Institutes of Vishnu PDF
Institutes of Vishnu PDF
Institutes of Vishnu PDF
AND EDITED BY
F.
MAX MtJLLER
VOL. VII
(Bviovts
AT
'\
THE
INSTITUTES OF VISHNU
TRANSLATED BY
JULIUS JOLLY
AT THE CLARENDON
1880
PRESS
CONTENTS.
....
Introduction
The Four
Castes
Duties of a King
13
Law
ix
12
FACE
Law
of Debt
23
24
42
Writings
46
Witnesses
48
Ordeals
52
Inheritance
61
Funeral Ceremonies
75
Funeral Oblations
83
Impurity
87
Women
106
Sacraments
112
Studentship
116
Crimes
131
Hells
140
Transmigration
144
Penances
149
Duties of a Householde
189
224
Self-restraint
231
^raddhas
232
Pious Gifts
The Hermit
The
Ascetic
263
276
279
CONTENTS.
Vlll
PAGE
Meditation on Vish;m
287
Conclusion
291
General Index
Sanskrit Index
307
312
Transliteration
of Oriental Alphabets
for
adopted
the
313
Apastamba's
Apast.
A^valayana's Gnliya-sutra,
Gaut, Gautama's Dharmajastra,
Gobh. Gobhila's Gr/hya-sutra,
A
A,
Ajv.
M.
Manava
ed. Stenzler.
ed. Stenzler.
in the
Dharmajastra, Calcutta
Bibl.
Ind.
edition, with
the
Com-
mentary of Kullijka.
Nand.
Nandapa<fita,
Par. Paraskara's
.Vahkh.
fifteenth
Y.
the
.Sahkhayana's
GnTiya-sutra,
ed.
Oldenberg,
in
the
Ya^navalkya's
INTRODUCTION.
The Vish;?u-smrzti orVaishwava Dharmaj-astra or Vish;/usutra
is in
It
ancient
in the
may be
title
MSS.
like the
down,
and Hira;/yakejin, as parts of the respective KalpaThe size of the Vishwusutras, to which they belong.
of
the
and
the
sutra,
great variety
subjects treated in it,
would
some other ancient law-codes, on the other hand. To discuss these two principal points, and some minor points
connected with them, as fully as the limits of an introduction admit of, will be the more necessary, because such a
discussion can afford the only safe basis for a conjecture
not altogether unsupported regarding the time and place
of the original composition of this work, and may even
Indian Antiquary, V, p. 30
Kasmir Report,
p. 36.
VISHiVU.
used for this translation, and the principles of interpretation that have been followed in it, may be fitly reserved
for the last.
it
contains.
Thus
the
Gautama Dharma-
of those
Regarding the code of Ya^uavalkya we learn from tradiVedic teacher of that name was the reputed
author of the White Ya^ur-veda. But this coincidence
might be looked upon as casual, if the Ya^navalkya-smnti
tion that a
did
not
contain a
number
of
skara
kind
is
entirely in
the dark as to
its
leaves
us
The fiction
Chapters II-XCVII were
real
author.
that
earth,
and
is
all
(beginnings of Mantras) quoted in this work, it is necessary to leave aside, as being of no moment for the present
purpose, I. very well-known Mantras, or, speaking more
'
INTRODUCTION."
XI
of Sarva-veda-pavitrai in LVI.
latter can afford us no help in determining the particular
title
The
5akha
found
in
Among the
may be
included, parti-
LXIV,
shasukta,
which
of
them occur
in
at the
same
time.
But it
worthy of note that no less than twelve, besides
occurring in at least one other 5akha, are either actually
found in the Sa?/zhita of the i^arayaiya-ka//^as, the Kais
t/zdka
(or /^Taraka-sakha
?),
is
In speaking of this
XLVIII,
10,
Cf.,
VISHA^U.
Xll
exactly
the
in
same order
has
four
viz.
Chapter
Chapters XXI, LXVII, LXXXVI, excepting the final parts, in common with that work, while
the substance of Chapter LXXIV may also be traced in
The agreement between both works is very close, and
it.
where they differ it is generally due to false readings or to
enlargements on the part of the Vish;m-sutra. However,
long
sections,
LXXIII, and
and
it
Vishwu-
by Dr.
really the ancient Dharma-sutra of the ^araya;nyaka///aka .Sakha of the Black Ya^ur-veda.
It ranks, like
other Dharma-sutras, with the Grzhya. and 5rauta-sutras of
is
its
is
school
places,
the
For details I may refer the reader to my German paper, Das Dharmasiltra des
und das Ka.'Aakagnhyasutra, in the Transactions of the
Royal Bavarian
Academy of Science for 1879, where the sections corresponding in both works
have been printed in parallel columns, the texts from the K^^Aaka
Gnliya-sutra
having been prepared from two of the MSS. of Devapala's Commentary dis'
Vish'iu
INTRODUCTION.
Xlll
of Ka///a-sutra on divers questions concerning 6"rauta offerings, and at the time, when the Kaj-mirian Devapala wrote
his
Commentary on
medans.
to
Devapala,
in the
Adhydyas
^rauta) ceremonies,' by which the
'thirty-nine
'
hard
sOtra
(XXVIII,
if
Biihler, Introduction to
II,
pp. xi-xiv.
VISHATU.
XIV
theVish;mit
into
its
the relations between this work and the other S<itra works
of the /sTaraya/ziya-kaZ/zaka school may have been, there is
no reason for assigning to it a later date than to the
Kaf/iaka. vSrauta
much
has so
it
India from
Yaska down
to Kaiyata ^
is
in
Ramayawa
time the
(II,
in
that in his
the
own
in
The
'
.K'arawavyilha
(cod.
Haug
45).
XV
INTRODUCTION.
out by the fact that the ATara/^avyuha mentions three subdivisions of the Ka//^as, viz. the KaZ/^as proper, the Pra,^ya
Ka///as, and the Kapish/Ziala Ka//^as, to which the A'ara-
yawiyas
may
identity of their
i.
e.
in those regions
where but
domestic
in Kaj-mir,
rites
where
according
all
Brahmawas perform
down
their
in
the
Ka.s-
*.
It is true
that
See Weber, tjber das Ramayaa, p. 9 Ind. Stud. I, p. 189 seq. III, p 469
XIII, pp. 375, 439; Ind. Litteraturgeschichte, pp. 99, 332; Zimmer,
Altindisches Leben, p. 102 seq.
;
seq.
"
See, however,
^
Max
Biihler.
XVI
VISHiVU.
veda (VIII, 20, 24; VIII, 22, 12), was Krivi, take us far off
A
from the north-west, the earliest seat of Aryan civilization,
into the country of the Kuru-PanMlas in Hindostan proper.
But it must be borne in mind that the Ka///aka, if it may
be identified with the
Veda
'
ATaraka-j-akha,'
the Karakas except perhaps the Maitrayaiyas and Kapish///alas, and may have been altered and
enlarged, after the Ka//^as and A'arakas had spread themthe
of
all
appears to
e. far
But
fifth century B. C.
has
been assigned to these attempts
space
at fixing the age of the Ka^'//aka-s(atras which, besides rein themselves, can apply with
parts of the Vish;/u-sutra only,
which have been traced in the Kat/iaka. Grzliya-sutra. It
will be seen afterwards that even these sections, however
argued, therefore, that the whole remainder of the Vish;msutra, to which the Ka//zaka literature offers no parallel,
may be a subsequent addition. But the antiquity of the
its laws can be
proved by independent
which
are furnished by a comparison of the
arguments,
Vish;m-sutra with other works of the same class, whose
great majority of
give as complete
have endeavoured
references
in the four
Gr/hya-sutras
=*
by Knshwapa</ita Dharmadhikarin.
XVU
INTRODUCTION.
and Baudhayana as
posed,
which renders
Sutra
style,
impossible in many cases to
out the real meaning of a Sutra without the help of a
Commentary and in the choice of terms they agree as
it
make
signed as
'
also
particular
the Vish;?u-sutra
agrees
with
at
least
one other Dharma-sutra, the Vasish//^a-smr/ti, and it contains in its law part, like the latter work, a number of
Four of these
verses in the ancient Trish/ubh metre ^
Trish/ubhs are found in the Vasish/Z/a-smr/ti, and three in
Yaska's Nirukta as well, and the majority of the ^Slokas has
been traced in the former work and the other above-mentioned law-books, and in other Smr/tis. In point of contents
the great majority both of the metrical and prose rules of
the Vish;m-sutra agrees with one, or some, or all of the
works named above. The Gr/hya-sutras, excepting the Ka-
been traced
trans-
may be seen
complete and reliable edition of the Vasish^Aa-smnti, in the footbut for the fact that it did not come into my hands
For Baudhayana I have consulted a
the former had gone to the press.
work, the
notes to
till
in
Among
lated.
first
my
translation,
Munich MS. containing the text only of his Sutras (cod. Haug 163).
1
XIX, 23, 24; XXIII, 61; XXIX, 9, 10; XXX, 47 (see Nirulcta II, 4;
Vasish/'/%a II, 8-10)
LVI, 27 (seeVasish/Aa XXVIII, 15); LIX, 30; LXXII, 7;
;
LXXXVI,
[7]
16.
VISHNU.
-Will
There
directly
indirectly,
the source from which they drew, and this fact constitutes
a third reason in favour of the
high antiquity of its laws.
The clearest case of this kind is furnished by the Vasish///asmmi, with which this work has two entire chapters in
common, which are not found elsewhere. I subjoin in a note
the text of Vasish//^a XXVIII,
10-15, with an asterisk to
XXVIII, 18-22 \
^^f
R^
f"l^^ ^7?^
^T^ ^^^.
<,o
In both
INTRODUCTION.
XIX
some
cases,
and by a clumsy
versifica-
work in
Another chapter of the Vish;m-sutra, the fortyeighth, nowhere meets with a parallel except in the third
Pra^na of the Dharma-sutra of Baudhayana, where it recurs
almost word for word. An examination of the various
readinsfs in both works shows that in some of the 6"lokas
Baudhayana has better readings, while in one or two others
the readings of Vishwu seem preferable, though the un-
^HTf^ *TTnftT
VishwuLVI,i5,i6,thebestMSS.readg^^^^
but the Calc. ed. and one London MS, have
sishMa.
Of Vishwu LXXXVIIthe
Coram.) and
LXXXVII,
^^t^
(as
latter
^UnHT^n^
27)
g^%
^W^ m\ ^fs^J^^
^^Wff
^l'^f{
like
llffl
Va-
9).
p!T^
= '^^l^'iTT
Vishreu
XX
visriivu.
work from Gautama, while Vasish/Z/a in his turn has borrowed the same chapter from Baudhayana^. It may be
added in confirmation of this view, that as far as Vasish//^a
is concerned, his work is the only Smr/ti, as far as I know,
which contains a quotation from the Ka///aka (in XXIX,
1
The Dharma-sutras of Apastamba and Gautama have
8).
nowhere a large number of consecutive Sutras in common
'
'
'
who announces
of the value,
found
is
in
in this,
which states
(III, 61) that a vSudra shall divide a treasuretrove into twelve parts, two of which he may keep for him-
Of
self.
cluding the simile of the soul which dwells in the heart like
a lamp (III, 109, iii, 201), from this work (XCVI,
43-96;
and
XCVII,
9)
it
which
it
differs
'
from
this
work.
1-liv.
INTRODUCTION.
XXI
arid
logy
render
it
the planets
sect
is
350 the injunctions regarding the foundation and endowment of monasteries (II, 185 seq.) all these passages have
no parallel in this work, while it is not overstating the case
;
all
of those rules, in which the posteriority of the Ya^navalkya-smr/ti to other law-books exhibits itself, do occur
age.
number
may marry
(I, 57)
6"udra wife must be
rules
it.
of wives which a
(XXIV,
1-4), in which,
and to
this
it
may
be added.
those rules.
ed., p. 95.
VISHiVU.
XXll
civil
'
by name.
However much
of law
Manu makes
common
still
as with Vish;m.
The
myself to notice some of those differences, which are particularly important for deciding the relative priority of the
one work before the other. In a number of ^lokas Manu's
readings are decidedly older and
Thus the
to
latter
(XXX,
7)
i.e.
'
'
Atigurus
to the post-Vedic Trimurti of
'
'
'
instead.
At the end of the section
on inheritance (XVIII, 44) Vish;m mentions among other
three orders
INTRODUCTION.
indivisible
'a book,'
objects
XXlll
pustakam
Manu
(IX, 219)
the
first
who
known
author, with a
date,
by whom
it is
used.
be
It
occurs again, Vishu-sutra XXIII, ^6 (proksha/zena ka pustakam), and here also Manu (V, 122) has a different reading
(puna/^pakena mrmmayam).
Vishu-sutra XXII, 93 and
The only
difference
no
Manu
between
consists in the
V,
use of singular forms (te, srinn) in the former work, and of
Now there are
plural forms (va//, j-r/;mta) in the latter.
a great many other Smrztis besides the Manu-smrz'ti, such
as e. g. the Ya^navalkya and Paraj-ara Smr/tis, in which
the fiction is kept up, that the laws contained in them are
Other instances
preferable to Vish;m's
ka.
nishkrztim)
LI, 64
(iti
in
may
= Manu
kathafiy^ana)
= M.
14 (purastad apra/^oditam)
tithaye)=M.
Ill,
But
bhij-/^a
common
epithet of
nibaddhaw sveshu
is
See
Max
Miiller, Hist.
Anc. Sansk.
Lit., p.
5T2.
XXIV
VISHiV^U.
(II,
which
47) have the reading avrmoti for atrmatti,
is employed both by Vasish///a and Yaska.
form
Vedic
truly
(XXX,
The
compared
numerous corresponding 6"lokas of Manu, may be
proved by arguments precisely similar to those which I
have adduced above in speaking of the Ya^navalkya-smrzti.
As regards those points in the code of Manu, which are
usually considered as marks of the comparatively late date
of its composition, it will suffice to mention, that the Vish^msutra nowhere refers to South Indian nations such as the
Dravi<3'as and Andhras, or to the Yavanas; that it shows no
to the
distinct traces of
does not inveigh (see XV, 3), like Manu (IX, 64-68), against
the custom of Niyoga or appointment of a widow to raise
It is true, on the other
offspring to her deceased husband.
hand, that
in
many
But
in
nearly
all
Introduction to
Bombay
Digest,
I,
p. xxviii seq.
XXV
INTRODUCTION.
rules
is
archaic character of
many
of
its
dedly posterior to the code of Manu \ is designated by tradition as an epitome from another and more bulky recension
of the code of Manu than the one which we now possess
and if this statement may be credited, which is indeed
rather doubtful, the very particular resemblance between
both works
in
"
This view
is
studying the
Black
Now
Manavas
by Dr.
Biihler of a
incidentally, that
ing the Sanskrit text of the shorter recension, as
whole
work
will
soon come to
it
may be hoped
light.
that the
XXVI
VISIWU.
together with the six or five other sections of the Maitraya;/iyas on the other hand, as subdivisions of the A'araka
5akhi of the Black Ya^ur-veda. What is more, there
exists a thorough-going parallehsm
it
it is
As the Ka//^as are constantly named, in the Mahabhashya and other old works, by the side of the Kalapas,
Veda.
in
prevail
be, the principal Sutra works of both
schools stand in a similar relation to one another as their
However
Sa;;/hitas.
this
may
Some of those
common to
above to be
chapter on Pi;^^a-pitrzya^na (I, 2 of the section on Praksoma)2, and the conclusion is, that if the ^rauta-sutra of
the Ka//^aka school were still in
existence, it would be
found to exhibit a
6"rauta-sutra of the
3
school
Manavas.
the
subject-matter
choice of expressions and Mantras.
The Brahma;/a stage
of Vedic literature is not
represented by a separate work
in cither of the two
schools, b ut a further argument in
On
XXXIII, 177
'
Cod.
German
Oriental Society,
seq.
^'"^'^-
to.
details, see
my German
INTRODUCTION.
favour of their alleged historical connection
XXVIl
may be
If
it
derived
has been
the
rightly conjectured above, that the original seats of
themwhence
in
the
Ka/Zzas were
north-west,
they spread
over
'
'
may be
Manavas^
respectively,
is
its
reasonably be compared.
^
The code of Manu has
sutra,
Introduction to
Bombay
Digest, p. xxii.
VISHiVU.
XXVlll
work.
If
'
might be urged that the description of Vish;/u as the
boar of the sacrifice (ya^navaraha) in the first chapter is
bodily taken from the Hariva;;/sa (2226-2237), while most
of the epithets given to Vish;m in I, 49-61 and XCVIII,
7-100 may be found in another section of the Mahabharata,
tion,
it
'
ductory and
are
intro-
editor, in
is
XXIV,
zs
rence in the corresponding chapter of the Ka//^aka GrzTiyacontains genuine Ka/Z/aka Mantras
sutra, and Chapter
LXV
Chapter LXVI, on
does not refer to Vishwu by
it
epithets of Vish;/u
same person,
as the
Commentary
num-
INTRODUCTION.
XXIX
XCVIII
is
precisely
number of chapters into which the laws promulgated by him are divided (II-XCVII) though the
number ninety-six is received only by including the introductory and final invocations (XCVIII, 6, loi) among the
It seems quite possible, that some
epithets of Vishwu.
equal to the
Most
XX
added
at the
end of Chapters
the
(22-53)
former on account of their great extent and partial recurrence in the Bhagavad-gita\ Mahabharata, and other works
3.nd
of
style,
(XIX,
22, 23
however, some
XIX
two
final
LXXXVI
in
in
divers
places, because
cf.
XX,
Besides the passages quoted in the notes, 50-53 nearly = Bhag.-gita 11,22-25.
XXX
VISHMT.
seems
in question
is proved
by two other Sutras (XCVIII, 40, 41), and
because the whole subject of good and evil omens is not
treated in any other ancient Smrzti.
On the other hand,
faith
LXXXV,
limits
in particular.
some
of the
(LXXXIV,
4).
of
The ceremonies
may
be viewed as a
described in
XC
later addition.
XC
hang
Ganges
and other such passages, which show a modern
character, without being traceable in the Smr/tis of Ya^iiavalkya and Narada, may have been added by the Vish-
XXXI
INTRODUCTION.
;mitic
editor from
new matter
refrain, occasionally,
Dharma-
from altering
by comparing
version
his
131)
of the 51oka in question to Manu, by an unmeaning term.
The superior antiquity of Manu's reading (V, 41) is
vouched
for
him
or
6),
where Vyakarawa, Grammar,' i. e. according to the Commentary the grammars of Pacini and others, is mentioned
as distinct from the Vedarigas. The antiquity of the former
A
passage might indeed be defended by the example of Apastamba, who, though referring like this work to the three
Vedas both separately and collectively, mentions in another place the 'Atharva;/a-veda^.' Besides the above works,
'
'
'
p. xxiv.
XXXU
VlSHiVU.
As
7.
in archaic
work, and
it is
work
in
me to
week
From
that time
downwards
it
is
quoted
in
'
MSS. used
Dekhan
XXXIU
INTRODUCTION.
first
in the
ment, which
is
borne
out
by the
Introduction,
that
it
Maharaja Kej-avanayaka, also called Tammasanayaka, the son of Ko<^apanayaka; and a passage added at
tion of the
man
command
not
the numerous authors quoted in the Viramiwho lived in the beginning of the
among
trodaya of Mitramij-ra,
^, and who was consequently a contemporary of NandapaWita, if the above statement is correct
and that he attacks in a number of cases the views of the
'Eastern Commentators' (Pra/^yas), and quotes a term from
seventeenth century
The two
LXXXI
'
"^
[7]
Biihler, Introduction to
Biihler loc.
cit.
Apastamba,
p. xliii.
XXXIV
VlSHiVU.
which
proved by analogous
is
An
mean time
fulfilled,
but
it
is
hoped that
in the
understanding of the text printed in G^ivananda Vidyasagara's cheap edition, which is probably in the hands of
most Sanskrit scholars. The precise nature of the relation in which the text of
forthcoming edition stands to
my
may be gathered
from the large speciof the text as given in the best MSS., that have been
edited by Dr. Biihler in the Bombay Digest, and by myself
in two papers published in the Transactions of the Royal
mens
Bavarian
Academy
of Science.
has
Nandapaw^ita
composed, besides the Vai^ayanti,
on the law of adoption, called Dattaka-mima;sa'^, a commentary on the code of Para^ara, a work
called Vidvanmanohara-smr/tisindhu, one called 5raddhakalpa-lata, and commentaries on the Mitakshara and on
AdityaMrya's Assiu/ca.mma.ya.. All these works belong to
the province of Hindu law, and both his fertility as a writer
in that branch of Indian science, and the reputation
enjoyed
by some of his works even nowadays, must raise a strong
a treatise
presumption
'
The
in
'
The
XXXV
INTRODUCTION.
sutra
it
authority of Kulluka, in his remarks on the numerous identical 51okas found in the code of Manu.
With the Sutras
Commentary ^, and
his
See
e.
g.
Chapter
passim.
XXXIX,
LII, 3; LIII,
5, &c.),
Nandapac?ita
See
I,
is
51, 55
XCVIII,
C 2
XXXVl
VISHiVU.
is
as arti-
Though,
ficial,
however,
in
va, or
&c.,
iti,
kind he
is
palpably wrong
^,
and
in
many
proposed by him
deviated from
Corrigenda, which will be found in the same page. In compiling the Index of Sanskrit words occurring in this work,
which it has been thought necessary to add to the General
I
Index,
'
For instances of
this in the
Biihler,
Apast. I,
XXI,
i.^-i5 20
2, 7,
LXXIV,
3
I, 2, 7,&c.
See e.g. XVII, 22; XVIII, 44;
27, 29;
XXXVU
INTRODUCTION.
the names of deities and of
penances.
My
forthcoming
In conclusion
cordial
manner
have to express
to Dr. Biihler,
my
who has
thanks
by a
in the
full
most
constantly assisted
favoured
me
MSS.
VI
HA^U.
VI
A^U.
I.
The
1.
God
from
his shimber,
and
beings,
Vish?m purposing
to create
the
covered
perceiving
earth
hving
with
water,
Assumed
2.
stakes
ficial
in his teeth
his
his
mouth was the pyre his
the sacred texts were
hair was the sacrificial grass
his head; and he was (endowed with the miraculous
;
power
'
14.
the
I.
Bhulani'
womb
and the
rest.
The
(Nand.)
[7]
see
XX,
13.
VISHiVU.
I, rr
sacriiicer)
his transformation
Vish/m)
his blood was the
Soma
juice.
7.
(great) altar
his smell
monies
possessed of the
tras
6.
voice
he was
employed
mind with the Supreme
his
(sacrificial
in
(like
fee
he was of enormous
size
'
This
is
is
because the
effected, pass
(Nand.)
vital breaths,
was
like
through them,
it
I,
VISHiVU
15,
recited at the beginning of the animal sacrihis ornaments were the whirlpool of the milk
hymns
fice
the mysterious
10.
The
the
lord,
plunging into
the
one
creator,
the
ocean
from
great Yogin,
love of the
world,
11.
earth
tains,
Thus
Then,
after
it
He
15.
The seven
tala, Talatala,
Patalasare, Atala,Vitala, Sutala, Mahatala, Rasathe seven worlds are, Bhur-loka, Bhuvar-
and Patala
B 2
and Satya-
VISHiVU.
and
seven
the
oceans,
and
I, 1 6.
fixed
their
several
limits^.
(He
1 6.
and the
together with
Asuras.
(He
their
Arigas,
VissLZ'as
the
Suras,
and the
Uragas (serYakshas
pents),
(celestial
singers),
(keepers of Kubera's treasures), Rakshasas (goblins),
and men, cattle, birds, deer and other animals, (in
short) all the four kinds of living beings \ and clouds,
rainbows, lightnings, and other celestial phenomena
or bodies (such as the planets and the asterisms),
and all kinds of sacrifices.
17.
created)
(ogres),
Gandharvas
18.
loka
the seven
terrestrial
in the
world
are,
milk),
principal mountains.
16. The eight 'guardians of the world'
(Lokapalas) are, Indra,
Agni, Yama, Sfirya, Varuwa, Pavana, Kubera, and Soma (M. V, 96).
The seven i??shis, according to the .5'atapatha-brahmawa, are,
Vasish/z^a, Ka^^yapa,
(pronunciation), A'^andas
(metre),
17.
See
I.
I,
VISHJVU
24.
19.
come
How
'
consider,
shall
'
(henceforth)
'
20.
will
go
The
the truth.
to
constant consideration.'
Her
love,
lovely to behold.
23.
ingly small
fine
her neck shaped like a shell her thighs were conand they were fleshy
stantly touching each other
thighs, which adorned her loins.
;
Her
24.
24.
Or
'
equal in
size,'
'
VISHiVU.
25.
her thighs
and her knees
each other.
26.
Her
proportioned
loins
fleshy
were
legs
and
smooth
exquisitely
her
lion's
cub.
27.
Her
reddish
nails
shone
(like
rubies);
her
of the sky as
28.
all
it
her clothing was
most exquisite and perfectly white and she was
decorated with the most precious gems.
With her
he
'Go
will tell
to visit
Canardana,
thee accurately,
large-eyed lady;
shalt hence-
how thou
32.
I,
VISHA^U
41.
to see
by stormy
blasts of wind.
rollingf
waves.
it was as it were
constantly
the
and every
radiancy of the moon
producing
stain of guilt was removed from it by Hari's
36.
its
limits.
fore
Because
it
The
Madhu
was hardly
visible
on
VISHA^U.
I,
42.
hundred moons
and
gems
his
lustre
of a diadem
'
restored
to
my
ancient seat,
Vish;m, thanks to
'
answer
'Those
who practise the duties ordained for
47.
each caste and for each order, and who act up
followinof
'
cate to
me
orders.
47.
in,
3-
II, i;
I,
VISHiVU
52.
desire to learn
49.
art
my chief stay.
chief of the gods,
50.
brilliant
the boar
bow
^;
herdsman)
KS'arriga
thou art
where
stain
is
thy body
thou art the
"
"
field
corporeal frame)
thou art the ruler
;
49.
may
This
(the
life
'
deva,' but
it
'
51.
is
This
is
'
one who
own
gratifies his
desires.'
This
epithet,
which
literally
shall pass
means
'
he
who
over unnoticed.
on the Vish;m-sahasranama.
It
originally
Vish/m or Krishna, as the pastoral god.
refers,
no doubt,
to
10
VISHiVU.
of the world
I,
53.
ocean,
'Thou
53.
the Mantras
frame
is
art
thou surpassest
all
conception
of the Vedas
composed
thy
and Vedahgas
whole world is
;
Thou knowest
54.
right
'Thou
55.
causest
the
all
from
thou
art
all
shelter to
sin
increase
thou
of the
;
great;
thou givest
thou art free
'Thou
thou preintelligence
sidest over seven chief things ^ thou art the teacher
of religious rites thou art of old thou art Puruaction
is
shottama,
'Thou
57.
'
55.
He
is
The
called
"
is
means
because he
uncertain.
fanciful derivation,
^
This
space,
and the
like.
.*
is
According
to
56.
time,
all
The
(Nand.)
beings,
great (bnliat)
"
art not to
'
it
seven divisions of a
Saman
or to
and the
rest.
(Nand.)
VISHiVU
I, 6-2.
I I
'
know
the Veda,
Purushottama.
immovable Va/^aspati
6"agannatha, to the
59.
To
him,
have come,
who
is
very pious
invincible
germ
is
en-
who
dowed with
the
(the
To Vasudeva
omnipresent
61.
'Who
all
creatures
who
is
secret ordinances.'
The
in
LV,
i.
12
VISHiVU.
6^.
in a concise form,
radiant
laws
the
for
the
the
eternal
of
earth,
goddess
aggregate of the four castes, together with the customs
to be observed by each order, and with the secret
63.
ordinances,
'
64.
Which
upon
the
will effect
virtuous persons,
who
this splendid
will
golden
final liberation
seat,
of the
Be seated
support thee.
handsome-thighed
goddess.
me proclaiming the
of the earth, thereupon,
seated at ease, listened to the sacred precepts as
they came from the mouth of Vish;^u.
'
65.
Seated at ease,
sacred laws.'
listen to
The goddess
II.
1.
Brahma7/as, Kshatriyas, Vaii"yas,
are the four castes.
The
2.
first
three of these
and ^udras
born.
For
For
For
For
5.
6.
7.
8.
II. I.
Y.
I,
Apast.
10.
Y. I, 10.
I, 2. M. X, 4
3. M. II, 26
M.
IX,
4-9.
326-335; X,
1,^88-91; VIII, 410;
I, I, I, 3.
(Nand.)
'This chapter
DUTIES OF A KING.
111,2.
For
9.
all
twice-born, to
the
and to
sacrifice
modes of
10.
Aofain, their
11.
For a Brahma;2a,
to receive alms
livelihood are
and
12.
For a Kshatriya,
13.
For a
other
cattle),
cows (and
lending money upon interest,
Vai-yya,
traffic,
keeping
tillage,
art (such as
Forbearance, veracity, restraint, purity, libeself-control, not to kill (any living being),
16.
rality,
afflicted),
17. Straightforwardness, freedom from covetousness, reverence towards gods and Brahma;^as, and
freedom from anger are duties common (to all
castes).
III.
1.
Now
2.
To
14.
the duties of a
kins;-
are
that ASiidras
may
'all,' implies
also follow the occupations of a Vaijya, tillage and
the teacher, or
1,2.
see
It may also
XXXII, 1-3.
III. 2, 3.
69
Guru
Y.
I,
include
M.VII,
320.
in the
6,
all
35, 144
who
I,
see
and
XXXI,
Gaut. X, 7;
M. VII, 70; Y.
XI,
9.
320; Apast.
4, 5-
M.VII,
VISHiVU.
14
And
3.
orders
to
in
fit
and abounding
for cattle,
in
And
5.
Ill, 3.
inhabited by
many
Vai^-yas
and
^'udras.
There
6.
VII, 133;
M.VIII, 304; Y. I, 334;
Gaut. XI, II. 29, 30. M.VII, 128; VIII, 398; Y. II, 161; Gaut.
X,26.
31. M.VIII, 400; .11,262.-32. M. VII, 138; Gaut.
Apast. II, 10, 26, 10.
28.
X,3i-33-
Y.
33-
331, 337-
I,
12.
71.
M.VII,
54,
60;
II, 2
Apast.
.1,311.-72. M.VIII,
73.
Y.
74.
.11,1.
M.VIII, 12-19;
76,
77.
M.
11;
Apast.
Apast. . 317 M.VII, 82; .1,314.-85. M.VII, 220.-87,88.
319.
M.VII, 217, 218. 89. M.VII, 146. 91,92. M.VII, 16; VIII,
126; .
M.VIII, 335; Y.
