ENGLISH FOR MEDICAL SCIENCE

WRITTEN BY
SITI FATIMAH
ROMADHANI WULANDARI

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
PREFACE
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent and Merciful.
Praise to be is Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the world that the writers are able to
complete this book of English for Academic Purposes; English for Medical Science.
This simple book is intended as a handbook for the students of Medical Science Faculty.
It is expected that the student are not reluctant to read the English texts as the window of
their knowledge development.
This book is built up from various skills of reading competence to strengthen the
students ability to understand many kinds of English reading materials. Further, the
book brings the students with the language focuses of the texts that can help the students
grab the structures of the sentences in each paragraph. This is supposedly expected that
students are then able to build their own texts in written and orally.
Therefore, this book is organized in a simple but comprehensive way. The units
consist of texts followed by the language focuses and tasks through which the students
can practice arranging their own sentences and paragraphs to build texts.
It is suggested that the book is learnt and helpful for the students in practicing to
develop their English acquicition.
Surakarta, September 2013
Siti Fatimah
Romadhani Wulandari

Table of Contents
(JANGAN DI JADIKAN PEDOMAN DULU, MSH
PERLU DI REVISE)
PREFACE . ii
TABLE OF CONTENT iii
UNIT 1
READING 1: History the drug revolution 1
Pronoun . 6
Noun 10
UNIT 2
READING 2: Amphetamine 17
Adjective .. 22
Adverb .. 23
Comparative degree . 27
UNIT 3
READING 3: Drug Abuse ....... 36
Gerund . 40
Infinitive .. 42
Participle . 43
Passive Voice 46
UNIT 4
READING 4: Vaccines and Anti serums . 51
Present Tenses . 55
Future Tenses .. 56
Past Tenses 58
UNIT 5
READING 5: Anesthetics 63
Conjunction .. 66
Preposition 68
3

UNIT 6
READING 6: Cold Remedies .. 72
Modifiers .. 75
Abridgment80
UNIT 7
READING 7: How Drugs are Produced ...81
Subject- Verb Agreement 85
UNIT 8
READING 8: Sedatives and Cough Remedies .97
Gerund Phrase..100
Noun Phrase. 102
UNIT 9
READING 9: The Nutrient needs of Pregnancy .106
Adjective Phrase.. 108
Adverb Phrase.. 110
Preposition Phrase 111
Participle Phrase...113
UNIT 10
READING 10: Therapeutic Diet .117
Simple Sentences..119
Paralelisme...121
Compound Sentence ... 125
UNIT 11
READING 11: Nutritional Needs ... 129
Noun Clause 133
Adverb Clause .134
Adjective Clause . 134
Complex Sentence ...135
UNIT 12
READING 12:HOW TO USE A PRESCRIPTION DRUG SAFELY..138
COMPOUND Complex Sentence.. 141
4

UNIT 1
Reading Comprehension
HISTORY: THE DRUG REVOLUTION
The drug revolution began about 1800 and has continued to the present. During this period,
scientists have discovered hundreds of drugs. They have also discovered the cause of many
diseases, determined how drugs work, and learned much about how the body functions. In the
process, the practice of medicine has been revolutionized, in large part by the use of drugs.
Pharmacology has developed into a major science, and the manufacture of drugs has become a
large industry.
In 1796, Edward Jenner, an English physician, developed the first successful vaccination in an
effort to prevent the deadly disease smallpox. He vaccinated a boy with push from blisters n a
woman infected with cowpox. The boy the caught cowpox, a minor disease related to smallpox.
Jenner later injected smallpox matter into the boy. But the boy did not catch smallpox because his
fight with cowpox has made his body immune (resistant) to smallpox. Jenners discovery led to
search for vaccine against other diseases. This search gradually developed into the science of
immunology.
Scientists learned how to isolate (separate) drugs from plants during the early 1800s. In 1806,
morphine became the first of the plant drugs to be isolated. Within a few years, scientists had also
isolated quinine.
In 1840s, the use of anesthetics during surgery was introduced by two Americans working
independently of each other Crawford Long, a physician, and Willian T.G. Moston, a dentist.
Later in the 1800s, the French scientist Louis Pasteur and the German physician Robert Koch
established the germ theory of disease. Pasteur proved that germs caused infectious disease and
that killing the germs responsible stopped the spread of such diseases. Koch developed a method
for determining which bacteria cause particular diseases.

The pace of drug revolution quickened in the 1900s. In fact, most of the major drugs used today
have been discovered since 1900. Important developments in hormone research followed the first
isolation of a hormone in 1898. That year, an American pharmacologist. John J. Abel, isolated the
hormone epinephrine, also called adrenalin. Scientist isolated several other hormones during the
next 20 years. Then in the early 1920s, a research team led by Frederic Bating, a Canadian
physician, discovered the hormone insulin. Since then, this drug has saved the lives of millions of
diabetics.
In the early 1900s, Paul Ehrlich, a German scientist, developed the new method of treating
infectious disease. This method called chemotherapy, involves the use of chemical that attack
disease-causing organism. It is also used to destroy cancer.
The first antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered in 1928 by British scientist Alexander Fleming. A
German physician, Gerhard Domagk, discovered the first sulfa drug, protocol, in 1935. Scientist
soon developed other antibiotics and sulfa drugs. This wonder drugs were remarkably effective
against many infectious disease.
Many other important drugs have been discovered since 1900. Barbiturates, which reduce the
activity of the nervous system and the muscles, were introduced in 1903. Amphetamines, which
stimulate the nervous system, were first used medically in the early 1930s. Scientists developed
several important tranquilizers in the 1950s, and birth control pills appeared in 1960. Scientists
first used recombinant DNA techniques during the 1970s. These techniques involve inserting
human genes into bacterial cells or, occasionally, animal cells causing the cells to produce human
protein. In the 1980s, researcher applied recombinant DNA technology to produce large quantities
of sugar drugs as insulin and interferon. (Adapted from English For Medical Science, Fatimah,
siti:2009)

A. Answer the questions below based on the text above

1. What did the scientists discover during the drug revolution?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
6

2. How did Edward Jenner carry out his experiment of vaccination?

_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
3. What is immunology?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
4. Why did scientists isolate drugs from plants?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
5. What is the main idea of paragraph 4?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
6. What was the relationship between Crawford Long and William T.G. Morton?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
7. How did germ theory work?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
8. Who discovered penicillin?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
9. What drugs were discovered in 1900s?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
10. What are the benefits of using recombinant DNA techniques?
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
B. Choose the best answer based on the text above
1. When did drug revolution begin?
7

a. 1800

c. 1840

b. 1806

d. 1976

2. Edward Jenner discovered vaccine to prevent .

a. Cowpox

c. blisters

b. Smallpox

d. bodys puss

3. Who established the germ theory of diseases?

a. Crawford Long

c. William T.G. Morton

b. Louis Pasteur

d. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

4. Which of the following statement is true?

a. Edward Jenner developed vaccination to prevent cowpox disease
b. Koch developed a certain method to find bacteria cause smallpox
c. John. J. Abel developed adrenaline to save the lives of diabetics
d. Paul Ehrlich developed a certain method to threat infectious disease
5. The first plant drug to be isolated was .
a. Quinine

c. hashish

b. Morphine

d. marijuana

6. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?

a. The founder of the first vaccination
b. Edward Jenners experiment in developing vaccination
c. The development of immunology
d. The victims of smallpox disease
7. What is chemotherapy?
a. The use of chemicals to attack disease causing organism
b. A kind of method to attack the germ-fighting antibiotics
c.

The newest discovery of destroying cancer cell

d. A method to treat infectious disease

8. What does the phrase that year in paragraph 5 refer to?
a. 1898

c. 1918

b. 1900

d. 1920

9. Which of the followings was discovered by Berhard Domagk?

a. Penicillin

c. Arsphenamine
8

b. Prontosil

d. Antibiotics

10. Amphetamineis used for .

a. Reducing the activity of the nervous system
b. Producing human proteins
c. Producing insulin and interferon
d. Stimulating the nervous system
11. During this period, scientists have discovered hundreds of drugs (par 1). The word
discovered has similar meaning with .
a. Found out

c. Made

b. Continued

d. Examined

12. These wonder drugs were remarkably effective against (Par.7). What does the phrase
wonder drugs refer to?
a. Antibiotic and penicillin

c. Antibiotics and sulfa drugs

b. Sulfa drug and protosil

d. Penicillin and sulfa drugs

13. The scientists discovered the followings in 1800, EXCEPT....

a. Discovered the causes of many diseases
b. Determined how drugs work
c. Learned much about how the body functions
d. Prevented infectious diseases
14. Why didnt the boy catch smallpox when Jenner injected smallpox matter into him?
a. His body immune with all diseases
b. He succeeded fight with cowpox
c. He know how against smallpox
d. his fight with cowpox had made his body resistant to smallpox
15. What drugs were first used medically in the early 1930s?
a. Barbiturates

c. Amphetamine

b. Tranquilizers

d. Aspirins

C. Complete the paragraph with

the options provided. Share your

work with the class.

9

Antimicrobials
Kills

prepared

multiplying

treat

antibiotics preventkeeps
sulfonamides

used

Drug that kill or help (1) multiplication of bacteria or viruses that infect the body are called
antimicrobials. (2) that act against bacteria include antibiotics and sulfonamides (sulfa drug).
(3) are obtained from naturally occurring microorganism. Sulfonamides are (4) synthetically. A
large dose of penicillin or certain other antibiotic (5) disease-causing bacteria. A smaller doses of
such an antibiotic (6) the bacteria from multiplying in the body and thus allows the bodys natural
defenses to destroy them. Sulfonamides also prevent bacteria from (7) in the body. In most cases,
however, (8) and other synthetic antimicrobials do not kill the bacteria.Doctors prescribe antiviral
drug to (9) certain diseases caused by viruses. For example, the antiviral drug zidovudine,
commonly called AZT, is (10) in the treatment of AIDS.

GRAMMAR FOCUS
PRONOUNS
Ada 7 bentuk Pronouns (kata ganti orang) dalam bahasa Inggris:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Subject Pronouns (kata ganti subjek)

Object Pronouns (kata ganti objek)
Possessive Adjective (kata sifat kepunyaan)
Possessive Pronouns (kata ganti kepunyaan)
Reflexive Pronouns (kata ganti refleksif)
Relative Pronouns (kata ganti penghubung)
Indefinite Pronouns (kata ganti tak tentu)

SUBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject Pronouns (kata ganti subjek) digunakan sebagai subyek dalam kalimat, contoh:
I,You, We, They, He, She, It
1. Sebagai subjek dari sebuah kata kerja.
Contoh: She went to Bandung. (Dia pergi ke Bandung)
2. Setelah kata kerja to be.
Contoh:
It isshe in the picture. (Dialah yang ada di foto) (formal/TOEIC)
Its her in the picture. (informal)
10

3. Apabila kita membandingkan subjek dari 2 anak kalimat.

Contoh:
Weare better than they (are) at swimming. (Kita lebih baik daripada mereka dalam
berenang).
Hespeaks louder than I (do). (Dia berbicara lebih keras dari saya)
4. Digunakan setelah kata as dan that.
Contoh:
They say thatshe love him. (Mereka mengatakan bahwa dia mencintainya).
He is not as rich asshe (is). (Dia (laki-laki) tidak sekaya dia (perempuan).

OBJECT PRONOUNS(Kata ganti objek):me, you, us, them, him, her, it

Object Pronouns digunakan:
1. Bila ia menjadi objek dari sebuah kata kerja.
Contoh: We met her yesterday. (Kami bertemu dia kemarin)
2. Setelah preposition (kata depan).
Contoh: Mary studies English withme. (Mary belajar bahasa Inggris dengan saya)
3. Bila objek dari 2 anak kalimat dibandingkan.
Contoh: She love you more than him. (Dia mencintaimu lebih dari dia)
POSSESIVE ADJECTIVE Vs POSSESIVE PRONOUNS
Possessive Adjective (Kata sifat kepunyaan): my, your, our, their, his, her, its.Possessive Adjective
digunakan:
1. Di depan kata benda.
Contoh:My books are on the table. (Buku-buku saya ada di atas meja)
2. Di depan kata Gerund.
11

(Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berakhiran ing yang digunakan sebagai kata benda).
Contoh:I was surprised at her coming to my party. (Saya heran atas kedatangannya pada pesta
saya).

Possessive Pronouns (Kata ganti kepunyaan):mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, her, its. Possessive
Pronouns digunakan:
1. Untuk menggantikan possessive adjective dan noun.
Contoh:
This book is my book.
This book is mine.
(Buku iini milik saya)
2. Setelah kata depan of yang menunjukkan satu dari beberapa.
Jane is a friend ofmine.
(=One of several friends)
(Jane adalah seorang teman saya)
3. Setelah kata kerja to be.
Contoh:
That car is mine. (Mobil itu milik saya)
4. Untuk menggantikan adjective + noun, ketika kita membandingkan 2 benda atau 2 hal.
Contoh:
His house is bigger than yours. (= your house)
(Rumahnya lebih besar daripada rumahmu)
Not: His house is bigger than you.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

12

Reflexive Pronouns (Kata ganti refleksif):myself, yourself, ourselves, themselves, himself, herself,
itself. Reflexive Pronouns digunakan:
1. Sebagai objek dari kata kerja, bila subjek dan objeknya sama.
Contoh:
He cut himself while shaving. (Dia melukai dirinya sendiri) not He cut him.
2. Letaknya setelah kata kerja dan di depan kata depan. Untuk menekankan bahwa subjek melakukan
suatu kegiatan sendiri/ tanpa bantuan orang lain.
Contoh:
I looked myself for the missing cards. (Saya mencari sendiri kartu-kartu yang hilang itu). Artinya
saya sendiri yang mencari kartu-kartu itu dan bukan orang lain.
3. Reflexive Pronouns diletakkan di belakang kalimat, untuk menekankan bahwa subjek melakukan
kegiatan itu sendiri.
Contoh:
I made this bag myself. (Saya membuat tas ini sendiri.)
4. Reflexive Pronouns diletakkan setelah kata depan by yang berarti subjek yang melakukan kegiatan
itu sendiri.
Contoh:
My mother likes to shop byherself. (Ibuku suka berbelanja sendiri)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Relative Pronouns (Kata pengganti penghubung):who, whom, whose, which, and that.
1. Who digunakan untuk menerangkan subyek (orang).
Contoh:
Johns children, who all graduated from college, came home for his eightieth birthday.
(Anak-anak John, yang telah lulus Universitas, pulang untuk ulang tahunnya yang ke-80 tahun).
13

2. Whom digunakan untuk menerangkan obyek (orang).

Contoh:
I met a woman at my office.
The woman told me to come back next week.
The woman whom I met at my office told me to come back next week.
(Wanita yang saya lihat meminta saya untuk kembali minggu depan).
3. Whose digunakan untuk menerangkan orang, benda, dan binatang dan menunjukkan kepemilikan.
Contoh:
John, whose luggage was lost by airlines, put in an insurance claim.
(John, yang bagasinya dihilangkan oleh perusahaan penerbangan, mengajukan tuntutan asuransi).
They live in a house whose walls were made of glass.
(Mereka tinggal di sebuah rumah yang dindingnya terbuat dari kaca).
4. Which digunakan untuk menerangkan benda dan binatang.
Contoh:
He bought all the books which are required for the course.
(Dia membeli semua buku yang dibutuhkan untuk kursus itu).
5. That digunakan untuk menerangkan orang, benda, dan binatang.
Contoh:
She prefers to watch movies that make her cry.
(Dia lebih suka menonton film yang membuat dia menangis).

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
14

Indefinite Pronouns (Kata ganti tak tentu)adalah kata ganti yang menunjukkan kepada orang atau benda
secara umum, tidak menunjukkan kepada orang atau benda secara khusus.
1. Kita dapat membentuk Indefinite Pronouns dengan menggabungkan every, some, any, dan
no dengan body, one, atau thing.
2. Perbedaan antara somebody/someone/something dengan anybody/anyone/anything sama dengan
perbedaan antara some dan any.
3. Secara umum kita menggunakan somebody/someone/something dalam kalimat positif dan
anybody/anyone/anything dalam kalimat negative dan kalimat tanya.
4. Semua Indefinite Pronouns diikuti kata kerja tunggal.
Contoh:

Everyone has his or her own car. (Setiap orang memiliki mobil pribadi).
Has anyone lefthis or her book in the table? (Apakah ada seseorang yang meninggalkan
bukunya di atas meja?)

NOUNS
Kata benda dalam bahasa Inggris dibagi ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu kata benda yang dapat dihitung
yang disebut Countable Nounsdan kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung yang disebut Uncountable
Nouns.
Countble Nounsadalah kata benda yang dapat dihitung, kata benda ini mempunyai bentuk jamak
(plural) dan bentuk tunggal.
Contoh:
5 chairs (jamak), a chair (tunggal).
Countable Nouns tidak boleh berdiri sendiri, kita harus menggunakan a/an/the/ atau bentuk plural.
Uncountable Nouns adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, kata benda ini tidak memiliki
bentuk jamak.
Contoh:
Water (bukan: Waters).
Selain itu, kita juga tidak dapat menggunakan a/an di depan kata benda uncountable.
15

Contoh:
Blood (bukan: a blood)
Nouns That Are Always Plural
Ada beberapa kata benda yang selalu dalam bentuk jamak (plural).Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh:
Garments (pakaian)
pants (celana panjang), breeches (celana dalam), pajamas (piyama), trousers (celana panjang),
clothes (pakaian-pakaian), shorts (celana pendek)
Tools and Instruments (peralatan)
scissors (gunting), binoculas (teropong), pliers (catut), shears (pemotong rumput), scales
(timbangan), spectacles (kaca mata)

Nouns

greens (vegetables) (sayuran), goods (barang-barang)

riches (kekayaan), savings (tabungan), earnings (penghasilan)
premises (gedung), stairs (tangga), grounds (area)
outskirts (daerah pinggiran kota), surroundings (lingkungan)
valuables (perhiasan), particulars (fakta-fakta khusus)
damages (kerusakan), pains (trouble) (masalah)
police (kepolisian), arms (weapon) (senjata)
That The Singular And Plural Form Is The Same

(Kata benda yang memiliki bentuk jamak dan bentuk tunggal sama)
Berikut ini beberapa contoh:

animal (binatang):
bison (kerbau liar), deer (rusa), sheep (domba)

fish (ikan):
fish (ikan), salmon (salmon), trout (ikan air tawar)

species (jenis), series (seri), corps (kesatuan/korps), means (alat)

wages (upah)
space craft (pesawat luar angkasa), offspring (keturunan)

Nouns That May Be Singular Or Plural Depending On Their Meanings.

