Plant and Animal Kingdom
Plant and Animal Kingdom
Plant and Animal Kingdom
ANIMAL KINGDOM
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Circulatory System : Open type : Blood pumped out through heart. Cells and
tissues are directly bathed in it.
Closed type : Blood is circulated through vessels.
Symmetry : Asymmetrical : Cannot be divided into equal halves through
median plane. e.g., Sponges.
Radial symmetry : Any plane passing through cental axis can divide organism into equal halves. e.g., Hydra.
Bilateral symmetry : Only one plane can divide the organism into equal
halves. e.g., Annelids and Arthropods.
CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF GERMINAL LAYERS :
Diploblastic : Cells arranged in two embryonic layers i.e. external ectoderm and internal endoderm. (Mesoglea may be present in between ectoderm and endoderm) e.g., Coelentrates. (Cnidarians)
Triploblastic : Three layers present in developing embryo i.e., ectoderm,
endoderm and mesoderm. e.g., Chordates.
Coelom (Body cavity which is lined by mesoderm)
Coelomates : Have coelom e.g., Annelids, Chordates etc.
Pseudocoelomates : No true coelem as mesoderm is present in scattered
pouches between ectoderm and endoderm. e.g., Aschelminthes.
Acoelomates : Body cavity is absent. e.g. Platyhelminthes.
Metamerism : If body is externally and internally divided into segments with
serial repetition of atleast some organs then phenomenon is called metamerism. e.g., Earthworm.
Notochord : Rod-like structure formed during embryonic development on the
dorsal side. It is mesodermally derived. e.g., Chordates.
PHYLUM PORIFERA : Also called sponges.
Are usually marine and asymmetrical.
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Body divisible into head, thorax, abdomen and has a chitinous exoskeleton. Jointed appendages are present.
Respiration by gills, book gills, lungs or trached system. Excretion through
malpighian tubules.
Sensory organs : Antennae, eyes; Organs of balance : Statocysts.
Fertilisation internal. Development is indirect or direct. Are mostly oviparous.
e.g., Apis, Bombyx, Anopheles, Locusta, Limulus.
14. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA : Second largest phylum of Animalia.
Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and organ system level of
organisation, coelomate.
Body divisible into head, muscular foot and visceral hump and is covered
by calcareous shell. It is unsegmented over visceral hump.
Mantle : Soft and spony layer of skin; Mantle cavity : Space between visceral hump and mantle.
Respiration and excretion by feather like gills in mantle cavity.
Head has sensory tentacles. Radula-file like rasping organ for feeding.
Are oviparous, dioecious, have indirect development.
e.g., Pila, Pinctada, Octopus.
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA : Are spiny bodied organisms.
Are exclusively marine, radially symmetrical in adult but bilaterally symmetrical in larval stage. Organ system level of organisation.
Digestive system complete. Mouth ventral, Anus on dorsal side.
Food gathering, respiration, locomotion carried out by water vascular system.
Excretory system is absent.
Fertilisation external. Development indirect (free swimming larva)
e.g., Asterias, Cucumaria.
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA : Has small worm-like organisms.
Was earlier placed as sub-phylum of Phylum Chordata.
Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate.
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Presence of Notochord
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2. Class : Reptilia
Creep or crawl to locomote.
Body has dry and cornified skin and epidermal scales or scutes.
Tympanum represents ear.
Limbs when present are two pairs.
Snakes and lizards shed scales as skin cast.
Heart 3-chambered but 4-chambered in crocodiles.
Oviparous. Direct development.
e.g., Testudo, Naja, Vipera, Calotes.
3. Class : Aves
Presence of feathers and beak.
Forelimbs are modified into wings.
Hind limbs have scales.
No glands on skin except oil gland at base of tail.
Endoskeleton bony with air cavities (pneumatic) and hollow bones to
assist in flight.
Air sacs are connected to lungs to supplement respiration.
Oviparous. Direct development.
e.g., Columba Struthio.
4. Class : Mammalia
Have mammary glands to nourish young ones.
Have two pairs of limbs.
Skin has hairs.
External ears or pinna present.
Different types of teeth in jaw.
Viviparous. Direct development.
e.g., Rattus, Canis Elephas, Equus. Oviparous mammal is
Ornithorhynchus.
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QUESTIONS
Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark each)
1. What is mesogloea ? Where is it found ?
2. When is the development of an organism called as Indirect ?
3. Why are corals important ?
4. What is the difference between class Amphibia and class Reptilia in respect
of their skin ?
5. Which phylum consists of organisms with cellular level of organisation ?
6. Name the arthropod which is a (i) Living fossil, (ii) Gregarious pest.
7. Which organ helps in excretion in (i) Arthropods, (ii) Hemichordates ?
Short Answer Questions-II (2 marks each)
8. Distinguish between poikilothermous and homoiothermous organisms.
9. Define metagenesis with a suitable example.
10. List the characteristic features of class Mammalia.
Short Answer Questions-I (3 marks each)
11. What is the difference between organisms on the basis of the coelom ? Give
examples for each.
12. Compare the water transport (vascular) system of poriferans and the echinoderms.
13. What are the features of class Aves which help them in flying ?
Long Answer Questions (5 marks each)
14. Distinguish between the chordates and non-chordates.
15. Differentiate between class Chondrichthyes and class Osteichthyes.
ANSWERS
Very Short Answers (1 mark)
1. Undifferentiated layer present between ectoderm and endoderm. It is found
in Coelenterates.
2. Have a larval stage morphologically distinct from adult.
3. Have skeleton composed of calcium carbonate which gets deposited and
can lead to formation of land forms. e.g., Lakshadweep (a coral island).
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