367; Gaut. X, 8.357;
M.VII, 25.
M. VII, 32; .
Apast.
Gaut. X,
9, 10.
81.
II, 10,
26,
81, 82.
i.
I,
84.
94.
I,
333.
97.
M.VII, 33.
on vyavahara,
^
3.
'
5.
95.
I,
96.
'jurisprudence.' (Nand.)
Manu, VII,
I,
69.'
(Nand.)
it,
as stated by
DUTIES OF A KING.
Ill, i8.
7.
let
in
him appoint
(or governors)
every village
8.
Also, lords of every ten villages
9. And lords of every hundred villages
chiefs
10.
And
11.
If
in
vil-
lage, let
12.
he
If
is
unable to do
so, let
him announce
it
him announce
it
to
it
to
15.
The
must eradicate
officials
for the
and
forests.
(Let him appoint) pious persons for performing acts of piety (such as bestowing gifts on
17.
II.
Dvandva
taken to
also
be
and
forests,
compound, denoting elephants
may
mean 'forests in which there are elephants;' or naga may mean
situated in the mountains or a mountain fort.' (Nand.)
18. Or,
he must appoint men skilled in logic as his advisers in
16.
'
'
'
'
translated as a
16
VISHiVU.
19.
Brave men
20.
Stern
and
killing)
men
for fighting;
for acts of rigour (such as beating
21.
22.
Ill, 19.
Two
24.
clothes
the
hundred, of
cattle,
gold,
made
thing
and
25.
in
and
and
and any-
of split bamboo.
26.
27.
and
Let him
29.
marketable
of)
country
take a tenth
part
commodities
(sold)
of (the
price
his
own
in
30.
And
31.
Any
avoids
lose
his goods.
all
toll-house
This rule
or
buyer)
who
(situated on
(fraudulently)
his
road), shall
relates to
'
X, 27.
DUTIES OF A KING.
111,39-
Artizans (such as blacksmiths), manual labourers (such as carpenters), and ^'udras shall do
32.
work
The monarch,
T>T,.
treasure, his
day
each month.
in
'
his
council, his
and
fortress,
his
state.
39.
resort, as the
time demands, to
(the six measures of a military monarch, viz.) making alliance and waging war, marching to battle
32.
persons,
who
implied.
See
The
35.
'
According
to
Manu
particle
VII, 138.
/'a,
according to Nand.,
is
used in order to
38.
equal
in strength to
[7]
one
it
denotes a prince,
when
who
allied.
is
visHivu.
111,40.
40.
Or when some
41.
calamity
in
the
befallen
his
has
foe.
42.
let
country.
And when
43.
let
power.
There
45.
men
is
of the
in battle.
killed in protecting a
own
go to heaven.
life,
46.
of castes
killed)
in
(caused by
47.
foe,
have been
He
bootless expenses).
53. He must not demolish (whether in his own
town, or in the town of his foe conquered by him,
40.
The
particle va indicates,
month Phalguna.
may
DUTIES OF A KING.
in, 64-
He
54.
former king).
must not bestow largesses upon unworthy
55.
56.
to
the Brahma/^as;
He may
57.
own
treasury.
58.
keep
Brahma;/a
a treasure
may
entire.
it
60.
61.
^'udra
treasure
must
(members of)
all
64.
by another
to
bound
to
C 2
20
VISHiVU.
condemned
to
Ill, 65.
pay a
fine equal
claimed
property falsely
by him.
in
amount
to the
The
guardian).
66.
let
him
thieves,
to what-
him appease
Let
the
onsets
of
omens and
fate
by
propitiatory
69.
And
(let
him
repel)
by
force of arms.
man
and per-
life,
71.
And
(let
advise him)
who
(to
help and
well-instructed Brahma;^as.
^Z'
Or
let
judicial business.
74.
70.
science of what
is
men
of good
technical knowledge.
74. According to Nand., the particle /Ja indicates that the judges
should be well acquainted,
likewise, with the sacred revelation,
arts,
all
DUTIES OF A KING.
111,82.
21
whom
families, for
and
foe,
either
and not
by
be corrupted by litigants
to
(ministering
their) lustful desires or by
likely to
75.
in
all
76.
gods and
to the Brahma/^as.
"]"].
78.
ma;/as.
82. To those upon whom he has bestowed (land)
he must give a document, destined for the information of a future ruler, which must be written upon a
piece of (cotton) cloth, or a copper-plate, and must
contain the names of his (three) immediate ancestors,
a declaration of the extent of the land, and an im-
precation against
and
The particle /^a is used here in order to imply that the king
should bestow presents upon the Brahma;?as, as ordained by Manu,
VII, 79.' (Nand.) See Introduction.
'
76.
82.
The
that the
Sutra signifies
repeated use of the particle /('a in this
in question should also contain the name of the
document
22
VISIIiVU.
111,83.
own
seal.
(rulers).
84.
gifts of
every kind.
Let him be on
85.
his guard,
be about.
86. Let him be splendid
(in
whatever he
may
ments).
Sy.
dis-
have not
been tried before (by his attendants, by certain
experiments).
my
by
own will
declared.'
The term
'
Palaeography,
83.
According
'
6.
IV,
92.
Let him
23
93.
twice.
94.
He who
tainly not be
95.
deviates from
his
duty must
cer-
left
Where
Let a king
own domain
in his
inflict
punish-
oil in
the water.
when
his subjects
are joyful, and grieved when they are in grief, will
obtain fame in this world, and will be raised to a
high station in heaven after his death.
98.
is
pleased
IV.
3.
Eight of these
Three
mustard-seed.
4.
Three of these
last
are
equal
to
a white
mustard-seed.
5.
6.
IV. 1-14. M.VIII, 132-138; Y. I, 361-365Kr/sh7mla (literally, 'seed* of the Gufi^a creeper')
6.
is
another
VISHiVU.
'24
IV,
7.
8.
9.
The weight
of
7.
an Aksha.
an Aksha, with four
half
to half
Two
11.
one Mashaka of
silver.
12.
silver).
Two
14.
declared
to
hundred and
be the first
is
fifty
V.
I.
name
0.122
be put to death.
According
all
grammes of
by Cowell,
it
in general use.
According
I,
p.
to
529, note)
Thomas
it
equals
1.75 grains.
36.
211.
40, 41.
Y.
II,
297.
II,
V,
3-
25
2,
ment must be
inflicted.
M.VIII, 287
75.
Y.
II,
320.-81,82. M.VIII,
86.
M.VIII, 330
II,
II,
no. Y.
Y.
224.
223.
M.VIII, 389;
Y.
237. 115-123. Y.
232,
239-241. 124 Y. 254.
Y.
Colebrooke,
XXII.
Y.
M.VIII, 399 Y.
Dig.
Y.
261.
Y.
M.VIII, 407.
202.
M. IX, 277; Y.
M.VIII,
274.
XIV.
Colebrooke, Dig.
235; Y.
137-139.
142-145. Y.
Y.
Gaut. XII,
142-144. Gaut. XII, 22-25. 140-146. Colebrooke, Dig.
161 Gaut. XII, 19.
XLV,4.
M.VIII, 241; Y.
M.VIII, 238, 240; Y.
162; Gaut. XII, 21. 147XXI.
Colebrooke, Dig.
M.VIII, 242 Y.
Y.
M.VIII, 412;
163.
183; Colebrooke, Dig.
LVIII.-152. Y.
M.VIII,2i5; Y.11,193;
LXXX.
Apast.
153-159. Colebrooke, Dig.
M.
Y.
M. IX,
Y.
III,
II,
II,
II,
246, 250.
II,
Ill,
127.
3,
131.
II,
II,
II,
263.
132.
255.
129.
130.
134, 135.
137, 138.
II,
164.
II,
140.
127, 128.
II,
136.
II,
113.
235, 236,
II,
126.
236.
Ill,
141,
159.
II,
II,
4,
II,
19.
159,
160.
146.
111,4,
II,
147, 148.
149.
150.
Ill, 4,
151.
155, 156.
IX, 72; Y.
Dig. IV,
II, 168.
I,
Ill, i,
183.
153, 154.
28, 2, 3.
1,
Ill, i,
197.
II,
66.
II,
II,
II,
II,
II,
160.
163. M.VIII,
71
I,
65.
162.
389.
I,
LX.
M. IX, 291; Y.II, 155. 174. M. IX, 285; Y. II, 297.175-177. M. IX, 284; Y. II, 242. 178. Y. II, 232.
179. M.
VIII, 123; Y. II, 81; Apast. II, II, 29, 8; Gaut. XIII, 23.
172.
VIII,
190. M.VIII, 351. 194.
195.350.M.VIII,
128; Y.
243, 305.
180. Y.
I,
I, 3,
CXXX.
189.
M.
II,
a passage of
Yama
quoted by him,
that, besides
criminil should be shorn, his deed publicly proclaimed, and himself mounted upon an ass and led about the town.
26
VISHJVU.
V,
4.
let
4.
(the
For drinking
5.
spirits,
spirituous liquor;
For
For
6.
mark
incest, (the
7.
of) a female part.
8. If he has committed any other capital crime,
he shall be banished, taking with him all his
those
who
forge
10.
And
11.
killers of
those
women,
And
12.
who
children, or
men
Kumbhas
of grain,
Or more than
13.
and
silver);
Such
14.
also as
10.
those
The use of the particle ^'a indicates that this rule includes
who corrupt the king's ministers, as stated by Manu, IX, 232.
(Nand.)
11.
Nand.
infers
particle ^a,
and from a
amount of
the
Kumbha,
V, 26.
16.
17.
27
And
restrain her,
19.
inferior
or
insults
superior,
he
^hall
buttocks.
21.
22.
23.
24.
If
struction (to a member of the highest caste) concerning his duty, let the king order hot oil to be
dropped into
25.
his
mouth.
If a (low-born
He who
knowledge,
who
says
17.
satisfy the
demands of
this
impunity, as
may
they are
wrong.
it
being palpably
28
VISHiVU.
V, 27.
for)
man
If a
27.
defective in
He
shall
another
imputing to
of caste
(a
for
loss
30.
for
(imputing
to
The same
Brahma^^a versed in
the three Vedas, or an old man, or a
(whole) caste
or corporation (of
or
others
judges
31.
for reviling a
'
visit
your sister,' or I
hundred Karshapa?^as
34.
For
insulting a
shall visit
your daughter
'),
man by
be fined six
32.
is
Nand.
caste,
he
shall
caste,
he
shall
(Pa^^as).
infers
ka, th.it
'
a family
'
V, 48.
29
For
2,"].
38.
Or
39.
he
returns
his
only
three
Karshapa7/as.
amounting to)
calls
(if
ordained)
fine
if
he
40.
An
adulterer
highest amercement
a
is
insult,
woman
of his
be
shall
if
own
made
to
pay the
caste
For a
castes, shall
bestial
be put to death.
shall
be fined a
hundred
Karshapa;/as.
(The same
fine
is
And
47.
He
he
For
an elephant, or a horse, or a
camel, or a cow, (the criminal) shall have one hand,
or one foot, lopped off
48.
killing
The
VISHiVU.
30
49.
50.
He who
V, 49.
kills
as
pork,
hundred Karshapa/^as.
51.
He
shall
make good
owner
of those animals.
52.
He who
kills
wild animals,
shall
pay
five
hundred Karshapa;^as.
53.
killer
of birds, or of
fish, (shall
pay) ten
Karshapa;/as.
54.
55.
A
A
killer
feller
highest amercement.
feller of trees yielding blossoms only (shall
56.
pay) the second amercement.
57.
He who
And
59.
all
make good) to
cut down by
If
60.
in caste,
Karshapa/^as
61.
If
62.
If
ment
63.
64.
he
he
raises a piece of
wood, the
first
amerce-
ment.
65.
feet,
by
his hair,
by
53.
/a is
If
V, 77-
his garment, or
as a
by
his hand,
he
shall
fine,
he causes pain to him, without fetchingblood from him, (he shall pay) thirty-two Pa;^as
67. For fetching blood from him, sixty-four.
66.
If
the
neck, or
eye, or the
long as he lives
ment
on
the
spot,
approached
75.
or
(who
run
away) after
having
it.
All those
who have
(shall also
He who
his cure).
YISHNU.
32
He who
78.
grow
V, 78.
(shall
off).
He who
value as a fine
barley).
81.
stealer of gold,
fifty
silver,
or
Mashas,
clothes,
lose
shall
at
both
hands.
82.
He who
steals a less
its
amount than
value as a
that, shall
fine.
shall
stealing)
dressed food.
85.
For
flowers,
stealing
green
(grain),
shrubs,
For
same punishment
87.
He who
is
ordained).
steals
gems,
amercement.
88.
(shall
89.
shall
be compelled
to
restore
all
91.
He who
does not
make way
for
one for
V, 104.
whom way
ought to be made,
shall
33
be fined twenty-
five Karshapa7^as.
92.
(The same
fine
is
93.
For neglecting
whom
to worship such
same
it
ought
as have a
fine is ordained);
Smd-
95.
And
for off"ering
him no
food, after
having
invited him.
96.
He who
does not
eat,
(If
he
insults
him by
him to be
he
must
it,
pay) a hundred Suvar;^as.
TOO. (If he offers him) spirituous liquor, he
as would cause
taste
shall
be put to death.
loi. If he insults a Kshatriya (in the same way),
he shall have to pay half of the above amercement
102. If he insults a Vai-fya, half of that again
103. If he insults a 6"{idra, the first amercement.
104. If one who (being a member of the /Candala.
or some other low caste) must not be touched, inten;
M.
[7]
II,
4,
8,
viSHivu.
34
V, 105.
his touch
by
woman
105.
in
107.
And
108.
If
ground
like, he
(a
filth.
shall
And
109.
he
shall
have
it
own
cost).
no.
If
he
throws
(thorns, spells,
one, he shall
some
1 1
(for
pay a hundred
punishment
Pa;^as.
(The same
111.
falsely
into
2.
And
is
ordained)
common
for
property
is)
pupil), sacrificer
and
and the
rest).
115.
116.
And
for
same punishment
own
V, 127-
And
for breaking
(the king's) seal is laid
118. And for making
1 1
7.
35
And
The
(The
same
124.
is
punishment
ordained)
for
them
incorrect,
al-
also (ordained)
is)
who
pre-
He who
interest
the exchange
117. Nand. considers the particle Xa to imply that
of sealed goods for others shall be punished in the same way. But
this
assertion rests
upon a
samudgaparivarta) of Y.
support of his view.
II,
false
viSHjvu.
36
128.
And
he
shall
V, 128,
the king.
129.
be a
If there should
loss
upon a commodity
130.
He who
sells
Pa;zas.
about to
133.
visit
And
134. Those
lose one hand.
135.
practices
137.
who
Those
in
thumb and
136.
a place of pilgrimage
shall restore it to them.
he
who
resort
to
shall
lose
gaming
(other)
fraudulent
the index).
upon him
138.
(to repel
fall
And
he
shall
make good
to the
owner the
131.
The
toll
mentioned here
is
the duty
on marketable com-
(Nand.)
V, 154-
140.
keeper
141.
If
female
buffalo
damages
37
grain,
her
shall
If
half.
144.
(it
having
There
is
no offence
if
Or
(if
the
village, or (in
field
common
it
field;
Or
Or
if
if
He who
become the
153.
king's slave.
hired workman
who abandons
his
work
amount
154.
king.
VISHiVU.
o8
V, 155.
What
accident.
157.
shall
pay him
And
158.
his entire
wages
king;
159.
160.
He
fault.
one suitor,
be punished as a thief;
161. Unless the (first) suitor have a blemish.
162. The same (punishment is ordained for a
suitor)
who abandons
163.
(And
for a
a faultless
girl
less) wife.
He who
buys unawares
in
punished as thieves.
167. He who embezzles goods belonging to a
corporation (of Brahma7zas, and which have been
sent to
shall
persons),
be banished.
168.
He who
violates
their
established
rule
(shall)
70.
The
thief.
V, i8l.
171.
is
39
who
173.
He who
(knowingly)
forbidden food
eats
be banished.
He who
mark the
to
who
physician
adopts a wrong
method of cure in the case of a patient of high rank
(such as a relative of the king's)
175.
Also,
76.
another patient
177. The lowest amercement
in
the
case
of
in the case
of an
animal.
178.
He who
it
and
to
pay the
amercement.
79.
To
be confiscated.
judge who
who
punishment
who
been mentioned
in Sutra 98.-
VISHiVU.
40
V, 182.
be
less,
he
shall
pay a fine of
sixteen Suvanzas.
That
183.
land,
whether
or much, on the
little
is
should arise between two (creditors) concerning (a field or other immovable property) which has been mortgaged to both at the
same
time, that
holds
obtained
185.
it
his
force.
by
What
shall
mortgagee
in
it
in
the
186.
held
If a dispute
184.
who
Where
in
cannot be contested
for
it
it,
own by
force of possession.
187. If possession has been held of an estate by
three (successive) generations in due course, the
fourth in descent shall keep it as his property, even
without a written
title.
animal by
whom
crime.
189. Any one may unhesitatingly slay
attacks him with intent to murder him,
who
young or
old, or a
man
whether
Brahma;^a,
'
V, 196.
41
many branches
of
sacred knowledge.
190.
whether
By
killing
in
kinds
reaches the
ears of the
king,
192.
And
such as have
illicit
intercourse with
is
given
of their
destroy
worldly fame or of
or
such
merit
other
acts),
religious
(by ruining pools,
or property (such as houses or fields).
Earth,
193. Thus I have declared to thee fully,
the criminal laws, enumerating at full length the
it
heavy
VISFIA^U.
42
I.
VI,
VI.
A creditor
1.
he had lent
it
back from
to him.
After the
4.
it
the
By
5.
interest
VI.
2.
XXXI.
LII.
5.
Dig.
M. VIII, 142
ex.
LXXXII.
3,
]\I.VIII,
II, 37.
LXXVIII.
Colebrooke
Y.
be kept only)
II, 38.
2.
I,
4.
Colebrooke, Dig.
Colebrooke, Dig.
I,
2,
I, 2,
II,
Y.
6.
INI.VIII, 151
7.
8.
Y.
157
M.VIII, 143; Y.
3.
2,
I,
forfeited.
is
loc.
cit.
Colebrooke, Dig.
9.
I,
3,
10.
Y.
II,
M. VIII, 139;
21.
20,
CCLXXVIL
Dig.
I,
6,
CCLXXXIII.
CCLXXXVL 27.
I, 5,
42;
II,
I,
26. Y. II, 93
I,
6,
Colebrooke, Dig.
I,
6,
CCVIII.
I, 5,
34-36.
Y.
M.VIII, 166,
CCXX. - 31-33. Y.
M.VIII, 166
Y.
Colebrooke,
II,
46
II,
45.
45;
Dig,
167;
41. M.VIII, 158,160;
Y.
53; Colebrooke, Dig.
CXLIV. 42,
Y.
CLVI,
56 Colebrooke, Dig.
38, 39.
4,
Dig.
94; Colebrooke,
II,
CXCII.
Colebrooke,
11,
Colebrooke, Dig.
Colebrooke, Dig.
Y.
30. Y. II, 51
Y.
I,
5,
II,
43.
II, 55,
I,
4,
CLXI.
I, 2.
reading.
Colebrooke
loc.
cit.
seems
to
LAW OF
VI, i6.
The
6.
creditor
pledge, unless
it
DEBT.
43
king.
all
been paid).
8. But he must not restore an immovable pledge
the
(till
principal
itself
good.
10.
make
to
12.
fold
On
On
cloth, (no
On
liquids, (no
make
it)
three-
13.
higher than to
make
higher than to
make
it)
four-
fold;
14.
fold
it)
eight-
15.
Of female
slaves
and
cattle,
the
offspring
as interest).
(shall be taken
16.
7.
On
Colebrooke
loc. cit.
connects
this
My
made
You
shall
or that
me
'
on
this
44
VISHA^U.
VI, 17.
extracted,
18.
means
shall not
(lawful)
19. If the debtor, so forced to discharge the debt,
complains to the king, he shall be fined in an
equal sum.
20. If a creditor sues before the king and fully
proves his demand, the debtor shall pay as a fine to
the king a tenth part of the sum proved
21. And the creditor, having received the
;
sum
by
24.
be discharged
25.
presence of witnesses.
fulfilled,
the
refers to
infers
gems, pearls,
'The
22.
LAW OF
VI, 39-
DEBT.
45
become a
sons or grandsons
2S. But not by remoter descendants against their
;
will.
He who
29.
(by him)
And
30.
widow
sum due
left
31.
32.
Nor
woman
woman
Nor
by (any one
of)
the
before partition.
36.
But
37.
distiller
shall
after
pay
is
And
38, 39.
recht,
in
(so
Jolly, Indisches
Schuld-
Academy of
visHivu.
46
for
VI, 40.
behoof of the
the
family.
He who
interest for
41.
it.
Suretiship
honesty, and
and not their
is
When
42.
there
payment
are
pay
several
sureties
(jointly
their proportionate shares of
shall
creditor pleases.
If the surety,
much
to the surety.
VII.
1.
2.
or unattested.
3.
king when
cature),
42. In the
'
I shall
VII.
12.
Y.
4.
Y.
II, 92.
II,
84-88.
5-7.
Y.
II,
89.
6.
M.VIII, 168.
WRITINGS.
VII, 12.
47
servant,
with his
own hand.
his
chief judge,
4.
written
by
force,
makes no evidence.
8.
Nor
9.
Nor one
description
10.
written
by a
scribe
of the
same
woman,
or a child, or
one
11.
If the authenticity of a
document
is
contested,
According
to
ka. is
used here
it
in
other)
order to
include documents that have been executed by a person intoxicated, by one under duress, by a female, by a child, by force, and
Most of
VISHiVU.
48
VII, 13.
word
^Sri
disputed document).
3.
VIII.
1.
Now
2.
The
nor an ascetic
nor a gamester
nor a thief; nor a person not his own master nor a
woman nor a child nor a perpetrator of the acts
learned Brahma;/a
VIII.
2,
5.
XIII,
M.VIII, 72; Y.
9.
69; Apast.
II, 68,
M.VIII, 77; Y.
Y.
II,
II,
72.
II,
71.
70,
4,
Gaut.
5.
9.-8. M.
7; Gaut. XIII,
Y.
14.
10, II.
II, 17.
2.
M.VIII,
M.VIII,
i8.^M. VIII,
26; Y.
M.VIII, 87; Y.
13-15.
73; Apast.
20-23. M.VIII, 24-26. M.VIII,
Gaut. XIII,
M.VIII, 107; Y. 77; Gaut.
90; Y.
73-75
- M.VIII, 73 Y.
Y.
XIII,
81; Apast. II, II, 29, 10; Gaut. XIII, 7.
104-106; Y. II, 83.
15. Gaut. XIII, 24.
15,
II,
29, 7
88.
12.
38.
II,
37-
II,
6.
25,
II, 11,
II,
19.
89,
16.
79.
II,
39.
II,
78.
40.
M.VIII, 117.
^
There are three kinds of sahasa. (Nand.) They are, in the
2.
enumeration of Narada, i. spoiling fruits or the like; 2. injuring
more valuable
human
articles
3.
XIV, 4-6.
wife.
life
of a
See Narada
WITNESSES.
VIII, II.
49
Nor an enemy
3.
4.
comes and
5.
in the subject
acts
or a friend
alone be
made
a witness,
Now
7.
(those
who
are
strictly.
fit
be enumerated)
8.
Descendants of a noble race, who are virtuous
and wealthy, sacrificers, zealous in the practice of
religious austerities, having male issue, well versed
:
the
sum claimed
According
is
supported by
the Viramitrodaya.
8. The particle ka. is used here, according to Nand., who argues
from a passage of Yao'navalkya (II, 68), in order to include liberality
among
VISHiVU.
50
VIII, 12.
having been repaid by the debtor), there the witnesses of the defendant have to be examined as
well.
An
13.
either
14.
true evidence.
15.
Whenever
the death of a
member
of any of
the four castes (would be occasioned by true evidence, they are free from blame) if they give false
evidence.
If
he
is
^Stidra,
for
one day.
18.
false witness
may be known by
his altered
19.
summon
bound them by an
20.
21.
oath.
the truth.'
passage of
Manu
(VIII, 106).
WITNESSES.
VIII, 36.
22.
23.
vStidra
he must address
thus,
'Thou
shalt
have
'
(the
killer
of a
cow and
minor offenders,
other)
'
And
shall
be
'
27.
*
28.
29.
'
30.
upon
Truth
Truth
Truth
Truth
him.
rays.
(all
that
is
it).
31.
32.
'
33.
'
34.
'
35.
36.
lost to
The atmosphere
So do the gods.
And
so do the offerings.
'If veracity
and a thousand
horse-sacrifices
and, in a
in the
Ramayaa
II, 61,
10.
VISHiVU.
52
VIII, 37.
That
38.
plaintiff
lose
it.
39.
is
by
virtue,
the
among
the
twice-born.
40.
Whenever a
evidence
judgment
in
;
considered as undone.
IX.
I.
Now
follows
(the
rule
regarding)
the
per-
formance of ordeals.
Nand. takes the term dvi^ottama, the best among the
Brahmawas.'
Kulliika (on M.
twice-born,' as an equivalent for
'
39.
'
it
to
'
twice-born men,
who
IX.
y.
2.
II, 95,
96, 99.
section on ordeals
23.
II.
Y.
II, 98.
the corre^)-
ORDEALS.
IX, 13.
53
2.
may be
administered)
indiscriminately.
In cases of (denial of) a deposit or of
3.
(alleged)
theft or robbery they must be administered each
one
must be made to swear by a
blade of Durva grass, (which he must hold in his
Krzsh.7ia.\a.,
hand)
a ^'udra
If
6.
amounts
it
a blade of Tila
If
7.
to less than
amounts
it
by a blade of silver
If
8.
it
amounts
a blade of gold
If
9.
lump
10.
6'udra
it
two Kr/sh;^alas, by
by
by
amounts
it
amounts
must be made
sacred libation
to
viz.
by
If
it
fire,
by water, or
twice
If the
amount
as high
(as
in
is
deals),
A
if
Kshatriya (must
the
amount
2.
is
thrice as high
See VIII,
2,
note.
or-
visHivu.
54
IX, 14.
14.
is,
libation.
15.
No
Except
if it
two
less
than
Suvar;/as), let
a lump
by
To
The
in contest
And
the
defendant must go
through
the
ordeal.
22.
the king, or
to
suits).
23.
To women,
In
X,
ORDEALS.
I.
The
25,
tered
to
smiths
Nor must
26.
55
ever be administered
it
in
autumn
or summer.
The
(ordeal by) poison must not be administered to lepers, bilious persons, or Brahma;/as
28. Nor during the rainy season.
2^].
29. The (ordeal by) water must not be administered to persons afflicted with phlegm or (another)
illness, to the timid, to the asthmatic, nor to those
who
(such
as
Nor during
30.
and
of March)
(the
^'ii'ira
;
31.
The
32.
Nor when
must not be
the country
is afflicted
with disease
or pestilence.
33. Let the judge summon the defendant at the
time of sunrise, after having fasted on the previous
all
in
his clothes,
X.
Now follows
I.
balance.
Nand.
29.
infers
from a
plural
is
text of
made use
in his Insti-
include
women,
include
fire,
X.
5, 6.
VISHiVU.
The
X,
transverse
man
tried
The
6.
equivalent and
made equal
in
weight and
2.
One
'
spans,'
Hasta,
'
the
man
'
(the
position
of the
should be caused to
cubit,' the
and 24 Angulas,
Nand.
German
and from a
in
in order that
which
it
'
XI,
ORDEALS.
3-
Next
57
weighing
(the judge)
9.
Those
who
10.
XI.
Now
1.
fire.
2.
He
3.
sixteen Angulas^
in breadth each, the intervals being of the same
breadth.
XI. 2-9. Y.
2.
3.
See X,
2,
103, 105-107.
note.
II,
tata/^,
circles,
II.
Y.
II,
104.
visriivu.
58
XI,
4.
Those
5.
Then he must
made
place
of iron, red-hot,
into his
Palas
fifty
ball
weight, and
in
smooth.
this, the person must proceed
the
through
(seven) circles, without either walking
at a very hurried pace, or lingering on his way.
6.
Having received
7.
Finally,
he
circle,
after
must
having
put
passed
down
the
seventh
the
ball
upon
the
ground.
8.
little,
wholly unburnt, he
If he lets the
9.
exists a
is
doubt as to whether he
ball
is
burnt or not,
let
At
which
will
it
in his
hands
a passage of Pitamaha.
XII,
ORDEALS.
7-
'Thou,
11.
creatures,
fire,
like
59
witness.
fire,
all
thou knowest
XII.
1.
Now
water.
2.
free
(animals or plants).
3.
man must
discharge
He who
is
But in the
proclaimed innocent.
contrary case he is (declared) guilty, even though
one limb of his only has become visible.
mean time
'
7.
Thou,
is
all
II; I
08, 109.
6o
VISHiVU.
XII,
8.
8.
to be
XIII.
1.
Now follows
poison.
All (other) sorts of poison
2.
administering
(in
must be avoided
this ordeal),
dismiss
him
at the
On
6.
thou,
poison, knowest what mortals do not
comprehend.
This man being arraigned in a cause, desires
7.
to be cleared from guilt.
Therefore mayest thou
deliver him lawfully from this perplexity.'
'
XIV.
1.
Now
Having
II,
no,
XIV. 2,4,5. Y.
II,
112, 113.
III.
XV,
ORDEALS.
3.
61
'
He
the king),
Should be known
5.
to
be guilty
otherwise
(if
XV ^
1.
is
Now
The
first
2.
lawfully
is
wedded
who
own
wife.
XV.
1-29.
M. IX,
Y.
II,
127-132
Gaut.
34-38.
I.
Colebrooke, Dig. V,
5,
CCCXXVII.
40.
44. M.
11, 132.-41,42. M. IX, 182, 183.
M.
CCCII.
106,
IX,
V,
4,
45-47.
Colebrooke,
Dig.
IX, 138;
translation has
XVII
excellent
an
XV
and
Of
Chapters
137, 139.
M. IX, 180; Y.
been published by Dr. Biihler in the Bombay Digest (I, 338-343)I have followed him literally almost throughout.
I have translated the reading votpadita^, which was no doubt
3.
'
62
VISHiVU.
4.
The
third
5.
She
is
is
XV,
given away
whom she bears be mine.'
6.
4.
is
an appointed daughter.
The
7.
son of a twice-married
woman
is
the
fourth.