(Kata benda yang dapat menjadi tunggal atau jamak tergantung dari arti kata itu.)

Collective Nouns(kata bentuk kolektif)

16

assembly (perkumpulan), committee (komite), crowd (kerumunan), crew (kru), class (kelas),
family (keluarga), faculty (staff pengajar), government (pemerintah), jury (juri), organization
(organisasi), public (masyarakat)
Kata-kata di atas, bila dianggap sebagai satu kesatuan, maka kata-kata itu merupakan kata
benda tunggal, sedangkan jika dilihat sebagai anggota-anggota kelompok atau anggota-anggota
kesatuan maka kata-kata ini menjadi kata benda jamak (plural).
Contoh:
The Committee is having a meeting.
(Komite dilihat sebagai satu kesatuan/kolektif sehingga dianggap tunggal)
The Committee are going back to their homes by bus.
(Komite dilihat sebagai masing-masing anggota sehingga dianggap jamak atau plural).

Uncountable Nouns(kata-kata yang tidak dapat dihitung)

bread (roti), cheese (keju), coffee (kopi), food (makanan), fruit (buah), meat (daging), paper
(kertas), rice (nasi), salt (garam), tea (teh), experience (pengalaman)
Contoh:
They want to write some notes. They need some paper. (paper dalam kalimat di atas berarti
kertas untuk menulis, sehingga dianggap sebagai kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung/ an
uncountable noun.)
They want something to read. They are going to buy papers.
(paper dalam kalimat di atas berarti Koran, sehingga dianggap sebagai kata benda yang dapat
dihitung/ a plural noun.)

Nouns Ending In-s But Are Always Singular

(Kata benda yang berakhiran huruf s tetapi merupakan kata benda tunggal atau singular.)
Ada beberapa kata benda ayang berakhiran -s (tanda umum kata benda jamak) tetapi merupakan
kata benda tunggal atau singular.Berikut adalah beberapa contoh:

Academic Subjects (mata pelajaran akademis):

mathematics (matematika), politics (politik), physics (fisika), economics (ekonomi), civics
(ilmu kewarganegaraan), statistics (statistik), linguistics (bahasa)

Quantities/ Amount (jumlah) :

17

time (waktu), money (uang), measurements (ukuran)

Group of animals (kumpulan binatang):

flocks of birds (kumpulan burung), school of fish (kumpulan ikan), pack of wolves (kumpulan
serigala), herd of cattle (kumpulan binatang ternak), swam of bees (kumpulan lebah), colony of
ants (kumpulan semut)

Abstract (abstrak) :
politics (politik), ethics (etika), news (berita)

Title of books (judul buku), title of films (judul film), title of magazine (judul majalah)
Diseases (penyakit):
measles (campak), mumps (gondok), herpes (herpes), rickets (penyakit tulang).

An Uncountable Nouns Is Always Singular

(Kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung selalu bentuk tunggal)
Karena kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung selalu dalam bentuk tunggal maka kita tidak dapat
memakai bentuk jamak untuk kata-kata ini. (s/es)
Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh:

clothing (pakaian), equipment (peralatan), furniture (perabot rumah tangga), luggage (barang-

barang), machinery (mesin-mesin), pottery (barang-barang tembikar)

progress (perkembangan), evidence (bukti), knowledge (pengetahuan), significance (arti),

information (informasi)
music (music)
traffic (lalu lintas), transportation (transportasi)
money (uang), poverty (kemiskinan), postage (perangko)
homework (pekerjaan rumah), housework (pekerjaan rumah tangga)
jewelry (perhiasan), silver (perak)
air (udara), scenery (pemandangan)
happiness (kebahagiaan), honesty (kejujuran), enjoyment (kesenangan), courage (keberaniaan),
intelligence (kepintaran), jealousy (kecemburuan), luck (keberuntungan), sadness (kesedihan),
violence (kejahatan).

GRAMMAR TASK 1
Choose the correct form
18

1. house isnt as big as theirs.

a. Our
c. we
b. Ours
d. They
2. My children are too young to look after .

b.

a. Them
Themselves

c. their
d. they

3. Dont blame ; it wasnt your mistake.

a. You
c. your
b. Yourself
d. yours
c.
4. Simon left the matter entirely up to me.
a. He
c. his
b. Him
d. himself
d.
5. John, Mary and rode their bikes all the way to the lake.
a. He
c. his
b. him
d. himself
e.
6. The police . . . the news on television?
a. Had
c. have
b. Has
d. would have
7. Two years . . . arrested the thief.
a. Am
c. is
b. Are
d. was
8. Family . . . the most important thing in life.
a. Was
c. is
b. Were
d. are
9. My Jeans . . . got a hole in them.
a. Have
c. has
b. would have
d. had
10. I am going to buy. . . .
a. An box

c. some boxs

b. A box

d. a boxes

a. GRAMMAR TASK 2
b. Choose the incorrect word or phrase in the underline choices.
c.
19

1. Sloths spend most of its time hanging upside down from trees and feeding on leaves
d.

e. and fruit.
f.

2. When the European settlers came in the seventeenth century, the newcomers began a
g.

h. systematic effort to push the Native Americans into the wilderness and to take
i.

j. theirlandfrom themselves.
k.

l.
3. Thereare not many people which adapt to a new culture without feeling some
m.

n. disorientation at first.
o.
p.

4. Those of uswho have a family history of heart disease should makeyearly

q. A B

r. appointments with their doctors.

s.

5. George Herman Ruth, which was better known as Babe Ruth, beganhis baseball
t.

u. career in 1914 with the Baltimore Orioles.

6. The understanding of electricity depends on a its knowledge of atoms and the
v.

w. subatomic particles of which they are composed.

x.

7. The U.S. Postal Service delivers moremails in one day than Federal Express does in
y.
A
B
C
D
20

z. one year.
aa.
8. One of the most distinctive plantfound in the desert is the Saguaro cactus.
ab.

CD

ac.
9. A thunderusually follows lightning by five second for every milebetween the flash
ad.

ae. and the observer.

af.
10. The storiesof Dr. Seuss have been enjoyedbymillions ofchildren around world.
ag.

ah.
ai.

21

aj.

UNIT 2

ak.
al. READING COMPREHENSION
am.

an. AMPHETAMINE
ao.
ap. The amphetamines are a group of synthetic drugs with slight chemical
differences among them. They include amphetamine (Benzedrine or bennies),
dextroamphetamine

(Dexedrine

or

dexies),

and

methamphetamine

(Methedrine or meth or speed).

aq. People have been using and misusing amphetamines for a variety of purposes
since they were introduced almost fifty years ago. Benzedrine was sold over the
counter through the l940s, in an aromatic form used to clear stuffy noses. From
the 1 940s on, use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread. Dieters used
them, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; students used them to stay
awake in all-night cramming sessions; truck drivers used them when they were
struggling to stay awake during long overnight hauls.
ar. The amphetamines have only two legitimate uses in medicine. First, they are
used in treating an extremely rare condition called narcolepsy (an uncontrolled
need for short periods of deep sleep). Second, they, as well as certain other drugs
with similar properties, have been used to treat hyperkinetic (uncontrollably
overactive) children.
as. Some amphetamines have been combined, with each other or with barbiturates
or tranquilizers, in a variety of products marketed primarily for weight control.
(Prominent brand names include Dexamyl, Appetrol, Eskatrol, Nobese, and
Obetrol). But it seems unwise to use of any of the amphetamines as an appetite
suppressant.
at. Unlike alcohol or ludes, amphetamines tend to be used by individuals who
want them or think they need them rather than to be shared in social situations.
In the short term -- with just a single, small dose-- amphetamines often have
22

unwanted side effects. These side effects include nervousness, elevated blood
pressure, and headache. These effects will be more annoying to some people
than to others and, obviously, amphetamines are more hazardous for some
people (such as those with heart orders) than others. In large doses or over
prolonged periods, amphetamines have unpredictable effects, which include
insomnia, dizziness, agitation, confusion, delirium, and malnutrition.( Adapted
from English For Medical Science Fatimah, siti:2009)
au.
av. A. Answer these questions
1. What are amphetamines?
aw.

ax.
2. What do amphetamines include?
ay.

3. What were the dieters, students, and truck drivers opinions about using amphetamines in
pill form from the I 940s on?
az.

4. What are the legitimate uses of amphetamines in medicine?

ba.

5.

Can some amphetamines that have been combined barbiturates or tranquilizers

be used for controlling weight?
bb.

6. In a small dose, what side effects result from amphetamines?

bc.

7. In large doses or over prolonged periods, what effects result amphetamines?

bd.

23

8. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?

be.

bf. B. Complete the following unfinished sentences with the provided words or
phrases
1. Amphetamines, people have been using and misusing for a variety of purposes, were
introduced ... years ago.
a. over forty nine
b. since fifty

c. since fifty
d. none of the above

bg.
2.

Benzedrine in an aromatic form was used for

3.

a. measuring high blood pressures

c. clearing severe injuries

b. calculating drugs

d. clearing stuffy noses

The use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread in

a.

the 1950s

c. 1950

b.

the 1940s

d. none of the above

bh.
4.

In the past, dieters used amphetamines in pill form for

a.

stay awake in all-night

c. gaining weight

b.

losing weight

d. struggling to stay awake

bi.
5.

In the past, students dieters used amphetamines in pill form for

a.

stay awake in all-night

c. gaining weight

b.

losing weight

d. struggling to stay awake

bj.
6.

One of the legitimate uses of amphetamines is

a.

treating hyperkinetic children

b.

treating the old people

c.

curing a patient with heart attack

d.

taking care of a prematurely-born baby

bk.

7.

For weight control, amphetamines can be mixed with barbiturates or

a.

Marijuana

c. heroin
24

b.

Tranquilizers

d. caffeine

bl.
8. Some prominent brand names of amphetamines that have been mixed with
barbiturates are.
a.

Dexamyl

c. Eskatrol

b.

Appetrol

d. all of the above

bm.
9.

Using amphetamines as an appetite suppressant is

a.

Suggested

c. prohibited

b.

Permitted

d. a and b

bn.
10. In the short term or in a small dose, amphetamines often have unwanted side effects
including all but
a.

elevated blood pressure

c. insomnia

b.

headache

d. nervousness

11. In the longer periods or in a large dose, amphetamines often have unwanted side
effects including all but
a.

Malnutrition

c. insomnia

b.

Delirium

d. nervousness

bo.
bp. C. Based on the passage, what does the underlined words below refer to?
1.

... The amphetamines are a group of synthetic drugs with slight chemical differences
bq. among them. The underlined word refers to

2.

They include amphetamine ... The underlined word refers to .......................

3.

... since they were introduced almost fifty years ago. The underlined word refers to
br.

4.

... Dieters used them, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; ...
bs.

5.

The underlined word refers to

... Dieters used them, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; ...

bt.
6.

The underlined word refers to

... students used them to stay awake in all-night cramming sessions; ...

bu.
7.

The underlined word refers to .

... truck drivers used them when they were struggling to stay awake during long

bv.

overnight hauls. The underlined word refers to

25

8.

... truck drivers used them when they were struggling to stay awake during long
bw.

overnight hauls. The underlined word refers to

9.

... they are used in treating an extremely rare condition... The underlined word
bx. refers to
by.

10.

... it is unwise to use of any of the amphetamines as an appetite suppressant.

bz.

The underlined word refers to

ca.
cb. D. Choose one of the provided words that best keeps the meaning of the
original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word

1.

People have been using and misusing amphetamines for a variety of purposes since
they were introduced almost fifty years ago.
a. Abusing
b. Activating

2.

c. supporting
d. rowing

Benzedrine was sold over the counter through the 1940s, in an aromatic form used to
clear stuffy noses.
a. dizzy

c. buggy

b. badly ventilated

d. bully

cc.
3.

From the 1 940s on, use of amphetamines in pill form began to spread.
a. Rank

c. revolt

b. Revive

d. extend

cd.
4.

Dieters used amphetamines, thinking they were an easy route to weight loss; students
used them to stay awake in all-night cramming sessions; truck drivers used them when
they were struggling to stay awake during long overnight hauls.
a. Present
b. Recognition

c. roused from sleep

d. preserve

ce.
5.

The amphetamines are used in treating an extremely rare condition called narcolepsy
(an uncontrolled need for short periods of deep sleep).
a. injecting

c. designing
26

b. taking care of

d. interesting

cf.
6.

The amphetamines as well as certain other drugs with similar properties, have been
used to treat hyperkinetic (uncontrollably overactive) children.
a. uses

c. requirements

b. generosities

d. characteristics

7.

Some amphetamines have been combined, with each other or with barbiturates or
tranquilizers, in a variety of products marketed primarily for weight control. (Prominent
brand names include Dexamyl, Appetrol, eskatrol, Nobese, and Obetrol).
a.

essentially

b.

trivially

c. originally
d. unsightly

cg.
8.

It is unwise to use of any of the amphetamines as an appetite uppressant.

a.

Low

c. flexible

b.

strong desire

d. dependent

ch.
9.

Unlike alcohol or ludes, amphetamines tend to be used by individuals who want

them or think they need them rather than to be shared in social situations.
a.

in order of

c. so far as

b.

instead of

d. provided

ci.
10.

In large doses or over prolonged periods, amphetamines have unpredictable effects,

which include insomnia, dizziness, agitation, confusion, delirium, and malnutrition.
a.

permanent

c. shorter

b.

continuing

d. longer

cj.

ck. GRAMMAR FOCUS

cl. ADJECTIVES (kata sifat)
cm.
cn.

Adjective adalah kata yang menerangkan kata benda. Letak adjective di depan kata

benda yang diterangkan. Adjective tidak berubah bentuk baik untuk kata benda tunggal
maupun kata benda jamak.
co. Contoh:
27

cp. A beautiful girl (seorang gadis cantik) atau

cq. Beautiful girls (Gadis-gadis cantik)
cr.

Adjective juga bisa menerangkan beberapa kata kerja, yaitu:

Lingking Verbs (kata kerja penghubung), dan
Sense Verbs (kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan panca indra)

cs.

Lingking verbs adalah kata kerja yang tidak menunjukkan suatu kegiatan: appear

(nampaknya), be (adalah), become (menjadi), get (menjadi), grow (menjadi/ tumbuh), prove
(membuktikan), remain (tetap), seem (nampaknya), stay (tetap), turn (berubah).
ct.

Contoh:

cu.

My mother seemed sad. (Ibuku tampaknya sedih).

cv.
cw.

Sense Verb adalah kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan panca indra dan tidak

menunjukkan kegiatan: feel (merasa), look (terlihat), sound (terdengar), smell

(berbau), taste (berasa).

cx.

Contoh:

cy.

She looked busy. (Dia nampaknya sibuk).

cz.
da. Order of Adjectives (urutan kata sifat)
db.
dc. Bila kita menggunakan beberapa adjectives secara bersamaan, maka opinion
adjectives (beautiful, nice) diletakkan di depan fact adjectives (new, blue).
dd.

Contoh:

de.

A nice new dress (Sebuah baju baru yang bagus)

df.

A beautiful blue car (Sebuah mobil biru yang bagus).

dg. Ketika dua atau lebih fact adjectives maka urutannya adalah sebagai berikut:
dh.

size (ukuran) + shape (bentuk) + age (umur) + color (warna) + origin (asal) +

material (materi/bahan) + qualifier (tujuan/kegunaan) + noun (kata benda).

di.

Contoh:

A beautiful big old Italian dressing table.

dj. (sebuah meja rias yang cantik, besar dan tua berasal dari Italia)
My expensive yellow silk dress.
dk.

(baju sutra kuningku yang mahal).

Some delicious Thai food.

28

dl. (sedikit makanan Thailand yang enak)

Several big young Italian basketball players.
dm.

(beberapa pemain basket ball yang muda berasal dari Italia.

dn.
do.
dp. ADVERBS
dq.
dr. Adverbs adalah kata yang menerangkan kata kerja, kata sifat, dan kata
keterangan lainnya.
ds. Adverbs tidak berubah bentuk baik dalam menerangkan kata benda tunggal
maupun kata benda jamak.
dt.

Contoh:

She speaks French perfectly. (Dia berbicara Perancis dengan sempurna).

du.

--- adverbs menerangkan verb speaks

Her French is perfectly good. (Bahasa Perancisnya sangat bagus).

dv.-- adverb menerangkan adjectives good.
She speaks French perfectly well. (Dia berbicara Perancis sangat bagus).
dw.

-- adverb menerangkan adverb well.

Surely, She speaks French. (Sesungguhnya, Ia berbicara bahasa Perancis)

dx.

-- adverb menerangkan kalimat She speaks French.

dy.
dz. Jenis-Jenis Adverbs
ea.
eb. Adverbs of Manner
ec.

(Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu terjadi).

ed.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa contohAdverbs of Manner:

ee.

fast (cepat), hard (keras), quickly (dengan cepat), beautifully (dengan indah).

ef.

Contoh:

eg.

She danced beautifully. (Dia menari dengan indah)

eh.
ei. Adverbs of Place
ej.

(Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan dimana sesuatu terjadi).

ek.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa contohAdverbs of Place:

29

el.

by (dekat), down (di bawah), here (di sini), near (dekat), there (di sana), up (di

atas).
em.

Contoh:

en.

She still lives there now. (Dia tetap tinggal di sana sekarang).

eo.
ep. Adverbs of Time
eq.

(Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan kapan sesuatu terjadi).

er.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa contohAdverbs of Time:

es.

now (sekarang), soon (segera), still (masih), then (kemudian), today (hari ini),

early (awal), before (sebelum).

et.

Contoh:

eu.

She left early. (Dia pergi lebih awal).

ev.
ew. Adverbs of Frequency
ex.

(Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan seberapa sering sesuatu terjadi).

ey.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa Adverbs of Frequency:

ez.

always (selalu), usually (biasanya), often (sering), sometimes (kadang-

kadang), rarely (jarang), seldom (jarang).

fa.

Contoh:

fb.

She often goes by herself. (Dia sering pergi sendiri)

fc.
fd. Adverbs of Sentence
fe.

(Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan seluruh kalimat).

ff.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa Adverbs of Sentence:

fg.

actually (sesungguhnya), certainly (sebenarnya), definitely (secara pasti),

surely (sesungguhnya), possibly (kemungkinan)

fh.

