Cylinders, Compound Cylinders, Press & Shrink Fits
Cylinders, Compound Cylinders, Press & Shrink Fits
Cylinders, Compound Cylinders, Press & Shrink Fits
CHAPTER II
BY:
Dr. S. SUBRAHMANYA SWAMY
PROFESSOR, DEPT.OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
BAPUJI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
DAVANAGERE - 577004.
E MAIL: [email protected]
Note: Data hand book referred - Prof. Mahadevan & Dr.Balaveera Reddy
Figure 2.1
Radial stress in thin cylindrical shells can be neglected as the radial pressure is not generally
high and that the radial pressure acts on a larger area.
The internal pressure, p tends to increase the diameter of the cylinder and this produces a
hoop or circumferential stress (tensile). If the stress becomes excessive, failure in the form of
a longitudinal burst would occur.
Consider the half cylinder shown. Force due to internal pressure, pi is balanced by the force
due to hoop stress, t i.e. hoop stress x area = pressure x projected area
t x 2 L t = p x L x di
t = (p di) / 2 t
Longitudinal stress in a cylinder:
Figure 1.2
The internal pressure p also produces a tensile stress in the longitudinal direction as shown in
figure 1.2.
The force P acting on an area (d2i / 4) is balanced by longitudinal stress t acting over an
approximate area dit.
t x dit = p (d2i / 4)
t = pdi / 4t
Since hoop stress is twice longitudinal stress, the cylinder would fail by tearing along a line
parallel to the axis, rather than on a section perpendicular to the axis. The equation for hoop
stress is therefore used to determine the cylinder thickness.
Pressure vessels are generally manufactured from curved sheets joined by welding. Mostly V
butt welded joints are used. The riveted joints may also be used. Since the plates are
weakened at the joint due to the rivet holes, the plate thickness should be enhanced by taking
into account the joint efficiency. Allowance is made for this by dividing the thickness
obtained in hoop stress equation by efficiency (i.e. tearing and shearing efficiency) of the
joint. A typical welded construction of a pressure vessel is shown in figure 2.3 and riveted
construction is shown in figure 2.4.
t = pdi / 4t
Figure 2.5 Stress in a spherical pressure vessel
Figure 2.7 Thick cylinder subjected to both internal and external pressure
Figure 2.8 Radial and Tangential stress (hoop stress) distribution in a thick cylinder subjected
to internal pressure only
Figure 2.9 Radial and Tangential stress (hoop stress) distribution in a thick cylinder subjected
to external pressure only
Thick Cylinders
Lames Equations:
The tangential stress in the cylinder wall at radius r
t =
pi d i2 po d o2 d i2 d o2 ( pi po )
+
d o2 d i2
4r 2 (d o2 d i2 )
=a+
b
r2
r =
pi d i2 po d o2 d i2 d o2 ( pi po )
d o2 d i2
4r 2 (d o2 d i2 )
=a
b
r2
4r 2 d o2 d i2
t =
pi d i2 4r 2 d o2
4r 2 d o2 d i2
r =
pi (d o2 + d i2 )
d o2 d i2
pi d o2
d o2 d i2
The cylinder wall thickness for brittle materials based on the maximum normal stress theory
d
t= i
2
+
p
t
i
1
t pi
The cylinder wall thickness for ductile materials based on the maximum shear theory
d
t= i
2
1
t 2 pi
Clavarinos equation is applicable to cylinders with closed ends and made of ductile
materials. Clavarinos equation is based on maximum strain theory.
The thickness of a thick cylinrer based on Clavarinos equation is given by
d
t= i
2
'
+
(
1
2
)
p
t
i
1
t '(1 + ) pi
Birnies equation for open ended cylinders made of ductile materials is given by
1
d i t '+(1 ) pi 2
1
t=
2 t '(1 + ) pi
and
At r = 200 mm,
r = -8 Mpa.
At r= 300 mm,
r = 0
r== a - (b/r2)
b=576000
t = 6.4 + 576000/ r2
r = 6.4 576000/ r2
Calculate the values of Hoop stress and Radial stress at 200,225,250,275 & 300 mm radius.
Plot the variation on a graph sheet. Variation shown in the figure is not to scale.
r(mm)
t (MPa) r (MPa)
200
20.8
-8.0
225
17.77
- 4.97
250
15.61
- 2.81
275
14.0
- 1.21
300
12.8