8.
is
She
is
9.
also
still a
virgin, is married for
called twice married (punarbh^).
called twice married (punarbhii)
ancestors as he;
highest caste,
in the
i.
e.
a kinsman
.,
who belongs
The same
reading is found in a quotation contained in G^agannatha and Colebrooke's Dig. loc. cit. (I quote from a very good though fragmentary Bengali MS. in my possession), where, however, this
clause runs as follows, niyuktaya; savarwena y^otpadita^, begotten
'
by a
The
kinsmen
to
Sagotra or by another,'
j-vara's interpretation,
'
by
'by a
to
be
rendered, contrary
may
Vi^nanea kinsman or one who is no kinsman.'
XV,
6^
INHERITANCE.
27.
The
10.
son of an unmarried
damsel
is
the
fifth.
(He is called so who is) born by an unmarried daughter in the house of her father.
12. And he belongs to the man who
(afterwards)
11.
13.
is
the sixth.
is
14.
He
And
nant bride).
18.
19.
by
mother or
his
father.
20.
21.
And
the ninth.
is
he belongs to him by
whom
he
is
bought.
The son
22.
23. And he
himself.
24.
The
25.
(He
father or
son cast
is
away
called so)
is
the eleventh.
who was
forsaken by his
And
26.
gave
whom
he
is
received.
The
27.
is
woman whomsoever^
the twelfth.
^
27.
'
Nand.,
sons,
wife,
whether equal
one's
in caste or not,
visHivu.
64
28.
is
Amongst
these
(sons)
XV,
next
28.
the
in order),
30.
And
31.
He
manner
let
rest.
property.
Outcasts, eunuchs, persons incurably diseased, or deficient (in organs of sense or actions,
such as blind, deaf, dumb, or insane persons, or
32.
lepers)
33.
And
34.
But he adds
begetter or not, whether still a virgin or not,' &c.
a very lengthy discussion, the upshot of which is, that the term
yatra kva/('anotpadita is applicable to adopted sons only, who, although they are considered as the sons of the adopter, or of the
legitimate husband of the woman, upon whom they were begotten
whom Manu
he has
The latter
(INI.
IX, 178).
with
the
one
Dr.
who
Biihler,
interpretation agrees
proposed by
identifies the yatra kva/^'anotpadita with the Nishada and Para^ava
bine,
calls
Parai'ava
'
'
(II,
2, 22),
and with
the view taken by Gagannatha, who thinks that the 6'audra (son of
a ^udra woman) is meant.
"
but," indicates that those who have entered
32. 'The pardcle tu,
the order of ascetics must also be understood here.' (Nand.)
34.
XV,
INHERITANCE.
47-
an
women
on
inferior
caste)
receive a share.
65
of a higher
caste
39.
40.
the
41.
of one
is
the son of
oblations to
them
all
himself
45.
He
son) and
the face of a living son.
46. Through a son
;
the sun.
47.
No
difference
is
made
in this
world between
man, just
'
44.
[7]
like
a son's son.
Svayambhu means
66
VISH2VU.
XVI,
I.
XVI.
1.
On women equal in caste (to their husbands)
sons are begotten, who are equal in caste (to their
fathers).
2.
On women
who
On women
follow the
caste
of their
Among
these, the
Vai^ya
5.
sons of a
are
Vaii-ya
woman.
6.
The
A''a//(/ala,
innumerable other
sentenced to death.
XVI.
II, 12
Y.
X, 47-5310.
traffic.
M. X,
I.
;
I,
Y.
I,
90; Apast.
According
M. X,
to
57.
Manu
18.
II, 6, 13, i.
7.
M. X,
M. X, 62.
Magadhas
4-6. M. X,
8-15. M.
31.
are to Hve by
XVII,
INHERITANCE.
I.
12.
girls
67
they earn.
13. Sutas must live by managing horses.
14. A'awfl'alas must live out of the town, and
their clothes must be the mantles of the deceased.
different (from, and lower
mixed castes).
15. All (members of mixed castes) should have
intercourse (of marriage, and other community)
only between themselves.
is
members
All
17.
Desertion of
regardless of reward, in
order to save a Brahma/^a, or a cow, or for the sake
18.
life,
woman
of a
XVII.
I,
he
If a father
may
makes a
partition with
his sons,
thinks best.
XVII.
I.
Y.
II,
114.
2.
Y.
121.
II,
3.
XXVIII,
V,
8,
XXVIII,
21.
28.
18.
M. IX,
194, 195
Y.
II,
6,
14,
V,
Y.
8,
2-5;
Gaut.
CCCCXVII
138;
II,
143, 144
II,
4-16. M.
CII.
Gaut.
Colebrooke,
20. M.
M. IX, 196 Y. II, 145.
21. M. IX, 192; Y. II, 145; Gaut.
22. M. IX,
Colebrooke, Dig. V, 9, CCCCXCIV.
Dig. V, 9, CCCCLVII.
IX, 197; Y. II, 145.
XXVIII, 24
M. IX, 216; Y.
2,
19.
9,
CCCCLXXIII.
F 2
23. Y.
II, 120.
68
viSHivu.
XVII,
2.
But
2.
in
The
4.
man who
wealth of a
male
dies without
Bandhu
11.
1 2.
13.
On
Sakulya
called
failure of
On
On
failure of
them, to a fellow-student
failure of him,
it
9.
On
On
10.
Bandhu means
8.
'
'
failure
inherits.'
failure
sister's
Sapiwrt^a (allied
(Nand.)
son inherits.' (Nand.)
by funeral oblations).
The
Then
follow the
failure of him, to a
(II, 6, 14, 3); and on
fellow-student, as stated in Sutra 12. (Nand.)
ordained by Apastamba
XVII,
INHERITANCE.
20.
69
But
17.
of his
sons of the
latter.
What
18.
property
19.
first)
(Stridhana).
If a
four
woman
rites,,
husband.
she has been married) according to (one
of) the other (four reprehensible rites), her father
shall take it.
20.
(If
'
"
18.
^ulka, fee," denotes the price or value of a house or other
valuable object presented to the bride by her father ; or it means
The latter interthe fee paid for her by the bridegroom.' (Nand.)
pretation
is
XXVIII,
25),
The
bride's
'
'
fee
(see Gaut.
to the parents
became
77,
566;
Mayr, Indisches
See
XXIV,
17-27.
VISHiVU.
70
XVII,
1.
goes
Ornaments worn by women when their husbands were alive, the heirs shall not divide amonor
themselves if they divide them, they become out2 2.
casts.
(has a right to
it).
XVIII.
1. If there are four sons of a Brahma;^a
(springing
from four different wives) of the four castes, they
shall divide the whole estate of their father into ten
parts.
2.
Of
5.
22.
The
My
son of the
rendering of
.^'udra wife,
this ^'loka is
by
Vi^crfianejvara
Madhava
(Mitakshara
a single part,
Manu (IX,
I,
4,
19 in Colebrooke's version),
'
119.
XVIII,
INHERITANCE.
15.
(wife)
nine parts.
let
(Of these)
7.
them
and two
by wives of
diflerent
amounting to
parts of the whole respectively.
(If there are three sons
8.
9.
are three
shall divide
parts,
two
but) no
sons,
parts,
Kshatriya
it
respectively.
10.
If there
shall divide
two
it
is
and a
parts,
parts,
Kshatriya by a Kshaa
and
a
KS'udra
wufe, the mode of
triya,
Vaii-ya,
division shall be the same (i.e. the estate shall be
11.
Brahma;/a son
13.
The Kshatriya
14.
Again,
if
parts
four parts
15.
and of
these, the
The
Vaii"ya,
two
parts.
be divided into
Brahma;za
shall take
VlSHiVU.
72
16.
Again,
if
XVIII,
16.
7.
parts
And
The
6'tidra,
18.
if
a single part.
19. Again,
a Kshatriya, and the one belongs to the Kshatriya
and the other to the ^Sudra caste, they shall divide
the estate into five parts
;
20.
parts
And
The
vSudra,
21.
22.
Again,
if
one
part.
or a Kshatriya, and the one belongs to the Kshatriya, the other to the ^S^udra caste, they shall divide
parts
24.
The
25.
Again,
shall
take
two
27.
28.
The
If a
same.)
If a
XVIII,
30.
INHERITANCE,
40.
If a
2,3.
The
who
way
issue.
34.
Mothers
36.
additional share.
38.
If there are
wife,
estate shall
be
son of the
6'iadra wife,
If there are
39.
a single part.
two sons by a
^'udra,
and one
Upon
40.
be adjusted
in
33. See
'
34.
the
same
to
XVII, 4
That is to
seq.
say, a
Brahmaa
Kshatriya
37. See Gaut.
have
XXVIII,
5.
(Nand.)
visHA^u.
74
If (brothers),
41.
of the
who
XVIII,
after a
41.
previous division
estate
parceners,
a second partition, the shares must be
to an
equal in that case, and the eldest has no right
additional share.
make
should
What
42.
a brother has
acquired by his
own
exertion.
And
43.
if
man
by
himself.
43.
Here again
with the
first
.'
^The term
pattra has
comment
Vi^^nanejvara (in
interpretation (on M. IX, 219).
upon the same passage of Manu) refers it to written documents,
his
and
XIX,
8.
I.
He
FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
75
XIX.
cause a member
of a twice-born
must not
Nor
member
a ^'udra by a
of a twice-born
caste.
3.
and a mother
father
shall
be carried out by
their sons
KS"udras
left to right,
their clothes.
Impurity
8.
lasts.)
must
is
;
no
and
Manu
^
In translating the term praMra I
(VIII, 168, and IX, 232),
have again followed Kulluka loc. cit. ; see also Petersburg Dictionary
'
Nand. interprets this term as denoting a path leading to or
s. V,
XIX.
I.
26.-7,
'Chapters
M.V,
8.
Y.
104.
Ill,
7,
XIX-XXXII
Usage,'" (Nand.)
2.
12,
Y,
III,
13.
contain
26.
14-17-
the
6.
M.V, 103; Y.
section
on
Ill,
Y,
III, 16.
A/('ara,
"Holy
M.V, 73;
visHivu.
76
XIX,
9.
Nimba
9.
the
grains into
fire.
10.
On
the
fourth
And
collect
the
left.
the Ganges.
12.
As many bones
of a
in
of
he reside in heaven.
While the term of impurity
years will
13.
And
1 7.
And
And
18.
When
16.
is
have
13.
The
See XXII.
The
particle
kdi,
salt
fish,
Institutes).
text of
Gautama
to eat
XX,
FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
6.
20.
The gods
"]"]
The Brahma?^as
22.
It
the gods
is
fails
2-^.
come
What
pleased
true.
(as, if
when highly
cattle, wealth,
or
Earth,
who
XX.
1.
The northern progress of the sun is a day
with the gods.
2.
The southern progress of the sun is (with
them) a night.
is
(with them) a day and a night
are a month
such
Thirty
Twelve such months are a year.
Twelve hundred years of the gods are a
3.
4.
year
5.
6.
Kaliyuga.
XX.
M.I,
79.
6-9.
M.
I,
69, 70.
10.
M.I, 71.
II.
visHivu.
78
7.
Twice
are a
as
many
(or
XX,
7.
Dvapara (Yuga).
Thrice as many (or three thousand six hundred) are a Treta (Yuga).
Four times as many (or four thousand eight
9.
8.
yuga
If so
Brahman)
many
it is
one Brahman.
tion to the
20.
And
21.
For Kala
is
or end.
22.
there
ing,
Thus
it
is,
and who
is
whom
everlast-
is
the
least stability.
21.
'
XX,
FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
31.
79
human
beings then
27.
and annihilating
In this
creating
Every creature
28.
is
seized
It is
a former existence).
actions (in
the slave of
its
Wherefore then
who
those
This
man
its death) ?
are born are sure to die, and
have died are sure to be born again.
Those who
is
inevitable,
(In his
30.
As mourners
31.
As
27.
Here
will
god of
time,
is
another
will follow
name
for Vish;m.
(Nand.)
29.
The same
8o
VISHiVU.
him
to a
XX,
32.
no?
or
But as long as
32.
his relatives
remain impure,
afflicted
Having passed
34.
the
(after
into the
performance
of the
therefore, to
into the
abode of
the manes.
35.
hell,
human
him by
36.
his relatives.
The dead
^'raddha are sure to be benefitted by its performPerform the .^'raddha always, therefore,
ance.
nor himself.
38.
this
Having seen
that no help
is
33.
to be
had from
XX,
FUNERAL CEREMONIES.
45-
81
ye men.
Even were he
39.
all
kinsman
is
excepting his
Yama.
Virtue alone will follow him, wherever he
40.
may go
this
or not.
42. While his mind is fixed upon his field, or traffic,
or his house, or while his thoughts are engrossed
by some other (beloved) object, death suddenly
him away
carries
a lamb.
Kala
43.
enemy
(time)
when
is
a blade of
45.
39. This
XXV,
Kusa
grass.
Neither drugs,
is
an allusion
nor
to the
magical formulas,
custom of
Sattee.
(Nand.)
nor
See
14.
'
presents
45.
[7]
(to
ViSHiVU.
82'
XX,
46.
man who
is
to complain
the perpetrator.
Of
.'*
As
the body of mortals undergoes (successively the vicissitudes of) infancy, youth, and old
age, even so will it be transformed into another
49.
body
(hereafter)
about
a sensible
man
is
not mistaken
that.
As
man
No weapons
(in
a former
life).
man, no fire
burn it, no waters moisten it, and no wind dry it up.
52. It is not to be hurt, not to be burnt, not to
be moistened, and not to be dried up it is im51.
out beginning.
acts of liberality save him, as the use of the
particle
/^a
implies.'
(Nand.)
47.
This proverb
PaS/^atantra
II,
Spriiche, 51 14.
48, This proverb is also found
See Bohtlingk, Ind. Spriiche, 704.
in
the
Bhagavadgita
XLIV, XIjV.
II, 28.
XXI,
FUNERAL OBLATIONS.
2.
It is (further) said to
53.
be immaterial, passing
all
man
to
83
Knowing
the self of
(for
the
XXL
Now
1.
is
them.
At
2.
the
Ekoddish/a (or
let
him
for one
Mantras^ so as
6'raddha
alter the
recently deceased)
to refer to (the) one person (deceased)
XXL
M.
Y.
Ill,
I,
-.
247; Y. 111,250,251,
252-254.
255.
Regarding the
12-23. ^ahkh.IV, 3; V, 9;
passages of the Ka/haka.
parallel
(XX,
30), that
"the
2.
The Mantras
LXXIII.
'
modified.
The
fiavalkya loc.
cit.
and by -Sahkhayana
loo. cit.
is
stated by
Ya^-
VISHiVU.
84
3.
him
XXI,
3.
perishable food,
having
ceased
water to the
and
let
Brahma;^as, after
of the de-
in
Arigulas).
7.
who conveys
(Nand.)
Regarding
is
for you.'
this
4. The
imperishable water,' akshayyodakam, derives its name
from the Mantra, with which it is delivered, expressing the wish
that the meal
may give imperishable satisfaction' (akshayyarn
This is the explanation which Nand. gives of the term
astu).
'
'
In his comment on
in his gloss on LXXIII, 27.
the present Sutra he says that the 'imperishable water' must be
'
and ' Be
Let arrive
presented with the (further ?) Mantras,
akshayyodakam
'
satisfied.'
10.
See Y.
I,
251
6"ahkh. IV, 2, 5, 6.
runs as follows, This
'
is
XXI,
FUNERAL OBLATIONS.
14.
rice,
him mutter
let
85
'
(the Mantra),
This
is
for you.'
mony
let
grand-
and
tion,
father,
feet.
14.
the deceased person into the three vessels containing the water for washing the feet, and the
three other vessels containing the Arghya of his
At the same time he must mutter
three ancestors.
and
for those
after you.'
5'rdddha') the
name
word
(Nand.)
'
father.'
Ajvalayana's
Vishu-sutra took
-S'rauta-siitra,
11.
The
'
ceremony
12.
it
He must
invite six
Brahmawas
tatives
who
the
three ancestors,
Parvawa ^raddha, as
13.
laid
14.
The
following
is
is
at
an
86
viSHivu.
15.
^'
and
put)
two Mantras),
'United your minds
(the
15.
XXI,
four balls of
May
earth unite
thee
^.'
rice.
him with
1
Then
7.
let
ball of the
Or
9.
(see Sutra
must be
2) the Sapi;/^ikara/2a
monthly ^'raddha.
22. The ceremony of investing women with the
relationship of Sapi;/^a has to be performed in the
same manner.
Later, he must perform a vS'raddha
every year, while he lives, (on the anniversary of the
deceased relative's death) \
'
Ka/^aka Gnliya-siitra, May Vrtthivi (the earth), Vayu (air), Agni (fire), and Pra^apati (the lord of
creatures) unite thee with thy ancestors, and may you ancestors
which
is
quoted
at full in
see below,
^
19.
LXXV.
I. e.
the
"^
(Nand.)
22.
The meaning
prescribed in 23.
is,
(Nand.)
that he
XXII,
IMPURITY.
6.
87
XXII.
1.
The
2.
lasts)
twelve
days.
1
v3-
4.
with the
M.V,
;
88-93.
87.
M.V,
88.
88
visHivu.
XXII,
7.
No
as long as they.
9. When the (period of)
impurity is over, he
must perform a penance (as follows)
If a twice-born man has eaten
10.
(the food) of a
member of his own caste, while the latter was im:
is
ordained
for)
a Ksha-
(The same penance is ordained for) a Brah(who has eaten the food) of an impure
Vai^ya but he must fast besides during the three
13.
ma;^a
(previous) days.
If a
A Vaij-ya,
five
hundred times.
who has
10,
^Rig-vedaX, 190.
^Rig-vedalll,
62, 10.
XXII,
IMPURITY.
24.
16.
twice-born
man (who
89
has eaten the food)
^'lidra
6'udra
river).
lord.
20.
If their lord
is
dead
born or
members
22.
Brahma/^a
(to
whom) Sapindas
of the
spectively.
24.
Vai-S"ya (to
caste (have
whom Sapmdas
of the) 6'udra
18.
The
10.
VISHiVU.
90
In a
25.
number of
of months after
XXII,
conception, a
woman
is
25.
number
purified
from an abortion.
The
26.
have died
that
of children
relatives
(The
27.
night
For a
30.
initiated,
in three nights
From
31.
that
that
child
time forward
(i.
e.
for initiated
32.
is
If
34.
is
no impurity
for
if
three nights).
35. If, while the impurity caused
(in
by a
birth lasts,
32.
purity
The import
is
of this Sutra
is
this, that
women
the
full
period of im-
were
XXII,
IMPURITY.
43-
36.
it
of
period
intervenes
it
when one
impurity remains,
days
The same
2i^.
rule
is
observed
if
a relative dies
39.
42.
died, (he
Is
Likewise,
43.
if
a son of the
40.
it
in this Sutra,
refers to impurity
42. 'The use of the particle kz. implies, that this rule extends
to the death of a maternal grandmother, as ordained in the Sha^/ajitismrz'ti.'
43.
2-27.
(Nand.)
and the son cast off cannot cause impurity, because their sonship
dates from a period subsequent to their birth; but their offspring
may cause impurity. (Nand.) Parapurvas, or wives who had
another husband before,' are either of the punarbhu or of the
svairim kind. (Nand.)
See XV, 8, 9, and Narada XII, 46-54.
'
VISHiVU.
92
(He becomes
44.
XXII,
if
44.
the wife or
^),
or
his maternal uncle, or his father-in-law, or a brotherin-law, or a fellow-student, or a pupil has died.
The
which he
in
if
Likewise,
46.
has died.
lives
man
at his house.
The
47.
relatives of those
killed
become impure
48. Nor do kings (become impure) while engaged
;
Devotees
49.
come impure)
50. Nor do
fulfilling
vow
(also
do not be-
ceremony
sacrificers
engaged
in
sacrificial
Nor workmen
to
be pure.
Nor
(can impurity arise) during the instalof the monument of a deity, nor during
53.
lation
44.
them
See
XXIX,
2.
53.
the
place. (Nand.)
XXII,
IMPURITY.
64.
marriage ceremony,
actually
54.
begun
if
those
ceremonies have
Nor when
is afflicted
with
a calamity;
55.
Nor
in
an epidemic or a famine).
56. Suicides and outcasts do not cause impurity
or receive offerings of water.
57. On the death-day of an
outcast a female
'
Taptakr//5/{'//ra
59.
So
{'
60.
61.
any way)
(in
person
latter
of
the
with
relations
the
(becomes
together
pure) by a bath.
If
fol-
member
same expiation
visHivu.
94
XXII,
65.
If a
65.
^'udra
member
66. Members
to the
smoke
(Bathing
67.
is
And
69.
after
touched a corpse
having
(a carrier
who has
or a woman
touched one
of a corpse),
In
may be
all
(defiled) apparel
72.
four days
by bathing.
A woman
another
own
becomes
touched a
woman
of
caste, or of a
75.
70.
in
in
74.
her
woman
See LI,
slept,
having eaten,
6.
/('a
XXII,
IMPURITY,
83.
95
five-toed animal,
'](i.
TTa^^^^ala or to
a Mle/^/V^a (barbarian).
If the lower part of his body, below the
']'^.
or
one of his fore-arms, has been defiled by
navel,
by
fasting, bathing,
Likewise,
if
Adeps, semen, blood, dandruff, urine, faeces, earwax, nail-parings, phlegm, tears, rheum, and sweat
81.
the
or from flour
these
three kinds of spirituous liquor have to be discerned as one, so are all none of them must be
:
tasted
^-i^.
by
the twice-born.
Again,
distilled
82, 83.
parations from
Madhu.
Now Madhu
'
viSHivu.
96
XXII, 84,
nut tree
84.
These ten
a Brahma;^a
no wrong
in
85.
pupil having performed (on failure of
other mourners) the funeral of his dead Guru, becomes pure after ten nights, like those (kinsmen)
who carry out the dead.
86.
to a deceased
the term
of his
till
if,
XXIII,
XXIII,
XXIII,
33),
41), (the
morning and
acts,
the sun
it
XXIII,
(see
IMPURITY.
I.
97
XXIII,
of
40),
days
animate objects.
Of
all
and water.
of injuries the learned are
purified
by liberality, those who have done forbidden acts
by muttering of prayers, those who
By
90.
forgiveness
have sinned
who
best
in secret;
know
by
the Veda.
by her menses
by renouncing the
(the Brahma;^as),
world.
the
mind
XXIII.
I.
What
has been defiled by the impure excreof the body, by spirits, or by intoxicating
tions
is
drinks,
XXIII.
Gaut.
I,
2.
Apast.
29, 31.
in the
impure
Y.
I,
5.
I,
5,
17,
M.V,
highest degree.
10; Gaut.
123; Gaut.
182, 183.
7,
"
8.
I,
I,
29.
34.
4.
7-1
Gaut.
I,
1.
Y.
I,
M.V,
29, 30.
185;
iii,
13-
VISHA^U.
98
XXIII,
2.
made
All vessels
2.
into
the
earth for
seven days.
4.
(of
rhinoceroses
or
made
Vessels
5.
wood
of
or earthenware must
be thrown away.
Of
6.
highest
sacrifices
15.
M.V,
118, 119; Y.
V, 126; Y.
186, 187.
I,
185
M.V,
M.V,
195
I,
191.
25, 26.
Apast.
115; Y.
;
125, 126.
47-52.
Soma-
I,
184, 182.
12
190.
38. Y.
118.
M.V,
M. V, 114 Y.
5, 17,
I,
I,
18.
I,
Gaut.
33.
I,
I,
190.
29.
Apast.
I, 5,
I,
27.
28.
M.V, 115;
Y.
I,
185.
141-143.
30
122; Y. L 187.
38, 39
40. Y. I, 194. 41. Y. I, 197
M.V,
189.
M.V, 122.
17. M
19-22. M.V, 120; Y. I
16.
38, 41-
55-
53.
Gaut.
I,
Y.I
28.-56
M.V,
men-
XXIII,
IMPURITY.
i6.
Sacrificial pots,
9.
wooden
ladles with
ordinary
two
99
wooden
and
ladles,
on a
sacrificial fire)
are
fruits,
sacrifice.
boiled
seats
(when
defiled
when
there
is
a large
and flowers;
15.
16.
fruits,
paper,
of the
1 2.
Max
Miiller's
in the
Journal
German
^
man
says.'
(Nand.)
14.
The
/^a
in this
enumeration. (Nand.)
loo
visiiivu.
XXIII,
17.
with excrements
xy.
in
Sutra
Clothes
21.
fruit
made of
22.
Linen
23.
Likewise, things
teeth
with white
cloth,
made
sesamum
of horns, bone, or
24.
lotus-seeds
hair,
with
and
lead,
tin,
26.
27.
Wooden
articles,
28.
Vessels
made
by planing;
of fruits (such as cocoa-nuts,
Bel fruits), by (rubbing them
bottle-gourds, and
with) cows' hair.
29.
Many
over them
30.
by
straining
them
Y.
I,
186).
appears to refer
relate to defilement
XXiri,
lOl
IMPURITY.
37-
water and
fire
^
;
^2.
All sorts of
2,3.
Earthern vessels
and the
the
salt, in
(if
same manner
by a second burning
34. Images of gods (if smeared), by cleansing
them in the same way as the material (of which
they are made is generally cleansed), and then
like),
them anew
installing
(in
Of undressed
their
former place).
T)6.
Dro;/a
is
let
only as
has been defiled, and must sprinkle over the remainder water, into which a piece of gold has been
it
dropped, and over which the Gayatri has been pronounced, and must hold it up before a goat (or
before a horse) and before the fire.
^
31.
Such
as
^If
there
is
no
afterwards.
fire,
(Nand.)
Nand. mentions as the main species of salt, rock-salt, seaThe last term refers perhaps
salt, sochal-salt, and -Sambhala-salt.
to salt coming from the famous salt-lake of -S'akambhari or Shambar
32.
in
Ra^putana.
37.
I02
2)S.
VISIIiVU.
That
(food)
XXIII, 38.
As
in all purifications of
inanimate objects,
40.
goat and a horse are pure, as regards their
mouths, but not a cow, nor the impure excretions of
a man's body roads are purified by the rays of the
moon and of the sun, and by the winds.
41. Mire and water upon the high road, that
has been touched by low-caste people, by dogs, or
;
by crows, as well
as
buildings constructed
burnt bricks, are purified by the wind.
42.
with
however,
countries.
'
XXIII,
IMPURITY.
50-
animals whose
^
has died, or
eaten)
been defiled in the highest degree, he
which has
must
take
flesh
out
remainder with a
If
45.
lO^,
it
is
all
may be
the
the
cloth.
coming
forth.
46.
the same
as for wells,
an (existing)
if they
impurity has not been perceived by them
ma;2as, three causes effecting purity:
if
This or that
'
shall
be
pure.')
48.
The hand
49.
The mouth
44.
See LI,
6.
VISHiVU.
I04
XXIII, 51.
Flies,
52.
saliva
and so
mouth, a
he
is
not soiled.
ground.
51.
There
are,
two eyes,
last are
body the mouth, the two ears, the two nostrils, the
and the organs of excretion and generation. The two
tures of the
'
'
tradictory rules
Gautama
XXIII,
IMPURITY.
6o.
house
IO5
by scouring it with a
the
ground with cow-dung,
plastering
and a manuscript or book by sprinkHng water over
56.
is
purified
broom and
it.
Land
is
it
with cow-dung,
by burning, or
by letting cows (or goats) pass (a day and a night)
on it. Cows are auspicious purifiers, upon cows
By
57.
sprinkling \ by scraping,
Cows
58.
alone
(by producing
every
Those
59.
oblations possible
butter), cows take away
sacrificial
sacrificial
The
sin.
make
and Goro/'ana
cow are
guilt,
heaven.
some other limb, and further, that food should always be placed on
the ground, but that a garment, a stick, and the like should be kept
in the hand.
Compare Dr. Biihler's note on Gaut. loc. cit. It
may be
56.
refers to
Indian works.
57.
The
being sprinkled by
(Nand.)
58. Goro>^ana
'
rain, or to
Pafi/J'agavya
is
said to
it.
be
I06
VISHiVU.
XXIII,
6r.
In the urine of cows dwells the Ganges, prosperity (dwells) in the dust (rising from their couch),
good fortune in cow-dung, and virtue in saluting
6i.
them.
XXIV.
Now
1.
a Brahmaz/a
may
4.
A
A
A
5.
Among
2.
3.
Kshatriya, three
^'udra,
one only.
these (wives),
caste, their
hands
In marriages with
6.
Vaii'ya, two;
own
his
if
man
marries one of
be joined.
shall
women
of a different class,
A
A
8.
No
same Gotra,
the
XXIV.
56, 57.
9, 10.
15, 16
1-4.
43
loc. cit.
Y.
75
I,
6-8.
62.
M.
Y.
Ill, 5.;
M.
I,
53
12-14; Y.I,
Ill,
44
Ill,
Apast.
Y.
I,
62.
II, 5, 11,
Y.
12-16. M.
Y.
1758-61; Apast.
27-34;
Gaut. IV, 6-13.
M.
23-26, 39 Apast.
29-32. M.
Y.
3; Gaut. IV,
38; Y.
Ill,
8.
12.
27, 28.
Ill,
53.
Ill,
14, 15.
38.
I,
II, 5, II,
I,
12,
58-60;
Ill,
II, 5, 12, 2
5>
M.
Weber
17-26. M.
II,
5.
I,
37,
63.
I,
39.
I,
Y. I, 64.
40. M. IX, 90
41. M. IX, 93.
This chapter opens the section on Sa?;2skaras or sacraments,
i. e.
the ceremonies on conception and so forth. (Nand.)
This
section forms the second part of the division treating of A/^ara.
63.
I.
XXIV,
WOMEN.
22.
Nor
10.
107
from
his
12.
13.
six fingers)
much
(as e.g.
14.
having
15.
16.
1
too
red
7.
18.
who
at
officiating
it
sacrifice,
is
called
a Daiva
marriage.
If (the giver of the bride) receives a pair of
kine in return, it is called an Arsha marriage.
21.
22.
is
(If
she
is
it
or from
some
other
subdivision
and the
excepting the G^amadagnas, Gautamas, and Bharadva^as
term Pravara, to the Mantrakrz'ts of one's own race, i. e. the ances;
tors
invoked by a Brahma?2a
at the
commencement of
a sacrifice,
'
and
(laukika gotra),
the same Rishi. (vaidika gotra).
samanarsha
See Dr.
to descent
Biihler's notes
from
on Apast.
'
108
VISHiVU.
23.
XXIV,
2^.
is
called a
Gandharva
marriage.
is
damsel
If the
24.
is
an Asura marriage.
he seizes her forcibly,
called
If
25.
it
is
called a
it
Rdk-
shasa marriage.
26.