Contoh:

fi.

She certainly works hard. (Dia sungguh bekerja keras).

fj.
fk.Adverbs of Degree
fl.

(Kata keterangan yang menjelaskan seberapa besar sesuatu terjadi).

fm.

Berikut ini beberapa Adverbs of Degree:

30

fn.

absolutely (dengan mutlak), almost (hamper), barely (hamper tidak), enough

(cukup), fairly (agak), only (hanya), quite (sangat).

fo.

Contoh:

fp.

You are absolutely right. (Kamu sungguh benar).

fq.
fr. Bentuk Adverbs
fs.

Adverb dibentuk dengan menambahkan ly pada kata sifat (an adjective).

Namun tidak semua kata yang berakhiran ly adalah adverb (kata keterangan).
ft.

Beberapa kata sifat (adjectives) juga berakhiran ly. Misalnya: friendly, lovely,

lonely, silly, ugly. Kata-kata ini tidak memiliki bentuk adverbs (kata keterangan).
Sebagai gantinya kita menggunakan struktur yang lain yaitu:
fu.

In a . . . way : in a friendly way.

fv.
fw.

Bila kita menambahkan ly pada adjectives (kata sifat), maka akan terjadi

beberapa perubahan dalam pengejaan (spelling) adverbs sebagai berikut:

fx.

slow, quick and beautiful ditambah dengan ly menjadi slowly, quickly, and

beautifully.
Easy, heavy, lazy:
fy. Akhiran y dirubah menjadi i sebelum ditambah ly menjadi: easily, heavily,
lazily.
Terrible, gentle, simple:
fz. Akhiran le dihilangkan dan ditambah ly menjadi: terribly, gently, simply.
Scientific, fantastic, tragic:
ga.

Akhiran ic ditambah ly menjadi: scientifically, fantastically, and

tragically.
Capable, responsible, sensible:
gb.

Kata berakhiran able atau ible ditambah ly setelah akhiran le

dihilangakan dan menjadi: capably, responsibly, sensibly.

gc.
gd.
ge. Adjectives = Adverbs
gf.

Beberapa adverbs (kata keterangan) memiliki bentuk yang sama dengan

adjectives (kata sifat). Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh:

31

gg.

She is a hard worker. (adjective)

gh.

(Dia seorang pekerja keras)

gi.

She work hard. (adverb)

gj.

(Dia bekerja denggan keras)

He is a fast leaner. (adjective)

gk.

(Dia seorang pembelajar yang cepat).

gl.

He learns fast. (adverb)

gm. (Dia belajar dengan cepat).

gn.
go.

Contoh lain:

gp.

back (belakang), enough (cukup), far (jauh), ill (sakit), just (adj.: adil/ adv.:

hanya, baru saja), kindly (adj.: ramah/ adv.: dengan baik), left (adj.: kiri/ adv.: ke
kiri), little (sedikit), long (lama), near (dekat), pretty (adj.: cantik/ adv.: agak,
lumayan), right (benar, tepat), still (adj.: diam, sunyi/ adv.: masih), straight (lurus)
gq.
gr.

Catatan Tambahan

gs.

Beberapa adverb dengan akhiran ly berikut ini memiliki arti yang sangat

berbeda dengan bentuk adverb tanpa ly.

gt.

Highly= sangat : He comes highly recommended. (Dia sangat dipuji.)

gu.

High= tinggi : With his newly acquired wealth, hes flying high.

(Dengan kekayaan yang baru diperolehnya itu, dia bercita-cita tinggi.)

Deeply= mendalam : She is deeply in love. (Cintanya sangat mendalam.)

gv.

Deep= jauh : We went deep into the forest. (Kami masuk jauh ke dalam

hutan itu.)

Nearly= hampir : She nearly missed the bus. (Dia hamper ketinggalan bis.)
gw.

Near= dekat : Her birthday is drawing near. (Hari ulangtahunnya

makin mendekat.)

Hardly= hamper tidak : Ihardly had time for sleeping. (Saya hamper tidak
mempunyai waktu untuk tidur.)
gx.

Hard= dengan keras : Hold it hard. (Peganglah dengan kuat.)

gy.
32

gz. DEGREES OF COMPARISON

ha.
hb. The Degrees of Comparison

(tingkat perbandingan)

adalah istilah dalam bahasa inggris yang merupakan tingkattingkat perbandingan pada kata sifat (Adjectives). Adapun
berdasarkan tingkatannya, The Degrees of Comparison dibagi
menjadi 3 golongan:
hc.
1.

Positive degree. (Tingkat positif / biasa)

hd.

Positive Degree digunakan untuk membandingkan dua

benda atau orang yang tingkatannya sama, baik sifat, bentuk

atau bagian lainnya.
he.

POLA= as + positive + as

hf. CONTOH= She is as beautiful as her sister.

(Artinya: Dia secantik saudara perempuannya)

hg.
hh.
2.

Comparative degree. (Tingkat perbandingan / lebih)

hi. Comparative Degree digunakan untuk membandingkan dua benda atau orang
yang berbeda. Atau dengan kata lain digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa sesuatu
benda atau orang itu mempunyai sifat lebih dibandingkan yang lain.
hj.
hk.

POLA= Comparative + than

hl. CONTOH= My house is bigger than his house.

hm.

(Artinya:

rumah

saya

lebih

besar

daripada

rumahnya)
hn.
3.

Superlative degree. (Tingkat terbaik/ paling)

ho.

Superlative Degree digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa

seseorang

atau

suatu

benda

mempunyai

sifat

melebihi

atau

mengungguli dibandingkan yang lainnya. Pada umumnya digunakan

untuk membandingkan tiga benda atau lebih.

33

hp.

POLA=

the + superlative + nouns+ in

contoh= He is the funniest student in this

hq.
class.
hr.
hs.

the + superlative + of

ht.

contoh= She is the most beautiful of all the

hv.

the + superlative + noun

hw.

contoh=This is the most expensive car.

girls.
hu.

hx.

hy. Bentuk Comparative dibuat dari bentuk positif yang ditambah

dengan akhiran er atau r dan awalan more. Sedangkan
Bentuk Superlative dibentuk dari bentuk positif yang ditambah
dengan akhiran estatau stdan awalan most.
hz.
Cara membentuk The Degree of Comparison

ia.
ib. Kata Sifat (Adjectives) yang terdiri atas satu suku kata, hanya
ditambah dengan akhiran er dan est.
ic.
id. Posit
ive

ie. Comp
arativ

if. Superl
ative

ig. cheap

e
ih. cheape

ii. Cheape

ij. great

r
ik. greater

st
il. Greates

t
im. tall
in. taller
io. Tallest
ip. high
iq. higher
ir. Highest
is. engan satu huruf mati (Konsonan) yang diawali dengan huruf
(Vokal), ditambah dengan akhiran er dan est. Satu huruf mati
terakhir digandakan.
34

it.
iu. Posit

iv. Compa

iw. Superl

ive
ix. big
ja. wet
jd. hot

rative
iy. bigger
jb. wetter
je. hotter

ative
iz. Biggest
jc. Wettest
jf. Hottest

jg.
jh. Kata sifat (Adjective) yang berakhiran dengan huruf y dan
diawali satu atau dua huruf mati, maka y diganti dengan i
dan kemudian ditambah eratau -est.
ji.
jj. Posit
ive
jm. happy
jp. lucky
js. pretty
jv. lazy
jy.

jk. Comp
arativ
e
jn. happier
jq. luckier
jt. prettier
jw. lazier

jl. Superla
tive
jo. Happiest
jr. Luckiest
ju. Prettiest
jx. Laziest

jz. Kata sifat yang berakhiran dengan huruf y dan sebelumnya

diawali dengan huruf hidup (Vokal) juga, maka huruf y tidak
mengalami perubahan dan langsung ditambah er atau est.
ka.
kb. Posit
ive
ke. grey
kh. lay
kk.

kc. Compa

kd. Superl

rative
kf. greyer
ki. layer

ative
kg. Greyest
kj. Layest

kl. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata dan berakhiran
dengan er atau ow langsung ditambah er atau -est.
km.
kn. Posit
ive

ko. Comp
arativ

kp. Superla
tive

kq. clever

e
kr. clevere

ks. Cleveres

kt. shallo

r
ku. shallow

t
kv. Shallow

35

w
kw.slow
kz.

er
kx. slower

est
ky. Slowest

la. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata yang berakhiran
dengan huruf e, maka hanya ditambah dengan r atau st
saja.
lb.
lc. Posit

ld. Compa

le. Superl

ive
wise
polite
brave
large

rative
lg. wiser
lj. politer
lm. braver
lp. larger

ative
lh. Wisest
lk. Politest
ln. Bravest
lq. Largest

lf.
li.
ll.
lo.
lr.

ls. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata, akan tetapi tekanan
pengucapannya jatuh pada suku kata pertama, tidak ditambah
erdan esttetapi ditambah dengan more dan most.
lt.
lu. Posit

lv. Compar

lw. Superl

ive
lx. famo

ative
ly. more

ative
lz. most

us
ma.nervo

famous
mb. more

famous
mc.most

us
md. char

nervous
me.more

nervous
mf. most

ming

charmin

charmin

mg.
mh. Kata sifat yang terdiri atas tiga suku kata atau lebih, langsung
ditambah dengan more atau most.
mi.
mj. Posit

mk. Comp

ml. Superl

ive
mm. care

arative
mn. more

ative
mo. most

ful
mp. carel

careful
mq. more

careful
mr. most

36

ess

careless

careles

ms.useful

mt. more

s
mu. most

mv.usele

useful
mw. more

useful
mx. most

useless

useless

ss
my.
mz.Ada

beberapa

Kata

Comparative(Lebih)

Sifat

maupun

(Adjective)

yang

Superlative(Paling)-nya

bentuk
tidak

mengikuti aturan seperti yang telah ditetapkan di atas,

perhatikan tabel di bawah ini.
na.
nb. Posit

nc. Compar

nd. Superl

ive
ne. bad
nh. ill
nk. evil
nn. good
nq. many
nt. much
nw.a

ative
nf. worse
ni. worse
nl. worse
no. better
nr. more
nu. more
nx. less

ative
ng. Worst
nj. Worst
nm. Worst
np. Best
ns. Most
nv. Most
ny. Least

little
nz. little
oc. late

oa. littler
od. later

ob. Littlest
of. last

oh. old

oe. later
oi. older

og. latest
ok. oldest

om. far

oj. elder
on. farther

ol. eldest
op. farthes

oo. further

t
oq. furthes

or. a few
ou. few
ox. hind

os. less
ov. fewer
oy. hinder

t
ot. least
ow.fewest
oz. hindmo
st

pa.

pb.GRAMMAR TASK 1
pc. Choose the correct answer
37

pd.
1.

Tuition at an American university runs

twenty

thousand

dollars

semester.
a.

so high as

c. as high as

b.

as high to

d. as high than

2.

The cost of a thirty-second commercial on a network television station is

pe.

for

most businesses.

a. so much

c.very much

b. much

d.

much to much

pf.
3.

The seed heads of teasel plants raise the nap on coarse tweed cloth

than

do the machine tools invented to replace them.

a. more efficiently

c.more efficient

b. efficiently

d.most efficient

pg.
4.

5.

The North American robin is only

the European and African robins.

a. half big

c. half as big as

b. as big half

d. big by half

In U.S. law, a misdemeanor is a crime that is

a felony, and usually

carries a term of imprisonment of less than one year for most offenses.
a. lesser than

c. less than severe

b. less severe than

d. severely lesser

6. Although both are mammals, the early stages of development on the part of placentals
differ from
a. marsupials

.
c. those of marsupials

38

b. that of marsupials

d. those marsupials

7. Eli Whitneys cotton gin enabled the cotton producers of the early nineteenth century
to increase their production by

times the amount produced prior to the

invention.
a. more fifty

c. more than fifty

b. more as fifty

d. most than fifty

8.

250,000 species of fossils have been discovered in both organized,

scientifaic searches and by sheer accident.

a. as much as

c. as many

b. as many as

d. many as

9. The Norths abundance of Industry and commersial wealth proved to be a greater

advantage

in determining the outcome of the Civil War.

a. than originally thought

c. as originally thought

b. that originally thought

d. originally thought

c.
10. The Woodstock Music and Art fair of 1969 captured the essence of the
counterculture movement of the 1960s

a. most than any of other events

b. best that any other event
c. than any other events
d. better than any other event
11.
12. A dancer, while always graceful and precise in her movements, trains
other athlete.
a. as strenuously

c. as strenuously as

39

any

b. more strenuously as

d. as strenuously that

13. The bank is to the post office.

a. Close

c. closer

b. Closely

d. closing

c.
14.

The little girl would not stay all night.

a. Quieter

c. quietly

b. Quietness

d. quiet

c.
15.

How was he driving when the accident happened?

a. Faster

c. fasting

b. Fast

d. fastly

c.
16.

My brother learnt to drive very .

a. Easy

c. easiest

b. Easier

d.easily

c.
d.
e.

f. GRAMMAR TASK 2
g. Find the underlined word or phrase which needs to be
corected
h.
1. Alligators are about the same color than crocodiles, although the adults may be
i.

j. slightly darker with broader heads and blunter noses.

k.
1.

D
Laser discs provide images of best qualitythanthoseof either television

signals or vidio
l.

m. tapes.
n.

40

1.

The New York City subway system is the most longest underground
railroad operating
o.

p. In the world.
q.
1.

School children in the same grade in American schools are usually the
same old as their
r.

s. classmates.
t.
u.
1.

Benjamin Franklin was the editor of the larger newspaper in the colonies, a
diplomatic
v.

w. representative to France and later to England, and the inventor of many useful
devices.

1. The standard for cleanliness in area where a microchip is manufactured is same that of an
x.

y. operating room in a hospital.

z.

1.

Mountain bikes differ from ordinarily bicycles in that they have ten or
more gears, more
aa.

C
ab.rugged frame, and wider treads on the tires.
ac.D
ad.
ae.

8. As a rule, the more rapidly the heart rate, the faster the pulse.
af.

9. Alike her friend and fellow impressionist artist, Edgar Degas, Mary Cassett used brush
ag. A

ah.strokes and colors in new and different ways.

ai.

D
41

10. Mr. Ron is the more patient teacher in our school. He never gets angry to us.
aj.

ak.
al.
am.
an.
ao.
ap.
aq.
ar.
as.
at.
au.

av. UNIT 3
aw.

ax.
ay.

READING COMPREHENSION
az.
ba.

Drug Abuse

bb. Drug abuse is the non-medical use of a drug that interferes with a healthy and
productive life. Drug abuse occurs at all economic levels of society, from the wealthy
to the impoverished, and among the young people as well as adults. Many young
people begin to use drugs or alcohol to experiment with the pleasurable effects of
drugs, to fit in with peers, or to try on adult roles and behavior. Most people who
experience with drugs or alcohol do not become addicted. When a person becomes
dependent, the drug becomes so rewarding that it may drive the user to continue
taking it despite harmful medical or social consequences.
bc. Some of the most commonly abused drugs can be purchased legally by adults. They
include alcohol beverages, tobacco, inhalants and prescription drugs.Alcohol
beverages are one of the most commonly abused drugs in the world. Alcohol is a
42

depressant that decreases the activity of the central nervous system. It also interferes
with thinking, concentration, judgment, and movement. Somepeople who repeatedly
abuse alcohol develop a dependence on it.
bd. Tobacco is among the most addictive drugs. The addictive element in tobacco product
is nicotine. Nicotine is a stimulant, a chemical that excites the central nervous system.
Nicotine addiction causes withdrawal symptoms when a person tries to stop smoking.
They may also experience craving for cigarettes.
be. Inhalants give off fumes that are inhaled for their intoxicating, mind-altering effects.
They include glues, nail polish, gasoline, and aerosol sprays. Inhalant takes the place
of oxygen in the lungs, depleting the amount of oxygen available to the brain, creating
an intoxicating effect. Inhalants can make the user feel relaxed, restless,
uncoordinated, and sometimes delirious. Some fumes can cause lung, liver and brain
damage. They may also lead to heart failure, coma, and death, primarily due to
oxygen depletion.
bf. Prescription drugs can be obtained and used legally only when prescribed by a
physician. Many prescription drugs have a high risk for abuse when taken in greater
amounts than prescribed or when used by people for whom they are not prescribed.
Commonly abused prescription drugs include stimulants called amphetamines and
analgesics (pain relievers), tranquilizers. Steroids are a special type of prescription
drug used medically for a variety of purpose. However, some athletes abuse anabolic
(muscle building) steroid to increase muscles size and strength.
bg. In many countries, it is illegal to sell any drug, including alcohol and tobacco
products, to children and adolescence. Many other drugs are illegal for both adults
and minors-that is, under most circumstances their possession and state are forbidden
by law. Illegal drug include marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, club
drugs.
bh. Marijuana is the common name hemp, a tall plant that grows in most of the world.
The main addictive chemical in marijuana is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which can
be detected in urine. People usually smoke the dried leaves and flowers of the plant in
cigarette or pipe. Some may mix marijuana with food and beverages. A sticky resin of
the plant, called hashish, can be eaten or smoked. Cocaine is a powerful stimulant
made from the leaves of the coca plant native to South America. Cocaine is often
43

snorted through the nose. It can also be smoked in a form called crack cocaine or
injected intravenously. Injecting cocaine increases the risk for inquiring HIV, the virus
that causes AIDS. Methamphetamine is an addictive drug that strongly stimulates the
central nervous system. Methamphetamine has some limited medical uses, primarily
in the treatment of obesity. Heroin and a group of related drugs called opiates are
made from the sap of the opium poppy. Opium, the dried sap of the poppys seed
pods, contains a potent chemical called morphine. Physicians use morphine to relieve
severe pain. Club drugs are created in laboratories. They are known as club drugs
because people often use them at nightclubs, at dance parties called raves, and at other
social gatherings. Common club drug include Ecstasy, GHB, Rohypnol, ketamine.
bi. (Adapted from English For Medical Science, Fatimah siti:2009)
A.

Answer the following questions based on the text

above.

1. Who can be a drug user ?

bj.

____________________________________________________________

bk.

____________________________________________________________

2. Why do the young people have contact with drugs ?

bl.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
3. How many kinds of abusing drugs are on the text? What are they ?
bm.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
4. How can alcohol influence our body?
bn.

____________________________________________________________

bo.

____________________________________________________________

5. What things belong to inhalants?

bp.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
6. What will happen to the inhalant in our body?
bq.

