later 1, 5 and 10 times with flow rate of 41.66 mL/sec, before dissolving the
sodium chloride and calcium chloride dihydrate salts. There was a proportional relationship between the
solubility of sodium chloride and calcium chloride dihydrate and the number of water exposure to the dipole
magnetic field. Also, all results in current study agreement with Mosin & Ignatov (26) , when they
implementation of magnetic water treatment to eliminate scaling salts (carbonate, chloride and sulfate salts of
DOI: 10.9790/2402-09920915

www.iosrjournals.org

13 | Page

Influence of the Dipolar Magnetized Water on the Ecological Factors Freshwater OstracodCypris
Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ cations) in power heat-exchanger devices and pipe lines.And they found the antiscale effect under the magnetic water treatment depends on the composition of the treated water, the magnetic
field strength, rate of water movement, the duration of its stay in the magnetic field and other factors. In general,
anti-scale effect of the dipole magnetic treatment of water increases with increasing temperature of the treated
water; with increasing content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations; with an increase in the pH value of the treated water,
as well as, with the reducing the total salinity of water. The reason for the increased solubility of the salts, when
exposed to the dipole magnetic fields, refers to the dipole magnetic field that modifies some of the chemical and
physical properties of water. Also, it makes the water retains with dipole magnetic properties through dissolve
minerals and vitamins. As the water molecule bi-polar, consisting of oxygen atom linked to a hydrogen atom at
an angle 105 degrees. Given the high tendency shown by oxygen atom to pull electrons, it leads to localized
shipped negatively charged - and shipping positively charged hydrogen atom localized +. As the water
molecule neutral charge, then the number of positive charges equals the number of negative charges. However,
the positive and negative charges are far apart from each, which makes the water molecule bi-polar, similar to
magnets. Be responsible for the forces of attraction in the water molecules. After that water molecules tend to
cluster around the polar molecules which dissolved in water does not belong to the attraction between them
again, because the dielectric constant of water became high. Then the water molecules act to weaken the bonds
between the charged ions and then increase the break. The water treatment magnetically very important to
modify the environment, because electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen were the two most influential
factors on species occurrence in each spring. When dissolved oxygen showed significant negative correlations to
electrical conductivity, water and air temperature in Usta spring, such correlation was only negatively
significant (P < 0.05, r = -0.46) between electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen in etin Bey Spring (27).
Most of the ostracod species appearing in Lake Sunnet were tolerant to the large water level fluctuation. The
occurrence of these activities appears to have produced seasonal differences in the lakes water quality and
species composition (28).

V.

Conclusions

Concluded from this study that dipole magnetic technology of modern technologies and mission for the
environment and living organisms. Objects observed from the current study, that dipole magnetic forces have
been affected in some physical and chemical properties of water. As observed simple elevation in temperature
for different intensities of the dipole magnetic fields. As well as, the significant increase in the acidic function
(PH) values to increase the values of dipole magnetic intensity. Also, increasing significantly the values of
dissolved oxygen in dipole magnetized water. On the other hand, increased significantly each of electrical
conductivity and total dissolved solids in the dipole magnetically water compared with untreated water. So good
in environmental factors affecting the growth of a type which refers to crustacean (9), which contributes to the
formation of the food chain to ecosystem in which they live.

References
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
[6].
[7].
[8].

[9].

[10].

[11].
[12].

Gobert,Stefan (2012). Freshwater ostracods as palaeoevironmental proxies in the Moervaart Depression, a palaeolake in Sandy
Flanders (NW Belgium). Thesis submitted to obtain the degree of Master in Biology, Academic Year 2011-2012: 93pp.
Ruiz, F., Gonzles-Regalado M.L., Borrego J., Abad M., & Pendn J.G. (2004). Ostracoda and foraminifera as short-term tracers
of environmental changes in very polluted areas: the Odiel Estuary (SW Spain). Envin. Pollut. 129, 49-61.
Ruiz, F; Abad, M; Bodergat, A. M.; Carbonel, P. & Rodrguez-Lazaro, J. (2013). Freshwater ostracods as environmental tracers.
Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 10:11151128.
TUNOLU, Cemal & ERTEKN, brahim Kadri (2008). Sub recent Ostracoda Associations and the Environmental Conditions of
Karstic Travertine Bridges on the Zamant River, Southern Turkey. GeologicalBulletin of Turkey, 51(3): 151-171.
DeDeckker, P. & Forester, R.M. (1988).The Use of Ostracods to Reconstruct Continental Palaeoenvironmental Records. Reprinted
from Ostracoda in the Earth Sciences: 175-199.
Yu,YIN; Wanchun, LI, Xiangdong, YANG, Sumin, WANG;Shijie, LI&Wielan, XIA (2001).Morphological responses of
Limnocythereinopinata(Ostracoda) to hydro chemical environment.SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series D), 44: 316-323.
Kulkoyluolu, O. and Ylmaz, F. (2006). Ecological requirements of Ostracoda (Crustacean) in Three types of springs in Turkey.
Limnologica, 36: 172-180.
AbdelTawab, Rameen S.; Younes, Mohammed Adel A.; Ibrahim, Ahmed M. &Abdul-Aziz, Mohammed M.(2011). Testing
Commercial Water Magnetizers: A Study of TDS and pH. Fifteenth International Water Technology Conference, IWTC,
Alexandria, Egypt, 15:
Al-Ibady, Qater Al-Nada Ali Kanaem (2014). Effect of Magnetotron on the Rates of Growth and
Fecundity in Ostracoda
CyprislaevisO.F Mller, 1776 under the Laboratory Conditions. Journal of Biotechnology Research Center (Special edition), 4
(4):42-45.
Loraine A. Huchler, P.E., ManTech Systems, Inc., Lawrenceville, NJ (22 Oct 2002). "Non-chemical Water Treatment Systems:
Histories, Principles and Literature Review" (PDF). International Water Conference (IWC), Pittsburgh, PA, USA 2002.
Retrieved 12 July 2014.
Alimi, F.; Tlili, M. M.; Amor, M. B.; Maurin, G. & Gabrielli, C. (2009). Effect of magnetic water treatment on calcium carbonate
precipitation: Influence of the pipe material .Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 48 (8): 1327-1332.
Salter, Michael. (2010). Electromagnetic Field Study (Effects of Electromagnetic fields on marineSpecies: A literature review).
Prepared by Cameron Fisher. On behalf of Oregon wave energy trust.P: 1-23.