If
he embraces her
in
it is called a Pai^a/^a
marriage.
those
forms
of
27. Among
(eight
marriage), the
four first forms are legitimate (for a Brahma?^a)
is
unconscious,
And
28.
so
the
is
Gandharva form
for a
Ksha-
triya.
son procreated in a Brahma marriage redeems (or sends into the heavenly abodes hereafter
29.
mentioned) twenty-one
descendants,
ten
in
marriage).
30.
teen
son procreated
in
31.
seven
son
in
procreated
an Arsha
marriage,
32.
son procreated
in
a Pra^apatya marriage,
four.
33.
to
the
He who
Brahman
(after
himself).
34.
(He who
himself).
(He who
the Arsha
rite,
XXIV,
WOMEN.
41.
109
(He who
dharvas.
38.
marriage.
39.
On
one
in
(it
devolves
marriage), in
When
full
poAver to dispose
as a degraded woman
by taking her (without the
consent of her kinsmen) a man commits no wrong.
:
But
'
ri'tu,
rt'tu,
(Gaut. XVIII, 20, and Narada XII, 24), never has that meaning.
41. Nand. observes, that the rules laid down in ^this and the
preceding
.5'loka refer to
young women of
Nowadays
by me, Uber
9,
note 17.
The
lO
VISHA^U.
XXV,
I.
XXV.
1.
2.
3.
and
Now
the duties of a
4.
to guests
Gurus (such
(are as follows):
her husband
embracing
as elders), to divinities,
To keep
household
6.
To
To
their feet
her mother-in-law,
to
attentions)
father-in-law, to
and
woman
To
Not
ornaments (or
9.
to partake of amusements) while her husband is
absent from home
10. Not to resort to the houses of strangers
(during the absence of her husband)
to decorate herself with
M. IX, 75; Y.
XVIII,
Y.
I,
77.
I.
15.
M.V,
Y.
3.
155.
84.
I,
14.
I,
83.
4-6.
12, 13.
M.V, 150
M.V, 148; IX,
;
17.
M.V,
160.
15
Y.
also
83.
9, 10.
3; Y. 1,85; Gaut.
Dig. IV,
is
I,
3,
found
CXXXIII.
in the
Mar-
in
S'arhgadhara's
Paddhati, SadaHra,
10.
XXVI,
WOMEN.
r.
I 1
To remain
13.
father;
her
her
No
15.
allowed to
sacrifice,
women
the only
to obtain bliss in heaven.
woman
A woman
16.
is
who keeps
means
for a
a fast or performs a
7.
good
v/ife,
who
perseveres in a chaste
life
heaven like
go
(perpetual) students, even though she has no son.
to
XXVI.
I.
If a
man
own
caste,
of widows (Sattee) is a
and not obligatory. Besides, he quotes
several passages from other Smr/tis and from the B/7'hannaradiyapuraa, to the effect that in case the husband should have died
14.
Nand.
where
day
and
child,
is
that
one who
is
in
her courses,
is
XX,
39.
dhayana, takes the particle va, or,' to imply that the widow
liberty to become a female ascetic instead of burning herself.
'
XXVI.
2.
87.
is at
VISHiVU.
I 1
he
XXVI,
2.
shall
she
(If
is
of the
On
3.
same
caste as himself.
own
when
who
the wife
pens to
calamity)
But no twice-born
4.
man
ever with
a ^'udra
wife.
5.
union of a twice-born
man
with a ^'udra
lust.
by
Men
6.
of the three
first
who through
castes,
folly
K^udras.
If his oblations to the
7.
hospitable
(his
attentions)
not go to heaven.
will
XXVII.
I.
IV,
I,
5-7.
XXVII.
Sankh.
14.
I,
M.
7.
15-24,
M.
26, 27.
4-18; Gobh.
i,
56; Weber,
I,
LII.
1-14. Asv.
12-28
Ill,
of impregna-
I,
II,
II,
I,
XXVII,
SACRAMENTS.
9-
I j
tion)
procreating children
fit
->
for
time).
The
begins to move.
(of pregnancy).
The 6*atakarman
5. The Namadheya (naming-rite) must be performed as soon as the term of impurity (caused by
(The name
6.
in the case of
to
is
over.
a Brahma;^a
7.
8.
9.
26.
I, 3,
1.
28,
I, 2,
I,
5,
'
rz'tu,' i.e.
33-3, 6; Gaut.
11-
upon
I,
and
the mother, and not the consecration of the foetus, for its object.
Regarding the Simantonnayana he seems to consider both views
dhara;
2.
[7]
Yudhish///ira;
3.
Arthapati;
I
4.
Lokadasa; or (observing,
visiwu.
114
XXVII,
lo.
of taking the
take
child out to see the sun) should
place in the
fourth month (after birth).
10.
1 1.
The
12.
The
Annaprai"ana (ceremony of
should take place in the sixth month.
KudskarsiUSi (tonsure
the
first
feeding)
should take
rite)
same ceremonies,
(beginning with the birth ceremony, should be performed, but) without Mantras.
14. The marriage ceremony only has to be performed with Mantras for them.
The
15.
initiation
Of
16.
conception
1
Of
7.
Vaii"yas,
in
ception
respectively.
spectively.
part of a
3.
com-
Devagupta;
10.
According
import of the first being, that the child should be taken out to see
the sun in the third month, and to see the moon in the fourth
month.
12.
The
(Nand.)
'
15-17.
birth.'
loc. cit.
XXVII,
SACRAMENTS.
29-
II5
respectively.
21.
dira,
Palai-a,
Kha-
respectively.
23. Or all (kinds of staves
castes indiscriminately).
may be used
for all
Lady
end
26.
The ceremony
27.
those
at
After
that, the
three castes,
the proper
in
who have
excluded from
time, are
initiation,
called
Vratyas.
28.
That
with Mantras.
Il6
YlSllNU.
XXVIII,
I.
XXVIII.
Now^
1.
dwell
students shall
Guru's
their
at
their
shall recite
They
2.
prayers.
shall
(A student)
3.
on the
fire.
He
5.
must plunge
II, 10,
12
III, I.
Gaut.
Apast.
5,
27
29; Apast.
Apast.
4.
30.
I, 2,
I,
23
I, I, 4,
I.
II, II.
M.
37-39-
35.
M.
54
I,
II,
II,
M.
3.
loi
II,
Y.
24, 25
I,
25 Apast. I, i, 4, 16.
73, 182 ; Y. I, 27
Apast.
;
30.
Apast.
III,
I,
10; Gaut.
29, 31
M.
II, 29,
3,
I,
I,
II. 12.
II.
2,
108; Y.
6, 7.
1,2, 33-I,
I,
I,
II,
Gaut.
II,
I,
22
4-6
I,
II,
8.
M.
41-47
II,
I,
I,
i,
25,
3,
Y.
I,
5.
I, 2,
177-179, &c.
Y.
9, 10.
32; Gaut.
I,
M.
II,
I, I, 2,
24-26. M.
13.
II,
29, 30.
199, 200.
II,
15-17
168.
I,
2, 7,
28,
I, 8.
M.
28.
30
37-40. M.
41.
Gaut.
27,
M. 11,205; Apast.
;
I,
II,
2, 8,
Gaut.
204; Apast.
19-21.
I,
27.
42.
II,
II,
M.
2, 8, 11,
31, 32.
II,
M. 11,
IX, I.
43-46. M. 11, 243, 247, 248; Y.
Gaut. II, 5-8.
Gaut.
47, M. II, 249
29
Gaut.
I,
31-33. M.
34-36. M.
I,
49; Apast.
Ill, 9.
I,
48-53.
2, 4,
M.
I.e. after
The
XXVIII,
STUDENTSHIP.
15-
6.
He
7.
Guru
(spiritual
He
own)
10.
He may
He
13.
must
Guru and go
to rest
after him.
He
14.
formed
his
15.
is
must salute
Apast.
I,
that he
'
Il8
VISHiVU.
XXVIII,
The
and the
6.
i6.
'
bhos
'
18.
is
And
19.
let
him speak,
if
his teacher
sits,
stand-
ing up;
him
*
;
If his face
20.
him
face
21.
If
'22.
If
him
is
23.
as
e. g.
teacher.
at the beginning).
25.
He
26.
Where
Guru
is
27.
28.
Unless
manner, his
there let
in
it
the
same
a boat, or in a carriage.
28.
Thus according
to
Kulluka (on M,
II,
compound denoting
'
Nand. takes
204).
a stone seat.'
STUDENTSHIP.
XXVI1I,40If his
29.
teacher's teacher
if
is
near, let
him be-
II9
his
31.
son of
his
who
feet,
33.
34.
two Vedas, or
(all)
or
the Vedas.
He
36.
From
37.
the
mother
is
the
first
birth
the
39.
his father.
which
entitles
Nand. here
interprets
Guru by
'
rest.'
who teaches
31. This rule refers to a son of his spiritual teacher,
himself is
the
teacher
while
the
of
two
him one or
Veda,
chapters
gone out
for bathing or
some such
reason.
Manu
who
38.
Rig-veda
120
VISHiVU.
41.
tied in
one
XXVIII,
or wear
41.
it
lock.
Or
43.
let
his life at
44.
while he
If,
die, let
is
him behave
Or
45.
him
to
fire,
and
who
is
equal
to the
47.
(of
in caste.
On
46.
during the period of his studentship, has been pronounced a transgression of the rule prescribed for
students by expounders of the Vedas well acquainted
with the system of duties.
49. Having loaded himself with that crime, he
must go begging to seven houses, clothed only with
the skin of an ass, and proclaiming his deed.
42. After the solemn bath (see Asv. Ill, 8, 9 ; Gobh. Ill, 4 ;
II, 6 ; 9aiikh. ni> i), which terminates the period of studentship, the student, who is henceforth called Snataka, one who has
Par.
'
bathed,'
45.
is
'According
is
student, as directed
by Gautama,
III, 8.
used in order
an old
fellow-
XXIX,
STUDENTSHIP.
r.
12
After an
and
kindle
to
the
sacred
fire,
penance of an Avakir/^in (breaker of his vow), provided that he has not been prevented from the discharge of his duties by an illness,
53. If the sun should rise or set while a student
purposely indulging in sleep, ignoring (the precepts of law), he must fast for a day, muttering (the
Gayatri one thousand and eight times).
is
XXIX.
He who
I,
structed
him
in
having initiated a youth and inthe Vratas^ teaches him (one branch
Veda
of) the
(teacher).
A
'
51.
Taitt. Aray.
I,
30.
I, 13; Gaut. I, 9.
1-3. M. II, 140143; Y. 1,34,35.-7-10. M.II, III, 112, 114, 115. 9, 10. See
XXIX.
I.
Apast.
I,
I,
The Vratas
XV,
139).
12 2
2.
VISHiVU.
XXIX,
2.
Initiated
by another)
3.
upon
He who
.Sruti
or upon Smriti)
is
ing priest).
hatred.
If
9.
The
deity of sacred
knowledge approached
'
don't
wrongly?'
An
improper answer
question. (Nand.)
is
an answer to an improper
XXX,
STUDENTSHIP.
5.
23
XXX.
1.
cere-
moon
or of
mony on
the
full
of the
Upakarman
month Sravansi,
(that
those
have acted up to
who have failed
this injunction)
to perform the
ceremony of
Upakarman.
3.
During the period (subsequent upon the
cere-
mony
the Vedarigas.
He
Magha. Nand. states that those students who have not performed the Upakarman ceremony in due time must perform a
penance before they can be admitted to the Utsarga nor must
those be admitted to it who have failed to go on to the study of
another branch of the Veda at the ordinary time, after having
;
absolved one.
^
Nand., with reference to a passage of Harita, considers the
4.
use of the plural and of the particle ka. to imply that the study must
'
5.
VISHNU.
24
and night)
XXX,
6.
has begun \
an
the moon.
of
echpse
(and
6.
(He must not study for a day and a night)
when Indra's flagf is hoisted or taken down.
after a season of the year
(He must
7.
not study)
is
going.
(He must
8.
when
rain,
(He must
10.
corpse
lies
1 1.
12.
is
being heard
14. Nor while .Sudras or outcasts are near
;
Nor
of a temple, of a burial15.
ground, of a place where four ways meet, or of a
high road
in the vicinity
Nor
Nor
Nor
16.
drawn by oxen
Nor
19.
8.
'
I. e.
after
having vomited
rains.'
(Nand.)
XXX,
STUDENTSHIP.
28.
20.
21.
25
When
day and a
night).
When
study).
After the
24.
Upakarman
(he
for
three days).
down
when he
has begun to study in the second half of the night.
28. Let him avoid studying at times when there
ought to be an intermission of study, even though a
question has been put to him (by his teacher)
27.
lie
to sleep again
till
be taken up again
till
the
it
is
(Nand.)
28.
126
VlSHiVU.
XXX,
29.
To
ledge on
32.
soil
At
embrace
33.
pronounce the sacred syllable Om.
34. Now he who studies the hymns of the Rigveda (regularly), feeds the manes with clarified
butter.
35.
He who
studies the
Ya^us
texts, (feeds
them)
with honey.
36.
He who
studies the
Saman
melodies, (feeds
He who
the
studies
Atharva-veda, (feeds
gas,
He who
with
rice.
39.
He who
no benefit from
it
by
in the
it
derive
world to come.
Purawa and
p.
40
39.
Itihasa, see
Max
seq.
refer to teaching
XXX,
STUDENTSHIP.
47-
Neither
40.
who
uses
his
27
them
in
argu-
ment).
41. Let no one acquire sacred knowledge, without his teacher's permission, from another who is
Acquiring
42.
it
in that
way
him
constitutes theft of
into hell.
whom
Spirit.
Of
is
more venerable
father
for
it
is
the
new
which
will last
rites
of
Gayatri,
initiation
is
true
the
mother)
existence
is
He who
47.
that
can
is
it
fills
substance by
it
but
XXVIII,
6,
it
refers
live
to
who
those
who
so.
(Nand.)
by doing
recite
the
Veda
in
128
VISHiVU.
him from
frees
I.
all
man
XXXI,
(or
final
liberation)
upon
him, that
let
XXXI.
1.
man
ble superiors)
His
2.
his
father,
mother,
and
his
spiritual
teacher.
3.
4.
5.
ser-
viceable to them.
6.
the
to
equal
three
fires,
The
is
is
sacrificial) fire.
He
9.
XXXI.
Gaut.
44.
'
9.
patya
is
1-6.
M.
M.
The
fire,
II,
II,
7.
234.
M.
II,
10.
230.
M.
II,
8.
M.
II,
231
I,
4,
Apast.
14,
I,
6;
i, 3,
233.
is
said to be of the
said to
same nature
as the Dakshia
fire,
because
it
XXXII,
STUDENTSHIP.
4-
derives
them,
29
servance.
10.
By honouring
sent world
his mother,
his
by honouring
and
by paying strict obedience
gods
the
world of Brahman.
teacher,
]
to his spiritual
XXXII.
1.
who
king,
a teacher
And
2.
who
to them.
And
3.
and ^
4.
because
27),
"Let him
oblations
all
alms."' (Nand.)
2.
II.
M.
-
II,
210.
5, 6.
32.-7. M.
3.
M.
II,
M.
II,
13I; 4-
210, 211
Apast.
129.-8,9. M.XI^205;
I, 2, 7,
10. Apast. I, I, 2, 20.
Y. Ill, 292.
II, 12. M. II, 201
Apast.
14- M. II, 216.
I, 2, 8, 15. 13. M. II, 212; Gaut. II, 34.
Gaut. VI,
16. M. II, 136
Gaut. II, 33 VI, 2.
15. M. II, 217
M.
18.
II,
M.
20.
155.
II, 135
Apast. I, 4, 14, 25.
17.
^
The particle kd, is used here, according to Nand., in order to
I.
II, 31,
II,
3.
The
particle
ko.
here
refers,
in a Sm;7li.
VISHiVU.
XXXII,
rising
5.
to
they be
of Guru's wives,
or
to
To
7.
not
know
eyes, or
their feet, or to
anoint
their
to
do
'
'
than himself).
'
'
'
5.
exempt from
this rule
he should
rise
to
'
e. g. if
The use
them,
is
this Sfitra.
10.
(Nand.)
'The
particle
ka.
is
XXXIII,
Nor
12.
CRIMES.
I.
131
from
vice.
salute thee).'
16.
performance of
sacred knowledge
one is
one preceding in order.
1 7. A Brahma?^a,
though only ten years old ^ and
a member of the kingly caste, though a hundred years
and of
old, must be considered as father and son
these two, the Brahma/2a is the father,
18. The seniority of Br^hma;ms is founded upon
are
superior to the
sacred knowledge
of Kshatriyas, upon valour in
arms of Vaii^yas, upon grain and (other) wealth of
;
xSudras,
upon
XXXIII.
Now man
I.
and greed.
17.
on
A/('ara or rules
VlSHiVU.
132
2.
They
XXXIII.
2.
laneous offences.
6.
This
of self
vices.
XXXIV.
1.
Sexual
connection
with
mother, or
crimes in the
one's
Such criminals
in the
XXXV.
Killing a Brahma;^a, drinking spirituous liquor,
I.
chastity
for
it
The
(see
XXVIII,
him
section
on
in the
2, 3.
M. XI,
181.
8; Gaut. XXI,
XXI,
3.
4.
i.
M. XI, 181
Y.
Ill,
227, 261
Gaut.
XXXVI,
CRIMES.
I.
133
an outcast
is
is
out-
lies
with him.
5.
in
sacrificing,
XXXVI.
in a
Killing a Kshatriya or Vaii'ya engaged
a
sacrifice, or a woman in her courses, or
pregnant
I.
caste)
who has
embryo
outcasted man.
or with, an outcast.
being taught by, or
'
The
studying together with, an outcast.
of voluntary intercourse only if
present rule holds good in cases
the intercourse was involuntary, the loss of caste does not follow
Others assert that the immediate loss of caste
till after a
;
year.
is
entailed
by
XXXVI.
2-7.
10.
M. XI, 88
Y.
Ill,
251
Apast.
I, 9,
24, 6, 8, 9.
I.
I.
unknown
of
XXXVI,
viSHivu.
34
or one
sex,
come
2.
to
the
drinking of
spirituous liquor.
3.
Appropriating to one's self land belonging to
a Brahma;^a or a deposit (belonging to a Brahma/^a
and not consisting of gold) are crimes equal to a
And
5.
so
is
And
6.
sexual
own
connection with
sister
the wife
of a
And
with a
sister's
places
sanctioned
accordance with
in
that
the
the
which is
commentators of law
interpretation
by
majority among
Nand., on the other hand, gives the preference to the
opinion of those who render it by a woman descended from or
married to a man of the race of Atri.'
2. 'The term etau,
"these," is used in order to include the
works.
'
'
5.
The
particle
by Manu, XI,
59.'
/{-a
(Nand.)
ordained
XXXVII,
CRIMES.
6.
135
woman
own
to one's
entrusted
care.
XXXVII.
Setting one's self up by false statements (as
by saying, I have done this,' or the like).
2.
Making statements, which will reach the ears
1.
'
by some one
3.
'
You
4.
5.
studied
one has
6.
which
texts,
1-34.
or one's father,
fire,
M. XI,
56, 57,
60-67
Y.
242 Apast. I, 7,
Y. Ill, 265.
But if a man who does not
1.
;
'
know
all
Ill,
35.
the four
Vedas
says, in
knowledge,
This man is no Brahma^a,' or He does not know anyin all such cases his crime is equal to the killing of a
'
'
present,
thing,'
Brahmawa.' (Nand.)
But giving information of a heavy crime constitutes a crime
2.
to
the killing of a Brahmaa.' (Nand.)
equal
means father here. Heavy reproaches, as e. g. if a
Guru
3.
'
'
'
son says
to his father,
'
4.
But
atheistical
constitutes a
shares in dividing
Brahmaa. (Nand.)
detracting from
of spirituous
Veda
liquor.'
(Nand.)
6.
The
ks.
indicates
III,
239,
states.'
(Nand.)
VISHiVU.
136
XXXVII,
7.
7.
Eating the food of those whose food may not
be eaten, or forbidden food
;
9.
Sacrificing for persons for whom it is forbidden to sacrifice (such as .Sudras, persons for
10.
whom
the like)
To
live
of a Vai^ya).
1
2.
13.
cow
or a
1 7.
To
18.
Or
to
To
them
perform
the
nuptial
ceremony
for
19.
'
12.
proper
gifts,
presents at
to receive
it,
as
Yama
mentions. (Nand.)
XXXVIT,
To
20.
CRIMES.
34-
teach the
Veda
137
reward (unless
for a
be
it
an emergency)
21. To be taught by one who teaches the Veda
for a reward (unless it be in an emergency)
22. To be employed (by the king's order) in the
working of mines of any sort (whether gold mines,
in
To make
23.
Cutting
24.
an elephant's ear)
long climbing
25.
26.
(tending to
27.
own
kill
sole benefit
Not
28.
to
one's
fire
Omitting to
pay one's
30.
Studying
31.
Atheism;
32.
Subsisting by a
irreligious
dancing)
Intercourse with
7,2,.
books
Thus
34.
women who
drink spirits;
have the crimes in the fourth degree
been enumerated.
20. It
is
an Upadhyaya (XXIX,
Ahina
sacrifice
sinful acts
another
life.
(Nand.)
vISH^u.
T38
Such criminals
35-
in
XXXVII,
the
cow
35-
may
require).
XXXVIII.
Causing (bodily) pain to a Brahma;^a
Smelling at things which ought not to be smelt
1.
2.
Dishonest dealing
Sexual connection with
3.
4.
cattle
man
(or un-
6.
7.
He who
shall
XXXIX.
Killing domestic or wild animals are crimes
degrading to a mixed caste.
1.
YirikkhxdX'^rikkJLXd.
(if
he has committed
it
unawares).
35.
below,
The
68.
XLI,
CRIMES.
3-
139
XL.
Receiving anything from a (Mle/^i'/^a or other)
despicable person (even though not as a present,
but in the form of interest, &c.), traffic (even with
1.
by
money-lending (even without exceeding the legitimate rate of interest), telling lies (even though not
giving evidence), and serving a ^Sudra (even
though without doing servile acts for him) are
crimes rendering unworthy to receive alms.
in
He who
2.
unworthy
to receive alms,
rendering
the
penance
purified by
is
XLI.
Killing birds, amphibious animals, and aquatic
animals (such as fish)
1.
And worms
2.
or insects
perform
XL.
2.
it
himself.'
M. XI,
I.
if
unable
(Nand.)
70.
11,
12, 20.
XLI.
1-4.
Or
M. XI,
71.
3.
the term
'
'
posed by Nand.
first
interpretation pro-
'
VISHiVU.
140
XLI,
4.
XLII.
Miscellaneous crimes are those which
1.
have
2.
been
ascertained.
XLIII.
Now
1.
(They are
called
Tamisra (darkness)
Andhatdmisra (complete darkness)
Raurava (place of howling)
Maharaurava (place of much howling)
2.
:)
3.
4.
5.
6.
Mah^naraka
7.
(great hell)
8.
San^ivana (restoring to
9.
Avi/^i (waveless)
life)
But
pent.'
it
seems preferable
to
connect
it
'
to
howl.'
hell is defined by Nand. as a kind of threshing-place,
of copper, burning hot, and measuring ten thousand Yo^^anas.
8. In this hell those who have perished in consequence of the
tortures which they had to undergo are restored to life and tortured
6.
This
made
anew. (Nand.)
HELLS.
XLIII,25.
10.
1.
Tapana
I4I
(burning);
Sampratapana (parching)
12.
13.
Kakola (ravens)
15.
Kurt^mala (bud)
Putimr/ttika (stinking clay)
14.
16.
Lohai"anku (iron-spiked)
1 7.
7?//^isha (frying-pan)
.18.
roads);
19.
20.
21.
22.
LohaMraka
(iron fetters)
forest)
Manvantara
25. Minor offenders,
for a
12.
In
this
for the
same period
closely in a very
13. In this
14. In this
at the end.
(Nand.)
In this hell the sinners are roasted. (Nand.)
20. This river, which contains hot water, is called Vaitaram, as
is said,
The river called Vaitarawi has a stinking odour, is full
17.
'
it
of blood, and
is
moving on
in its course.'
river Vaitarawi
may be found
(Nand.)
in the
Garu^a-pura^a,
ed., 1863).
22.
'The
particle
iti
is
added here,
M. XII,
76.
(Nand.)
VISHiVU.
142
Criminals
26.
of a A'aturyuga
XLIII,
in
27.
thousand years
Those who have committed a
grading to a
26.
effecting
mixed
crime
same period
de;
29.
Those who have committed one of the miscellaneous crimes, for a great number of years
31.
fire
having
in
their
scorpions.
They
35.
by
thirst.
They
36.
'A
(Nand.)
great
three
hundred years.
XLIII, 45-
HELLS.
43
pounded with
pestles, or
ground
in iron
or stone
vessels.
39. In one place they (are made to) eat what has
been vomited, or pus, or blood, or excrements, and
in another place, meat of a hideous kind, smelling
like pus.
frost, or
have to step through unclean things (such as excrements), or the departed spirits eat one another,
driven to distraction (by hunger).
42. In one place they are beaten with
deeds
their
by
their knees.
Their backs, heads, and shoulders are fractured, the necks of these poor beings are not stouter
than a needle, and their bodies, of a size fit for a hut
only, are unable to bear torments.
44.
VISHJVU.
144
XLIV,
their
in
I.
through
migration
XLIV.
1.
Now
having suffered the torments inthe hells, the evil-doers pass into animal
flicted in
after
bodies.
2.
Criminals
bodies of
3.
all
in
the
enter
highest degree
the
plants successively.
insects.
4.
5.
in
the
fourth
birds.
enter
degree
the
loss
caste,
enter
the
bodies
of
effecting
amphibious
animals.
cattle.
9.
men
(such
the mis-
may not be
worm or insect.
food
a
XLIV.
1-43.
M. XII, 54-67
Y.
Ill,
207-215.
becomes
44,
45-
M.
XLIV,
30.
TRANSMIGRATION.
45
12.
a falcon.
One who
13.
One who
16.
fowl.
1 7.
18.
19.
or other plants),
One who
20.
becomes a dog.
has stolen
clarified butter,
becomes
an ichneumon.
21.
22.
23.
roach.
24.
25.
crane.
26.
27.
28.
curlew.
One who
29.
has
stolen
cow, becomes
an
iguana.
30.
'
30.
guda
The Valguda
is
stolen sugar,
a kind of
becomes a Valguda.
bat.'
'
Gaut.
64) and Vagvada (Haradatta on
Biihler's
to
Dr.
suggestion,
plausible
XVII, 34), which, according
with
VISHiVU.
146
31.
stolen
XLIV,
31.
perfumes, becomes
musk-rat.
32.
leaves,
33.
becomes a peacock.
becomes
comes a wasp
37.
be-
becomes a
A"akor partridge.
38. One who has stolen an elephant, becomes a
tortoise.
39.
40.
horse,
becomes a
fruits or
tiger.
blossoms, be-
comes an ape.
41.
One who
bear.
42.
stolen a vehicle,
becomes a
camel.
43.
One who
He who
has stolen
cattle,
becomes a
vulture.
body of some
beast,
similar thefts,
receive
are
names of a
(in Gu-^arati
loc. cit.
'
they
vagud or
XLV,
TRANSMIGRATION.
12.
I47
XLV.
Now
1.
after
in-
flicted in
animal
leprosy
tion
3.
killer
4.
A
A
drinker of
black teeth
spirits,
6.
violator of his
8.
9.
A
A
A
10.
teacher's
spiritual
bed, a
One who
steals
by mixing (i.
by taking
good grain and replacing the same amount of bad
grain in
11.
12.
XLV.
e.
its
A
A
stealer of
2-31.
words \ dumbness
M. XI, 49-52; Y.
Ill,
209-211.
32, 33.
M. XI,
53, 54-
'
the
'
to
L 2
is
able to give.'
VISHiVU.
148
XLV,
14.
A
A
15.
13.
13.
execration against a
falling sickness
19.
20.
21.
22.
dyer of cloth
23.
blindness
born a
animals whose
born a hunter
24. One who eats the food of a person born
from adulterous intercourse \ is born as a man who
suffers his mouth to be abused
25. A thief (of other property than gold), is born
a bard
foot
not cloven,
is
is
26.
2"].
One who
rheumatics
eats
shall
alone,
have
The breaker
28.
dainties
21.
The
particle
such persons
/ta,
shall also
24.
food to
Gaut.
XV,
18.
also
mean
'
one who
eats
on
XLVI,
29.
legs
PENANCES.
9.
The breaker
of a
vow
49
of chastity, swelled
30.
One who
One who
have an incurable
shall
tion),
illness.
XLVI.
1.
Now
2.
Let a
3.
And
let
ablu-
And
5.
let
him be standing
6.
At
7.
tion
in
a sitting posi-
him give a
8.
At
9.
XLVI.
M. XI,
XXIII,
212, 213,
315-323-
Ill,
2
XXVI,
215,216.-10,
lo- Apast.
1-5, 20.
I,
9, 27, 7.
24, 25.
II, 13,
M. XI,
10,
224,
225.
1
9.
Nand. thinks
that the
word
'
iti,
thus,'
VISHA^U.
150
Let a
10.
man
for three
XLVI,
days eat
in
TO.
the evening
days
that
12.
is
The
13.
most difficult
milk
on
subsisting
only for
K.rzM/i-ra.tikr2M/ir3i
consists
penance)
twenty-one days.
in
(the
kr/z^/'/zra
(water penance).
15.
month)
16.
called
is
month)
(for a
whole
is
the
fruit (for
6'riphalakr/y{'/('/^ra
a whole
(Bel
fruit
penance).
17.
Or
(this
penance
is
performed) by (eating)
lotus-seeds.
18.
19.
faeces
twelve days
is
called Paraka.
here,
and
same
time, which
refers to another
is
at the
times.
17. ^According to Nand., the particle va, 'or,' here indicates
another alternative, that of performing this penance with Amalakas
XLVII,
in
PENANCES.
2.
51
Swallowing (the same six things, viz.) cowurine and the rest, each for one day, is called Maha20.
two
days),
is
"^
23.
Drinking water
boiled
with
Udumbara
Kussi
grass,
trees, of lotuses,
And
let
in the fire.
XLVII.
I.
Now
2.
Let a
'
unchanged
1-3,
9.
Y.
Ill,
324,
325.
1-4. Gaut.
'
law prescribes.'
Ya^navalkya
(III.
324)
states
that
which the
each daily
VISHiVU.
152
And
3.
let
XLVII,
3.
him
let
fast
entirely
Or
4.
(may be
per-
formed).
5.
which
middle.
That one
6.
is
called
'
barley-shaped in which
placed in the middle.
'
month
eight mouthfuls a
9.
ka.ndra.ya.U2L
(general A'andraya;^a).
Gautama
'
XLVIII,
PENANCES.
6.
15
Earth.
XLVIII.