____________________________________________________________

br.

____________________________________________________________

bs.
44

7. What does an athlete abuse the drug for?

bt.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
8. How can a prescription drug be abused?
bu.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
9. How do people usually abuse cocaine?
bv.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
10. Ecstasy is well-known as club drugs, Why?
bw.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
bx.
B. Choose one of the provided words that best keep the
meaning of the underlined word.
1. Many young people beginto use drugs or alcohol to experiment with the pleasurable
effects of the drugs to fit in with peers, or to try on adult roles and behavior.
a. to wear

c. to addict

b. to consume

d. to abuse

by.
2. Drug abuse occurs at all economic levels of society, from the wealthy to the
impoverished, and among the young people as well as adults
a. the healthy-the sick

c. the rich-the poor

b. the abuser-the dealer

d. the low class-the high class

bz.
3. When a person becomes dependent, the drug becomes so rewarding that it may drive
the user to continue taking it despite harmful medical or social consequences.
a. Addicted

c. effected

b. Abused

d. influenced

ca.
4. Nicotine addiction causes withdrawal symptoms when a person tries to stop smoking.
a. to finish
b. to pass

c. to end
d. to conquer
45

cb.
5. Inhalants give off fumes that are inhaled for their intoxicating, mind-altering effects.
a. Smoke

c. fragrant

b. Air

d. flavor

cc.
cd.

C. Based on the text, what do the underlined words

refer to?
ce. 1. It also interferes with thinking, concentration, judgment, and movement
(2nd paragraph, line 4 ) It refers to _______________________________

cf.

cg. 2. Some people who repeatedly abuse alcohol develop a dependence on it (2nd
paragraph, last line)
ch.

It refers to __________________________________________________

ci. 3.They may also experience craving for cigarettes

(3rd paragraph, last line) They refers to ___________________________

cj.

ck. 4. They may also lead to heart failure, coma, and death, primarily due to oxygen
depletion (4th paragraph, last line)
cl.

They refers to _______________________________________________

cm.

5. Many other drugs are illegal for both adults and minors-that is, under most

circumstances their possession and state are forbidden by law (6th paragraph, 3rd line)
cn.

Their

refers

to

_______________________________________________
co.

cp.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

cq.

VERBAL

cr. Verbal adalah suatu kata yang dibentuk dari kata kerja (verb), namun berfungsi
sebagai part of speech lain. Verbal terdiri dari: gerund, infinitive, dan participle.
cs.
MACAM MACAM VERBAL
ct. Gerund
cu. Gerunds adalah kata kerja (verb) yang ditambah ing (verb + ing) dan berfungsi
sebagai kata benda (noun). Dengan kata lain, gerund adalah kata kerja yang
dibendakan/diubah menjadi kata benda dengan menambahkan ing. Karena sebagai
kata benda, maka gerund juga mempunyai fungsi yang sama dengan kata benda pada
umumnya.
cv.
46

 Gerunds as subject
cw.
cx.

Contoh: Reading is not my hobby.

cy. Swimming is better than running.

cz.
Gerunds as object
da.
db.

Contoh: I like reading.

dc. She goes swimming every morning.

dd.
Gerunds as Subjective Complement
de.
df.

Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu

didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement.

dg.
dh.

Contoh: Her favorite sport is swimming.

di.
Gerunds as object of preposition
dj.
dk.

Gerund sebagai objek dari preposisi terletak setelah preposisi,

misalnya; for, before, without, in, at, after, dll.

dl.
dm. Contoh: I will wash the dishes aftereating.
dn.

You cannot be rich man withoutworking.

do.
Gerunds after NO
dp.
dq.

Dalam kalimat larangan, kita sering memakai kata No dan setelahnya

biasanya diletakkan verb + ing yaitu gerunds. Contoh:

dr.
ds. Contoh: No Smoking!
dt. No parking in this area!
du.
47

 Gerunds after possessive adjective

dv.
dw. Contoh: Thanks for yourcoming.
dx.
Gerunds as appositive
dy.
dz.

Gerundsebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat.

ea.
eb.
ec.

Contoh: She has a bad habit, gambling.

ed.

Her favorite exercise, swimming in the pool, makes her body

strong.
ee.
ef. Gerunds after certain verbs
eg.
eh. Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada beberapa kata kerja tertentu yang bila kita ingin
memasukkan kata kerja sesudah kata kerja tersebut, maka kata kerja setelahnya
harusnya berbentuk gerund atau verb + ing.
ei. Berikut ini daftar kata kerja-kata kerja tersebut beserta contoh kalimatnya:
ej.
ek. Admit

: He admitted cheating on the test.

el. Advise

: The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.

em.Allow

: Ireland doesn't allow smoking in bars.

en. Anticipate

: I anticipated arriving late.

eo. Appreciate

: I appreciated her helping me.

ep. Avoid

: He avoided talking to her.

eq. Begin

: I began learning Chinese.

er. Consider

: She considered moving to New York.

es. Continue

: He continued talking.

et. Enjoy

: We enjoy hiking.

eu. Finish

: He finished doing his homework.

ev. forget

: I forgot giving you my book.

ew. hate

: I hate cleaning the bathroom.

48

ex. Imagine

: He imagines working there one day.

ey. Involve

: The job involves traveling to Japan once a month.

ez. Keep

: She kept interrupting me.

fa. Like

: She likes listening to music.

fb. Love

: I love swimming.

fc.
fd.
fe.Infinitive
ff. Infinitive adalah verbal berbentuk kata kerja dasar yang umumnya ditambah to di
depannya, misalnya: to eat, to say, to run, to work, to study. Berikut adalah beberapa
fungsi infinitif.
fg.

Infinitive sebagai kata benda (noun)

Contoh: To say is easy but to do is difficult.

To understand English is not an easy job.

Infinitive sebagai kata sifat (adjective)
Contoh: I have no time to go.

I have had the money to pay this ticket.

Infinitive sebagai kata keterangan (adverb)
Contoh: I come to meet you.
We read to get new information.
Infinitive tidak pernah dan tidak boleh menempati posisi sebagai kata kerja utama
(main verb).
- I to drink a cup of coffee. (salah)
- I drink a cup of coffee. (benar)
Catatan
Setelah modal auxiliary verbs, infinitive yang digunakan adalah infinitive tanpa to.
Modal auxiliary verbs yang tidak boleh memakai to sesudahnya adalah will, shall,
would, could, can, may, might, must, should, dan needn't (tetapi bukan need to).
fh.

Beberapa verb (kata kerja) lazim yang didahului object (nouns/ pronouns)
kemudian diikuti oleh infinitives adalah sebagai berikut:

49

fi.
fj.

tell someone to, advise someone to, encourage someone to, remind someone to, invite

someone to, permit someone to, allow someone to, warn someone to, require someone to,
order someone to, force someone to, ask someone to, expect someone to, would like someone
to, want someone to, need someone to,
fk.Participle: present and past
fl. Present participle adalah kata yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan suffix (akhiran) -ing
pada kata kerja dasar (verb+ing). Berikut adalah fungsi dari present participle.

Present Participle sebagai Verb

fm.

Sebagai verb, present participle digunakan sebagai komponen

dari multiple verbs bersama verb to be/auxiliary verb [aux+present

participle] untuk membentuk progressive/continuous dan perfect continous tense.
fn.

Contoh: Those cars are running so fast.

Present Participle sebagai Verbal

fo. Sebagai verbal, participle berfungsi sebagai adjective. Sebagai kata

sifat, verbal ini berfungsi memodifikasi/menjelaskan noun.
fp.
fq. Misalnya pada kalimat:
1. The rooster crows.
2. The fact interested me.
fr. dapat dibuat menjadi kalimat dengan present participle:
1. The crowing rooster eats a lot.
2. The interesting fact was published.

50

fs. Dengan demikian crowing dan interesting merupakan present participle

yang berfungsi menjelaskan rooster dan fact. Pada reduksi adjective
clause, relative pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus serta ditambahkan -ing
pada active.
ft.

Contoh Present Participle pada Reduced Adjective Clause

fu. Adjevtive

fv. Proses

clause
fy. The woman

fw. Reduced adj.

reduksi
fz. The woman

fx. keterangan

clause
ga. The woman

gb. working

who works

who

working as

merupakan

as English

works+ing

English

present

teacher is

as English

teacher

very

teacher is

very

yang didapat

beautiful.

very

beautiful

melalui

(Wanita

beautiful.

is

participle

reduced

yang bekerja

adjective

sebagai guru

phrase

bahasa

dimana

Inggris

berfungsi

tersebut

menerangka

sangat

n woman

cantik.)

gc.

Past participle

gd. Past participle adalah participle yang dibentuk dengan menambahkan suffix (akhiran)
-ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, atau -ne pada base form yang merupakan regular verb. Sedangkan
pada base form irregular verb, bentuk past participle tidak konsisten.
ge.B

gf. Pres

ent

tens

gg.Past
tense

gh.Present

gi. Past

particip

partic

le

iple

f
o
r
m
gj. d

gk. Dig

gl. dug

51

gm.

gn.dug

(s)

igging

g
go.l

gp.Lear

n (s)

gq.Learned

gr. learnin

/learnt

gs. learnt

a
r
n

gt. Berikut adalah fungsi dari past participle.

Past Participle sebagai Verb

gu.

Contoh:

gv.

I have paid the bill.

(Saya telah membayar tagihan tersebut.)

gw.

That room is cleaned everyday.

(Ruangan itu dibersihkan tiap hari.)

Past Participle sebagai Verbal

gx.

Sebagai verbal, participle berfungsi sebagai kata sifat. Sebagai kata

sifat, verbal ini berfungsi menerangkan noun. Penggunaan past

participle sebagai adjective dapat dilihat pada noun phrase dan reduced
adjective clause pada passive voice.
Misalnya pada kalimat:
1. The woman is bored by the situation.
2. The cat was spoiled by my mother.
gy.

dapat dibuat menjadi past participle:

1. The bored woman

2. The spoiled cat
gz.

Dengan demikian bored dan spoiled pada contoh paling akhir

merupakan past
(sebagai

participle yang berfungsi

penerima

pada reduced

aksi).Selain

adjective

itu, past

clause. Pada

pronoun dan verb to be (jika ada) dihapus.

52

menjelaskan woman dan

participle juga

reduksi adjective

cat

digunakan

clause, relative

ha.

Contoh:

hb.

Adj

hc.

ective

Prose
s reduksi

clause

hd.

R
edujed

he.

keter
angan

adjectiv
e
clause

hf. The math

hg.

The

hh. The

hi. solved

problem

math

math

merupakan

which

problem w

proble

past

has been

hich has

m solv

participle y

solved

been solve

ed by

ang

by him is

d by him is

him is

didapat

difficult.

difficult.

difficult.

melalui re

(Soal

duced

matemat

adjective

ika yang

clause dim

telah

ana

dipecahk

berfungsi

an

menjelaska

tersebut

n math.

sangat
sulit.)

hj. Passive voice

hk. Passive voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana
subject pada sentence (kalimat) atau clause (klausa) tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan
menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action)
baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.
hl. Rumus passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.

hm.
53

hn.

ho.Catatan:

Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were)
maupun kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been)
maupun antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).

Kombinasi auxiliary digunakan pada bentuk pasif pada tenses. Penjelasan lebih
lengkap dapat dilihat di Bentuk Pasif pada Tenses, Infinitive, dan Gerund.

hp. Contoh:
hq. Bentuk pasif pada tenses: The red velvet recipe is used by many people.
hr. Infinitive: To be accompanied with him is a bad idea.
hs. Gerund: Being accompanied with him is a bad idea

ht.
hu.
hv.

GRAMMAR TASK 1

hw.

Complete the following sentence by choosing A, B, C or

D.
1. Drug abuse is the non- medical use of a drugwith a healthy and productive
life.
a. To interfere
c. interfering
b. Interfered
d. Interferes
hx.
2. There are many reason for young people.drugs, one of them is to try on adult
roles.
a. In using
b. Used

c. use
d. to use

hy.
3. Dependent person often continue.drugs although they know how harmful it is.
a. To take
c. taking
b. Took
d. takes
hz.

54

4. Most peoplewith drugs or alcohol do not become addicted.

a. Experienced
c. to experience
b. Experiencing
d. experiences
ia.
5. Alcohol..by adult could make decrease their nervous system.
a. Consumer
c. to consume
b. Consumed
d. consuming
ib.
6.

Sometimes, people will be more confident and feel happy afterdrugs.

a. Consumed
c. consumer
b. To consume
d. consuming
ic.

7. abuse drug in the world isnt easy, but its possible.

a. To stop
c. stops
b. Stopping
d. stopped
id.
8. People use drugs or alcoholpleasure experiment of it.
a. Got
c. to get
b. Getting
d. gets
ie.
9. The activity of the central nervous systemby alcohol can make users
movement be more slowly
a. Decreases
b. To decrease

c. Decreased
d. Decreasing

if.
10. Most of truck drivers have bad habit;
a. Smoking
c. Smoke
b. Smoked
d. To smoke
ig.
55

11. .their selves be relaxed, drug users use inhalant despite the negative effect
in their brain.
a. Made
b. To make

c. Make
d. Makes

ih.
12. Being restless and uncoordinated are the effects.from inhalant using.
a. Causes
c. caused
b. Caution
d. to cause
ii.
13. Recently, abused drug is a big problem.by Indonesia government.
a. Faced
c. facing
b. Face
d. faces
ij.
14. Serious rehabilitation is an important way shouldby a morphine addict.
a. Taking
c. Takes
b. Took
d. taken
ik.
15. prescription drugs in greater amounts than prescribed have a high risk.
a. Took
c. takes
b. Taken
d. taking

il.
im.

GRAMMAR TASK 2

in.Identify the underlined word or phrase bellow which needs

to be corrected.
1. To have experiment with the pleasurable effect of drugs, many young people begin
io.
A
B
C
ip. used to alcohol.
iq. D
ir.
2. Marijuana, cocaine and heroin are drug illegal.

56

is.

3. Sell any drug, including tobacco products to children in many countries is illegal.
it. A

4. Marijuana is the commonly name hemp, a tall plant growing in most of the world.
iu.

5. In consuming marijuana, people usually took some of it in their beverages.

iv.

6. Hemp has sticky resin call hashish.

iw.

7. Snorting through the nose, smoking in a crack form or injection it intravenous are the
ix. A

iy. way used by people to enjoy marijuana.

iz.

ja.
8. Opium is the dryingsap of poppysseed pods that contains morphine.
jb.

jc.
9. Physicians have medical treatment to relieved severe pain by using morphine.
jd.

10. In social gatherings; dance party, people use ecstasy and ketamine with their friend in
je. A
B
C

57

jf. a group called club drugs

jg.

jh. UNIT 4
ji.

jj. READING COMPREHENSION

jk.
jl.

jm. VACCINES AND ANTISERUMS

jn. There are two kinds of drugs prevent infectious disease. They are (1) vaccines and (2)
antiserums and globulin. And you know that some of these drugs, such as polio vaccines,
are especially valuable because there is no effective treatment for the disease they
prevent.
jo. Vaccines contain a weakened or killed form of the microbe that causes a particular
disease. There are several kinds of vaccines. Each kind causes the body to produce
substances, which are called antibodies that fight particular disease. The vaccine thus
makes the body immune to the disease by providing resistance against attack by it.
Vaccines have been developed against such infectious disease as cholera, diphtheria,
hepatitis, measles, and smallpox, as well as polio. In fact, vaccinations against smallpox
have wiped out that disease.
jp. Antiserums and globulins, like vaccines, prevent certain infectious diseases. But
unlike vaccines, these drugs contain antibodies rather than substances that cause the body
to produce antibodies. The antiserums and globulins act more quickly than vaccines to
prevent infection but give only temporary protection. Physicians prescribe these drugs
after a person who has been vaccinated is exposed to an infectious disease. Antiserums
are used against such diseases as diphtheria and tetanus. Examples of diseases against
which globulins protect include hepatitis, rabies, and tetanus.
jq. (Adapted from English For Medical Science, Fatimah siti, 2009)
A. Answer the questions below based on the text above!
1. What kinds of drugs that prevent infectious disease?
58

jr.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
2. Why are polio vaccines valuable for human beings?
js.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
3. What are vaccines?
jt.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
4. What are antibodies?
ju.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
5. What is the text talking about?
jv.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
6. What are antiserums and globulins?
jw.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
7. How do vaccines differ from antiserums and globulins?
jx.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
8. What diseases can be prevented by vaccines?
jy.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
9. Who should prescribe antiserums and globulins?
jz.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
10. What are antiserums used for?
ka.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
kb.
B. Choose the best answer based on the text
1. Which of the following is not drug that prevent infectious disease?
a. vaccines
59

b. antiserums
c. globulins
d. antibiotics
2. Vaccines have been developed against infectious disease, such as .
a. cholera, diphtheria, hypertension
b. hepatitis, measles, typhus
c. smallpox, polio, cancer
d. Cholera, measles, polio
3. What does the word they in paragraph 1 refer to?
a. infectious diseases
b. drugs
c. two kinds of drugs
d. diseases
4. What is the main idea of paragraph 1?
a. The substances of vaccine
b. The kinds of vaccines
c. The diseases that can be attacked by vaccine
d. How antibodies formed
5. How is vaccine different from antiserum?
a. Vaccine contains antibodies while antiserum contains substances producing
antibodies
b. Vaccine acts more quickly than antiserum
c. Antiserum contains weakened bacteria and vaccine contains antibodies
d. Antiserum acts more quickly than antiserum
6. The following statements are true, EXCEPT.
a. Vaccines contain a killed form of the microbe
b. Globulins contain a weakened form of the microbe
c. Antiserums contain antibiotics
d. Antiserums and globulins prevent infectious disease
7. Hepatitis, rabies, and tetanus can be prevented by .
a. vaccines
b. antiserums
c. globulins
d. antibiotics
60

kc.
8. The word diseases in paragraph 1 can be replaced by .
a. illnesses
b. antibodies
c. wounds
d. injuries
kd.
ke.
9. When do physicians prescribe antiserums and globulins?
a. After a person who has not been vaccinated is exposed to an infectious disease
b. After a person who has not been vaccinated is attacked by an infectious
disease
c. After a person who has not been vaccinated recover from

an infectious

disease
d. After a person who has not been vaccinated is suspected by an infectious
disease
10. The vaccine that makes the body immune to the disease (Par. 2). The antonym
of the underlined word is .
a. invulnerable
b. insensitive
c. sensitive
d. weak
11. Which of the following statements is true?
a. vaccines and antiserums prevent all disease
b. antibodies can be produced by vaccines
c. vaccines make the body immune to the diseases by killing it
d. globulins give long protection to the infections
12. Two kinds of drugs prevent infectious diseases. What is the synonymy of the
underlined word?
a. restrain
b. cure
c. forbid
d. welcome

61

13. Some of these drugs, such as polio vaccines, are especially valuable because there is
no effective treatment for the disease they prevent. What is the synonymy of the
underlined word?
kf.
a. worth

b. safety
c. cheap
d. expensive
14. In fact, vaccinations against smallpox have wiped out that disease. What is the
synonymy of the underlined word?
a. killed
b. attacked
c. defended
d. cleaned
15. The antiserums and globulins act more quickly than vaccines to prevent infection but
give only temporary protection. What is the synonymy of the underlined word?
a. work
b. interact
c. cure
d. measure
kg.

kh.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

ki. PRESENT TENSES

a. Simple Present
They, We, I, You, benda jamak

kj.