DOI: 10.9790/2402-09920915

www.iosrjournals.org

14 | Page

Influence of the Dipolar Magnetized Water on the Ecological Factors Freshwater OstracodCypris
[13].
[14].
[15].
[16].
[17].
[18].
[19].
[20].
[21].
[22].
[23].
[24].
[25].
[26].
[27].
[28].

Pipik, Radovan and Bubik, Miroslav. (2006). Quaternary fresh water ostracode fauna from Kramuvir (Czech Republic). Scripta Fac.
Sci. Nat. Univ. Masaryk. Brunensis. 33-34(2003-2004):62-64, Geology.Brono.
Shcherban, E.P.(1977). Toxicity of some Heavy Metals for Daphnia magna (Straus), as a Function of Temperature.
Hydrobiol.,13(4):75-80.
Mellanby, Helen(1975). Animal Life in Fresh Water. A Guide to Fresh-Water Invertebrates. London, Chapman and Hall, Halsted
Press: 308PP.
SAS. 2010. Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.1th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. USA.
Musa, Tariq N. &Hamoshi, Ebaa A. (2012). The Effect of Magnetic Field on The Solubility of NaCl and CaCl2.2H2O at Different
Temperature and pH Values. Basrah J. Agric. Sci., 25(1): 19-26.
Hasaani, Abdilrida S.; Hadi, Zaid L.&Rasheed, Khalid A. (2015). Experimental Study of the Interaction of Magnetic Fields with
Flowing Water. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science Insan Akademika Publications, 3 (3): 1-8 2.
Cai, R. H. Yang, J. He and W. Zhu (2009). The effects of magnetic water molecular hydrogen bonds. J. Mol. Struc., 938: 15-19.
Kotb, Ashraf (2013). Magnetized Water and Memory Meter. Energy and Power Engineering, 5: 422-426.
Alkhazan, Molouk Mohammed Khazan & Saddiq, Amna Ali Nasser (2010). The effect of magnetic field on the physical, chemical
and microbiological properties of the lake water in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Evolutionary Biology Research, 2 (1): 7-14.
Colic M, Morse D (1999). The elusive mechanism of the magnetic 'memory' of water, Colloids Surf. A, 154: 167-174.
Lam, M.(2001). Magnetized Water. www. Dr, Lam.com.
Yang, Guijuan; Wang, Jun; Mei, Yan & Luan, Zhongqi (2011).Effect of Magnetic Field on Proteinand Oxygen-production of
Chlorella Vulgaris. Mathematical and Physical Fisheries Science, Vol.9:116-126.
Liu, S., Kong, Q., Qiao, M., Wang, J., Chao, Y., and Lin, S. (2015). "Enhancing Dissolved Oxygenand Biofilm Formation in
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems Using Magnetic Air Stone." J. Environ. Eng. ,141(7):04015008.
Mosin, Oleg & Ignatov, Ignat (2014). Basic Concepts of Magnetic Water Treatment. European Journal of Molecular Biotechnology,
4 (2):72-85.
Klkylog, O. (2005). Ecological requirements of freshwater Ostracoda (Crustacea) in two limnocrene springs (Bolu, Turkey).
Ann. Limnol. - Int. J. Lim., 41 (4), 237-246.
Klkylog,Okan; DUGEL, Muzaffer & BALCI, Muharrem Muharrem (2010). Limnoecological relationships between water level
fluctuations and Ostracoda (Crustacea) species composition in Lake Snnet (Bolu, Turkey). Turk J Zool, 34:429-442.

DOI: 10.9790/2402-09920915

www.iosrjournals.org

15 | Page