Now
1.
man
if
feels
his
conscience charged
tells
evil
others), let
pure than
him boil a handful of barley-gruel for the
sake of his
own
than good, or
he thinks himself
if
less
spiritual welfare.
2.
Mantra)
6.
Soma, who
:
'
among
day
is
trees, trickles
filter ^'
XLVIII.
I.
2, 3.
at
see
LIX,
22, 24;
LXVIII, 1-22.
The Mantras
6,
viSHivu.
154
With
XLViii,
7.
The
to
'Be
10.
satisfied in
and ye barley-corns,
shall be salubrious
our stomach,
after
ye waters,
they
and
(truth
11.
One
justice).'
desirous of
three days
rite) for
12.
13.
Any
this
committed by an ancestor
15. Swallowing it for a month, every sin (whether
light or heavy, and whether committed by himself
or by an ancestor).
sins
16.
And
solved
in
so
the excrements of a
7.
Thou
8. Taittiriya
cow
sin).
Sawhita
dis-
for twenty-one
I,
2,
3, i.
king of grains,
XLIX,
TENANCES.
I.
155
thou water mixed with honey the i?/shis have proclaimed thee an expeller of every kind of guih and
an instrument of purification.
;
'You
8.
barley-corns
barley-corns.
May you
efface
whatever
O
O
ye
ye
sinful acts
have committed
Sins committed by words, by acts, and by
19.
evil thoughts.
Avert distress and ill-fortune from
I
'
me,
O
'
20.
defiled
the
ye barley-corns.
Purify food licked at by dogs or pigs, or
by leavings
stain)
of
(of food),
disobedience
father,
ye barley-corns.
Purify for me food given by a multitude of
persons, the food of a harlot, or of a ^'udra, food
offered at a ^S^raddha, food rendered impure by the
21.
'
and
sin
XLIX.
I.
I.
each single
VISHiVU.
156
man
worship, on
Vasudeva
(He
2.
the
XLIX,
twelfth
(VIsh;^u).
shall worship
2.
purified
4.
dvipa
5.
dies,
he attains 6Veta-
By performing
6.
he
till
it
(within the
same
intervals),
(after
worship
gavate vasudevaya,
Brahmaas; or he must
Om,
").'
(Nand.)
2.
'
He must
oblations.
worship him with those offerings and with burntburnt-oblation, which must consist either of
The
sesamum, or of
'
by
(Nand.)
8. According to Nand., the two forms of Vish;m mentioned
here must be considered as two separate deities, the one having to
be invoked with the words Adoration to Brahmakej-ava,' and the
'
L,
PENANCES,
7-
157
man make
Let a
1.
dwell in
it
And
2.
let
And^
his prayers)
let
He who
6.
must perform
ally)
7.
same
a Vaii'ya engaged
triya or
period.
he interprets by
'
'
'
Adoration to Yogake^'ava.'
great reward'
a shape identical with that of Brahman.'
M. XI, 73; Y.
Ill, 243
Apast. I, 9, 24, u-20;
Y.
7-10, 12-14. M. XI, 88, 89, 129-131
Ill, 251, 266, 267; Gaut. XXII, 12-16.
16-24. M, XI, 109Y. Ill, 270-274.
116; Y. A,Ill, 263.
25-41. M. XI, 132-138
30-33. Apast. I, 9, 25, 13 ; Gaut. XXII, 19.
34-36. Gaut. XXII,
L. 1-6, 15.
Gaut. XXII,
4-6.
23-25.
I, 9,
3.
'
46-50.
26, 2
M. XI, 141-145
Gaut. XXII, 20, 21.
Y.
Ill, 275,
276.
46. Apast.
and,' to
he meets.
^
4.
ought
The
to
VISHiVU.
158
L, 8.
Or
9.
woman who
uncleanness
10.
Or
11.
He who
a friend.
for
twice the
number of years
same
He who
He who
He who
three years).
15.
He who
is
his
stick)
flag.
7.
18.
still
And
let
And^
let
to rest
still
8.
Nand.
from
infers
and Parajara,
that
'
or,'
fire,
or for
whom
to
all
women
^'The
who
is
PENANCES.
L, 29.
And^
19.
let
him give
assistance to a
cow
59
that
And
let
times a day)
And^
let
If a man has killed an elephant (intentionhe must give five black (nlla) bulls.
If he has killed (unintentionally) a horse, he
25.
ally),
26.
ram
ass,
he
killed a
or a goat.
29.
and
when
the
cows
down when
drink,
^ '
23.
lie
The
Gomati hymn,
'
25.
and
tail
He
is
particle
kz.
l6o
VISHiVU.
L, 30.
he must
'
three days.
If
he has
killed (intentionally) a
Ha;;^sa, or
a crane, or a heron, or a cormorant, or an ape, or a
falcon, or the vulture called Bhasa, or a Brahma;^!
33.
If
cow
to a Brahma/^a.
iron spade.
35.
If
he has
killed
emasculated
(cattle or birds) ^
^
Thus according to Nand., who declares himself against
35.
the interpretation of sha^a by a eunuch ; see, however, KuUuka
'
'
'
'
ferred to.
PENANCES.
L, 50.
If
41.
l6l
for
three days.
If
44.
Or
unable to do
(if
so),
he must give a
silver
Masha.
he has (unintentionally) killed an aquatic
animal, he must fast (for a day and a night).
46. If he has killed a thousand (small) animals
having bones, or an ox-load of animals that have no
If
45.
47.
if
he has
same penance
as for
having bones, he
to a Brahma;^a (for
killed animals
he must mutter a
Vedic text (the Gayatri) a hundred times.
49. For killing (unintentionally) insects bred in
tree),
rice or
and so
penance con-
If a
50.
46, 47.
and the
man
Nand. thinks
latter to
[7]
plants
as
62
VISHiVU.
such as
wild
as
cultivation (such
grow by
LI,
and
rice
I.
barley), or
rise
rice),
from
drinker of spirituous
all
and
rites
religious
for a year.
man
If a
A'andraya/^a penance.
In
all
and of cows.
those cases
On
is
men
initiated a
over.
their
second
initiation,
the
the
tonsure,
LI.
205-217 Y. I, 161-168
21-23; ^9> i> 15; II. 6,
;
Apast.
16, 27,
I, 5,
29
17, 4, 5
XVII, 10-12,
18,
1, 177, 178.
23. M, XI, 148. 25. M.
Gaut. XXIII, 6.
26-42. M.V, 5-21, 24, 25; XI,
152-157; Y. I, 169-178; Apast. I, 5, 17, 17-20, 22-26, 28, 29,
33-36; Gaut. XVII, 14, 16, 22-26, 28, 29, 32-34.
43-46. M.
31.
21.
M.V, 16; Y.
XI, 150;
XI,
60.
78.
158-160.
M.V, 38
M.V, 40-55.
;
76, 77.
Y.
i.
I,
See also
181.
31.
63-
Biihler, Introd.
PENANCES.
LI, 14.
163
6. If a man has (unawares) eaten meat of a fivetoed animal, with the exception of the hare, the
porcupine, the iguana, the rhinoceros, and the tor-
toise,
7.
And
(if
Or
of a
jailer,
11.
Or
of a
woman who
son, of a goldsmith, of
12.
who
no'r
an enemy, or of an outcast
Or
himself, or
condiments
Or
who
sells
of a
the
Nishada
tribe
(who subsist by
fishing), of
weapons
8.
^'As shown by
ka,
who have
a dishonour-
(Nand.)
9. Abhijasta means
'
'
VISHiVU.
64
Or
15.
of a
trainer of dogs,
spirituous liquor, of an
washerman
oil
LI, 15.
of a
of
distiller
manufacturer, or of a
Or
16.
his wife
1
Or
7.
(the
(food)
killer
with the
foot, or that
Or
19.
persons
at
Or
purpose.
21. After having (unawares) eaten the flesh of
any sort of fish, excepting the PaZ/^ina, Rohita,
Ra^iva,
S'wiha.tu7id3.,
and 6akula
fishes,
he must
flesh
23.
17.
this place.
the
like.'
20.
19, 31.
PENANCES.
LI, 30.
65
25.
Soma-sacrificer,
the breath of a
smelt
spiri-
27.
heron called)
Plava,
or a
Brahma;2t
duck,
or a
wagtail,
he must
26.
tame hogs, cows, and human beings, is also implied here. But if
that were the case, Sutra 26 would be partly a mere repetition of,
and partly opposed to, the rules laid down in Sutras 33 and 22.
Nand. infers from a passage of the Brahma-purawa, that the
27.
^
use of the particle kz. further implies a prohibition to eat the flesh
on the back, or flesh which had been interred in the ground, or
covered with earth, fried meat, and the flesh of the uterus.
66
VISHiVU.
LI, 31.
31.
flesh of
any
bird,
(for
one day).
Likewise,
36.
(for
like),
trees.
^,
rice boiled in
milk with
the Santapana
penance mentioned
'
clarified butter.
interpretation.
7)
PENANCES.
LI, 46.
6*/
39.
And
(for
milk flows of
bull \ or of
cow whose
of a
itself,
one whose
who
partakes (unawares) of a
^'raddha repast, must fast for three days.
44. And he must remain in water for a whole
43.
student,
day (afterwards).
45. If he eats honey or meat (at any time), he
must perform the Pra^apatya penance.
46. If any one eats (unawares) the leavings of the
^
38.
Nand.
infers
same
of those
^
Sandhini means a cow that has just taken the bull,' or
40.
a female animal that gives milk once a day,' or a cow that is
milked by the calf of another cow.' (Nand.) Haradatta (see Apast.
'
'
'
The particle
Petersburg Dictionary.
bearing twins have also to be included in
See Gaut.
loc. cit.
kz,
this prohibition.'
(Nand.)
YISUNV.
68
LI, 47.
food of a
cat,
he
on
the eighth).
49.
days.
If
51.
left
by a Vai^ya, (he
If a
54.
KS'udra,
days.
55.
If
must undergo
56.
been
it)
for three
And
left
days
so must a Vai^ya,
by a ^'lidra.
left
by a Vai^ya, (he
if
with milk.
'
PENANCES.
LI, 63.
For
57.
(knowingly)
member
left
by
69
he
but
may
in the
it,
down
Veda).
As many
60.
has slain
killer
if it
eat
Man-
or
It
is
for
sacrifices
that
beasts
(^S'rauta
in
this
have been
created
no slaughter.
The
62.
sin of
him who
kills
gain,
63.
birds,
of
(in
sacrifice,
his family,
whereas the
latter eats
meat merely
in order to tickle
VISHiVU.
70
Li, 64.
When
and the
cattle (slain
66.
by him)
self-controlled^
to a blissful abode.
man
of a twice-born caste,
forth.
He who
lasting happiness.
created beino^.
71.
66.
'
Nand. interprets
the term
injuring an
'
atmavan by sawnyast, an
ascetic,
member
PENANCES.
TJ,78.
animal, and
the
murderer from
I7I
avoided.
^
and
Reflecting upon the origin of flesh
the (sin of) hurting or confining animated
72.
upon
creatures, he
kind.
He who
73.
not
like
flesh
VisMa,
is
men and
beloved by
He who
74.
who
animal, he
he who prepares
seller,
it,
he who
it
up, and he who eats it, all these are
denominated slauo^hterers of an animal.
75. There is no greater sinner than he who, without giving their share to the manes and to the gods,
serves
flesh with
the flesh of
another creature.
Those
76.
two, he
annually for a
eat meat, shall
who performs
a horse-sacrifice
their virtue.
By
yy.
roots,
and by
of hermits, a
man does
by avoiding meat.
(An
78.
'
Me
he
eater of flesh
himself),
whose
72.
and the
latter is
VISHiVU.
172
LII,
am
I.
is
LII.
He who
1.
Whether
2.
the king
him unhurt, he
is
him with
kills
it,
or dismisses
purified.
Or
3.
(in case he committed the theft unawares),
he must perform the Mahavrata ^ for twelve years.
He who
I, 2.
M.VIII, 314-316
XI,
loo-ioi
3.
M. XI,
Y.
102.
257 Apast.
5-13.
M. XI,
Ill,
163169.
See L, 1-5.
3.
'
5.
By dhana,
'
'
M. XI,
163.
PENANCES.
LII, 17-
73
penance).
trees, rice in
9.
the
For
11.
other
milk.
For stealing two-hoofed or one-hoofed animals, he must fast for three days.
13. For stealing birds, or perfumes, or medicinal
herbs, or cords, or basket-work, he must fast for
12.
one day.
14. Though a thief may have restored to the
owner the stolen property (either openly or) in some
indirect manner ^ he must still perform a penance,
in order to purify himself from guilt.
others, un15. Whatever a man takes from
to
injure
the
wealth
let
man
(of others
take care
by robbing
Among
17.
those
two, he
who
injures
14.
wife.'
'
As under
(Nand.)
who
animal
injures
VISHiVU.
174
LIII.
I.
LIII.
One who
1.
sexual
illicit
2.
intercourse
with
the
own
is
wife
no Guru of his).
For intercourse with a cow, the Govrata (must
belongs to his
3.
caste,
but
is
be performed).
4.
for
unnatural
By
5.
LIII. 1-8.
M. XI,
106, 171-177.
4.
Y.
Ill, 291.
9.
M. XI,
179.
I.
The crime
'
intended here
is
iUicit
who belongs
to the ^Sudra
caste.
3.
See L, 16-24.
^
'
4.
Or
in a cart
as the particle
1
5.
'
Or
/^a
with a
implies.'
woman
(Nand.)
of an equally degraded caste, such as the
LIV,
PENANCES.
7-
75
pre-
That
which a Brahma;;a incurs by intercourse with a iTa/^^ala woman one night, he can
only remove by subsisting upon alms, and constantly9.
guilt
LIV.
1.
man
If a
same
4.
Kshatriya (must
fast) for
two days
the
(in
case).
Vai^ya (must
fast)
for
night).
5.
6.
And
drink
completed.
If a ^'udra drinks PaMagavya, or if a Brah7.
ma;/a drinks spirituous liquor, they both go to the
hell called
LIV.
Maharaurava
M. XI,
^.
10. M. XI,
Gaut. XXIII, 21.
M.
203.-11.
M. XI, 200; Y.III,
M.
Y.
M.
XI, 202;
291.
277; Gaut. XXIII, 7.-23.
M.
Y.
M.
Y.
XI, 198
289.
XI, 195
290.
M.
M.
M.
XI,
XI, 204.
XI,
193.
294.
XI, 192.
M. XI, 209; Y. 293. M. XI, M.XI,
Apast.
I.
II, 5, 12,
22
182.
II,
24.
Ill,
Ill,
25.
27.
30.
28.
Ill,
220;
12.
26.
Ill,
29.
31.
190.
32.
VISHiVU.
^6
LIV,
8.
man
8.
full
is
ill,
he must
9.
false witness
pronounce the
burnt-oblation
great words
\'
and
offer a
^,
11.
One who
12.
He who
tame
pig,
tute, shall
an
ass,
member
noon,
(morning,
10.
'
The
Manu
3.
particle
kz.
PENANCES.
LIV, 20.
177
An
6.
brother
is
damsel
in
He who
17.
sells
living
merit (obtained by a
Soma, must perform the Taptakri^MrsL.
18. He who sells fresh ginger \ (edible) plants
(such as rice
or
He who
19.
sells
He who
20.
15.
from an
18.
nastikavr/tti
'
atheist."
XV,
16.
precious
SeeXLVI, 11.
The term ardra, which Nand.
'The use of
the par-
translated
^
'
by
fresh plants.'
See Y.
by ardrakam, might
and both together be
interprets
20.
tin \
cloth,
dyed
ticle k2L
17.
'Or
sells
Ill, 38.
[7]
VISHiVU.
178
Stones,
honey,
perfumes, sugar,
LIV,
salt,
liquids
and the
or
like),
21.
condi-
or wool,
He who
21.
becomes
free
from the
sin
of accepting unlawful
presents.
He who
25.
sacrifice
for an
lac,
meant
given above.
22.
in Sutra 21.
Nand.
this rule
is
is
upon
nected with repeated drinking of the Soma juice, and lasting from
two to twelve days. Medhatithi (on Manu XI, 198) simply defines
LIV,
PENANCES.
29.
by performing three
sins
^rikkhx2.
79
(Pra^apatya)
penances.
26.
has not been repeated (and the other initiatory ceremonies performed), as the law directs, must be made
to perform three (Pra^apatya) penances
initiated according to custom.
and must
be
27.
make an atonement
having committed an
for
to
illegal
Veda,
Those Brahma;^as who have acquired property by base acts (such as living by the occupations
28.
become
free
down
for a
Snataka\ a
fast is or-
dained as atonement.
it
states that
Veda
26.
it
lasts three
to cause impurity.
The
recitation
and
Kulluka
(ibid.)
ceremony of
initiation.
is
one of the
The words
with
which the pupil must address his teacher on this occasion are
and ^ahkh.
given by Nand. they are quoted from Ajv. I, 21, 4,
See also Gaut. I, 46, with Dr. Biihler's note.
II, 5, lo-ii.
^
'I.e. Brahmawas and others who have gained their livelihood
27.
;
(in times
castes only,
29.
42, note.
Chapter LXXI.
80
VISHiVU.
LIV, 30.
With
let
Let him
32.
slain
one come
a woman, even
have obtained their abso-
for protection, or
particular
mode
LV.
I.
Now
33.
in
a Smn'ti.
LV.
'
LV,
PENANCES.
8.
The
2,
killer of a
Brahma^/a
is
purified,
if,
81
having
At
3.
cow.
By performing
4.
(while standing
of
(instead
the
same
and by muttering
rite
in the
stopping
^
spirituous liquor
One who
6.
a burnt-oblation.
Even
7.
fices,
removes
all
likewise removes
the
sin,
all
of Aghamarsha^^a
hymn
sin.
8.
6.
M.
II,
76-87.
M. XI, 252; Y.
Ill,
all
305.
sins
7.
committed by a
Nand. infers from a text of Manu (XI, 249), that this rule
refers to one who has killed a Brahma?;a intentionally.
from a passage of Ya^fiavalkya (III,
3, This rule, Nand. infers
the
to
also
penances mentioned in the following
305), applies
2.
Sutra.
^
4.
it,
Rig-veda X, 190.
the penance
valkya
5, 6.
(III, 304).'
^
Nand.
also refer to
veda X, 90.
for drinking
(Nand.)
from
infers
penances
it
'
I. e.
M. XI,
committed.
Rig-
82
VISHiVU.
LV,
twice-born
9.
repeated
Pra;/ayamas.
It
9.
is
called a Pra;2ayama,
if
a man, stopping
with
the Vyahr/tis
syllable
The
10.
and the
letter
is
The
11.
lord
of creatures,
the
supreme
deity,
has also milked out from the three Vedas successively the three verses of the sacred stanza which
begins with the word tad,' and is called Savitri (or
'
Gayatri).
12. By muttering, every morning and evening,
that syllable and that stanza, preceded by the three
words,' a Brahma;^a will obtain that religious merit
'
if
he
By
13.
village, a thousand times, a twice-born man is purified even from a mortal sin, as a snake (is freed)
from
its
withered skin.
Any member
14.
Vai.yya castes,
who does
9.
waters,
on Y.
who
I,
23.)
are splendour
'^
'
LV,
or
PENANCES.
20.
to recite
fails
with reproach
them
among
in the
83
the virtuous.
The
three imperishable 'great words,' preceded by the syllable Om, and the Gayatri consisting of three divisions, have to be recognised as the
15.
mouth
Veda \
He who
Om
become
as pure as
air.
The
Gayatri
18.
(after
hausted)
be imperishable (akshara), as
known
with Brahman, the lord of creatures.
to
identical
The
'
it is
it is
(small
or domestic
15.
'
VISHiVU.
184
together with
LV,
the
21.
sacrifices
prescribed
are
not
all
the
united,
equal to a
Veda), though
(in
sacrifice
sixteenth part of the
performed by reciting
sacred
prayers).
(those
offerings),
21.
Brahma/^a
obtain final
LVI.
Now
I.
all
Brahman.' (Nand.
(on M.
see
of those
tri,
'
five
First,
preferable for several other reasons.
includes the daily recitation of the Gayamentioned here as opposed to the four Pakaya^nas.
LIX, 20-25.)
offering to
which
is
is
Brahman
'
Kulluka's.
'
'
include the
'
offering to men,'
meration of secret
by which they
sins,
may be
e,
fire.
Hence,
it
might come
to
Veda.
XXIV.
I. ''Now
i.
Ill,
302-305;
previous chapter
Gaut.
XIX, 12;
containing an enu-
LVI,
PENANCES,
15.
or
By muttering them,
2.
the
burnt-oblation,
their sins.
185
twice-born
are
are as follows
(They
them
reciting
at
from
purified
:)
The Aghamarsha7/a
4. The Devakr/ta
5.
The ^'uddhavatis
6. The Taratsamandiya
7.
The Kushma?2^is
8. The Pavamanis
9. The
11.
The
10. The
Attshaiigas
Durgasavitri
The Vyahmi Samans
Padastobhas
12.
13.
The
The Bharundas 14. The A'andrasaman
15,
3.
3. Rig-veda X, 190, i.
(This and the following references are
based upon Nand.'s statements.)
4.
5.
7.
8.
book of
Brahm. I, 4, 8.
ninth
Rig-veda
9.
13.
6.
^
in its
Nand. here
refers
it
to
Taitt.
i.
99,
I,
Aray. X, 3-5).
most common use denotes the
(Taitt.
246
seq.
11.
Sama-veda
'
12.
The
578-580.
II,
TheVyahmi Samans,
gana
veda
III, 2, 10,
in
i.
e.
bhu/z
sva,^,
Sama-
Sa;;^hita.
(Nand.)
The
reading of the
last
word
is
doubtful.
At
all
events,
It
the verse quoted by Nand. does not occur in the Arawyagana.
are
be
that
Samans
called
the
meant,
EkaviOT.yatyanugana
may
in that
to.
14.
Sama-veda
15.
Arawyaka
I,
147.
Sa?;2hita
in
Goldschmidt's edition,
_
86
ViSHiVU.
LVI,
i6.
The
i6.
Abliriga;
shasukta
The
27.
Agnivrata
three
^,
A^yadohas
the
man
if
^,
life.
LVII.
I.
Now^
must be avoided:
18.
"
'
beginning,
aham
eka-^
asit.
prathamam
edition.
A
Sama-veda
24.
I,
91.
Gaut.
XX,
Apast.
6-8;
M. IV,
M. IV, 190.
M. IV, 186; Y.
M. IV, 247, 250; Y. 214; Apast.
6, 7.
I,
10, 28,
186.
8.
10.
I, i, 2, 5.
4.
-9.
I,
3.
i.
II, 12.
I, 6,
18,
I,
213.
I,
6, 19,
I,
6,
19,
PENANCES.
lo.
LVII,
87
Outcasts
3.
By
7.
accepting such
gifts,
divine lustre.
And
8.
(illicit) gifts,
He
sinks to hell
9.
not
does
which is
gifts,
M. IV,
13. M. IV, 251; Y.I, 216; Gaut. XVII, 4- M16.
Y.
16.
M.
Y.
166;
I,
IV,
252,
253.
I, 215.
15,
213;
Gaut. XVII, 6.
^
There are two classes of sinners, the repentant and the
I.
The penances to be performed by the former having
14.
'
unrepenting.
'
Gautama (XX,
/('a
is
5.
is
Nand.
infers
it
'
It is
no
sin then, in
one who
See
is
in distress, to accept a
14.
VISHiVU.
88
milk,
LVII,
ir.
to accept
may be
accepted
from him.
12.
Neither
will the
manes
them.
those cases, and though he be
worthy to receive presents, let him not accept them
from a dissolute woman, from a eunuch, from an
14.
But even
outcast, or
15.
And
apart from
in
from an enemy.
his parents are dead, or if he
them in a house of his own,
if
is
living
he must
The
reason of this
rule,
(I,
214)
says.'
barber, and
Kuja
grass &c.
is
(Nand.)
according to Nand.,
LVIII,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
9-
189
LVIII.
1.
kinds
2.
The
property of
householders
of three
is
man performs
he
causes
(his departed anproperty,
cestor) to be born again as a god.
4. By performing them with mottled property, he
causes him to be born as a man.
5.
By performing them with black property, he
3.
with white
What
hood of
own
their
caste,
mode
by members of any
of
liveli-
caste, is
called 'white.'
7.
What
hood of the
is
called
8.
has been acquired by the mode of livelicaste next below in order to their own,
mottled.'
What
mode
of
liveli-
is
What
called
'
black.'
gifts,
and
the castes mentioned in this Sutra are not properly .Sudras, but
the offspring of unions between parents of a different caste, herdsmen being, according to Parajara, the offspring of a Kshatriya with
all
^udra damsel, &c. The same considers the use of the particle
See Gaut. XVII, 6.
k^ to imply that potters are also intended.
I, 2. Narada 3, 46.
9-12. Narada 3, 53, 47-49^ S^the obligations of a householder, which will be discussed
further on (in LIX), cannot be fulfilled without a certain amount
LVIII.
I.
As
(Nand.)
VISHiVU.
IQO
LVIII,
10.
for
What
or
lac,
salt),
denoted
is
IT.
mottled wealth.'
What
man
if
LIX.
I.
LIX.
3, 4.
I, 3.
Y.
I.
M. IV, 67
Asv.
10
Gaut. V, 7-9.
Gobh.
i, 2.
M. IV, 25
Y.
I,
12
Par.
97.
6'ahkh.
;
I, 9
I, 3, 5-9
I, 9 ; I,
I,
4-9. M. IV, 25, 26; XI, 7, 8
4-9. Gaut. VIII, 19, 20.
Gobh. Ill, 8; Par. Ill, i
124, 125.
5-7. Asv. I, II
I,
2,
11. M. XI,
8; 6-ankh. Ill, 8. 10. M. XI, 27; Y. I, 126.
M.
Y.
12.
M.
Y.
Ill, 84,90,
I, 127. 13.
24;
I, 127.
XI, 25;
&c. (see below, LXVII).
14, 15, 18. See the references given
III,
Ill, I,
1-3; Pdr.
19, 20.
I,
4,
II, 9, I.
M.
12,
Ill,
16;
26.
I,
M.
68, 69.
21-25.
4, 13, i;
Ill, 72.
M.
Gaut. V,
27-30.
Ill,
3,
M.III,
is
Nand.
interprets
it
by
Vai^vadeva, Stha-
LIX,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
6.
I91
He
2.
must
offer the
the Treta
He
3.
fires).
must
gods
(in
and moon.
Once
5.
solstices,
in
him
let
offer)
(at
the
two
Pa^ubandha (animal
the
sacrifice).
In
6.
him
let
offer
the
Agraya;^a (oblation of
first-fruits)
on Asv.
Stenzler, note
I,
i,
2).
Gautama
all
the sacrifices
fire,
is
as
opposed
required (see
^
the other Pakaya^ilas, see the Gr/hya-sijtras.
Or in the fire
kindled at the division of the family estate, or in the fire kindled
on his becoming master of the house.' (Nand.) See -Sahkh. I,
I,
'
3-52.
The
4.
One who
has
performed the
(XXXI,
8).
in 4-8, see
ceremony of Agnyadhana
fire.'
(Nand.)
mentioned
A
'If the
in
to the
sacri-
5-7.
Agrayawa
is
offered in the
household
fire,
it
must
autumn
the
first-fruits
of
rice,
and
in
summer
the firstlings of
VISHiVU.
192
Or when
7.
rice
LIX,
7.
(in
^.
(He
9.
year
once a
(in spring).
If
Ish/i Vaii'vanari.
11.
offering-
of food
ob-
12.
he has begged
13.
the Vaii'vadeva
And^
14.
let
all
him
for
that
offer
up
let
to
an ascetic
(after-
wards).
15. For giving alms and showing due honour to
the recipient (by pouring water on his hands both
before and afterwards) he obtains the same reward
barley,
or,
offered,
and he
infers
14.
Nand.
infers
intended here.
LIX,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
26.
If there
16.
is
no ascetic
(or other
I93
person worthy
18.
is
reject a mendicant,
his meal himself.
food
in
arrives) after
(who
cows
he has taken
and
his
broom.
20.
offences
committed
those places, he
(by ignorantly destroying life)
must perform the (five) sacrifices addressed to the
in
'
(or
to the
Veda
The
is
is
the
The
23.
manes.
The
to
Bali-offering is the sacrifice addressed
all creatures (or to the goblins ').
24.
'
The
25.
sacrifice
addressed to
men
consists
in
honouring a guest.
26. He who does not give their share to these
five, the gods, his guests, (his wife and children and
others,)
whom
and himself,
18.
'The
cates that he
is
he
is
bound
is
food in the house," indinot bound to cook a fresh meal for his guest.'
(Nand.)
[7]
manes,
to maintain, his
VISHiVU.
194
LIX,
27.
them with
treat
house
his
28.
at the
disdain,
arrived (at
The householder
holder practises austerities, the householder distributes eifts therefore is the order of householders
;
the
of
first
all.
The
29.
7?/shis \ the
is
best of
30.
all
crea-
for
all.
householder
If a
three objects of
is
intent
life (virtue,
constantly distributing presents of food, upon worshipping the gods, upon honouring the Brahma;/as,
upon discharging his duty of privately reciting
the
(and teaching) the Veda, and upon refreshing
and
manes (with oblations of balls of rice, water,
the
he
like),
world of Indra.
LX.
In (the last watch of the night, which
I.
Nand.
27.
refers the
is
called)
member
'
i.
e.
Veda, to
13, i;
LX.
I.
Gaut. V,
is
whom
the
first
of the
five sacrifices,
A
See Apast.
3.
2.
LX,
duties of A HOUSEHOLDER.
t8.
him
let
rise
95
and void
By
2.
like)
Nor on
Nor in
4.
5.
sacrifices)
a ploughed field
the shade of a tree
;
abounding
worms
soil
in fresh grass
or insects
Nor
be used
for
9.
Nor on a spot
Nor where there are
7.
8.
Nor
to
Nor on barren
6.
(fit
in
10.
Nor on an
Nor on
in
person;
ant-hill;
a public road;
by another
Nor
the
in
I,
II, 31, i;
M.
I3418.
3.
I,
11, 30,
134
15; Gaut. IX, 37.
;
M. IV, 46;
24. Y.
I,
17.
Chapters
LX-LXIV
treat of
17.
of
Nand.
Yama,
infers
that chaff
and the
te.xt
VISHiVU.
196
cow-dung;
19.
in the air;
21.
Nor
Nor
LX,
in
in
19.
Nor
20.
water;
Nor
23.
his
head
seizing
after
left,
rise
having
re-
25.
left)
ten
mits
and quadruple
for ascetics.
LXI.
1.
2.
20.