(plural noun) + V1
kk.

He, She, It, singular noun + V+S/ES

kl.
km.

Kegunaan:

Untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang dilakukan secara rutin.

kn. Contoh: She types letters everyday

ko.

They type letters everyday

62

Untuk menyakan sesuatu yang merupakan fakta atau kebenaran umum.

kp. Contoh: The Sun raises from east

kq.
kr.
ks.
kt.
b. Present Continous
TO BE + Ving

ku.

TO BE= is untuk He/ She/ It, am untuk I,

kv.

are untuk They/We/ You

kw.
kx. Kegunaan:

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sementara saja

ky. Contoh: He is typing letters this week because his secretary is on leave.

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung saat ini.

kz. Contoh: He is typing an application letter.

c. Present Perfect
la.

lb.

Have/has + V3

Have untuk they/we/I/you, has

untuk he/she/it
lc.
ld. Kegunaan:
le. Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan masih
berlangsung sampai sekarang.
lf. Contoh: He has typed three letters so far this morning.

63

lg.FUTURE TENSE
a.

Simple Future
Will + V1

lh.
li.

Atau

To be present +

lj.

going to + V1
lk.
ll.
lm.1) Will + V1
ln. Kegunaan:

Untuk menyatakan suatu perkiraan yang akan terjadi di waktu yang akan
datang.

lo. Contoh: It will rain tomorrow

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang spontan di putuskan untuk di lakukan

pada saat berbicara.

lp. Contoh: I will open the door.

lq.
lr.

2) To be + going to + V1

ls. Kegunaan:

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang
dengan melihat tanda-tanda yang ada saat ini.

lt. Contoh: It is going to rain (di ucapkan karena adanya tanda berupa mendung
yang tebal)

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah DIPUTUSKAN untuk dilakukan

di waktu yang akan datang.

lu. Contoh: He is going to paint his house.

b. Past Future
64

Would + V1

lv.

lw.
lx.

Atau

Was/were + going
to + V1

ly. Kegunaan:

untuk menyatakan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan secara sukarela (would).

lz. Contoh: I knew you would prepare all the things for the meeting

untuk dapat digunakan untuk membuat janji (would).

ma.

Contoh: My uncle told me that he would come on time.

untuk menyatakan aksi yang direncanakan (was/were going to).

mb.

Contoh: They told that they were going to visit Lombok.

mc.
md.

PAST TENSES

a.

Simple Past
They/We/I/You/He

me.

/She/It + V2
mf.
mg.

Kegunaan:

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa
lampau.

mh.

Contoh: She typed a letter last night

Untuk menyatakan kegiatan-kegiatan yang berurutan di masa lampau.

mi. Contoh: when I came, she typed a letter last night

b.

Past Continous
mj.

mk.

TO BE + Ving

TO BE= was untuk He/ She/ It/I,

were untuk They/We/ You

ml.
65

mm.

Kegunaan:

Untuk menyatakan bahwa suatu kegiatan terjadi (simple past) pada saat
kegiatan yang lain sedang berlangsung (past continuous)

mn.

Contoh: When I came, she was typing a letter.

Untuk menyatakan kegiata-kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung secara

bersamaan di masa lampau.

mo.

Contoh: When my brother was swimming, my parents were waiting

him.
mp.
mq.
c. Past Perfect
mr.

They/We/I/You/He/She/It +

HAD + V3
ms.
mt. Kegunaan:
mu.

Untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan yang telah terjadi (past perfect)

sebelum terjadinya suatu kegiatan lain di masa lampau (simple past)

mv.

Contoh: When I came, she had typed three letters

mw.

mx. GRAMMAR TASK 1

my.

Choose the correct answer

1. I my mother very much.

a. Admire c. Am admiring
b. Admired d. Have admired
2. At present John..in America.
a. Live
c. Is living
b. Lives
d. Was living
3. Mrs. Stelaa coat because it is cold today.
a. Is wearing
c. Wears
b. Was swaring
d. wore
mz.
66

4. Look! Somebody .to push a car.

a. Tries
c. Tried
b. Is trying
d. Has tried
na.
5. Her father always..a bath at 6 o clock every morning.
a. Had taken
c. Took
b. Has taken
d. Takes
6. They each other since childhood.
a. Has known
c. Had known
b. Have known
d. knew
nb.
7. Teachers .our parents in the meeting next Monday.
a. Are meeting
c. Is going to meet
b. Will met
d. Will meet
8. His face is look so red. I think that He. be angry with us.
a. Will
c. Would
b. Is going to
d. Was going to
9. Their families .that museum ten times so far.
a. Had visited
c. Has visited
b. Have visited
d. visited
10. I have decided that I . stay more than a week.
a. Am not
c. Will not
b. Would not
d. Were not
11. When the phone .I was having dinner with my family.
a. Rings
c. Rang
b. Was ringing
d. Is ringing
12. Anne .her new dress when Bobby met her yesterday.
a. Was wearing
c. Wear
b. Wore
d. wears
13. I .English for two months when I lived in Indonesia five year ago.
a. Teach
c. Were teaching
b. Was teaching
d. Taught
14. Jimmy was doing his homework, while his motherdelicious soup.
a. Was cooking
c. Cooked
b. Is cooking
d. Cooks
15. His car broke down, when he ..to work.
a. Drove
c. Is driving
b. Was driving
d. Drive
16. After the secretary..the letter carefully, she wrote a replay.
a. Read
c. Has read
b. Reads
d. Had read
17. When the police arrived, the rubber.
a. Went to
c. has gone
b. was gone
d. had gone
18. He went to market, after he .his work.
a. Had finished
c. Finished
b. Has finished
d. Will finish
19. My aunt said that she ..a big birthday cake for me.
a. Will make
c. would make
67

b. Would made
d. will made
20. The couple said that they.celebrate their weeding party in Bali.
a. Will go
c. Were going to
b. Are going to
d. Would go
nc.

nd.

GRAMMAR TASK 2

ne.

Identify the underlined word or phrase bellow which

needs to be corrected.
nf.
1. Their are two kinds of drugs prevent infections disease.
ng.

nh.
2. Polio vaccine swere valuable because there was no effective treatments for the disease.
ni.

nj.
3. There are several kinds of vaccines which each kind can caused the body to produce
nk.

nl. antibodies.
nm.

nn.
4. Vaccine has been development against such infections disease as cholera and hepatitis as
no.

np.
nq.

well as polio.
D

5. Globulin is better than vaccine because globulin act more quickly than it.
nr.

ns.
6. Antibodies containing in antiserums and globulins give only temporary protection.
nt.

nu.
nv.
7. Doctor will given us antiserums to prevent tetanus.
nw.

D
68

nx.
8. In fact, vaccination against smallpoxhave wiped out the disease.
ny.

nz.
9. Vaccines, antiserums and globulinis kinds of drugs.
oa.

ob.
10. Physiciansprescribed antiserums after a person who had been vaccined were exposed to
oc.
od.

an infections disease.

oe.
of.
og.
oh.
oi.
oj.
ok.
ol.
om.
on.

oo. UNIT 5
op.
oq.

READING COMPREHENSION
or.
os. ANESTHETICS

69

ot. People have always looked for ways to deal effectively with their health problems.
And people found that they could deal with their health problems by preventing,
controlling, or curing them. But in order to control or cure certain health problems,
surgery was required. However, before the I 800s, there were no drugs available that
could effectively make a person insensitive to pain. Thus, surgery that was done for
hundreds of years was very limited. Moreover, the surgery that was done during those
years often resulted in the person dying because his or her body systems would stop
functioning due to the extreme pain involved.
ou. Through years, doctors realized the benefits of surgery for people with certain health
problems, provided a drug could be discovered that would make a person temporarily
insensitive to pain. In 1800 Sir Humphrey Davy, an English chemist, suggested that a
gas called nitrous oxide could cause a person to be temporarily insensitive to pain.
But this suggestion was not taken seriously until the middle 1 800s. At the same time,
Horace Wells, an American dentist, used nitrous oxide to painlessly pull down his
own tooth.
ov. Following the discovery that nitrous oxide could cause a temporary insensitivity to
pain, many other drugs were discovered that cause a similar effect on people. These
drugs are now called anesthetics.
ow.Some anesthetics cause only a part of the body to become insensitive to pain. These
kinds of anesthetics are called local anesthetics. Such anesthetics are used quite often
by dentists. Two of these anesthetics are Novocain and Xylocaine. Other anesthetics
cause the entire body to become insensitive to pain. These are called general
anesthetics. Such anesthetics are often used during major surgery. Two of them are
nitrous oxide and Sodium Pentothal.
ox. Because anesthetics are an essential part of surgery, many physicians now specialize
in anesthesiology, or the branch of medical science dealing with anesthetics. These
physicians are called anesthesiologists, or anesthetists. Some nurses also specialize in
anesthesiology and are called nurse anesthetists.
oy. (Adapted from English For Medical Science, Fatimah siti, 2009)
oz.
A.

Answer these questions baased on the text above

1. Why have people looked for ways to deal effectively with their health problems?
70

pa.

________________________________________________________________

pb.
2. How could people deal with their health problems?
pc.

________________________________________________________________

3. What is Sir Humphrey Davy?

pd.

________________________________________________________________

4. Who suggested that a gas called nitrous oxide could cause a person to be temporarily
insensitive to pain?
pe.

________________________________________________________________

5. What is the different between local anesthetics and general anesthetics?

pf.

________________________________________________________________

6. What do you know about nitrous oxide?

pg.

________________________________________________________________

7. According to Horace Wells, what was the function of nitrous oxide?

ph.

________________________________________________________________

8. What are the kinds of anesthetics?

pi.

________________________________________________________________

9. What anesthetics are often used by dentists?

pj.

________________________________________________________________

10. Distinguish between anesthesiology and anesthesiologist.

pk. __________________________________________________________________
pl.
B.

Answer these following questions by choosing one of

the answers

1. People could deal effectively with the kinds of diseases by .them.

a. Preventing

c. curing

b. Controlling

d. all of the above

2. In 1800 an English chemist discovered a gas called..

a. sodium pentothal

c. novocain

b. xylocaine

d. nitrous oxide

3. According to Sir Humphrey Davy, using nitrous oxide could make a person ... to pain.
a. Temporarily

c. temporarily insensitive

b. Sensitive

d. continually sensitive
71

4. Horace Wells used nitrous oxide for.

a. preventing various of diseases

c. pulling down a tooth painlessly

b. curing a variety of diseases

d. curing respiratory problems

5. According to the passage, some drugs that would make a part of the body insensitive to
pain are
a. Novocain and xylocaine

c. histamine and nitrous oxide

b. sodium pentothal and antibiotic

d. nitrous oxide and sodium pentothal

6. People have always looked for ways to deal effectively with their health problems. The
underlined word can be substituted by
a. Immunized

c. searched for

b. Served

d. participated

7. People could deal with their health problems by preventing, controlling, or curing them.
The underlined word can be substituted by
a. Maintaining

c. financing

b. bringing back to health

d. meaning

8. Before the 1800s, there were no drugs available that could effectively make a person
insensitive to pain. The underlined word can be substituted by
a. Document

c. lead

b. Unfeeling

d. observe

9. Surgery that was done for hundreds of years was very limited. The underlined word can
be substituted by
a. Restricted

c. built

b. Oriented

d. resolved

10. Through years, doctors realized the benefits of surgery for people with certain health
problems, provided a drug could be discovered that would make a person temporarily
insensitive to pain. The underlined word can be substituted by
a. Exhaled

c. enlarged

b. Lowered

d. found out

11. ... People have always looked for ways to deal effectively with their health problems.
pm.

The underlined word refers to

a.
b.

Ways
Problems

c. People
d. Deals

12. ... people found that they could deal with their health problems by preventing,
controlling, or curing them. The underlined word refers to
72

a.
b.

Preventing
Controlling

c. People
d. Health problems

13. ... because his or her body systems would stop functioning due to the extreme pain
involved. The underlined word refers to
a.
b.

Dying person
Surgeon

c. Drug user
d. Someone

14. Horace Wells, an American dentist, used nitrous oxide to painlessly pull down his own
tooth. The underlined word refers to
a.
b.

American dentists
Horace Wells

c. Nitrous oxide
d. Sir Humphrey Davy

15. Two of them are nitrous oxide and Sodium Pentothal. The underlined word refers
to
a.
b.

Local anesthetics
General anesthetics

c. Anesthetics
d. Novocain and xylocaine

pn.

po.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

pp.

CONJUNCTION

pq. Conjunction (konjungsi) adalah kata penghubung yang berfungsi untuk

menghubungkan dua kalimat atau lebih menjadi satu kalimat. Conjunction terbagi
menjadi 2 kelompok utama yaitu:
pr.
ps.Coordinating Conjunction
pt. Yaitu conjunction yang menghubungkan kalimat-kalimat yang sederajat. Artinya
kalimat yang satu tidak bergantung pada kalimat yang lainnya, dan masing-masing
kalimat dapat berdiri sendiri.Conjunction jenis ini terbagi lagi menjadi:
pu.

a. Cumulative/Addition (Menunjukkan Penambahan)

pv. Conjunction yang sering digunakan adalah and, bothand, also, as well as, not
onlybut also, dsb
pw.

Contoh:

1. You will go to Bali tomorrow, I will go to Bali tomorrow.

Maka kalimat seperti ini dapat digabungkan menjadi You and I will go to Bali
tomorrow.
2. He is both an actor and a director.

73

3. He is clever and you are also.

px.

b. Alternative (Menunjukkan Pilihan)

py. Conjunction yang digunakan adalah eitheror, neithernor, or, else, otherwise
pz.

Contoh:

1. You can eat either the red apple or the green one.
(Kamu boleh memakan salah satu apel yang berwarna merah ataupun yang
berwarna hijau).
2. You can eat neither the red apple nor the green one.
(Kamu tidak boleh memakan apel yang berwarna merah ataupun yang berwarna
hijau).
3. You or William is right.
qa.

c. Adversative/ Contrast (Menunjukkan Pertentangan)

qb. Conjunction yang sering digunakan adalah but, still, yet, nevertheless, however,
whereas, while.
qc. Contoh:
1.

Mrs. Henry is generous but her husband isnt.

2.

He is very clever, nevertheless he often makes mistakes.

3.

Id like to go; however, I havent got time.

qd.

d. Cause Effect (Menunjukkan Sebab akibat)

qe.

Conjunction yang digunakan adalah therefore, so, so then, then, for

qf.

Contoh:

1.

My sister was ill, therefore, she couldnt go to school yesterday

2.

Its time to go; so, lets start

3.

If you make mistake, then you must admit it.

qg.

Jenis kedua dari conjunction adalah subordinating conjunction

74

qh.

Subordinating Conjunction
qi.

Yaitu kata sambung yang menghubungkan antara anak kalimat dan induk

kalimat, dimana anak kalimat yang berkonjungsi memperjelas induk kalimat.

qj.
1.

Contoh:

He said that he could pick me up (he could pick me up memperjelas kata said)
2. Sean promised that he would tell me the truth (he would tell me the truth
memperjelas kata promised)
3. He could not pass the exam because he was lazy (because he was lazy
memperjelas could not pass the exam)
qk.

PREPOSITION

ql. Prepositions atau kata depan yaitu kata yang ditempatkan/ digunakan sebelum kata
benda (noun) atau kata ganti (pronoun) untuk menunjukkan hubungan dengan bagianbagian kalimat yang lain.Contoh Preposition di antaranya adalah sebagai berikut:
qm.

qn.

Arti

qo.

repo

Prepo

sitio

siti

n
qq.

bout
qu.

qr. kira-kira/

mengenai
qv.di atas

on
qs.In

qt. di/ di dalam

qw.

qx.

Into
qz.sebelum

ra. Sin

re
rc. At
rg. Amo

Arti

tentang/

bove
qy.Befo

qp.

ce
rd. di/ pada
rh. diantara

re. To
ri. Bet

ng

ke/ ke

dalam/
sampai
rb. sejak/
setelah/
sedari
rf. untuk/ ke
rj. diantara

we

rk. By

rl. dengan/

en
rm.

rn. untuk/ bagi/

ro. With

oleh/ dekat
rp. dengan

For
rq. Fro

selama
rr. Dari

75

m
rs.
rt. Catatan:
1. At & In (place = tempat)

ru.

In digunakan untuk nama negeri dan kota besar. At digunakan untuk kota

kecil, contohnya:
rv.

Dina lives in New York.

rw.

She passed her holiday at Stockholm village.

rx.
2.

At, In, & On (time = waktu)

ry.

At digunakan untuk waktu yang tepat, in digunakan untuk suatu bagian

waktu, dan on digunakan untuk nama hari atau tanggal, contohnya:

rz.

I usually get up at six oclock.

sa.

He takes a walk in the afternoon.

sb.

They are going to go fishing on Sunday.

sc.
3. Between & Among

sd.

Between digunakan diantara dua orang atau benda. Sedangkan among

digunakan ketika diantara banyak orang atau benda, contohnya:

4.

se.

I stand between the two girls.

sf.

I stand among a crowd of girls.

By, Before, & Since

sg.

Dapat digunakan untuk batas waktu tertentu, contohnya:

sh.

You must go home by five oclock.

si.

She didnt go home before five oclock.

sj.

She has been here since five oclock.

sk.
5. At, for (price = harga)

sl.