'
I. e.
in
in
place.'
(Nand.)
LXI.
I.
Apast.
I,
II, 32, 9;
'
^Literally
to have been
eat,'
the
one
8.
LXI,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
16.
97
taka (or Se\u) plant, nor of the soap plant, nor of the
Vibhitaka (or Kalidruma) tree, nor of the Dhava
plant, nor of the
Nor
3.
Dhamani
Bandhu-
K^ami,
traka),
Pilu
tree), Iriguda, or
Nor
5.
trees.
Nor
4.
and Tinduka
Guggula
fig-
trees;
Paribhadraka (6'akra-
Semul
trees,
6.
12.
He
south
or west.
He must
He may
trees,
of the
or
Bel trees
15.
Or
Ka/uka
16.
with a
the
Malati
or
marga
of
or
the
Kakubha
or
of the
Kashaya
tree, or of the
Tikta or
plants.
Before sunrise
let
him
stick,
little
be chewed (or
long.
'
with a brush
'),
VISHiVU.
198
LXI,
17.
LXII.
1
born
2.
The part at the root of the little finger of a twiceman is called the Ttrtha sacred to Pra^apati.
The part at the root of the thumb is called the
the
fire
20; Apast.
I.
I, 5,
16,
Nand. observes
follow in order
1-7
that
Gaut.
this
I,
36.
9.
INI.
chapter and
II,
the
the
62
Y.
I,
21,
preceding one
purificatory rite
immediately followed by
the A/C-amana (sipping of water), and then by the Dantadhavana
(cleaning the teeth), both of which acts, however, have to be
is
LXIII,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
12.
Brahman
to
and
7.
99
gods
to Pra^apati respectively).
Let him wipe his Hps twice (with the root of
his thumb).
members
of
LXIIL
1.
Nor
3.
with
wicked companions
4. Nor with ^Sudras
5. Nor
6. Nor too early in the morning
with enemies
;
Nor
7.
twilight;
1
Nor
1.
[9.
in
Nor
at
8.
Nor
in
the
evening
noon; 10. Nor near water
;
iSeeXXIII, 51.
Gaut. IX, 63.
I. M. IV, 33
M.
21.
IV, 67, 131, 5713-17, 19,
2.
Nor
at night
;]
8.
26-28.
^ankh. IV,
Gaut.
IX,
139; Apast.
40. M. IV, 130.
15; M. IV, 39; Y.I, 133; Gaut. IX,
M. IV, 38; Gaut. IX, 52. M. IV,
41. M. IV, 132.
A^v.
II.
6; M. IV, 77; Y.
139;
38; Gobh.
Gaut.
IX,
Apast.
26;
27;
Apast.
LXIII.
55, 60.
II, 8, 20, 1 1;
24, 25.
12,
15.
66.
43-
42.
Ill, 5,
I,
Gaut. IX,
12,
28.
II, 32,
46.
Ill, 9,
32.
I,
47.
I,
11, 32,
33.
51.
own
'A
MS.
200
YISHNV.
Nor
13.
(let
him
LXIII,
13.
He
18,
having
first
15.
bulls;
to the animals.
He
19.
meet
Nor
20.
at
grain,
25.
26.
meet,
let
27.
image of a deity
And
28.
in passing
by well-known large
trees.
flag,
gate)
29.
2;
^'More
precisely the
to include in
it
in the
at the
end of
this
enumeration
in
order
Smmi.' (Nand.)
20I
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
LXIII, 35-
Or
30.
Or
meat
Or
33.
him turn
(let
his
right
side
on.
go
insane, or
'
30.
Nand.
infers
from another
Smr?'ti
passage that
/(;a
here refers
to a
in a Smr/ti.
33.
Nand. here
refers
merated in a Smr/ti.
in
34. The enumeration of auspicious objects
followed by an enumeration of inauspicious objects
Siitras
29-33
in Sutras
is
34-38.
(Nand.)
35.
The
particle
/^a
202
VISHiVU.
Or
LXIII, 36.
(if
ascetic, or
37.
feet,
36.
to
'
them
Nand.
the
marks of an order
to
doubt refers
and the
like
particle
kz.
to a
;'
Smrz'ti.
dresses.
^aiva
sect.
The term
'
'
The
women, and
barren
also, as e. g. the
to
(Nand.)
37.
Nand.
-^a
naked
and other inauspicious
lizards, skins,
an
ass,
^
39.
this Sutra
i.
he must
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
LXIII, 51.
203
He
performed,
Nor (must he
to
44.
He
He
45.
43.
which a
calf
is tied.
his
arms
offered
manes
an
He
He
He
Among
^),
for a
and
for
woman,
one riding
in a carriage.
must be
'
41.
of this
who
is
;
of three kinds:
2.
the
i.
the Vratasnataka,
;
VISHiVU.
204
LXIV,
honoured by the
I.
LXIV.
1.
He
2.
In cases of distress
in
4.
illness)
5.
7.
Nor without
Unless
it
his
clothes
6.
be during an eclipse
Nor at
8. Nor
night
in the
twilight,
9. He must bathe early in the morning, when he
beholds the east reddening with the rays of the
(rising) sun.
11.
And
oily substance.
12, 32.
15.
M. IV, 152
Y.
I,
159.
24.
'
5. The term nagna, literally
naked,' has to be taken in its
widest sense here.
to
According
Bhr/gu and Gobhila it includes,
besides one wholly undressed, ' one without his upper garment,
one who has dirty clothes on, one clad in lower garments of silk
only,
only,' &c.
(Nand.)
LXIV,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
i8.
205
He
(by himself).
He
15.
(after
having bathed,)
18.
must address the bathing-place with the three Mantras (beginning with the words),
'
Ye
waters are
^,'
14.
Ushmsha, 'a
I. e.
is
The term
LXXXV.
^
it)
in the
morning bath.
But
it
(in
order
seems
to
follow from 35 and 42, that all the rules given in this chapter refer
to that bath, which must be taken at sunrise every day.
Rig-
"^
VISUNV.
206
LXIV,
19.
The
'
'
that,
19.
ye waters *.'
Then he must dive underwater and mutter
'
with
the
25.
to
remain
in
water after
26.
till
Rig-veda
21.
Taitt.
I,
Taitt.
Sawh. V,
6,
6, 6, 3
cf.
i,
1-2, &c.
Rig-
Brahm.
II, 4, 4, 9
3.
22.
'
24.
The
ka.
indicates that he
must anoint
LXIV,
40.
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
207
Afterwards (he
29.
must
offer)
Hbation
of
water.
30. He must first offer one to the gods with the
Tirtha sacred to the gods.
31. Then he must offer another to the manes
(the
manes
father's sisters
34.
35.
Then
every day.
36. After having bathed, he must mutter as
many purifying Mantras as possible.
more
37. And he must mutter the Gayatri even
often (than other Mantras)
38. And the Purushastakta.
;
39.
There
is
two (prayers).
40.
One who
has bathed
is
thereby entitled to
to
is,
2o8
VISHiVU.
LXIV,
41.
it
comes)
He who
LXV.
Now
1.
and duly
sacrificial
2.
ground.
called
Having
up
mind
in his
(Vish;2u to
life,
life,
may
(Vish;^u) with
They
get
minds ready
^,'
But
like.
this is certainly a
text.
LXV, LXVI.
treat
of the worship
of
Vish;m. (Nand.)
LXV.
I,
The
fittest
.S'alagrama (ammonite)
2.
-^
KaZ/zaka XI,
7.
The rendering
upon a
is
stone. (Nand.)
See
Nand.
LXIV,
of this Mantra
is
22.
'
The
particle
conjectural,
it is
/('a
quoted
indicates
he must also worship Vish;m in his mind, and with his speech,
'
by saying,
Om,
LXV,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
lo.
With the
3.
'
words),
nounce
Ye
209
waters
the
water
washing
the
the
Arghya
(or
for
hands).
With the
4.
The
words),
'
us,'
With
6.
'
words),
(the
With
7.
'
words,
'
words),
9.
'
word),
10.
3, 4.
5.
With
Blooming,' a flower
With
See LXIV,
This Mantra
18.
is
found Atharva-veda
I, 6,
XIX,
2, 2
Taitt.
LXIV,
MS.
18.
the Taitt.
Brahm.
II, 7,
7,
The above
2.
translation
is
to
in
in part
9. Taitt.
VIII,
7,
27.
Nand. says
Nand. says
[7]
that
that
i;
Va^as. Samh.
it is
it is
I,
a Taittiriya Mantra.
(cf. Mahidhara's Commentary).
a Taittiriya Ya^'us.
2IO
VISHiVU.
'
words),
Thou
art
murderous
LXV,
(dhtar), slay
II.
(dhurva)
With
11.
words),
With
12.
'
words,
parka (honey-mixture)
With the
13.
the word),
eatables.
make
same hymn.
oblations
LXVI.
He
to the
fron, or the
3.
Nor
wood
12.
13.
14.
LXVII,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
I.
4.
211
of factitious jewels or
gold;
5.
6.
7.
8.
if it is
thorny plant,
He may
9.
butter or
oil
12.
offering of eatables;
Nor
13.
it
though
the milk
is
Nor
Lxvn.
I.
After having
(kitchen)
The
9.
is
fire,
swept the
sprinkled
it
place
with water
around the
all
around,
and the
like
14.
fish,
See LI,
3, 6,
21.
2;
Gobh.I,
P 2
4; Par.
I,
212
VISHiVU.
Strewed
grass)
with water
latter)
all
(Kum
all
LXVII,
2.
all
Vasudeva.
Afterwards (he must
3.
offer
twelve burnt-obla-
tions) to
Indra, to Indra
Pra^apati, to Anumati, to Dhanvantari, to Vastoshpati, and to Agni Svish/akr^'t (the god of the fire who
To
5.
left
of the dishes.
(the serpent
taksha,
6.
fire,
M.
side afterwards).
Ill,
Gaut. V, 10-18.
12-16; I,
Gaut.
118 Y. I, 107-113 Apast. II, 2, 4, 11-20; II, 3
II, 4
V, 21-45. Regarding the parallel passages of the Ka//^aka and
Manava Gr;hya-sutras, see the Introduction. This chapter treats
;
ceremony.
2. Regarding this Siatra, see the Introduction.
The oblations
be offered are eight in number, one for each invocation.
to
word
'
'
upon
LXVII,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
15.
him
let
(Then
7.
offer other
213
seven Bahs) to
all
name
name
8.
is
Dula
thy
name
is
Nitatni (Nitatnir)
thy
BhaSumaiigali
in
the
corners
the
draiikari,' (placing
Balis)
(begincorner
and
with
the
south-eastern
proceeding)
ning
towards the south.
'
Nandini
Subhaga
(He must
9.
in the water-jar.
two
Balis)
and
kinof,
VISHiVU.
214
LXVII,
i6.
6.
1 7.
and
northern part.
19. (With the words, 'Adoration be) to
Soma
Balis)
in the
and
to
Brahman's
ministers,'
(let
to Akai-a (the
Brahman
air).
'
lins
(With the words, Adoration be) to the gobroaming by day,' (let him place a Bali) on the
.
sacrificial
ground.
(With the words, 'Adoration be to the gobroaming by night,' (let him offer a Bali in the
22.
lins)
same place
at the
night.
Afterwards he must
23.
offer
upon blades of
and
.24.
balls
of rice
let
him give
24.
And
the like'
means
betel
and the
Brahmawas.' (Nand.)
25. This has to be done with the words, svastitvaw bruhi, 'say
LXVII,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
34-
215
let
as)
alms.
2%.
By honouring
reward.
29.
arrives
over).
30.
house
unfed,
As
31.
castes,
guest
and as a husband
is
is
all
other
tions, takes
has come,
guilt
to whose house he
and throws his own
upon him.
tithi
or lunar day.'
2l6
VISHiVU.
LXVII,
35.
the
way
of a guest, let
Brahma;^a guests
have eaten.
37. Should a Vaii-ya or a ^udra come to his
house as guests, he must even give food to them
and treat
(at the same time and) with his servants,
like
guests
in
the
One
39.
her
The
40.
foolish
man who
eats
first
himself, with-
41.
who
36.
This
Ill, III).
is
According
(Nand.)
LXVIII,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
I.
2lJ
He who
By
44.
holder does
abode
not obtain
such
excellent
of
places
by honouring a guest.
arrives in the evening or in the
offer a seat and water to his guest,
(after death) as
Whether he
45.
morning, he must
after
having
directs ^
giving (to a guest) shelter, a bed, ointments for his feet, and a lamp for each of these
gifts singly he reaps the same reward as for the
By
46.
gift of
a cow.
LXVHI.
He
I.
moon
45.
I,
24,
eclipse
of the
or of the sun.
^
For the rules regarding the reception of a guest, see Ksv.
and the other Gr/hya-siatras M. Ill, 119 seq., and the other
;
Dharma^astras.
12.
2l8
VISHJVU.
He
2.
when
the eclipse
LXVIII,
2.
over.
is
3.
moon
rise).
An
hotra
supposed to be over.
is
He may
day when
be
over.
supposed
8.
On the days of new and full moon (he may
eat at that time) when he supposes the sacrifice
customary on those days to have been performed.
7.
the Vaii-vadeva
I.
43
II,
135-
54
II,
Y.
I,
38.
I,
M. IV,
82.
40. Apast.
I,
II, 31,
I.
42, 43-
M.
Y.
I,
to
is
I,
'The
Regarding
LIX, 2.
7.
the Agnihotra
for
its
performance, see
Vi.rvedevas
(LXVII,
3),
and wane.
LXVIII,
He
9.
219
Nor at midnight
11. Nor at noon
Nor in the twiHght
Nor dressed in wet clothes
Nor without his upper garment;
Nor naked;
Nor in water (nor in a boat)
Nor lying stretched out on the back
Nor sitting on a broken stool
Nor reclining on a couch
Nor from a broken dish
Nor having placed the food on his lap
Nor (having placed the food) upon
10.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
1
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
29-
7.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
ground
the
Nor from
26.
27.
Nor (must he
time.
29. At night (he must not eat) anything mixed
with sesamum-seeds.
9. According to Nand., the use of the particle ^a implies a prohibition to eat again, after having partaken of a -Sraddha meal.
15.
See note on
LXIV,
5.
(XIV,
use of the particle /^a to imply, that food twice cooked and food
cooked in a frying-pan should also be avoided.
27.
This rule
refers to
oil
to a
dough made of
2 20
VISHiVU.
Nor (must he
30.
ground
30.
night) sour
milk or
mountain
eat at
barley.
Nor (must he
31.
LXVIII,
(He must)
32.
not
(eat)
without
having
first
34.
35.
his face
He
40.
41.
42.
43.
food
^
;
a garland of
flowers,
42.
'
"
in silence, without
some remnant of
the Mantra,
"
Thou
X, 35, according
art
it
in the dish,
an imperishable covering
to Sayawa).
"
'
(Taitt.
Aray.
LXVIII,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
49-
44.
He must
45.
Unless
(clarified)
22
or sweetmeats.
He must
46.
the open
in
many
Neither must he
hands,
or satiate
himself to repletion,
48. Let him not take a third
on
knees.
46.
Nand. thinks
who
48.
Too
'
early
means before
(Nand.)
sunrise
'
too late'
means imme-
22 2
VISHiVU.
LXIX,
I.
LXIX.
He
1.
his wife
on
And
2.
(he
4.
5.
And
after
3.
(such
as
while performing a
that to be kept on
vow
of abstinence
day before a
be observed on the eleventh
the
initiatory
And
7.
in
an empty house
who has
woman.
LXIX.
I.
M. IV, 128; Y.
The
subject
I,
The invitations
to take place.
(Nand.)
LXX)
it
is
LXX,
DUTIES OF A HOUSEHOLDER.
17.
223
LXX.
1.
2.
He
his feet
wet
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
wood of a
tree
10.
11.
12.
tree that
in
an empty
14.
15.
restless of limb
16.
He
17.
LXX.
I.
M. IV,
76.
60.
13.
2.
Y.I, 136.
M. IV,
57.
9, 6; M. IV,
6"ankh.
17.
IV, 11, 17;
3.
A^v. Ill,
Apast.
I,
I,
2,
2.
a bedstead
made of any of
in the Vish/ni-purawa
of
wood enumerated
3.
wood enumerated
a bedstead
in Sutras 8-12.
is
identical with
those
VISHJVU.
24
LXXI,
i.
and the
nor
like),
in a
wet
LXXI.
Now^ he must
I.
of equal
himself).
2. M. IV, 141.
LXXI. I. M. IV, 135; Y. I, 153.
3. Gaut.
11,17.-4. Gobh.III, 5, 29.-4-6. M. IV, 17, 18; Y.I, 129, 123.
8. M. IV, 19.
9. M. IV, 34; Apast. I, 11, 30, 13; Gaut. IX,
13-16. M. IV, 36; Y. I, 133.
3. II. Gobh. Ill, 5, 15.
^ahkh.
IV, II, 21.^17-21. M. IV, 37. 17, 18. Par. II, 7,
14.
6 ; -Sahkh. IV, 11, 2; Apast. I, 11, 31, 20.
23. Par. II, 7, 8; M.
Sihkh. IV, 1 1, i
26. A^v. Ill, 9, 6
IV, 38.
25. M. IV, 43.
M. IV, 53 Y. I, 135 Gaut. IX, 48.
32-35. M. IV, 56, 53 Y.
Y. I, 137.
I,
39. M. IV, 65.
36, 37- M. IV, 54, 53
137Gaut.
IX, 32.
42, 43. M. IV, 70;
40. Apast. II, 8, 20, 11;
M.
Gaut.
IV, 69.
44.
IX, 51.
45. M. IV,
Apast. I, 11,32, 28;
M.
M.
Y.
Gaut.
IV, 66
IV,
46.
I,
II,
69.
47.
17.
74
138
Gaut. IX, 4, 5.
53. ^ahkh. IV, 12, 18 M.
48-52. M. IV, 80.
56.M.
IV, 82.-54. M. IV, 250; Y. I, 214. 55. M. IV, 55.
IV, 57; Y. I, 138.
58. M. IV, 57; ^-ankh. IV, 11, 6.-59.
60. M. IV, 58.
^-ahkh. IV, II, 6; Gaut. IX, 16.
61, 62.
IV, 59; Y.
14;
Apast.
69-71.
63-68. M. IV,
M. IV,
140 Gaut. IX,
Par.
72-74. M. IV, 138 Y.
64.
M.
Y
M.
IV, 94.
Y.I, 153.
IV, 137;
I53- M. VIII, 299.
M.
M. IV,
M. IV,
M.
M.
IV, 135; Y.
Y.I,
IV,
176;
153.-84,85.
M. IV, 155;
M. IV,
IV, 150.
246; Gaut. IX,
Y.
M. IV, 156, 158.
154.
I,
II,
31,
9, 10.
70.
IVI.
7,
63,
II, 7, 3.
I,
76.
164.
133.
79-
82.
83.
156.
I,
87.
75.
77-
I,
80, 81.
144.
I,
60, 61.
23.
73.
2,
86.
90.
91, 92.
I,
This chapter
The
whose
(Nand.)
'
been treated
LXXI,
He
2.
i6.
2 25
are poor.
3.
He
6.
And
descent,
his
'
red.
is
13.
14.
15.
16.
2.
rated
8.
The particle kd, refers to ugly persons and the rest, enumeby Manu IV, 141. (Nand.)
The use of the particle /'a implies, according to Nand., that
kz.
in Siitras 13
and 14
to
26
VISHiVU.
He
17.
LXXI,
18.
17.
19.
the
sun)
shining
is
lying).
Nor
20.
in
water
22.
is
Nor
Nor
21.
midday sun
the face of any of
at the
at
his
Gurus while he
angry;
23.
water
Nor
at his
Nor
Nor
Nor
Nor
own image
reflected in oil or in
24.
25.
26.
27.
at a
at a
naked woman
man
in
Nor
30.
at
one insane
carry about
grass.
This rule appears to refer, likewise, to the custom of suspending, by a tree or a post, an upper garment or a piece of cloth,
19.
ward
in order to
20.
The
to include
it
is
Nand., in order
eclipsed,' as mentioned by
Manu
IV, 37.
29. 'As shown
missiles are falling
LXXI,
49-
227
31.
Nor
at one intoxicated
32.
He
;^2,-
Nor blood
35.
34.
Nor poison
38.
He
He
He
He
He
41.
piece of
43.
44.
a vessel of
wood
He
He
He
42.
in
or the
like).
hairs (of
his
46.
And
47.
He
He
48.
to a ^'udra
own
servant)
is
ka.,
2.
according to Nand.,
smoke of
a burning corpse
tioned by
Manu
is
autumn season.
The
IV, 69.
Q 2
28
VISHiVU.
LXXI,
50.
50.
51.
52.
atonement of a sin).
53. He must not scratch his head or his belly
with both hands joined.
54. He must not reject sour milk or the Sumanas
for
He
like)
who
is
well
affected
towards him.
He
58.
courses
must not
woman
in
her
When
60.
ma?2a
to
Nor
59.
speak
is
a sacred
of that
field).
And
62.
if
he sees a
63.
He
bearing
64.
by a
54.
must
men
He
to
please
over-
K^udra king
Nand.
not endeavour
10),
82.
LXXI,
Nor
29
in
calamity).
68. And (he
69.
He
without a purpose.
70. He must not dance or sing.
a noise by slapping (his
71. He must not make
self
left
arm,
74.
75.
76.
He
He
He
enjoy long
77.
He
twilight
(if
right
his
prayers at each
live long).
He
without a cause.
80.
He
must not
man.
One who
shoot of
75.
bamboo
'Others 'take
or with a rope.
this
make
This interpretation
I,
153.
is
VISHA-U.
230
83.
He
84.
And
LXXI,
83.
(he
re-
to duty.
pugnant
may
him
make
a propitiatory offering.
87. He must not cut even grass (on those two
days).
88.
He
and the
like).
89.
90.
ordained
in
the
age
next
among
way
which he
the
is
He who
92.
the
is
desires,
way
and imperishable
destroy the
to
effect
of
(bodily)
84.
this
life
this
riches,
and
observes
the virtuous,
free
from
who
ill-will,
'"Or repugnant
is
the
usages established
a believer
lives a
in revelation,
particle
85.
ka.
implies.'
(Nand.)
The use
88. The use of the particle ^a, according to Nand., implies that
he must also observe auspicious rites and established customs, as
ordained by Manu IV, 145.
The latter injunction is, however,
LXXII,
SELF-RESTRAINT.
7-
23 1
LXXII.
He
1.
must
persist in
from any of
fruit
his acts
(whether worldly or
by
self-restraint
is
he obtains anything he
self-restraint
may
desire
in his heart.
6.
rides (as
it
were) in a chariot
drawn by
who keeps
by the
strained
charioteer)
run
away with
the
chariot.
As
in
desires.
LXXII.
which are
= Bhagavad-gita
common
to
all
II,
70.
This chapter
treats
of duties
2^2
VISHiVU.
LXXIII,
I.
LXXIII.
One
place).
(He must
3.
the east at
manes
Or one
the
first
Pafi/^aka (pentad) at a
Ill, 10,
IV, 7
described above,
refer to all the
LXXVI-LXXVIII.
^
At the .5'raddha of the manes the oldest Brahmawa represents the great-grandfather ; the one next to him in age, the grandfather ; the youngest of the three, the father of the sacrificer.
2.
(Nand.)
5-9.
The
The
5RADDHAS.
II.
LXXIII,
233
sisting of
At a
At
new moon
On
month Agrahaya;^a
recitation of the
respectively
(or Marga^irsha) \
second, and
first,
during the
Pan/akas
last
9.
Likewise, on the Anvash/akas (or ninth days
of the dark halves of those months)
;
He
10.
must
invite the
manes, after
having
re-
KaMaka
in 5
rites
on 5
seq.
1
5.
8.
and
9 seq.
See LXXVIII.
The days
the
'
much
ever, deserve
in
'
The
credit, as
Ka/Z^aka Gn'hya-sutra.
permission of the Brahmawas has to be asked with
in the
"
I shall invite
the Mantra,
(the manes);"
"
Invite them."
and
their
answer must
'
be,
(Nand.)
11.
The Yatudhanas
are a class of
demons supposed
to disturb
VISHiVU.
2 34
LXXIII,
12.
Come
'
Mantras),
them
all (here),
near,
O
'
'
ye manes,'
May my
Agni,'
(Conduct)
come
(ancestors)
near,'
ye manes,' Then let
your (share),
him prepare the water for washing the feet with
scented water, which has been mixed up with Ku^-a
grass and sesamum, while reciting (the three Man'
This
is
tras),
'
'
oblation in the
an
'
oblation,' let
13.
fire,'
the Mantras,
'
They, who
are
my
ofl'erings
with
ancestors,' 'This
is
To Soma
accompanied by
Yama
to
the
manes
svadha
nama>^
Ahgiras
accompanied by
svadha nama/z to Agni who takes the offerings addressed to the
the recitation of the three Mantras,
;
manes svadha
nama//.' (Nand.)
'
LXXIII,
.SRADDHAS.
20.
ones
(at
offer
it
235
first
father,
name and
race.
let
15. While the Brahma;^as are eating the food,
him mutter (the three Mantras), 'Whatever (trickles
down) through my fault,' With days and nights \'
and Whatever (limb) of yours, Agni.'
16. And (let him mutter) the Itihasa (Epics),
Pura;/a (Legends), and Dharmai'astra (Institutes of
'
'
the south
'
saying,
faction).'
(like)
Heaven
a spoon,
imperishable (satisfaction,' let him deposit) a third
19.
'
is
(like)
With
20.
14.
'
the
The formula
To NN., my
(I offer)
this
Mantra,
'
Those
ancestors
who
The
below (LXXV,
'
15.
7).
similar
Mantra
is
5.
VISHiVU.
236
have
let
died,'
LXXIII,
21.
balls).
21.
(let
With
22.
the Mantra,
ye manes,'
ye manes,
sons,
'
Enjoy
it,
And
25.
satisfied,
has been
him
left
by
eaten
and
being
'
Are you
must
satisfied
he
'
Vao-asan.
is
respectful
LXXm,
late
5RADDHAS.
32.
them from
left to right,
back again
237
my
offering),'
'What
and turn
sacrificial
We
'
'
the east
28.
'
May
number, and
may
poor.'
29.
They
shall answer,
'
Thus
let
it
be.'
'
having honoured
them according to custom, accompanied them (as
far as the limits of his estate), and taken his leave
Mantra, 'With
all
food
\'
after
of them.
1
32.
8.
VISHiVU.
238
LXXIV,
I.
LXXIV.
After having worshipped, on each Ash/aka, the
gods and performed, with vegetables, meat, and
cakes respectively, a ^'raddha (according to the rules
1.
the last chapter), he must, on each Anvash/aka^, worship the gods and offer a burnt-oblation in
the same way as on the Ash/akas (i. e. reciting the
in
given
Then he must
On
rice.
On
LXXIV.
Ill,
3,
10-12;
6; M. IV,
Ill, 13,
150.
Regarding the corresponding
section of the Ka//zaka Grz'hya-sutra, see the Introduction.
-Sahkh.
r.
^See LXXIII,
8,
ka,
9;
LXXVI,
i.
^Nand.
considers the
make
in all
The
first
part of this
Ka//iaka Gr/hya-sutra.
2. Nand. gives it as his opinion, that nine trenches should be
made, three of which are to be for the maternal grandfather, &c.
But Sutra 4 refers to three trenches for the men only, and the
Ka/Aaka GrzTiya-sutra expressly mentions the number of six
trenches.
LXXV,
^RADDHAS.
5.
239
He
'
LXXV.
He who makes
1.
father
is
whom
2.
alive,
whom
(he
must
offer
it
to
^'raddhas).
3.
While
his
grandfather are
at all.
father,
alive,
grandfather,
he must
offer
He
whose father Is dead (but whose grandfather is alive), must first of all offer a ball of rice to
his father, after that, two balls to the two ancestors
4.
coming before his grandfather (or to his great-grandfather and to his fourth ascendant).
He whose father and grandfather are dead
5.
whose
great-grandfather is alive), must first
(but
offer two balls to those two, and then offer one ball
to the grandfather of his grandfather.
7.
own
Nand. renders
this
I,
228.
VISHiVU.
240
He whose
LXXV,
6.
is
grandfather
and the
(uncles, brothers,
like,
must be performed)
without Mantras.
LXXVI.
The
'
and spring)
falls
ancestors
must be put
in,
LXXVI.
Gaut.
XV,
I.
M.
Ill,
I,
217, 260;
4-6.
I. Nand. infers from a passage of Ajvalayana (GnTiya-sutra II,
4, 3) that .Sraddhas to be offered on the day before each Ash/aka
are also intended here.
The
See, however, note on LXXIII, 9.
2; Apast. II,
7, 16,
day of
full
full
moon
moon
in the
in Ashad/ia., Karttika,
and Vaii'akha as
well, as indicated
LXXVII,
5RADDHAS.
9-
Thus have
2.
24 1
He who
been declared by the lord of creatures.
fails to perform a ^'raddha on those days, goes to
hell.
LXXVII.
The
1.
to another
2.
3.
4.
5.
sacrificer
born, or another
7.
has
creatures
which
lord of
^'raddha
pronounced optional
performed on these occasions gives
is
infi-
No
8.
when an
eclipse
time of an eclipse
the
moon and
satisfies
(I,
LXXVII.
8.
M.
6.
itself
(LXXVIII,
A^v. IV,
7,
i;
52).
^-ahkh.
IV,
4.
4.
This
is
are naimittika,
[7]
'
occasional' (Nand.)
VISHiVU.
242
LXXVIII,
I.
LXXVIII.
a ^'raddha on
By performing
1.
Sunday he
pro-
Monday he
becomes beloveds
(By performing
3.
it)
it)
success in battle.
(By performing
4.
his desires.
all
wealth.
(By performing
7.
it)
longevity.
it
(By performing
LXXVIII. 8-35. M.
Ill,
277; Y.
I,
264-267.
Y.
36-50. M.
Ill,
of the
kamya
sort,
i.
e.
'
desire.'
^
'
asterisms,
which
Thus
the term
name of
that
13,
is
LXXVIII,
5RADDHAS.
24.
243
it
under the constellation)
9. (By performing
Koh'mi (he obtains) progeny.
10. (By
performing it under the constellation)
Saumya
(or Mr/gajriras
good
16.
See
2,
note.
VISHiVU.
244
(By performing
25.
Apya
(or
LXXVIII,
25.
it
Purva.sha<^/^as
sea-voyages.
desires.
(By performing
27.
it
(he enjoys)
his desires.
all
preparing) salt ^
(By performing
30.
it
disease.
(By performing
31.
(or
Kg2i
it
vessels.
house.
(By performing
33.
it
he obtains) a horse.
35. (By performing it under the constellation)
Yamya (or Bhara;/t he procures) longevity.
36. (By offering it) on the first day of a lunar
fortnight (he procures) a house and handsome
A^vina
(or Ai"vini
wives.
29.
Lavawam means
herbs and
fruits.'
(Nand.)
either
'
'
salt
or
'
'
beauty
or
medicinal
LXXVIII,
5'RADDHAS.
49.
245
(By offering
37.
all his
it)
desires.
(By offering
39.
it)
cures) cattle.
(By offering
40.
handsome
on the
it)
fifth
sons.
(By offering
success in gaming.
42. (By offering
41.
it)
it)
(By offering
44.
it)
it)
cattle \
45.
(By offering
horses.
(By offering
46.
it)
(By
47.
cures) gold
offering
and
silver.
(By offering
48.
it)
it)
comes beloved.
(By offering
49.
all
enjoys)
it)
on
the
fifteenth
day (he
his desires.
'
mals.
48.
Y.
I,
But there
is
no
and
16.
'
which he proposes
See above.
in his
Commentary on
Sutras
VISHiVU.
246
50.
For ^raddhas
for
LXXVIII,
those
day
on
51. There are two stanzas
by the manes
50.
is
ordained.
'
52.
May
whosoever he may
be,
season
in the rainy
^'raddha
that excellent
on the thirteenth of
shadow of an elephant
falls
towards the
east.'
LXXIX.
1.
He
KS'raddha with
water
collected at night.
2.
On
failure
of
may
give) cotton
thread.
4.
He
it
though
must avoid
(giving) the
fringe of cloth,
And
plants,
and red
flowers.
'
^
The term pravr/Zkale, in the rainy season,' probably refers
one month only of the rainy season, the month Bhadrapada or
See above, LXXVI, i, and M. Ill, 273, 274, with
Praush///apada.
52.
to
Kulliika's
LXXIX.
leaves of the
quotes a text in support of his assertion, that the
Kadamba, Bfel, Ketaka, and Bakula trees, as well as those of the
included in this
LXXIX,
5RADDHAS.
i6.
He may give
6.
247
8.
9.
sesamum-oil.
horns) of
kinds (pre-
or
all
He may
10.
and
clarified butter.
He may
11.
wood, or
Padmaka wood
or the like
e.
14.
He
15.
Especially vessels
16.
He
made
of silver.
sacrificial
ground)
made
vessels
made
and copper vessels and other) purificatory objects, and (a goat and other animals or
objects), by which the demons are kept aloof.
grains, (silver
7.
cates.*
8.
'
ka.
indi-
(Nand.)
Or
ofva.' (Nand.)
13.
He must
spoon or
similar imple-
ment. (Nand.)
16.
According
to
ka.
tory things, viz. the following seven, milk, water from the Ganges,
honey, silken cloth, a grandson, blankets made of the hair of the
'
VISHiVU.
248
He
17.
must avoid
Mukundaka,
called)
to
LXXIX,
17.
leaves
(pumpkin- gourd
tree,
called)
And
18.
masha, (the
lentil
called)
factitious salt.
19.
He
He
20.
21.
wood
23.
'
24.
made
last
two
are,
however, already
The term
18. 'As shown by y^a, chick-peas and other grains and herbs
mentioned in a Smr/ti must also be avoided.' (Nand.)
This rule applies both to the sacrificer and to the guests at
19.
'
a ^'raddha.' (Nand.)
LXXX,
5RADDHAS.
14.
249
LXXX.
Sesamum,
1.
rice,
beans,
barley,
water,
roots,
fruits,
manes)
satisfy (the
rice,
for a
The
2.
flesh
months
5.
three
The
The
4.
for
months
may be
The
7.
months
months
spotted
for
seven
eight
months
10.
11.
The meat
months
of a
months
hornless
goat,
for
eleven
The
12.
deer,
9.
months
The
8.
of the
flesh
it,
for a year.
On
13.
the
manes
utter
which
LXXX.
1-14. M.
14.
This
is
the
Ill,
II, 8,
first
267-272
18,
13
Y.
I,
Gaut.
257-259; Apast.
XV,
II, 7,
15.
It
is
supported by Apastamba's
VISHiVU.
250
LXXXI,
I.
LXXXI.
He
He
He
He
1.
2.
3.
4.
of
must
must
must
must
sesamum
it.
away by means
or mustard-seeds.
5.
in
an enclosed
place.
He
6.
Nor
Nor
7.
9.
10.
at a
at a
woman
Nor
8.
her courses
in
tame pig
at a
dog
tame cock.
Let him strive to perform the ^'raddha
;
at a
in
sight of a goat.
11.
1
2.
13.
14.
15.
Nor^Stadras;
Nor
17.
outcasts.
Vi^nanejvara.
LXXXI.
4, 5.
XV,
2,
Gaut.
24.
XV, M.
25, 26.
18.
7,
Ill, 243.
M.
Ill,
229, 236-242.
20.
M.
Ill, 237.
20;
21-23.
Gaut.
M.
Ill,
244-246.
4. Nand. quotes the following Mantra, which has to be recited on
this occasion, 'The Asuras, the Rakshasas, and the Pi^aX'as have been
driven away.' A similar Mantra occurs in the Va^asan. Sawh. II, 29.
'
LXXXII,
5RADDHAS.
I.
25
As
20.
it.
all
and place
the manner
Ku^a
grass
mentioned) upon the blades of
dishes)
just
it
(in
(spread on the ground) is the share of such (Brahma;2as) as have died before they were initiated, and
who have
of husbands
from good
deserted wives
descended
families.
What
LXXXII.
I.
At
(whom he means
a Brahma7^a
LXXXII.
I,
2.
222-224; Apast.
M.
II, 7,
Ill, 149.
3-29.
to invite).
M.
^V,
Ill,
16-18.
150-166; Y.
I,
VISHiVU.
252
But at a (6'raddha
2.
must
as
enquire
qualities
means
LXXXII,
offering) to the
closely
as
possible
manes he
the
(into
2.
whom
he
to invite).
(by the
5.
6.
Nor astrologers
Nor Brahma;^as who
7.
them
parti-
8.
made
9.
10.
11.
12.
subsist
upon the
offerings
Nor
13.
village
15.
idol
Nor physicians;
Nor sons of an unmarried woman
Nor sons of the son of an unmarried woman
Nor those who sacrifice for a multitude of
persons
14.
an
to
those
who
offer
for a
sacrifices
whole
Nor
Nor
whom
it
those
those
for
is
and others);
Nor those
16.
7.
4.
Nor
The
for
whom
the ceremony of
been performed
those
particle
-^a,
who
initia-
sacrifice for
such
according to Nand., in
this
Sutra, refers to
'
LXXXIII,
Nor
Nor
Nor
Nor
18.
19.
20.
21.
for a fee
22.
5RADDHAS.
2.
who do work on
those
holidays
informers
mahgnant
those who teach (the Veda) for a fee
those who have been taught (the Veda)
;
who
those
outcast
them
23.
Nor
a .Sudra
by
253
an
with
intercourse
evening prayers
26.
28.
29.
their
morning and
'
'
27.
neglect
them
at a ^'raddha.
LXXXIII.
1.
The
2.
27. See
The
29.
mentioned
of his
Tri?^a/^iketa
LXIV,
5,
particle
2.
note.
ka.
in a Smrz'ti
LXXXIII. 1-19. M.
who
before,
Apast.
company
II, 7, 17,
to carry out
Ill,
22; Gaut.
dead bodies.
(Nand.)
128-148, 183-186; Y.
XV,
I,
219-221;
28.
Tri^?a/l'iketa
One who
i.
One
has studied.
2 54
VISHJVU.
3.
4.
sh.thdi
five fires
sing the
LXXXIII,
3.
Samans
called
GyQ-
6.
One
9.
grimage
10.
1 1.
12.
13.
tras
purified
Sacred Law);
by
One
One
One
One
purified
purified
purified
purified
by offering sacrifices
by austere devotion
by veracity
by (constantly muttering) Man;
14.
15.
of the
16.
in
Tria/^iketa.
Grammar
7.
the
Biihler's
Introduction to the
Bombay
Digest, p.
xii
seq.
See above, LVI, 23, and Dr. Biihler's note on Apast, loc. cit.
Nand. proposes another interpretation also of the term Trisupar/za,
one who has thrice kindled a fire in honour of Suparwa.'
16.
'
LXXXIV,
17.
5RADDHAS.
4-
son-in-law
And
255
persons
are
There
20.
21.
'May
is
which refers to
this subject
that
manes,
man be born
to
our race,
who
LXXXIV.
He
1.
must not
offer
a .Sraddha in a
inhabited by barbarians.
He must not visit a
2.
country inhabited by
bathing
in)
country, he
country
from
(or
becomes equal
to
its
inhabitants.
of the Aryans).
18. According to Nand., the particles ^a and iti refer to the sister's
son and other relatives, as enumerated by Ya^navalkya I, 220, 221.
LXXXIV.
3.
Kz
refers to pools
castes.'
(Nand.)
Aryavarta is the name of the whole tract of land which
extends from the eastern to the western ocean, and is bounded by
the Himalayas and by the Vindhya mountains in the north and
4.
south.
See
Manu
VISHiVU.
256
LXXXV,
r.
LXXXV.
And
2.
so
offering of
austerities in that place.
3.
purified from
The same
4.
.drsha
5.
6.
7.
at
Pushkara he
is
his sins.
all
effect
may be produced
at
Caya-
And
And
And
LXXXV.
of the term,
I.
is
the
'
in
Nand.
states that
'This
is
It
mounseems
LXXXV,
5'RADDHAS.
23.
And anywhere
8.
257
(Nerbudda) river;
9. And on the bank of the Yamuna (Jumna)
10. And, particularly, on the
Gariga
11. And at Ku^avarta
12. And at Binduka
13. And upon the Nilgiri
hills;
14. And at Kanakhala
15. And at KubAnd
16.
on
the
^amra;
Bhr/guturiga (mountain)
18. And on the
17. And at Kedara
Mahalaya
(mountain); 19. And on the Na^'antika (river); 20.
And on the Sugandha (river) 21. And at ^Sakam;
And
22.
bhari;
at Phalgutirtha
23.
And on
the
'
near Nasik).
There
is
one Kanakhala
in the
There
is
one plain of
Haridvar. (Nand.)
16. This is the
name of
name
that
in Orissa,
and another
in
Amara-
17.
18. 19.
20.
This
is
(Nand.)
21. ^S^akambhari
on the
22. 'Phalgutirtha
is
'
23. Mahagafiga,
[7]
the
is
desert of Marude^a,
salt lake.'
lies
'in
the
(Nand.)
the
great Gahga,'
is
the Alakananda
river
LXXXV,24.
VISHiVU.
258
And at Trihalikagrama
25.
24.
Mahaganga;
Prabhasa
at
And
26.
Kumaradhara
27.
And at
And particularly anywhere on (the bank of) the
;
Sarasvati
At Gahgadvara (Haridvar),
habad), where the Ganga falls
28.
constantly in
at
Prayaga (Allathe
into
ocean,
and especially
at Benares;
And at Agastyd^rama
And at Ka;^va^rama (on the Malini river)
And on the Kaimki (Kosi river)
And on the bank of the Sarayti (Surju river
29.
30.
31.
32.
in
Oudh)
And on
33.
^S'o;^a
(Sone)
its
rise in the
Ganges.
24. 'Trihalikagrama means
Himalayas and
falls
There
-S'alagrama.
is
into the
another
by mighty
mountain (see Vayu-purawa) or Kumaradhara is situated near the
southern ocean in the plain of Ishupata. (Nand.)
26. Prabhasa is the name of a Tirtha near Dvaraka, on the
;
Regarding the
and Manu
28.
II, 17.
The Naimisha
'
29.
Agastyajrama
bank of
river Sarasvati
the
Sarasvati.
There
is
Vindhya
range.
(Nand.)
situated near
is
is
Gyotiratha. (Nand.)
34.
The
of -Siva)
is
LXXXV,
.SRADDHAS.
53.
And
35.
which
is
called)
And
36.
at
in the
tains,
And
And
37.
38.
259
Kalodaka,
Uttaramanasa
on the Yamuna,
Kedar moun-
the
(in
Himalayas).
at Vart'ava (in the Dekhan).
at Matarigavapi (in the southern
part
of Gaya);
39.
41.
42.
43.
'
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
40.
Nand. places
this
is
per-
misha
44.
The Gomati
forest.
The
Lucknow)
rises in the
Nai-
(Nand.)
Vetravati (the
is
situ-
45-49.
The Vipa^a
(Sutlej),
51. This
Dekhan
is
the
name
S 2
LXXXV,
VISHiVU.
26o
54.
55.
Rama,
(such as
,154.
Krishns.,
and others)
And on sand-banks;
58. And on mountains
'
64.
which refer to
this subject
recited
by the manes,
65.
May
(coming
man be born
to our race,
Gaya^irsha
'
66.
who
May
that excellent
or at Va/a.'
man must
a horse-sacrifice, or
at
hberty\ (he
through him.)
if
will
acquire
final
emancipation
LXXXVI.
r.
Now
liberty,
2.
3.
setting a bull at
amine the
65.
ceremony of
follows the
bull.
means
'
a place close
such places.
(Nand.)
^
67.
LXXXVI.
i-i 8. Par. Ill, 9; ^ankh. Ill, 11. Regarding the corresponding section of the Ka/j^aka Gnliya-siitra, see Introduction.
LXXXVI,
26 1
i-RADDHAS.
12.
(The
7.
Or
bull
tail,
He
'
Here
bull
is
pleasure
".'
And
let
bull
'
words),
The
beginning with
Mantras,
'
the
words),
bring him
'
near, together
must not be
with
four
the
May
must
young cows,
deficient in
the bull
I. e.
is
'
'
who
coloured
the
'
a bull
Brahmawa kind;'
is all
2.
'
sutra.
9.
^Rig-vedaVI,
Asy. IV,
II.
6,
&c.
Taitt.
;5'ahkh. loc.
54, 5, &c.
Sawh. V,
cit.
^Va^as.
VIII,
&c. Rig-veda X,
Sa;?/h.
51;
6, i, i, 2,
9,
Ka//^.
4-8, &c.
262
VISHiVU.
LXXXVI,
13.
Then
13.
four feet
him
your
May we
much
Any
19.
12.
Nand.
13.
It is
Taitt.
found
S^mh. IV,
i.
KM. XIII,
See LVI,
7.
Mantra
from the
is
3,9,2;
KMaka.
Km. Gnhya-
XLVII.
sutra
15.
^This term
proceeding.'
refers
See Narada
16.
is
i-i
5,
after
i,
11;
&c.
i,
2, 9.
The second
half of this
Mantra
Gnliya-sutra only.
18.
The
'
sutras.
fed,'
LXXXVII,
PIOUS GIFTS.
5.
at
263
that
liberty,
liberty.
The
20.
bull
earth which
exulting
delicious food
in
his
is
and drink
LXXXVII.
Now
He
5.
upon
must place
all
sorts of
it.
LXXXVII.
I.
The
'
particle
atha,
It comprises Chapters
a
(Nand.) The commentator infers from corresthe
that
following further
ponding passage of the Matsya-pur^wa,
The ceremony may also taj^e place
rules are implied in this Sutra.
gifts.
LXXXVII-XCIII.
on the full moon days in the months Magha, Karttika, and Ashaa^a,
on the twelfth day after the summer solstice, and during an eclipse of
The silver on the hoofs must weigh five Palas,
the sun or moon.
and the gold on the horns ten Suvarwas (or two Palas and a half).
The place must be pure, smeared with cow-dung, and covered
with Ku^a grass.
The Skanda-puraa states that the eyes must be adorned
3.
'
5.
upon
And
it,
as
indicates.'
(Nand.)
VISHiVU.
264
LXXXVII,
6.
After having placed on its four sides (beginthe eastern side) four metalHc dishes
6.
ning with
and gold respecwith milk, sour milk, honey, and claributter respectively, (and having poured out
There are
7.
this subject
*
in
two garments.
He who
9.
it
with
all
if
together with
the
rocks, groves,
and
'He who
all
his
1.
own
evil actions.'
Lxxxvni.
one
is
By bestowing such
2.
after
the
cow
same reward as
(upon him).
6.
'
LXXXVIII.
4.
Y.
I,
206.
XC,
PIOUS GIFTS.
2.
There
'
4.
265
is
One who
cation of
heaven
that
for as
bodies.'
LXXXIX.
The month
1.
Karttika
sacred
is
to
the
god
Agni.
the
2.
Agni
3.
Therefore
is
is
first
of
that
man
all
gods.
month Karttika
persists during
in
oblations.
He who
4.
in the
Karttika,
trol,
oblations
purified
only,
from every
his
passions,
is
sin.
XC.
1.
If
on the
By
salt,
to a Brahma?2a.
i.
7.
M. IV,
232.
266
ViSHiVU.
If
3.
on the
moon
the
moon day
XC,
3.
month Pausha
enters the lunar asterism Pushya, he must
full
of the
made
Bhagavat Vasudeva (Vish;^u) with clariand worship him with perfumes, flowers,
with
a lamp, with eatables, and the like 2,
incense,
offer an oblation in the fire with Mantras tendinof to
the praise of Vish;m (such as Rig-veda I, 22, 17, and
others). Mantras tending to the praise of Indra
(such as Rig-veda VI, 47, 11, and others). Mantras
image
of)
fied butter,
tending to the praise of Brz'haspati (such as Rigveda II, 23, 15, and others, and with one Mantra
tending to the praise of Agni Svish/akm), and
cause three Brahma;/as to pronounce the benedic-
having bestowed
tion, after
clarified butter
and gold
upon them ^
To
4.
moon
the
moon day
Magha and he
sesamum on
that day, he
purified.
^
3.
3
month Magha
in the
The
<
'
means
'
betel.'
(Nand.)
'
See Wilson, On the Religious FestiHindus, in the Royal Asiatic Society's Journal, IX, 89.
This is a play upon words. See LXXVIII, 8, note, and
5.
XC,
PIOUS GIFTS.
14.
If
7.
on the
moon day
full
in
267
the
month Phalguna
moon
the
A woman
8.
who does
9.
the
on the
moon
full
qualities).
moon day
of the
month
A!'aitra
the
If
on the
moon
full
Vaii-akha
the
in
sesamum
his sins.
moon day
full
moon
enters
the
of the
lunar
month
asterism
possessed of
12.
many
on
If
the
cows.
full
moon day
of the
month
moon
is
them imperishable.
moon day of the month
seen
If
on the
full
moon day
and the
like.'
(Nand.)
of the
(to
month Praush-
curtains
268
VISHiVU.
XC,
moon
is
15.
seen in con-
Karttika the
tika,
moon
Km-
at the time of
7.
he
will
If
Om
8.
And
imperishable.
19.
If
fol-
17.
19.
is
called Sha/tiladana
XC,
PIOUS GIFTS.
26.
269
ma;^as of
it,
and eats
is
day of the dark half following on the full moon day of the month Magha, (the
moon enters Sra.va.7m), he must keep a fast till the
moon has entered that asterism, and place two lamps
with two large wicks near (an image of ) Vasudeva
21. Placing on the right hand (of the image of
Vasudeva, and kindling, a lamp) containing one
hundred and eight Palas of clarified butter, with an
;
dyed
in
(And
placing)
it.
He who
has performed this rite obtains exquisite happiness, in whatever kingdom, in whatever
province, and in whatever race he may be born
23.
again.
24.
He who
25.
He who
(three)
works
it
cit.
The name
of the
all
latter is
ceremony
of which Tila,
i.
e.
VlSHiVU.
270
with
sugar
order to
in
butter,
XC,
please
(the
goddess)
27.
clarified
Revati,
obtains beauty.
He who
ma;^as with
sour
He
Dharma on
month,
is
purified
from every
sin.
One
desirous of obtaining the manifold advantages attending an eclipse of the sun or moon
must constantly bathe in the mornings during the
29.
XCI.
The
thirst,
world).
4.
He who
his sons
5.
in
(He gladdens)
fruits to
7.
XCI.
blossoms to them.
them
(He
14.
his
guests by
their
(giving)
Y.
I,
211,
15, 16.
M.
IV,
229.
17, 18. Y.
I,
209.
XCII,
PIOUS GIFTS.
I.
271
10.
place
builder of temples enters the dwellingof that deity to whom he has erected a
temple.
He who
He who
13.
14.
15.
By
By
By
sight
cow.
18.
is
also obtained
by scour-
when
feet,
sick.
them.
xcn.
Protecting (one attacked by robbers, or by
tigers, or otherwise in danger) is more meritorious
I.
I,
2.
gift.
M. IV, 232; Y.
I,
211.
3.
M. IV, 230.
5.
M.
VISHiVU.
272
XCII,
2.
By doing
2.
(after
3.
reward).
By
4.
is
purified
He who
her body
if it is
Particularly,
9.
virtue to)
8, 9.
12,13.
19, 20.
21.
211,
Y.
I,
M. IV, 232
210.
27.
Y.
I,
Y.
I,
Y.
211.
I,
is
(equal in
10. Y. I, 210.
204, 205.
210.
13, 14. M. IV, 230.
21-23.
M. IV,
229, 232.
I,
M.
IV, 230.
Nand. defines a bull's hide
31.
'
4.
brown cow.
He who
10.
Hastas (see X,
V, 183.
2,
'
as a
See, however,
Palas,
and she
weigh
fifty
'
9.
shall
Palas.
The meaning
is,
that a
his ancestors
(Nand.)
(I,
205)
>,
XCII,
PIOUS GIFTS.
27-
The
11.
273
Agni
(the
14.
By
god of
fire).
(rtapa).
By
15.
By
he may
The same by
17.
desire.
giving
oil
(he
(boiled
or otherwise
dressed) drugs.
18.
By
charms
(lava;2ya).
By giving grain (produced in the rainy seaas ^'yamaka grain, he acquires) satiation
such
son,
19.
20.
The same
21.
is
(effect
obtained) by giving grain
in
or
winter
(produced
spring, such as wild turmeric
or wheat).
giver
of food (obtains)
all
the rewards
(enumerated above).
giving grain (of any of the kinds not
mentioned before, such as Kulattha or Kodrava
22.
grain,
By
23.
giver of
as he desires.
24.
sesamum
tive power;
25.
26.
27.
[7]
And
By
By
he obtains victory
in every fight.
a
seat
(he obtains) high rank.
giving
giving a bed (of the kind declared above,
VISHiVU.
74
XCII, 28.
XC,
7,
By
30.
By
prosperity in travelling.
of
giving a house (he receives) the post
governor of a town.
in this
32. Whatever a man is most fond of
By
31.
XCIII.
What
is
fruit.
given) to
fruit.
8. M.
XCIII. 1-4. M. VII, 85; Gaut.V,2o.
7. M.IV, 192.
IV, 195.
9-13. M. IV, 196-200.
I.
The term abrahmaa (one not a Brahmawa) refers to KshaDr. Biihler's renderand
the Uke.' Kulluka on M.VII, 85.
triyas
this
with
20
of
Gautama
Nand., on
V,
interpretation.
agrees
ing
the other hand, refers the term abrahmawa to six kinds of Brah-
'
XCIII,
4.
PIOUS GIFTS.
12.
(What
given) to one
is
275;
the
infinite fruit.
own employer
6.
And
7.
sister, a daughter and sons-inlaw (or other connections claim gifts from their
brother, father, &c., but not from a stranger).
so
may
a Brahma;^a
who
his duty
man who
water to a twice-born
one who.
One who
and who
crane.
10.
those
Those who
who
Andhatamisra
If a
11.
on
and
offence
and does
penance
for
^'udras.
the next
life
10.
'
See XLIII,
3.
VISHiVU.
276
XCIII,
13.
One who
He
gifts),
XCIV.
r.
become
to live in a forest.
2.
Or
must do
(he
so)
when he
his son.
3.
forest) entrust
let
her accom-
fires in his
new abode
as before.
He
5.
I,
2.
9.
9,
9,
perform the
five sacri-
XCIV.
11, 9, 22, 8,
6.
to
M.VI, 18; Y.
Ill,
22, 24.
M.VI,
13.
15; Y.
Ill,
47; Apast.
II, 9,
XCV,
HERMIT,
2.
:277
(fruits, herbs,
or roots) growing wild.
6.
He must not rehnquish the private recitation
of the Veda.
fices,
He
He
He
evening.
11.
He
must
He who
for a
month, or he must
xcv.
An
1.
practice of austerities.
In
2.
himself to five
fires.
6.
The use of
the particle
Jka,
mentioned by
Manu
(VI,
18),
that
he should gather
months.
xcv,
VISHiVU.
278
3.
in
He may
7.
9.
11.
He may
eat
roots.
Or he may
A'andrayawa.
14.
15.
16.
He
shall
Or he
deities
devotion for
its
by
all
effected
6,
its
may be accomplished
nothing that may not be
that
Is
by devotion.
Ya^^^navalkya (III,
month or an
entire
particle
month.
that he may
13.
particle va, according to Nand., implies
also perform K.rtkkhrzi, as ordained by Ya^iiavalkya (III, 50).
The
ASCETIC.
XCVI,9.
279
XCVI.
After having passed through the first three
1.
orders and annihilated passion, he must offer an
oblation to Pra^pati, in which he bestows all his
wealth (upon priests) as fee for the performance of
the sacrifice, and enter the order of ascetics.
own mind,
his
2.
to collect alms,
wooden
vessel, or in a
food) in an earthen
bowl, or in a vessel made
of the bottle-gourd.
He must cleanse those vessels with water.
8.
He
9.
salu-
tation.
XCVI.
58.
M. VI,
7, 8.
4.
I. M.VI, 38
M.VI, 57.
54,
53
Y.
6.
Y.
Ill, 56.
M. VI, 56
Ill, 60.
9.
2.
Y.
M. VI,
Ill,
M. VI,
38,
59
58.
43
Y.
Ill, 56,
14-17.
1 1.
M. VI,
44.
M.VI, 46.
47.
23. Y. Ill, 53 Mahabharata
201.
Y.
Ill,
25-42. M.VI, 61-64;
I, 4605. 24. M.VI, 49;
Y. Ill, 63, 64.-43. Y. Ill, 72.
45-50. M.VI, 76, 77- 51,
54-79. Y. Ill, 70, 84-90. 80-88. Y. Ill, 100-104. 89, 91- Y.
18.
M.VI,
45.
19, 20.
M.VI,
Y.
92. Y. 96-99.-93-95. Y.
97. M. XII, 12; Y. 178. 97,
179.
93-95-
Ill,
Ill,
Ill, 91,
Ill,
Ill,
98.
92.-96.
Bhagavad-
gita XIII,
'
4.
Manu
it,
as
28o
VISHiVU.
He
must
XCVI,
lO.
an empty house.
hve
at the root of a tree.
(he must)
He must not stay for more than one night
10.
live in
Or
11.
12.
it)
with a cloth.
He
He
He
16.
17.
18.
life.
long)
He
He
He
He
19.
20.
21.
22.
10.
Empty' means 'inhabited by no one else,' and implies that
the house in question should be situated in a dark
place, difficult of
access. (Nand.)
'
11.
'The
article
live
there
rules,
alone/
(Nand.)
14, 15.
should not
same
some
'
lest
he
insect.'
to him,
upon
act as his
to do.
(Nand.)
he must not utter a benediction when
he has been reverentially saluted by any one. He must confine
himself to saying, " O Narayaa."
Others explain, that he must
21.
'
The meaning
is,
that
XCVI,
281
ASCETIC.
3d.
the other.
He
his breath,
age
28.
And upon
30.
On
the
having to dwell
in
an embryo, covered
"
wise than by saying,
Narayawa." Others explain, that he must
not make an obeisance in begging food.' (Nand.)
that
24. Nand. quotes a passage of the Yogajastra, which states
burg
Dictionary) states
that
one Dharaa
= sixteen
in the Peters-
Prawayamas.
ordinary acceptation of retention of an idea' (cf Wilson, Vishu-puraa V, 237) with regard
to an analogous passage of Ya^iiavalkya (III, 201), which is also
I
its
quoted by Nand.
28. According to Nand., the particle kz. is used to include
other diseases, love, anxiety or wrath, caused by enemies, and
other mental pangs.
and dread of
29. Tiiey are, ignorance, egotism, love, wrath,
temporal suffering (Nand., according to Patan^ali). The particle
to Nand., is used in order to imply meditation upon
/6a, according
the thousand births which man has to pass through, as stated by
Y%5avalkya
(III, 64).
2S2
VISHiVU.
31.
and
And
faeces
on
(his
XCVI,3i.
On
embryo
is
coming
from the narrowness of the womb
34. On his ignorance and his dependency upon
his (parents and other) Gurus in childhood
35. On the manifold anxieties arising from the
study of the Veda (and from the other obligations
forth
of a student)
And
On
whom we
hate,
and
And
40.
(And
is
of a transient
he who
(And
that)
is
XCVI,
ASCETIC.
57.
He
43.
must recognise
283
human frame
this
to
Those
44.
serum of
elements
are,
adeps,
blood,
flesh,
flesh,
45.
It is
46.
And
of (the above-named)
impure substances (adeps and the rest).
it
the
47.
It
48.
receptacle
pleasures,
subject to change.
is
Though
49.
the
is
is
like), it
It is the stay
50.
folly, pride,
and
and
selfishness.
51.
It consists
52.
It
is
53.
is
endowed with
the
of
quality
ra^as
(passion).
54.
It
is
55.
It
is
sixty bones.
They are
The teeth
56.
57.
sixty-four in number.
The particle
human body is
46.
the
48.
kz,
defiled
'The meaning
is
that,
may
'
;
water,'
'
'
fire,'
i.
e.
vital airs
i.
e.
the blood
(Nand.)
284
VISHiVU.
XCVI,
58.
58.
hands and
feet (one at the root of each finger and toe).
60. There are sixty joints to the fingers and toes.
61. There are two (bones) to the two heels.
59.
There
There
There
There
62.
63.
64.
65.
to the
cheeks.
66.
the shoulders.
tion.
69.
70.
71.
side).
72.
to
75.
76.
the nose-bone.
'
ar-
'
76.
'There are
which makes
in all
XCVI,
ASCETIC.
91.
285
arteries).
nerves),
84.
Of
fifty-six.'
and of
there are
dred
and
forty-six
millions
and seven
hundred
thousand).
The
dwells
in
90. The two arms, the two legs, the belly, and
the head are the six limbs.
left lung, the navel, the
the
the
liver,
right lung,
spleen, the small cavity of
the heart, the kidneys, the bladder, the rectum, the
91.
286
VISHiVU.
XCVI,
92.
vital
at the
upper
^
palate, and
'
'
places
(of
in the
body.
Sound, tangibility, form or colour, savour,
and odour are the (five) objects of sense.