At dipakai jika jumlah uang yang sebenarnya tidak diberikan. Sedangkan for

dipakai jika jumlah uang yang sebenarnya disebutkan.

sm.

I cannot buy the goods at such a high price.

sn.

He bought a book for ten dollars.

so.

sp.
76

sq.

GRAMMAR TASK 1

A. Complete the following sentence with provided conjunction!

sr. But, either.or, neither.nor, and, both, therefore
1. Surgery was required to cure certain health problem..before the 1800s there were no
drugs available to make people insensitive to pain.
2. Dentists usually use ..Novocain.Xylocaine to painlessly pull down their patients
3.

6.
7.

tooth.
Novocain..Xylocaine are kinds of local anesthetics.
4. .., local anesthetics and general anesthetics are the essential part of surgery.
5. Anesthetics are surgerys important part,..there are many hospital provide nurse
anesthetists.
People are allowed to uselocal anesthetics.general anesthetics illegally.
Sir Humphrey was..an English chemist and scientist.
8. Doctors realized the benefits of surgery for people with certain health problem, the

9.

discovery of anesthetics made them so happy.

We can protect our health body by.preventing health problem..doing healthy

10.

life.
Horace Wells..Sir Humphrey Davy have important role in discovery of anesthetics
ss.
B. Make correct sentence by changing its preposition
1. She bought that car on $5000.
2. We were all watching the news in TV.
3. Pour some water on the glass, I'm thirsty.
4. Dr. George will go to the airport at the morning
5. Last Saturday my neighbor invited me in a party
6. Are these flowers to me?
7. I'm not very good for languages
8. I need English to workon tourism.
9. The dog is sitting aboutthe trees.
10. This letter has been here for Wednesday.
11. Tom's been cutting my hair since 20 years!
12. He enjoys reading among ancient cultures
13. Jenny's apartment is inthe 10th floor.
14. She's very interested into historical films
15. Where do you usually go for Saturday?

st.
su.
sv. GRAMMAR TASK 2
77

1. During the class, we need to be quiet in order be able to listen to what the teacher says.
sw.

2. He got an accident since he drovewhile he was drunk.

sx.

3. Thecoffee is so hot then I cant drink it.

sy. A

4. While I got home last night, someone was trying to break into my house.
sz.

5. I will keep studying hard until the final examis moreover next week.
ta.

6. When I look at her picture, my heart beats fast.

tb.

7. My birthday is on November 7th . I was born at Yogyakarta in 1998.

tc.

8. We arrivedat the village late on night. We left early in the morning.

td.

9. His friends are reading a magazine on the big trees rootwhile Robert is drinking between
his
te.

tf. motorcross.
10.

The man is standing in front off a red car.

tg.

th.
78

ti.

UNIT 6

tj.

tk.

READING COMPREHENSION
tl.
tm.
tn. COLD REMEDIES
to.

tp. Airborne spread of viruses appears to be the primary factor in catching a cold, not
exposure to cold weather, as is often assumed. Resistance, then, to be common cold
depend upon avoiding infected persons and maintaining a general state of health
through adequate sleep, good nutrition, and moderate exercise.
tq. On of the difficulties with self-medication of the common cold is that what is
identified

as cold may be a constellation of related respiratory infections. The

common cold involves only the upper respiratory tract, specially the nasal area.
Infections extending beyond that are secondary infections and should be watched
closely, especially infections that involve the throat. Many throat infections are, in
fact, the result of bacteria. These types of infections (particularly in small children)
should be supervised by a physician. A throat infection caused by a specific bacterial
organism can lead to rheumatic hearth disease.
tr. It is important to note that since the common cold is caused by viruses, normal
antibiotic therapy is in effective. Antibiotics are substances (for example, penicillin)
that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. Viruses, unlike bacteria, attach themselves to
cells within the human body and use metabolic processes of those cells to reproduce
themselves. Because the virus and the host cells function as a unit, any substance that
kills the virus will probably kill the host cell too. For this reason, vaccination is often
used as a preventive for colds and influenza. The difficulty in using vaccination
against colds and influenza is that strains of viruses are constantly changing and each
virus requires its own specific vaccine.
ts. There are some additional points to be made about the use of antibiotics. First, the
antibiotic may indeed be effective against a bacterial infection (not a virus); however,
its action will destroy not only pathogenic bacteria associated with disease, but also
79

the normal intestinal flora that aid in the manufacture of certain vitamins. Second,
routine use of antibiotics may cause the bacterial organism to develop mutant strains
that are pathogenic and resistant to the action of the antibiotics. For these reasons,
antibiotic therapy should be used sparingly and only under the supervision of a
physician.
tt. Antihistamines are commonly used in decongestants and various cold remedies. When
the body releases histamine during an allergic reaction or something similar, it causes
edema (swelling) and inflammation of the nasal passages. Hopefully, the use of
antihistamines will block the histamine being released into the tissues, thus preventing
or at least relieving, the symptoms.
tu. Antihistamines may have side effects such as cough, vertigo (dizziness), drowsiness,
or impaired judgment. Those that produce drowsiness (methapyrilene and pyrilamine)
are contraindicated for persons who may be driving, operating equipment, or
performing other tasks that require alertness.
tv. Aspirin is perhaps the best over-the-counter drug to be used when symptoms of a cold
appear and is often the major ingredient in cold remedies. It curbs fever and reduces
swelling of the nasal passages.
tw. Recently, many cold medications have included vitamin C in the formula. There is no
real scientific evidence to support the claim that vitamin C has any alleviating,
preventive, or curative effect when used in cold remedies.
tx. (Toharuddin, 2002:61)
A. Answer these questions
1. What is the main factor of catching a cold?
2. How do you prevent from catching a cold?
3. What are the difficulties with self-medication of the common cold?
4. What causes throat infections?
5. What causes the common cold?
6. What substances are used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria?
7. What do you know about vaccination?
8. What is the difficulty in using vaccination against cold and influenza?
9. Mention some points to be made about the use of antibiotics?
10. What are the side effects of antihistamines?
ty.
B. Complete the following unfinished sentences with the provided words or phrases
1. Based on the passage, maintaining a general state of health through adequate sleep,
good nutrition, and moderate exercise can prevent a person from
80

a. having a heart attack

b. catching a cold
c. having a appendix
d. having a headache
2. According to the information in the passage, it is difficult to the common cold.
a. avoid from
b. take a self-medication of
c. get a drug for
d. cure
3. Many throat infection are caused by
a. insufficient sleep
b. bacteria
c. bad nutrition
d. excessive exercise
4. The types of throat infections should be supervised by a
a. gerontologist
b. nurse
c. pharmacist
d. physician
5. The following are discussed in the passage but
a. cough remedies
b. airborne spread of viruses
c. the common cold
d. the use of antibiotics
6. A throat infection cause
a. the common cold
b. rheumatic heart disease
c. influenza
d. a and c
7. Vaccine is a substance that is frequently used to prevent
a. the common cold and influenza
b. rheumatic heart disease
c. throat infection
d. a and c
8. Penicillin is a substance that is used to
a. inhibit the growth of bacteria
b. kill viruses
c. cure rheumatic heart disease
d. prevent throat infection
9. While the antibiotic may indeed be effective against a bacterial infection, it
a. may cause the bacterial organism to develop
b. will destroy pathogenic bacteria associated with disease
c. will destroy the normal intestinal flora
d. all of the above
10. The side effect of antihistamines may include
a. dizziness
b. cough
c. drowsiness
d. impaired judgement

81

tz.

ua.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

ub.
uc.

MODIFIERS
ud.

ue. A modifier can be an adjective or an adjectival phrase that describes a noun or and
ing form. A modifier can also be adverbs or an adverbial phrase that adds information
about the verb, adjective, or another verb. Adjectives do not change form to agree
with the nouns or ing forms that the describe, but some adjectives are used only with
count nouns and others are used only with non count nouns. Choose the correct
answer in the incomplete sentences. Choose the incorrect word or phrase in the
underline choices.
uf. Pengertian Modifier
ug. Modifier adalah kata, phrase, atau clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective atau
adverb yang menerangkan kata atau kelompok kata lain.
uh.
ui. Sebagai Adjective
uj. Ketika berfungsi sebagai adjective (dapat berupa simple adjective, adjective phrase,
clause, participle, infinitive), modifier menerangkan noun.
uk.

Contoh= She found a letter put on my bag. (Participial phraseput on my bag

berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan letter (noun). Keseluruhan a letter
put on my bag adalah noun phrase)

ul.
um.

Sebagai Adverb

un. Sedangkan ketika berfungsi sebagai adverb (dapat berupa simple adverb, adverb
phrase, clause, prepositional phrase, infinitive), kata ini menerangkan verb, adjective,
atau adverb lain.
uo. Contoh= She swims so beautifully. (Adverb phraseso beautifully menerangkan
swims)
up.

uq.

LANGUAGE TAKS 1

ur.Choose the correct answer

82

us.
1. The data on the winter migration patterns of the monarch butterfly is very
a. interested
b. interest

c. interesting
d. of interest

2. The new England states have had

serious earthquakes since the Ice Age.

a. none
b. not any
3.

c. not
d. no

orangutans live alone.

a. near all
b. almost all

c. the all
d. the most all

4. Some hybrid flowers retain the fragrant scent of the no hybrid, and

are

bred

without fragrance.
a. another
b. the other

c. some other
d. other

5. According to recent survey,

doctors do not have a personal physician.

a. a large amount of
b. large amount of

c. a large number of
d. large number of

6. John F. Kennedy was the youngest president of the United States, and

tobe

assassinated.
a. the fourth
b. fourth
7.

c. four
d. the four

in the world export diamonds.

a. only little nations
b. only few nations

8. Uranus is just

c. only a little nations

d. only a few nations
to be seen on a clear night with the naked eye.

a. bright enough
b. enough brightly
9.

c. is enough bright
d. bright as enough

like McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken have used franchising to extend
their sales internationally.
83

a. chains restaurants
b. chains restaurants

c. chain restaurant
d. chain restaurants

e.
10. Thirty-six years after his first flight, at the age of 77, John Glenn proved that he was not
to return to his role as an astronaut.
a. so old
b. too old
11.

c. oldest
d. very older

that is known as Art Deco culminated in the exhibits and expositions at the
Worlds Fair in 1939.

a. the art
c. an art
b. arts
d. artist
12. The brightest body in the constellation Hydra, Alphard is only

a. a second-magnitude star
b. a magnitude second star
c. a star of the magnitude second
d. a second magnitudes star
c.
13. The data on the winter migration patterns of the monarch butterfly is very
a. Interested
c. interesting
b. Interest
d. of interest
14. The new England states have had

serious earthquakes since the Ice Age.

a. none
b. not any
15.

c. not
d. no

orangutans live alone.

a. near all
b. almost all

c. the all
d. the most all

16. Some hybrid flowers retain the fragrant scent of the no hybrid, and

are

without fragrance.
a. another
b. the other
17. According to recent survey,

c. some other
d. other
doctors do not have a personal physician.
84

bred

a. a large amount of
b. large amount of

c. a large number of
d. large number of

18. John F. Kennedy was the youngest president of the United States, and

tobe

assassinated.
a. the fourth
b. fourth
19.

c. four
d. the four

in the world export diamonds.

a. only little nations
b. only few nations

c. only a little nations

d. only a few nations

e.
20. Uranus is just
a. bright enough
b. enough brightly

to be seen on a clear night with the naked eye.

c. is enough bright
d. bright as enough

21.

22.

GRAMMAR TASK 2

23.

Choose the underline word or phrase which need to be

revised
24.
1. There are more potatoes cultivated than any the other vegetable crop worldwide.
25.

2. Marian Anderson, recognized both in the U.S. and in Europe as a real great vocalist,
26.

27. was the first black singer appearing with the Metropolitan Opera Company.
28.

3. The conversations on the TOEFL will be spoken just one time; therefore, you must
29.
A
30. Listen very careful in order to understand what the speakers have said.
31.
B
C
D
4. Gold, silver, and cooper coins are often alloyed with harder metals to makethem
32.
33. hard asenough to withstand wear.
85

34.

5. At the core of a star, temperatures and pressure are so great as particles collide and
35.

36. connect in a processcalled fusion.

37.

38.
6. The Cartwheel Galaxy is 500 million light yearawayfrom Earth.
39.

40.
7. Euthanasia, the practice of assisting the death of a person suffering from an incurable
41.
A
B
42. disease, is a such controversial issue as it is illegal in most countries.
43.

8. Because none of food is as nutritious for a baby as its mothers milk, many women
44.

45. returningto the practice of breast feeding.

46.

47.
48. ABRIDGMENT
49. Abridgment adalah istilah yang sering di gunakan dalam istilah bahasa yang mengacu
pada peringkasan atau pemendekan atau penyimpulan dari suatu karya tulis; baik
berupa novel, laporan, dsb.Abridgment dalam sebuah karya tulis/ cerita biasanya di
sebut juga sebagai synopsis.
50. Dalam sebuah kalimat, terutama dalam kalimat yang berbentuk klausa, istilah
abridgment bisa di artikan sebagai reduction, yaitu meringkas bentuk klausa menjadi
bentuk frasa.Berikut ini beberapa bentuk abridgment dalamkalimat yang berbentuk
klausa:
A. Adjective Clause
51. Adjective clausesdapat di ringkas menjadi sebuah frasa.Adjetive clause dapat di
ringkasmenjadi adjective phrase bila kata sambungdari adjective clause adalah subyek

86

dari kalimat tersebut.Bila sebuah adjective clause akan di ringkas maka kata ganti
penghubung (relative pronoun) dan auxiliary maupun
52. be harus di hilangkan, dan kata kerjanyadirubahmenjadibentuk verb-ing
(untukkalimataktif) dan verb-eduntukkalimatpasif.
53. Contoh: ACTIVE VOICE: The man who is wearing a red hat has a new car.
The man wearing a red hat has a new car.
54.

PASSIVE VOICE: The man that was invited to the meeting declined.
The man invited to the meeting declined.

55.

NO REDUCTION: bila subyek dari anak kalimat berbeda dengan subyek dari

kalimat induk, maka anak kalimatnya tidak dapat di ringkas.

56.

Contoh: the novels that I checked out are due today.

SALAH: The novels checking out are due today. (karena
yang menjadisubyekadalahthe novels, bukanI)

57.
B. Adverb Clause
58. Adverb clause dapat di ringkasmenjadi adverb phrase bila subyek darikalimat induk
sama dengansubyek dari adver clause. Bila sebuah anak kalimat (adverb clause) akan
di ringkas maka sunyek dari anak kalima ttersebut harus dihilangkan. Sedangkan
untuk kata kerjanya bila kalimat aktif di ganti verb-ing dan bila kalimatnya pasif verb
menjadi verb-ed.
59. Contoh: ACTIVE VOICE: After we sang two songs, we did a dance.
After singing two songs, we did a dance.
60.

PASSIVE VOICE: The building will be used as a warehouse, when it

is completed.
When completed, the building will be used as a warehouse.
61.

NO REDUCTION: bila subyek dari anak kalimat berbeda dengan subyek dari

kalimat induk, maka anak kalimatnya tidak dapat di ringkas.

62.

Contoh: After she graduated, her parents retired.

87

 SALAH: After graduating, her parents retired.

63. GRAMMAR TASK 1
64. Change these clauses below into phrases form!
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

The man who came into the room was small and slender.
He is the only person who might be able to help.
Most of the mothers have a job, which they take both for the money and the company.
The old man who swims in the pool is my grandfather.
The window which overlooked the garden was broken.
John applied for a job that was advertised in the paper.
The big boss who is responsible didnt come.
The pens that are on the table belong to me.
65. GRAMMAR TASK 2
1. After taken lessons, George could swim well.
66.

A B

2. Although cleaning regularly, these carpets are still dirty.

67.

3. The author wrote the new novel is my neighbor.

68.

4. When receiving 2 days ago, the bottle seal was broken.

69.

5. The lecturer leaves the class, after given the lesson.

70. A

71.
72.
73.
74.

75. UNIT 7
88

76.
77.

READING COMPREHENSION
78.
79.

How Drugs are Produced

80. Pharmaceutical firms are continually developing new drugs. Although company
chemists discover some new drugs by accident, the creation of most new products
begins with an idea. This idea may be for a new kind of drug or for one that works
better than existing drugs. A pharmaceutical company must then obtain such a drug,
test it, and develop it into a safe, easy-to-use form. The entire process takes on
average about 14 years and costs many millions of dollars. Creating a new drug is the
task of a companys research chemists. They may make a new chemical compound or
obtain the drug from a natural source.
81. In the process of creating a new drug, researchers perform tests with animal to see if
the substances are safe and effective. They first give the substances to small animal,
such as rats, mice, and guinea pigs. If the substances pass these tests, it is given to
larger animals, such as dogs and monkeys. They then try to find out how this drugs
works, in what form it can be given, how the animal body eliminates the drug, and
what side effect it may have. The drug company then sends this and other information
about the drug to the U.S Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) - US government
agency and asks for permission to conduct test on the people.
82. After receiving FDA approval a drug company performs two series of clinical tests
with the new drug. The company first tests the drug for safety in healthy human
volunteers. If the results of the tests are satisfactory, the company checks the drug
further in patients who have the disorder the drugs is designed to correct. The number
of patients who get the drug and length of the tests depend on the disorder and the
drug being tested. Most tests involved hundreds of patients and last from several
months to years.
83. Careful testing is one of pharmaceutical companys most important responsibilities.
But even the most careful testing cannot always reveal the possibility that a drug
might produce an unexpected harmful effect. A tragic example of such an unexpected
effect occurred in Europe during the early 1960s. Thousand of pregnant women who

89

took a new sedative, thalidomide, gave birth to babies with no arms or legs or with
some other deformities.
84. Before selling a new drug, a company must develop it into a safe, easy to-use form.
Researchers determine what ingredients to add to the drug to make it into a capsule,
liquid, tablet or other usable form. These ingredients, excipients, must not interfere
with the drugs action. Researchers also determine how fast the drug will break down
chemically and lose its effectiveness. The company can include this information on
the label if the break down occurs quickly. After all these steps, the company is ready
to plan mass production of the drug. (Adapted from English For Pharmacy, Toharudin,
2002)
85.
86.
A. Answer the following questions
87.
1

What are the reasons of finding new drugs?

88.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
2

Who has responsibility for developing new drugs?

89.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
3

How can a new drug be created?

90.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
4

Why there must be a test with animal in creating a new drug?