94. Nose, eye, skin, tongue, and ear are the
energy)
93.
(five)
organs of perception.
95.
Hands,
indiscrete
are
'
^
The use of the particle kz. implies, according
Dictionary.
to Nand., that the feet, hands, and other Hmbs mentioned in an
analogous passage of Y%navalkya (III, 99) have also to be
new
'
^
Nand. interprets avyaktam, the indiscrete,' by pradhanam,
96.
Both terms are in the Sahkhya system of philothe chief one.'
sophy synonyms of
everything
else.'
prakn'ti,
'that
!XCVII,
MEDITATION ON VISHiVU.
I.
knower of the
'the
subject,
field'
287
Self
(i.e.
or
Soul).
Know
98.
me,
fields
all
Those
shoot).
striving
after
final
emancipation
'
XCVII.
Sitting with the feet stretched out and crossed
as to touch the thighs, with the right hand
I.
so
tate
is
separate
from
the
twenty-four entities,
XCVII.
Self,
Y.
I.
treats of the
Ill,
means
198-200.
Y.
9.
at
The
'
I.
twenty-four
(it
in the
Sahkhya
tions evolved
The
"
(the soul),
who
is
neither
"
root-principle
composed of
(i)
the three qualities in equipoise sattva, ra^as, and tamas (the most
accurate rendering of these terms is perhaps that proposed by Elliot,
"
"
pure unimpassioned virtue," "passion," and depravity inclining to
evil." See Fitz-Edward Hall, Preface to Sahkhyaprava-^anabhashya,
is
p. 44).
sion. (3)
The " great entity " (Mahat) is the cause of apprehenThe " self-consciousness " (ahawkara) is the cause of refer-
(2)
288
VISHi^rU.
He who
2.
is
eternal,
XCVII,
2.
immense
He who
3.
size,
pervades
everything,
and who
is
devoid of form,
4. Whose hands and feet are everywhere, whose
eyes, head, and face are everywhere, and who is
able to apprehend everything with
Thus let him meditate.
5.
all
the senses.
6.
Supreme),
If he
7.
is
unable to
fix his
objects to self. (4-8) The "subtile elementary particles "(tanmatras) are identical with sound, tangibility, form, taste, and odour.
(9-19) The eleven senses (i.e. the organs of perception and action
ring
all
enumerated
(20-24) the
in
CXVI,
five
(Nand.)
2, 3. According to Nand., all the properties of Purusha mentioned in this Sutra are such as distinguish him from the rest of
'
the entities, the first two distinguishing him from self-conscious-
ness
the
'
him from
composed of three
'
root-principle
(mulaprakn'ti), which
is
qualities, &c.
4.
The
properties
of Purusha here
mentioned are
'
faculties
'
(Nand.)
6.
The
XCVII,
MEDITATION ON VISHiVU.
12.
destitute of form \ he
earth, water,
the indiscrete
ether,
air,
fire,
289
mind,
self^,
intellect,
and Purusha * having fully apprehended one, he must dismiss it from his thoughts
and fix his mind upon the next one in order.
8. In this way let him arrive at meditation upon
:
^,
Purusha.
9.
down.
10. If he cannot do that either, he must meditate
upon Bhagavat Vasudeva (Vish;^u), who is adorned
with a diadem, with ear-rings, and with bracelets,
who has the (mystic mark) ^Srivatsa and a garland
of wood-flowers on his breast, whose aspect is
pleasing,
the
who has
the
discus,
whose
four arms,
mace,
who
and the
holds the
shell,
and
lotus-flower,
by the
earth.
11.
by a man
that
is
obtained
such is the
future existence)
meditation.
of
mysterious power
12. Therefore must he dismiss everything perish-
7.
^The term
refers to
(in
Purusha here
(of.
an epithet of 'Brahman.'
according to Nand., mean
consciousness' (ahawkara),
(avyaktam) means
'
the chief
XCVI,
to mean
and in 13. 15
clearly from Sutra
'
and
'self (atman),
'
cf.
'root-principle' (see
Siitra
'Intellect' (buddhi)
'
note on Sutra
one
i.
'
(pradhanam),
Nand.
*
96).
(mahat)
'The
i.
e.
and
'
self-
indiscrete'
the
Sahkhya
it
appears
9.
Nand.
[7]
as
interprets the
'
self.'
VISHiVU.
290
XCVII,
13.
is
imperishable only.
There
13.
is
rusha.
14. Having become united with him (through
constant meditation), he obtains final liberation.
15. Because the great lord pervades the whole
universe (pura), as he
is
upon the
In the
16.
is
Supreme
Spirit).
first
who
(sattva,
ra^as,
of (the
destitute
is
and tamas
^)
three)
and the
qualities
twenty-fifth
entity.
17.
He
(or
is
it)
composed of the
entities,
yond
beall
of) qualities.
It exists
18.
16.
17.
See Sutra
i,
and explained as a
'
note.
Thus according
independent of
var. lect.
6'akti,
by Nand.
power,
i.
e.
which
is
mentioned
He
are
CONCLUSION.
2.
XCVIII,
It
19.
from
not distinct
is
29 1
and yet
creation,
it
annifrom it in outward appearance
hilates and produces by turns (the world), which
consists of everything that has been, that will be,'
distinct
and that
20.
is.
termed the
It is
and the enemy of darkness (ignorance), it is knowledge, it should be known, it may be understood (by
Thus
21.
it
meditation),
the
'
in spirit.
XCVIII.
When
1.
had finished
Vish;ai
2.
O Bhagavat Four (out of the five) grosser
elements^ are receiving their support from thee, and
are constantly about thee the ether, in the form of
'
the shell
in
fire,
the
air,
in the
lotus.
Now
form of the
my own
thee, in
upon
also desire
to attend
21.
'
ledge
The
in
'field'
XCVII,
I,
and
'
(Nand.)
XCVIII.
I.
Vish;?u's speech
is
(Nand.)
2.
The
fifth
grosser
element
note.
is
the earth.
See XCVII,
i,
VISHiVU.
292
XCVIII,
3.
'
And
follows)
'
6.
'
7.
the
'
8.
'
9.
10.
'
and destroys)
11.
12.
13.
end
'
'There
is
in thee.
*
14.
*
15.
'
16.
'
preserves,
at will.
7.
'
18.
'
19.
of
the world.
'
20.
'
21.
Thou
Thou
trees grow).
the god (or brilliant one) who is
final
for
those
religious merit, gain, love, or
striving
sought by
The same interpretation is given by ^Sankara
liberation.' (Nand.)
10.
The ordinary
his Commentary on the Vish;m-sahasranama.
meaning of Kamadeva is 'the god of love.'
15, 16. Nand. renders the terms supra^apati and mahapra^a-
in
pati
'
as Kajyapa)
(Brahman).'
'
XCVIII,
2 2.
CONCLUSION.
40.
293
'Thou
'Thou
milk.
23.
it
25.
'Thou
the sky.
26.
'
'
27.
2S.
'
'
29.
'
30.
'
31.
'
32.
33.
'Thou
art attainable
Thou
'Thou
art
by knowledge (medita-
tion).
'
34.
35.
invoked at many
(offerings).
many (hymns
of the
Veda).
'
36.
'
37.
'
38.
Thou
Thou
Thou
likest
everything sacred.
art fond of
Brahman
(the Veda).
Brahma-
kayas.
'
39.
'
40.
Maharajas.
30.
Nand.
'
mahara^ika by
and he whose immense
'
and
YISHNU.
294
'
41
'
42.
'
43.
'
44.
Thou
Thou
Thou
Thou
XCVIII,
41.
art
most brilUant
art the
45.
'
46.
*
47.
Thou
Thou
Thou
art
most blessed.
art tone.
Tushita (or
art
"
satisfied with
the
49.
Thou
").
art
world).
'
50.
'
51.
'
52.
'
53.
'
54.
'
55.
'
56.
'
57.
'
58.
he refers the
of which Purusha
is
He
Thus Nand.
Compare
56, note.
I,
'
most
wise,' is
54. This
mentioned
'
acquisition, insight,'
and meaning
inadmissible.
'
sacrifice.'
XCVIII,
CONCLUSION.
78.
Thou
Thou
'
59.
'
60.
space).
61.
'Thou
295
art VaikimZ/za.
art
unbounded (both
time
in
and
and intelHgence).
'
62.
'
63.
'
64.
*
65.
'
66.
'
67.
'
68.
'
69.
'
70.
71.
72.
'
75.
'
76.
'
77.
'
78.
thy hand).
of lotus-flowers.
senses.
the
name
of Vishnu's paradise.
"thou hearest the sacred revelation."
70. 'I.e.
"
Or
sukisravak
'
73.
latter interpretation is
is
proposed by 5ahkara
also,
and
khanda.para.su
a very
78.
in his descent as
VISHiVU.
296
Thou
Thou
79.
'
80.
XCVIII,
79.
81.
'
teacher of the
Saiikhya.
88.
Thou
everywhere.
the giver of virtue.
Thy powers
89. Thou
87.
art virtue.
are
art
Thou
Vish;^u.
Thou
95.
98.
art
Thou
97.
fish,
is
gratified,
said to have
(Nand.)
79. This
I
96. Thou
others).
the lotus -eyed god.
had been
art
everywhere.
(the extremities
Naraya;m
beings.
102.
triumphant
and any
cold
art Krishna.
Thou
art
and
heat
of
Thou
94.
epithet
and
after she
refers
to Vish;m's
Manu
behind him.
boar-incarnation.
See
I,
seq.
Vishwu
in this
chapter are precisely equal in number to the ninetywhich the law part of the Vishwu-sfitra is composed.
six chapters, of
This coincidence
For
it is
is
by a highly
it
is
Nand. makes
Brahman and
all.
the
XCIX,
CONCLUSION.
4.
297
(Vish;^ii)
XCIX.
1.
After having seen ^'ri (Lakshmi), the goddess
of the earth, highly pleased, questioned (in the following manner) that goddess, who was stroking the
feet of Vish;/u, the god of the gods, who was shining
was radiant
like
melted gold.
2.
as the
ful
waist has
Thy
lotus.
moon; thou
is immense
thy
thy robe
is
white
thy face
is
thy body
of the world.
'
Thou
^'ri
is
The
4.
'
four objects of
human
its gratification),
artha,
gain,'
are,
kama,
final
she
all.
is
(Nand.)
'
desire
'
(and
and moksha,
called Lakshmi, because
She is called Sr^, because
dharma, religious
merit,'
The goddess is
emancipation.'
the aim (lakshyate) of all beings.
she serves Purushottama (Vishu), or because she
'
art victory
'
pursuit
'
'
all
the conse-
is
the resort of
VISHJVU.
298
thou art beauty
prosperity
expression
'Thou
5.
XCIX,
purifier.
stability)
from
sacrifices
'
6.
As
the
first
the whole aggregate of the three worlds (sky, atmosphere, and earth), even so doest thou, O black-eyed
bestower of gifts. Yet I inquire for the dwelling, in
8.
spread out.
(I reside) in that cloud, from which
the waters of the rain pour down, in that cloud
is
6.
Lakshmi
because she
is
is
said to pervade
everything, hke Vishwu himself,
i. e. his
energy or active power personi-
his ^akti,
(Nand.)
XCIX,
CONCLUSION,
i6.
which
.299
(I
spotless
(I
reside) in bright
gems and
reside)
in
gold and
that
forth.
silver,
and
in
in
is
cow-dung,
in
deities.
a noble ele-
phant
Veda.
*I
12.
reside
in
throne,
in
an
Amalaka
*I
fire,
and
in
painted
fans
(halls),
in
in
14.
in the
body of a married
honey,
woman,
in
'(I
in
reside)
Veda,
the marriage ceremony, in a sacrifice, in a bridegroom, in one who has washed his head, in white
flowers, in mountains, in fruits, in (islets in the
VISHA^U.
300
XCIX,
17.
in
streams.
larofe
'
17.
(I
waters, and
wood abounding
born
in
infant, in a suckling, in
in
one exulting
in joy, in
'(I reside) in
usages, in
20.
'
in
CONCLUSION.
C, 4-
order,
good
3OI
oblations.
22.
reside) in
'(I
the house
who
control,
23.
C.
1.
will
act
heaven.
It purifies
2.
from
sin, it is
auspicious,
it
leads to
3.
desirous of prosperity.
This most sublime, mysterious collection of
[4.
doctrines has been proclaimed to thee,
goddess
In a kindly spirit and for the best of
of the earth.
23.
^See
See
C.
2.
4.
This
tion
I,
promulgated)
this
body of
51.
XCIX,
4, note.
made by
eternal
modern
copyist,
i.
It is
not
be an addi-
commented upon
in
302
laws,
VISH2VU.
which
is
C,
conducive to happiness,
the
4.
best
means of
saubhagyam
is
whole passage
used
is
like
an
adjective.
a detached hemistich.
5.
The
first
part of the
GENERAL INDEX.
the pages in the Introduction and Notes.
p. refers to
8.
xxiv; XXXVI, 7.
Astrologers, iii, 75; Lxxxii, 7.
Atheism, p. xxx
ix, 31; p. 135;
xxxvii, 31 Liv, 15.
;
Auspicious objects,
p.,
xxx; LXili,
29-33.
xxii, 76 ;
LXVIII, 49; LXXI, 59; LXXXIV.
Bathing, directions for, xxviii, 5
LXIV.
;
Betwah
p. xxxiii;
LXXXV,
28.
man, XXII,
;
xx
Brahmawas, rank,
of, 11;
xcvi, 43795-
duties,
and
Lxvii, 31
liveli-
various
6,
parts, p.
hood
LXVII,
river, p, 259.
Benares,
&c.
Mixed
34-41.
castes,
XVL
Cows, sanctity of, xxiil, 57-61.
Crime, cause of, xxxiii, i, 2, 6 nine
xxxiv-XLii
degrees of, 3-5
consequences of, XLiv, i-io;
;
40;
27-39; the 'three
debts,' XXXVII, 29.
Dekhan, pp. xxiv, xxx, 257, 258,
Debts, recovery
liability for,
259.
Deposits,
V,
169-171;
XXXVI,
3;
LII, 4.
Documents,
10, 187
p.
;
VISHNU.
304
Dowry, of
a wife, xvii, i8
LVIII, 9.
Dvaraka, p. 258.
p.
173
Hermit,
p.
66
Li,
x, xxviii
6.
Father, v, 120; vi, 33, 35; xv, 4347 XVI, 1,16; XVII, 1-3, 6, 18,
XVIII, 43; XIX, 3, 4;
20, 23
XXI, 12 XXII, 33, 34,86; xxiv,
xxxi, 2-10;
38; XXX, 44, 45
xxxvii, 6; XLViii, 20 p. 232;
;
P-
Lxxv;
238;
IX, 33
xiv, 2
xxii,
53; xxiii, 34; LXIII, 27 LXV,
i; LXXI, 60; LXXXII, 8; XC,
20-22 XCIX, 14.
Inauspicious objects, p. xxx; LXiii,
34-38.
Incest, V, 7; xxxiv, i; xxxv, i;
xxxvi, 4-7; LIII, I.
Indus river, lxxxv, 50.
Inheritance, sons legitimate and
exclusion
adopted, xv, 1-29
from participation, 30-39 ; duties incumbent upon the heirs,
39-47
partition of property,
;
Idols, V, 174
Gambling, v,
LVIII, 11;
41.
Ganges,
135; viii, 2;
LXXI, 45; LXXVIII,
134,
xxx; xix,
p.
ir,
12;
xx,
on amicable
money
at,
loans, 40
n, 13
xl,
lending
i.
Godavari
river, p. 257
42.
Gunti
p. xxvii.
river,
lxxxv,
III,
73, 74
IX, 33;
v, 180, 195
XI, 10.
;
vii,
Lxxxv,
Gujarat,
Judges,
43,
vii,
2, 3
may not give evidence,
VIII, 2; inherit unclaimed property, XVII, 13; are officially
;
ments
Krishna (Kistna)
;
tor-
river, p.
259
(bis).
liveli-
GENERAL INDEX.
Lakshmi, the consort of
43
Vishttu,
i,
LXXXVI,
Phalgu
the, see 5rad-
dhas.
Mind, xxii, 92
Lxxil,
2,
i,
6,
xcvi, 96.
Mother,
xvi,
Li, 1-58
Lxxiv,
lxxxv,
river,
Oceans,
I,
Lxxxv,
15
v,
Pokur (Pushkara),
LXXXV,
p. 205
1-3; p. 258,
Possession, v, 184-187,
Priests, iii, 70; xxiv, 20; xxix, 3,
4; LXXXVI, 17; XCVI, i; XCIX,
14.
;
crimes,
capital
abuse and
v,
1-18
for
60-76;
for illicit intercourse, 40-47
for theft, &c., 48-59, 77-90; for
for
various offences, 91-182
unjustly accusing a creditor, vi,
assault, 19-39,
18.
XXII
13.
Lxxxvii,
9.
men and
animals,
of things, xxiil.
53
Sacraments,
Outcasts, VIII, 2
xv, 32, 35 xvii,
22; XXII, 56, 57; XXX, 14;
XXXV, 3-5 ; p. 136 (bis) ; XLVi,
25; Ll, 11; LIV, 25; LVII, 3,4,
14; LXXXI, 17; LXXXII, 15, 23.
;
viii, 16, 17
XLVi-XLViii l, 1-5,
for homicide and
15-24, &c.
murder, L, 6-14 lv, 2, 3 for
taking life and cutting plants,
;
p. 106;
3;
xxvil,
i;
Satara, p. 259,
Sattee, p. xxix seq.;
14,
of,
ii,
1-17, 26,
[7]
Lxxxii, 29.
forms
22.
Purification, of
Nilgiri hills,
vi, 31, 32
xvii, 7 ;
xviii,34; xxiv,38; xxxi, 2-10;
XXXIV, I ; XXXVII, 6 XLViii,
20
15.
Manes, oblations to
25-50
den food,
293
praise of, xcix,
1-6
her omnipresence, 7-23.
Law, titles of, p. xxii four feet of,
P"
505
Self-defence, v, 188-190.
Shambar, p. loi ; lxxxv, 21.
Sipping water, Lxii.
Sleep, rules relating to, LXX.
Sone
river,
lxxxv,
33.
of,
v,
120; vt,
1-3,
23;
XVIII,
1-40;
1-27;
VISHiVU.
3o6
Tolls,
III, 16,
31
V, 131-133.
of, II.
Lxxix-Lxxxi
rules,
fit
and
Lxxxii-
unfit
LXXXV.
5udras, rank, duties, and livelihood
their degraded position,
of, II
XVIII, 5; XIX, 1-4; XXVI, 4-7;
XXVII, 9 XXVIII, 40, &c.
;
'
'
XXXVI,
Women,
Theft,
III,
XXXV,
66, 67
i;
v, 6, 77-90,
xxxvi,
136
3; xLiv, 12-
liv,
9.
of,
vi,
21, 22.
43; XLV,
22
15,
legal position
35.
SANSKRIT INDEX.
the pages in the Introduction and Notes.
p. refers to
Abhinimrukta, p. xxvii.
Abrahma;za, p. 274.
Adharma, Lxvii, 10.
Adityadarjana, xxvii, 10.
Adityas, xiv,
1.
hymn
Asiiras,
XXIV,
of,
;
xxil,
2.
p. 102.
Amr/ta,
34, 54.
l,
Awjupawa,
Apararka,
18, 24.
xxx,
37.
Atiguru, XXXI, I.
AUkri^khra. penance, liv, 30.
Atipatakani, p. xxx.
XLix,
LXVII, 4-22.
60;
i,
lxvii,
ix,
3;
lix,
24;
xiii,
xvii,
xix,
p. 100.
Bhagavat ('venerable'), i,
XLIX, I LXV, I p. 208
;
Bhagavata-purawa, p.
Bhagavatas, p. xxviii.
;
LXXiv,
p. xxxii.
xx, xxii,
xxxvi.
Arbuda, p. 284.
Ardra, p. i772. marriage,
Arsha, I. p. 106 seq.
XXIV, 18, 21, 31, 35.
^
Aryavarta, p. xxx; Lxxxv, 4.
;
I.
Apastamba, pp.
80
Bali-offerings,
Angula, p. 56,
Aniruddha, Lxvii, 2.
Annaprajana, xxvii, 11.
Antya, p. 29.
Anumati, lxvii, 3.
Anvash/akas, LXXiii, 9
LXXVI,
Balatapa, p. 227.
Amedhya,
Lxxiv,
Ayogava
Aksha, IV, 8, 9.
Akshayyodaka, p. 84.
Akshiku/e, p. 286.
A/^arya, XXIX, i.
Akkhaddka., p. 261.
A>Jyuta ('eternal'),
2
xcviii, 81.
16, 60;
1,
I.
XCVIII,
10
peLVi, 3, &c.
LV, 7
nance, XLVI, 2-9.
Agni, p. 4; XXI, 7; LXVII, 3 lxxiii,
12, 15
p. 234; Lxxxix, I, 2
xc, 3 ; xcii, 13.
Lxvii, 44
Agnihotra, Lix, 2
LXVIII, 6.
Agnihotrin, Lxviii, 6 Lxxxvii, 6.
Agrayawa, Lix, 6.
Ahina sacrifice, p. 137 Liv, 25.
Akaja, Lxvii, 20.
;
Lxxili,
LXXVI,
LXiii, 12.
Aghamarshaa,
Ash/akas,
18,
;
61;
xc,
2, 3.
xxviii.
XXXI,
7,
LI, 61
29) 33-
VISHiVU.
3o8
Brahmaapriya, p. 293.
BWhaspati, xc, 3.
Dadhikravan, Lxv, 12,
xx, 25
Daityas, i, 49
Daiva marriage, xxiv,
Hari, i, 36.
Hasta, p. 56.
Hirawyakejin, pp.
8.
sacrifices, lix, 4.
p. 295.
18, 20,
30,
34-
Daksha, XLViii,
Darjapuramasa
Dharma-sutra, pp.
ix, xii-xiv,
xvi-xx,
LXXXIII, 8.
Dha/a, etymology of, x, 10.
Dinara, p. xxv.
Drowa, p. 10 1.
Drupada-savitri, LXIV, 21.
Ijvara, p. 199.
Itiliasa
Epics
('
'),
Kai^asa,
54.
i,
i,
Ka^^as, pp.
Kndmoi,
xiv-xvi, xxv-
xi,
xii,
xiv-xvi, xxv-
186, 208-210,
213) 233, 236, 261, 262.
85,
xii-xvi,
xiii,
117,
xiv,
xxvi.
('scribes'), pp. xxiv,
xxx
VII, 3.
i,
39
XLix,
Kejavanayaka
KhaWaparaju,
(king), p. xxxiii.
p. 295.
Kriikbra penance,
96.
Kr/shala, iv, 6, 7.
Kshiroda (milk-ocean), i, 32-39.
KuUuka, pp. XXXV, 17, 27, 51, 52,
70, 74 (passim), 75, 96, 100,
p. 13.
epithet of Vishwu,
pp. 62, 64.
Kejava,
8.
i,
2. jurist,
Kumbha,
KuWajin,
ix,
p. XV.
Katbaka., pp.
Kayasthas
i.
xx, 26;
xxvii.
p. xvii.
Kaiyata, p. xiv.
Kala, XX, 21-28.
Kalapaka, Kalapas, pp. xiv, xxvi.
Kalpa, I, 2; XX, 12, 17, 24; XLiii, 23.
Kamadeva, p. 292.
Kapila, xcviii, 85.
Karsha, Karshapawa, iv, 13.
Kashayin, pp. xxx, 202.
Ka.t/ja.,
281.
58
70
p. 292.
Gagannatha,
iii,
7-
xxvii, XXXV,
Guru,
p. xxxii
Kajyapa,
Durga-savitri, LVi, 9.
Dvipas, the seven, i, 15, 16.
Gathas,
p. 26.
p. 148.
Kushmaw/is, p. xi
7
Lxxxvi, 12.
;
166,
227,
viii,
16; lvi,
SANSKRIT INDEX.
Kandila. (Khuiala.) caste, origin
position of, xvi, 6, n, 14.
iTandra, xcil, 12,
and
Madhava,
Nagavana, p. 15.
Nagna, p. 204.
Nakshatras, twenty-eight, Lxxviii,
Lakshmipati,
;o9
8-35.
Namadheya, xxvii,
Naaka,
5.
p. xxi.
p. 293.
p. 70,
slayer of (Vish/?u),
44) 54 ; XCIX, 22.
Madhu,
i,
40,
Om, xxx,
33
xv,
i.
3.
lv, 9-21
xcviii, 6,
Madhyama,
p. 17.
Madyanugata,
Magadha
p. 139,
i.
PafiiJagavya, p. 89.
Fankaka., Lxxiii, 5-9; Lxxiv,
Paii/^alas, p. xv seq.
295;
Mahabharata, pp.
Mahabhashya.
See Pataii^li.
Mahapra^apati, p. 292.
Maharajas, xcviii, 40, 41.
Maharwava, p. xxvii.
Mahasantapana penance, XLVi, 20.
Mahavrata, i. penance, l, 1-5; 2. Sa-
man, lvi,
24.
Li, 78.
Manu,
I.
code
purificatory, LVi.
of, pp. ix, xxii-xxvii,
3.
18.
Parapurva, p. 91.
Parwakri^i/^ra penance, xlvi, 23.
Parjvika, p. 190.
Pajubandha, lix, 5.
Pajupatas, pp. xxx, 202.
Pataka, p. 200.
Patala,
Mahidhara, p. 209,
Maireya, xxii, 83.
i.
i,
15.
Pradyumna, Lxvii,
2.
Pra,4ara, p. 75.
Praayama, LV,
9.
Prastha, XC, i.
Pratijakhyas, p. 254,
Pravraj'ita, p. xxx.
Pravra^ita, p. xxx.
9.
VISHiVU.
3IO
Purawa ('Legends'),
p. xxxii
xxx,
83,84.
Purushasukta, pp. xi, 156; LV, 6;
LVI, 26; LXIV, 23, 28, &c.
Purushavrata, LVi, 15.
Purushottama, i, 51, 58; xcix, 23.
Pushan, Lxxxvi, 9.
Pustaka, p. xxii seq. ; xviii, 44
xxiii, 56.
Putra, etymology
of,
xv, 44.
Rahasya, p. 1 1
Rakshasas, i, 17 P- 250
Rakshasa marriage,
xciii, 12
xxiv,
18,
12, 45
Rasatala,
i,
Raurava,
p. 140.
i,
9,
5iva, p.
iSri,
XXIX, 3.
Rudra, xlvii, 10; LXXill,i2;
39-41.
p. 118.
iSttakr/>^/(',6ra
p. 3.
Sankara, pp.
5esha,
^laphalaka,
5iras, LV, 9.
25.
Ramayawa, pp.
5akti, p. 298.
xxx
penance, XLVi,
;
xxxi,
xcix, I, 4, 8
LXVII, 9.
5riphalakr//^/^/'ra
Sulka, XVII, 18,
Sn
12.
Hirawyakeji,
i?/tvi^,
p. 256.
Samanarshapravara, p. 107.
Sama-veda, p. x ; i, 4, 6 xxx, 26,
;
36.
LI, 37.
Sandhini, p. 167.
Sankarshawa, LXVil,
2.
XXXVI,
Lxxxiii,
2.
Upadhyaya, xxix,
Upakarman, xxx,
Simantonnayana, xxvii, 3.
Snataka, pp. 120, 203; duties of a,
LXXI.
Soma, I. god, xxi, 6 lxvii, 3, 18
Upanishads, I, 9.
Upataksha, lxvii,
Uragas, I, 17.
LXXXVI,
i,
Liv, 25;
16
2.
Soma-
xxiii, 8 ; Li, 9,
LIX, 8, 9, &c.;
25;
xxi,
See Gayatri.
p. 234 ;
sacrifice,
11.
Sahasa, p. 48.
Sakulya, xvil, 11.
Sawyava,
Taksha, lxvii, 5.
Taptakn'/^^/^ra penance, XLVi,
2.
1-3,
24;
p. 312.
5.
Ush?/isha, p. 205.
Vaidehaka
SANSKRIT INDEX.
Vai^ayantT, p. xxxii.
Yaikuntha., xcvill, 59.
Vauravawa, Lxvii, 14.
Vaijvadeva
Vedas,
6.
Vyahriti Sapp.
'),
xxxi,
2.
Vratin, p. 92.
Vratya, xxvii, 27.
Vyahritis, LV, 9-21
311
xxx,
26, 35.
Yakshas, i, 17.
Yama, xx, 39; xliii, 32, 33, 37;
lxvii, 16 ; Yama
LXiv, 42
Angiras, xxi, 8 p. 234.
Yaska, pp. xiv, xvii, xxiii seq.
Yatra kva/^anotpadita, p. 63 seq.
Yatudhanas, lxxiii, ii Lxxxi, 4.
;
xxviii
Yugadya,
p.
266,
xcvii,
6.
r,
(p. 4)
read Rakshasas
22
I,
/or
(p. 5)
bow
rei Vabya
V, 48
read shaft
an
61)
XVIII, 22 72) /or Sudra.
XVIII, 38
Ti) for
two parts read eight parts XXI,
83) read clothes, ornaments, and
xxr,
to read strewed
round xxii, 68
84) for added
xxill, 22 grass
94) /or head read beard
too) for sesamum read
xxiii, 38 102)
mustard xxiil, 36
loi) read grain exceeding
read COW, trodden or sneezed xxiv,
106) for whip read goad
XXX,
123) invert
of Upakarman and Utsarga
read
XLIX,
ofiuW and new
156)
58
169) for
19,
(p.
(p.
(p.
(p.
fuel
5 (p.
(p.
(p.
(p.
(p.
7 (p.
the position
(p.
8 (p.
ditto
Ll, 57,
left
(p.
given.
Y.
I,
79.
122
12, afier
p. 14,
note
r,
See M. viii, 2, 97
p. 32
perhaps more advisable to translate (shall pay) ... (as a
than to supply the above parentheses. The reading of Nand.'s
add
88. It
fine),'
'
is
is
doubtful
p. 42,
1.
'
'
to
'
relatives
ai 43-47
on the mother's
p. 131,17,
p. 138, 35,
Taken
See
X, 90.
p.
'
as well.
as part of a
Vratas.'
read
side
M.
Dvandva compound,
xi, 152
i.
p. 185,
M.
(Nand.),
ill,
67
may
note
i,
read 34-38
readxxxiu
Thus Nand.
p. 132,3,
add 5.
would mean
p, 162
'
and the
and
" one
p. 198, 5 add ekakara,
mean " with one hand." See
vratani
and
also
p. 123,
(18)
'
Apast.
Gaut. ix.
11.
Apast,
I,
6, 18, 31.
my
own.
Cf.
313
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