91.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
5

Tell about the tests with animal done in creating a new drug?
92.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
6

Why do the drug companies in the USA need to get the FDA agreement?
93.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
90

Tell about the test of new drugs for the people?

94.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
8

Does the careful testing guarantee the successful of a new drug for the society?
95.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
9

What are the usual forms of drug found in the society?

96.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
10 What should the drug company do before planning mass production of the drug?
97.

_______________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
98.
99.
B. Choose one of the provided words that best keep the meaning
of the underlined word.
1

Although company chemists discover some new drugs by accident.

a

Invite

c. built

Invent

d. develop

The entire process takes on average about 14 years and costs many millions of dollars.
a

Full

c. whole

Long

d. big

In the process of creating a new drug, researchers perform tests with animal to see if
the substances is safe and effective.

Play

c. apply

Move

d. prepare

After receiving FDA approval a drug company performs two series of clinical tests
with the new drug.

Arrival

c. appointment

Refusal

d. agreement

If the results of the tests are satisfactory, the company checks the drug further in
patients who have the disorder the drugs is designed to correct
a

Production

c. yield
91

b
6

Input

d. field

The number of patients who get the drug and length of the tests depend on the
disorder and the drug being tested

Problem

Illness

c. trouble
d. disagreement

A tragic example of such an unexpected effect occurred in Europe during the early
1960s.

Participated

c. took place

took part

d.last

Researchers determine what ingredients to add to the drug to make it into a capsule,
liquid, tablet or other usable form.

Think

c. divide

Guess

d. decide

The company can include this information on the label if the break down occurs
quickly.
a

the package

c. the table

the cover

d. the box

10 These ingredients, excipients, must not interfere with the drugs action.
a

Influence

c. interchange

Interference

d. insurance

100.
C. Based on the text, what do the underlined words refer to?
( soal berikut beri no paragraf dan baris keberapa pd teks)
1

This idea may be for a new kind of drug or for one that works better than existing
drugs (1st paragraph, 3rd line)
101.

One refers to ________________________________________________

They may make a new chemical compound or obtain the drug from a natural source.
(1st paragraph, last line)
102.

They refers to ________________________________________________

They first give the substances to small animal, such as rats, mice, and guinea pigs.(2 nd
paragraph, 2nd line)
103.

They to _____________________________________________________

92

They then try to find out how this drugs works, in what form it can be given, how the
animal body eliminates the drug, and what side effect it may have. (2nd paragraph, 4th
line)
104.

They refers to ________________________________________________

The drug company then sends this and other information about the drug to the U.S
Food and Drug Administration ( FDA) - US government agency and asks for
permission to conduct test on the people. (2nd paragraph, 5th line)
105.

This refers to ________________________________________________

Before selling a new drug, a company must develop it into a safe, easy to-use form.
(5th paragraph, 1st line)
106.

It refers to ___________________________________________________

Researchers also determine how fast the drug will break down chemically and lose its
effectiveness. (5th paragraph, 4th line)
107.

Its refers to __________________________________________________

Researchers determine what ingredients to add to the drug to make it into a capsule,
liquid, tablet or other usable form. (5th paragraph, 2nd line)
108.

It refers to ___________________________________________________

109.

110.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

111.

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

112.

Basic Rule of Subject Verb Agreement

113.

Aturan Dasar Kalimat Bahasa inggris adalah :

114.

Subjek tunggal (a singular subject) harus diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal (a

singular verb); sementara subjek jamak (a plural subject) harus diikuti oleh kata kerja
jamak (a plural verb).
115.

Subject + A Singular Verb

116.

Subjek yang diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal:

117.
118.

Rule . Nouns ending in-s but are always singular (kata

benda yang berakhiran s tetapi adalah bentuk tunggal).

119.
93

120.

Rule 2. Uncountable Nouns (kata benda yang tidak dapt

dihitung.)
121.

Rule 3. Phrase/Clause. (frasa/ anak kalimat).

122.

Rule 4. Singular Pronouns (kata ganti orang tunggal.)

123.

Subject + A Plural Verb

124.

Subjek yang diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak:

125.
126.

Rule 5. Nouns that are always plural (kata benda yang selalu

jamak)
127.

Rule 6. Subjects joined by and or both (subjek yang

dihubungkan dengan and atau both)

128.

Rule 7. The word several, many and few (beberapa

kata berikut ini selalu jamak: several, many and few.

129.

Subject + Singular Verb or Plural Verb

130.

Subjek yang bias diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal atau kata kerja

jamak sesuai konteksnya dalam kalimat.

131.
132.

Rule 8. There

133.

Rule 9. Collective Nouns.

134.

Rule 10. Uncountable Nouns.

135.

Rule 11. A number of and The number of.

136.

Rule 12. Nouns for nationality.

137.

Rule 13. Neithernor/ eitheror/ not onlybut also

138.

Rule 14. Indefinite quantity.

139.

Rule 15. Fraction/ A part, Percentage

140.

Rule 16. Prepositional phrase

141.
142.

Rule :

143.

Beberapa kata berikut ini berakhiran s dan nampaknya seperti kata jamak

tetapi sebenarnya adalah kata benda tunggal. Oleh sebab itu, kata-kata ini harus
diikuti kata kerja tunggal.
94

144.
1. Academic Subject (Mata pelajaran akademik)
145.

Mathematics, politics, physics, economics, civics, statistics, linguistics.

146.

E.g. Physicsis a difficult subject.

2. Quantities/ Amount (Jumlah)

147.

Time, money, measurement.

148.

(Kata benda yang menunjukkan pada jumlah waktu, uang atau ukuran,

walaupun bentuknya jamak, selalu diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal.

149.

E.g. Two weeksis enough time to finish the report.

3. Group of Animals (Kumpulan binatang)

150.

Flock of birds, school of fish, pack of wolves, herd of cattle, swam of bees,

colony of ants.
151.

E.g. The flock of birdsis flying.

4. Abstract (Kata benda abstrak)

152.

Politics, ethnics, news

153.

E.g. The newsis very bad.

5. Title of books, films, magazines

154.

(Judul buku, film, dan majalah)

155.

E.g. The New York Timeis a good newspaper.

6. Disease (Penyakit)
156.

Measles, mumps, herpes, rickets.

157.

E.g. Measlesis usually contracted during childhood.

158.
159.

Rule 2:

160.

Uncountable Nouns adalah kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung dan dianggap

sebagai kata benda tunggal. Oleh sebab itu, Uncountable Nouns diikuti oleh kata kerja
tunggal.
161.

clothing, equipment, furniture, luggage, machinery, pottery.

162.

E.g. Most of our furnitureis in storage.

163.
164.

Rule 3:

165.

Bila It, Clauses, Infinitives, or Gerunds digunakan sebagai subjek,

maka mereka didikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal.

166.

Contoh:
95

167.

It E.g. It was children who made that noise.

168.

Gerund E.g. Swimming is a good exercise.

169.
170.

Rule 4:

171.

The Indefinite Pronouns (kata ganti tak tentu) selalu tunggal. Oleh karena itu,

kata ganti ini harus diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal.

Nobody, no one, nothing
172.

E.g. No onewas absent.

173.
174.

Rule 5:

175.

Beberapa kata benda selalu jamak karena kata benda itu terdiri dari dua bagian

atau lebih. Oleh sebab itu, kata benda-kata benda ini didikuti oleh kata kerja jamak.
Scissors, binoculars, pliers, shears, scales, spectacles
176.

E.g. Be careful, The scissorsare very sharp.

177.
178.

Rule 6:

179.

Subjek yang dihubungkan dengan kata and atau subjek yang mengandung

kata both harus diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak.

180.

E.g. John and Mary are going shopping together.

181.
182.

Rule 7:

183.

Subjek yang mengandung kata several, many atau few harus didikuti

oleh kata kerja jamak.

184.

E.g. Severalhave already left the office.

185.
186.

Rule 8:

187.

Bila sebuah kalimat diawali dengan kata there, maka kata kerjanya

disesuaikan dengan subjek yang mengikutinya. (karena there bukanlah subjek,

maka kata kerjanya disesuaikan dengan kata benda yang mengikutinya.)
188.
189.
190.
191.
96

192.

Singular

193.

There + (a Singular Verb) + (a Singular Subject)

194.
195.

E.g. There was one student in the classroom.

196.

Plural

197.

There + (a Plural Verb) + (a Plural Subject)

198.
199.

E.g. There were two students in the classroom.

200.
201.

Rule 9:

202.

Collective Nouns bias diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal atau kata kerja jamak

tergantung dari artinya dalam kalimat. Bila dianggap sebagai satu kesatuan maka kata
kerja yang dipakai adalah kata kerja tunggal. Bila yang dimaksudkan adalah masingmasing anggota, maka kata kerja yang dipakai adalah kata kerja jamak.
203.
204.

Collective Nouns

205.

assembly, committee, crowd, crew, class, family, faculty, government, jury,

organization, public.
206.
207.

Singular

The committeeis having a meeting. (The committee sebagai satu kesatuan/group)

208.

Plural

Thecommittee are going back to their homes by bus. (The committee yang
dimaksudkan adalah masing-masing anggota).
209.
210.
211.

Rule 10:

212.

Beberapa kata benda dapat digolongkan ke dalam Countable Nouns (kata

benda yang dapat dihitung) atau Uncountable Nouns (kata benda yang tidaka dapat
dihitung) dengan arti yang berbeda. Bila kata benda itu adalah kata benda yang tidaka
dapat dihitung (Uncountable Nouns) maka kata benda itu harus diikuti oleh kata kerja
tunggal.
213.
97

214.

Countable/ Uncountable Nouns

215.

bread. cheese, coffee, food, fruit, meat, paper, rice, salt, sugar, tea, experience,

light, work.
I want to draw a picture. Have you got some paper? (paper=kertas)
216.

Have you got a paper to read? (a paper= koran)

Her hair is beautiful. (hair = rambut kepala)

217.

There is a hair in my coffee. (a hair = sehelai rambut)

218.
219.

Rule 11:

220.

Ungkapan A number of (berarti beberapa) diiuti oleh kata kerja jamak,

sedangkan ungkapan The number of diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal.

221.
222.

Singular

223.

The number of + a Singular Verb

224.
The number of people applying has increased this year.
225.

(Jumlah orang yang melamar telah meninggal tahun ini)

226.

Plural

227.

A number of + a Plural Verb

228.
229.
A number of people have called about the meeting.
230.

(Beberapa orang telah menelepon mengenai rapat itu.)

231.
232.

Rule 12:

233.

Kata benda untuk nationallity (kebangsaan) diikuti oleh kata kerja tunggal

bila ada yang dimaksudkan adalah bahasa, tetapi diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak bila
yang dimaksudkan adalah orang atau bangsa.
234.
235.

Nouns for nationality

236.

(Kata benda untuk kebangsaan) : Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, French,

English etc.
237.
98

238.

Singular

99

289.
290.
Seventy-five per cent of the studentspeaks English.
291.
292.
293.

Rule 16:

294.
295.

A Prepositional Phrase (frase yang diawali dengan kata depan dan beberapa

ekspresi seperti along with, accompanied by, together with, as well as,
in addition, among yang terletah di antara subjek dan predikat (kata kerja) tidak
merubah aturan subject-verb agreement yaitu subjek tunggal diikuti oleh kata kerja
tunggal dan subjek jamak diikuti oleh kata kerja jamak.
296.
297.
298.
299. Subject

Prepositional
Phrases

Verb

300.
The houses on that street are for sale.
301.
302.
303.
The housewith the broken steps is for sale.
304.
305.
306.
307. Subject

In addition to
Among
Along with
As well as
Together with

308.
John, together with Mary, is going shopping.
John and Mary, along with Tom, are going shopping.
309.
310.
311.

312.

GRAMMAR TASK 1
100

Verb

313.

Choose the correct answer

314.
1. Either the President or the Vice signed the document.
a. has
b. have
c. had
d. has been

101

a. is
b. are
c. am
d. was
3. Mr. Smith, along with his two sisters, lived in this town for ten years.
a. had
b. has
c. have
d. hah been
e.
4. Not only the student but also their instructor been called to the principals office.
a. had been
b. had
c. has
d. have
e.
5. Four years a long time to spend away from your family.
a. was
c. am
b. is
d. are
f.
g.

h. GRAMMAR TASK 2
1

Money is not everything. Happiness are important in life.

i.

Golds has recently risen inprice.

m.

Where we go depend on the job.

l.

Everyone have a big chance to be the winner.

k.

In my opinion, economics were the most difficult lesson of all.

j.

Not only teacher also the students go to the library.

n.

A number of peoples have called about the meeting.

o.

Some of the votes seems to have been miscounted.

p.

q.
9

Some of the apple are missing.

r.

10 My sister work as a secretary.

s.

t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
z.

aa.
ab.
ac. UNIT 8
ad.

ae.

READING COMPREHENSION

af.
ag.
ah.

SEDATIVES AND COUGH REMEDIES

ai.
aj. Sedatives
ak. The chemical action of sedatives causes drowsiness, reduces anxiety, and may
relax muscles and generally produce a state of quiescence. One of the most
commonly used sedatives in America is ethyl alcohol. It is often used in sleepproducing preparations and in cough remedies.
al. Salicylamide is highly recommended as a mild sedative. The risks associated
with the use of this drug have previously been discussed (all drugs involve a
risk) and, that in mind, it is still recommended as a better choice of sedatives.
It is inexpensive and allows one to go to sleep. Since the drug is a mild
analgesic, it tends to alleviate minor aches and pains that may be interfering
with sleep and it helps one to relax. Hopefully, the reader will not interpret this
discussion to mean that one can safely resort to the use of salicylamide on a
habitual pattern. Using drugs as a way to relax or find sleep can lead to
dependency on the drug to achieve those states, as well as mask the basic
problems that lead to tension. Occasional use may be recommended, but
prolonged self-medication with sedatives are not advised. The reason one
resorts to using a sedative is to reduce the accumulated effects of tension.
am.

Cough Remedies

an. In order to understand the actions of an anti-cough medication, it is helpful to

have a basic understanding of cough reflex. Essentially, the coughing response
is one of the bodys fundamental ways of protecting and clearing the breathing
passage. Cough remedies are designed either to soothe the pathway or sedate
the cough center of the brain. Basically, these drugs are of two types: the
depressants and the expectorants.
ao. The depressant types have a narcotic effect on the brain and thereby tend to
suppress a cough response. They seem to have a tendency to dry the
respiratory tract, and should probably be used with caution by persons
suffering from bronchial asthma or pulmonary emphysema. Those that contain

codeine have a depressing physiological effect similar to morphine, however,

codeine is much weaker and therefore safer to use. Presently, codeine is
available only by prescription.
ap. It is imperative to understand that if codeine is used in a rational manner, not
tolerance or physical dependence will develop; however when it is used in
doses larger than required, tolerance, or physical and even physiological
dependence may develop. Also, as the dosage is increased, the more
pronounced the side effects become. This is important to know for those
people who tend to exceed the required dose in their attempt to enhance the
effectiveness of this over-the-counter preparation.
aq. A number of cough suppressant do not contain narcotic agents. Noscapine
does not have a drying effect on the respiratory tract. It has also been shown to
be an effective suppressant since it decreases the cough spasm. Recently,
dextromethorphan has become a very popular cough suppressant appears
suitable for prolonged therapy as well as for children. Cough medications
containing noscapine and dextromethorphan are now considered the drugs of
choice. Some examples would be Robitussin DM and Cheracol DM, which
replaced codeine.
ar. (Adapted from Englis For Pharmacy, Toharuddin, 2002)
as.
A. Write your answers to these questions!
1. What is the chemical action of sedatives?
2. Explain what is sedatives?
3. What sedative is commonly used by Americans?
4. Why do people take ethyl alcohol?
5. Mention the kinds of sedatives?
6. How do you understand the actions of an Antioch medication?
7. Mention the types of cough remedies.
8. Distinguish between sedatives and cough remedies
9. What is the main idea of the passage?
10. What is the main purpose of the passage?
at.
B. Complete the following unfinished sentences with the provided words or phrases.
1. Chemically, the action of sedatives leads to
a. drowsiness
b. anxiety
c. a state of quiescence
d. a and c

2. Ethyl alcohol can serve as

a. sleep-producing preparations
b. cough remedies
c. narcotic agent
d. a and b
3. This drug in The risks associated with the use of this drug .
a. cough remedies
b. the chemical action of sedatives
c. ethyl alcohol
d. salicylamide
4. According to the passage, the action of salicylamide can
a. make someone sleep
b. help someone relax
c. alleviate minor aches and pains
d. all of the above
5. The following are discussed in the passage sedative but
a. mild sedatives
b. drugs
c. taking excessive mild sedatives
d. sleep-producing preparations
au.
6. One of the reasons salicylamide is highly recommended as a better choice of sedatives
is that it is
a. scarce
b. cheap
c. mild
d. none of the above
7. The aim of cough remedies is
a. clearing the breathing passage
b. understand cough reflex
c. protecting the lungs
d. none of the above
8. The following are the types of cough remedies
a. tolerances
b. depressant
c. expectorants
d. b and c
9. These drugs in these drugs are two types: the depressant and the expectorants
means
a. mild sedatives
b. the actions of an anti-cough medication
c. sedatives
d. cough remedies
10. The followings are discussed in the passage cough remedies but
a. the effect of expectorants
b. the effect of depressants
c. anti-cough medication
d. noscapine
av.

aw.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

ax.
ay.

GERUND PHRASE
az.

ba.

- Gerund phrase is a phrase containing a gerund (verb ing regarded as a noun)

followed by words, phrases, or clauses.

bb.

- In a clause or sentence, the gerund phrase functions as:

bc.

1. A Subject, for example: Swimming in the pool is very pleasant.

bd.

2. As an Object, for example: I enjoy swimming in the pool.

be.

3. As a Subject Complement, for example: My hobby is swimming in the pool.

bf.

4. Appositive: She insists on one thingswimming in the pool.

bg.

5. Object of preposition/adverb: By swimming in the pool, you will be

healthy.

bh.
bi.

- Gerund phrasecancome after prepositions (object of preposition), possessive

adtjectives (my, your, his, etc.), ordinal number (the first, second, etc.), certain verbs or
expression like:
bj. Admit

keep

bk. Anticipate

loathe

bl. Appreciate

mean

bm. Avoid

mind

bn. Consider
bo. miss
bp. Defer

pardon

delay

postpone

bq. Deny

practice

br. Detest

prevent

bs. Dislike

propose

bt. Dread

recollect

bu. Enjoy

remember

bv. Escape

resent

bw. Excuse

resist

bx. Fancy

risk

by. Finish

save

bz. Forgive

stop

ca. Imagine

suggest

involve

understand

cb. Quit

urge

cc. Withhold

give up

cd. Leave off

cannot help

ce. Approve/disapprove of

Insist on

cf. Its no good/use

Object to

cg. Theres no point in

whats the point of

ch. Put off

keep on

ci. Look forward to

be accustomed to

cj. Be used to

take toc

ck.
cl.

Examples:

1. Touch your toes without bending your knees.

2. Her cleaning the house everyday is not necessary.
3. He enjoys playing the piano.
cm.
-

In a noun phrase, gerund phrase can be used to modify a noun, ex: the desire
swimming in the pool.

The negative adjective no is used with certain type of gerund phrase.

cn.

example: No trespassing on these premises will be permitted.

Gerund phrase can be formed by adding gerund with adverb, adjective, adjective
phrase, noun, pronoun, noun phrase, prepositional phrase (including: adverbial
prepositional phrase), clause, infinitive and infinitive phrase

The form of an object in a gerund phrase may depend on what precedes the gerund. If
the introduces the gerund, the object of the gerund is in an of phrase. Example:
The shooting of those rare birds appalled us.
co.

Determiners other than the, like a, this, some, any, occasionally initiate a

gerund phrase containing an of phrase object. Example: We must put an end to this
killing of innocent people.
-

Some verbs being followed by full verb should have an ing (gerund) form.
cp.

Examples: The car needs thorough cleaning

cq.

The shoes require serious mending

cr.

Your room wants bright painting

cs.
ct. Active gerund: V-ing
cu.

Having + past participle

cv.
cw. Passive gerund: being +past participle
cx.

Having been+past participle

cy.
cz.

NOUN PHRASE

da. Noun Phrase adalah kelompok Kata yang terdiri atas:

1. Kata inti (head): noun
2. Penjelas kata inti atau modifier, yaitu bisa berupa:
a. Kata (adjective, noun, gerund, present participle, past participle infinitive with
to)
b. Frase (adjective phrase, noun phrase, gerund phrase, infinitive phrase with to,
prepositional phrase, present participial phrase, past participial phrase).
c. Klausa (adjective clause, noun clause)
db. Kata dan frase yang terletak sebelum kata benda (pre-modifier), yaitu:
1. adjective, misalnya: handsome man
2. noun, misalnya: english book
3. gerund, misalnya: swimming pool (kolam untuk renang)
4. present participle, misalnya: flying kite
5. past participle, misalnya: wanted man
6. adjective phrase, misalnya: very beautiful lady
7. noun phrase, misalnya: english book seller
dc.
dd. Kata, frase, dan klause tertentu terletak setelah kata benda (post-modifier),
yaitu:
de.
1. infinitive with to, misalnya: the book to read
2. gerund phrase, misalnya: the desire swimming in the pool
3. infinitive phrase with to, misalnya: the book to read tommorow.
4. prepositional phrase, misalnya: the cat under the chair

5. present participial phrase, misalnya: the man flying the kite

6. past partcipial phrase, misalnya: the room painted yesterday
7. adjective clause. Misalnya: the man that came here yesterday.
8. noun clause, misalnya: the feeling that he is a liar
df.
dg. Dalam kalimat, noun phrase berfungsi sebagai:
1. subject: a beautiful woman is cooking in the kitchen
2. object: I have a cute cat
3. subject complement: the boy is a very good musician
4. object complement: my mother calls my cat good boy.
5. direct object: the rat ate all the mangoes
6. indirect object: my husband bought his teacher beautiful flowers
dh. Urutan penulisan Noun Phrase dalam Bahasa Inggris mengikuti aturan seperti
berikut:
1. Determiner, isinya a / an (sebuah) atau bisa juga the
2. Opinion, opini orang ttg benda utama. (mis. handsome, beautiful, cute, dll.)
3. Size, ukuran dong (mis. small. large, big, huge, dll)
4. Age, umur, jaman, pokonya yang berhubungan dengan waktu (mis. old, modern,
dll)
5. Temperature, dah tau kan?
6. Shape, bentuk, penampakan, dll
7. Colour, gampang gak perlu dibahas
8. Original, maksudnya adalah asal benda utama (berasal). Terdiri dari dua;
9. Country / City, asal tempat (negara/kota)
10. Material, asal bahan (besi, emas, kain, dll)
11.Purpose, berhubungan dengan tujuan dari benda utama.

12.Noun, nah yang terakhir ini adalah kata benda utama.

di.
dj. GRAMMAR TASK 1
1. The rich man holds his wedding party in
The big luxurious hotel

c. the hotel luxurious big

b. the luxurious big hotel

d. the big hotel luxurious

2. Mr. Aldy has just bought .

a.

an expensive large house

b.

expensive an large house

c. an large expensive house

d. large an expensive house

3. Alex is a .
Tall white smart boy

c. white tall smart boy

Smart white tall boy

d. smart tall white boy

4. They are good at .

a. Told funny stories

c. telling funny stories

b. Tell funny stories

d. tells funny stories

5. You will not be clever without

a.

Studying

c. study

b.

Studies

d.

studied

dk. GRAMMAR TASK 2

dl.
1. Harry lifted his eyebrows bushy at Elizabeth.
dm.

2. In this exhibition some really excellent book about photography had been
sold out

dn.

3. In sleepy I met you in the park.

do.

4. He should feel ashamed for give bribes to win the election.

dp.

5. My dog's most annoying habit arehogging the middle of the bed.

dq.

6. Eat ice cream on a windy day can be a messy experience if you have long,
untamed hair.
dr. A

ds.
7. I am not preparing to authorise climbing the cliffs in the dark.
dt.

du.
8. I have received several awards for my garden.
dv.

dw.
dx.

dy.

dz. UNIT 9
ea.

eb.

READING COMPREHENSION

ec.
ed.
ee. THE NUTRIENT NEEDS OF PREGNANCY

ef. It can be said with reasonable certainly that the successful outcome of
pregnancy is dependent on the good nutritional status of the mother at the time
of conception as well as the continued good dietary practices during
pregnancy regardless of age. It is also dependent on the total health
experiences of both parents and involves their education, economic
backgrounds, and socio-cultural experiences. Attitudes toward prenatal care
are often passed from generation to generation. Current health teaching is
toward early on going prenatal care with provision for health and nutrition
teaching during pregnancy and through the postnatal period.
eg. The complex physiologic changes which take place involve altered dietary
needs based on sound nutritional practices. The fetus is dependent on the
mothers circulation for its nutrients.
eh. There is a need for additional energy taking into account age, height,
prepregnant weight, and activity (which is especially decreased towards the
end of pregnancy). The Recommended Dietary Allowances of the National
Academy of Science recommends an additional 300 calories/day (over non
pregnant needs) during the entire pregnancy. This amount will also insure
adequate utilization of good quality protein currently recommended at an
additional 30 grams/day. Examples of 30 grams of protein and 300 calories: 4
ounces lean meat, fish, or poultry or 4 cups low fat milk or ounces lean meat
and 2 cups low fat milk.
ei. Although there is some controversy over the recommendation of other nutrient
supplements, most authorities agree on routine supplementation of iron and
frolic acid only. The increased requirements of other nutrients can easily be
met through appropriate dietary choices, i.e., one quart of vitamin D fortified
milk meets the increased calcium allowance. (Adapted from Community
Health Nursing: Keeping The Public Healthy, Jarvis Linda, 1983)
ej.
ek.
A. Answer The Questions Completely!
1. What factors are needed to make sure the nutrient needs of pregnancy are
covered?

2. Are the attitudes toward prenatal care often passed from generation to
generation?
3. What is the correlation between the complex physiologic and nutritional
practices?
4. What does the fetus depend on?
5. Is there a need for additional energy taking into account age, height, pregnant
weight, and activity?
6. When does the Recommended Dietary Allowances of the National Academy
of Science recommend and additional 300 calories/day?
7. Do most authorities agree on routine supplementation of iron and frolic acid
only?
8. Where can we meet the increased requirements of other nutrients? Give
examples!
el.
B. Choose The Correct Answers.
1. The text tells us about the
a. importance of nutrition
b. concept of nutrient needs in general
c. nutrient needs of the pregnancy
d. fundamental nutrient needs of the body
2. The nutrient needs of pregnancy doesnt depend on
a. the good nutritional status of the mother at the time of conception
b. the continued good dietary practices during pregnancy regardless of age
c. the total health experiences of both parents
d. education only
3. These are the factors of the nutrient needs of pregnancy except
a. education
b. psychological influences
c. economic backgrounds
d. socio cultural experiences
4. Usually attitudes toward prenatal care are passed from
a. generation of generation
b. face to face
c. time to time
d. period to period
5. According to the text, the complex physiologic changing which take place
involve altered dietary needs based on
a. sound nutritional practices
b. prenatal and postnatal care
c. the good nutritional status of the mother at the time of conception
d. the total health experiences of both parents
6. depends on the mothers circulation for its nutrients.
a. the nutrient needs
b. pregnancy
c. the fetus
d. the postnatal

7. The Recommended Dietary Allowances of the National Academy of Science

agrees an additional
a. 300 calories/day
b. 4 ounces lean meat
c. 4 cups low fat milk
d. 30 grams of protein/day
8. There is some controversy over the recommendation of other nutrient
supplements, most authorities agree on routine supplementation of
a. 4 ounces lean meat
b. 4 cups low fat milk
c. iron and frolic acid only
d. 2 cups of low fat milk
em.
en. LANGUAGE FOCUS
eo. ADJECTIVE PHRASE
ep. Adjective phrase adalah kelompok kata yang terdiri dari adjective (sebagai
head) dan modifier, determiner, dan/atau qualifier/intensifier. Sama seperti
simple adjective, adjective phrase berfungsi menerangkan noun. Posisinya
mungkin sebelum/setelah noun (sebagai attributive untuk membentuk noun
phrase) atau setelah linking verb (sebagai predicative).
eq. Contoh Adjective:
er.
at

es. I
like dark

et.

chocolate.
eu. Tommy

pr

is diligent
.

ev.
ew. Contoh Adjective Phrase:
ex.
a
ez.
p

ey. I like very

dark chocolate.
fa. Tommy
is extremely
diligent.

fb.

fc. Very dark merupakan adjective phrase, sedangkan very dark chocolate
merupakan noun phrase. Untuk membedakannya, kita perlu fokus pada headnya. Head pada adjective phrase ialah dark, sedangkan noun phrase ialah
chocolate.
fd. Dalam membentuk adjective phrase, adjective mungkin dikombinasikan
dengan modifier, determiner, dan/atau intensifier.
fe.
ff. Modifier
fg. Modifier merupakan kata, phrase, atau clause yang berfungsi sebagai adjective
atau adverb. Modifier mungkin berada sebelum adjective (premodifier) atau
setelah adjective (post modifier). Dalam kasus adjective phrase, umumnya
premodifier yang digunakan berupa simple adjective atau adverb (hanya terdiri
dari satu kata), sedangkan post modifier dapat berupa infinitive atau
prepositional phrase.
fh. Contoh (adjective phrase = italic; modifier = underline):
fi. young married couples, certain to happen, afraid of the dark, angry with you
fj.
fk. Determiner
fl. Determiner yang umum digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective adalah
article, baik definite (the) maupun indefinite articles (a, an); quantifier (many,
few, little, some, etc); distributive (all, every, both, etc), demonstrative
adjective

(this,

that,

these,

those);

dan/atau

possessive

adjective

(my, your, his, her, etc).

fm. Contoh (adjective phrase = italic; determiner = underline):
fn. the beautiful house, many young men, all poor countries, this delicious
cake, our sweet moments.
fo.
fp. Intensifier
fq. Intensifier merupakan adverb yang dapat berfungsi menekankan (emphasize),
menguatkan (amplify), atau merendahkan (downtone) adjective.
fr. Contoh Adjective Phrase (intensifier = underline):
fs. partially complete, rather unfaithful, very smart
ft.

fu. Modifier, determiner, dan intensifier mungkin dapat digunakan secara

bersama-sama. Urutan penggunaannya, dapat dilihat di Noun Phrase.
fv.
fw. Prepositional Phrase sebagai Adjective Phrase
fx. Jika adjective phrase diterjemahkan dengan pengertian yang lebih luas, yaitu
semua phrase yang menerangkan noun, prepositional phrase yang diletakkan
setelah noun dapat menjadi salah satunya.
fy. Contoh Adjective Phrase:

She is a student from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (menerangkan noun

student)

The woman with a leather handbag is looking at you. (menerangkan noun woman)
fz.
ga. Adverbial Phrase
gb. Adverb phrase adalah kelompok kata yang terdiri dari adverb dengan qualifier
(too, very, so, enough, etc) atau kelompok kata seperti: prepositional
phrase atau infinitive phrase yang dapat berfungsi seperti adverb.

Single adverb: yesterday, quickly, there

Adverb phrase: to go to school, very quickly, at home

gc. Seperti halnya adverb (kata keterangan), suatu adverb phrase juga dapat
menerangkan verb, adjective, maupun kata keterangan lain serta juga dapat
menempati berbagai posisi di dalam suatu kalimat. Oleh karena itu, mungkin
dapat

sedikit

membingungkan

untuk

mendeteksi

suatu

adverbphrase dibandingkan dengan bentuk tunggalnya di dalam suatu kalimat.

gd.
ge. Macam dan Contoh Adverb Phrase
gf. Ada bermacam-macam kata keterangan. Beberapa yang paling penting ada
lima, yaitu: adverbs of time (waktu), manner (cara), place (tempat), frequency
(frekuensi),

dan

purpose

(tujuan).

Karena

berakting

sebagai

kata

keterangan, Adverb phrase dapat menempati posisi-posisi tersebut. Adapun

macam dan contoh adverb phrase berdasarkan pembentuknya adalah sebagai
berikut.
gg.
gh. Adverb dengan Qualifier

gi. Adverb phrase yang merupakan gabungan antara kata keterangan dengan
qualifier dapat menempati fungsi adverb of manner. Contohnya adalah
sebagai berikut.
gj.
gk.

gl. Contoh Kalimat

gm.
Adv
e
r
b
o

gn.

go.

Ad

gp.

gr.

gs.

gt. He drives extremely slowly.

ext

M
a
n
n
e
r
gq. s
l
o
w

(Dia mengemudi dengan sangat

lambat.)

l
y
gu. q
u
i

gv.

gw.

qui

k
l
y
gy.
gz. Prepositional Phrase

gx. Every waitress should clean tables

quickly enough.
(Setiap pelayan harus membersihkan
meja-meja dengan cukup cepat.)

ha. Prepositional phrase dapat menggantikan lima macam kata keterangan

terpenting

di

atas. Beberapa

contoh adverb

phrase dari prepositional

phrase adalah sebagai berikut.

hb.
hc.
A

hd. Adverb Phrase

hf.

hg. since yesterday,

he. Contoh Kalimat

hh. They couldnt do anything
during the storm.

during the storm,

before noon

hi.

(Mereka tidak dapat melakukan

apapun selama badai.)
hk. The customer always pays the
bill with his debit card.

hj. with his debit

(Pelanggan tersebut selalu

card, by bus

hl.

hm.

at home,

membayar tagihan dengan kartu

debitnya.)
hn. Im on a flight to Bandung.

in the classroom,
to Bandung

(Saya sedang dalam

penerbangan ke Bandung.)
hq. Old people may need to see a

ho.

doctor every year.

hp. every year

(Orang-orang tua mungkin perlu

mengunjungi dokter setiap
tahun.)
ht. He bought this tiramisu cake for

hr.
p

you.

hs. for you

(Dia membeli kue tiramisu ini

untukmu.)

hu.
hv. Infinitive Phrase
hw.Kebanyakan adverb phrase yang dibentuk dari infinitive form digunakan
untuk menempati peran adverbs of purpose. Beberapa contoh adverb phrase
dari infinitive form adalah sebagai berikut.
hx. Adve
rb

hy. Contoh Kalimat

Phras
e
hz. to
gain

ia. He does physical exercises regularly to gain his muscle

his

mass.

musc

(Dia melakukan latihan-latihan fisik secara teratur untuk

le

meningkatkan massa ototnya.)

mass
ib. to get
the

ic. To get the accesss, you must register first.

acces

(Untuk mendapat akses, kamu harus mendaftar dulu.)

s
id.
ie. Prepositional phrasesatau frasa preposisi adalah frasa yang terdiri dari
preposisi dan objek preposisi (object of the preposition). Objek preposisi
dalam frasa preposisi dapat berupa noun, pronoun, atau noun phrases.
if. Contoh frasa preposisi:
-

on the internet

in the room

by the ocean

near the window

Pada kenyataannya dalam suatu kalimat, frasa preposisi bisa memiliki jumlah
kata yang lebih banyak, tergantung panjang objek preposisi atau jumlah kata
yang menyertai preposisi dalam menyampaikan maksud suatu kalimat.
Contohnya:
ig. -

near the violently swaying oak trees

ih. -

on account of his nearly depleted bank account

ii. Dalam kalimat, frasa preposisi tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai frasa preposisi
sendiri, tapi juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adjektiva dan adverbia. Frasa
preposisi yang berperan sebagai adjektiva disebut frasa adjektiva. Seperti
halnya adjektiva, frasa adjektiva juga berfungsi menerangkan noun atau
pronoun. Untuk mengetahui suatu frasa preposisi itu berfungsi sebagai frasa
adjektiva, ajukan pertanyaan seperti Which one? atau What kind? untuk
mengenali dalam suatu kalimat.

ij. Contoh frasa preposisi sebagai frasa adjektiva:

ik. -

The [cost of the jeans] was surprisingly high.

il. -

The [clown with the mask] terrifies the children.

im.

The [man in the house] rented it.

in. Frasa preposisi yang berperan sebagai adverbia disebut frasa adverbia. Sama
halnya dengan adverbia, frasa adverbia juga berfungsi menerangkan verb,
adjective, atau adverb. Untuk mengetahui suatu frasa preposisi berfungsi
sebagai frasa adverbia, dapat diajukan pertanyaan seperti Where? When?
In what manner To what extent? untuk mengenalinya dalam suatu
kalimat.
io. Contoh frasa preposisi sebagai frasa adverbia:
ip. -

The Mets [played at Shea Stadium.]

iq. -

The game [lasted into the fourteenth inning.]

ir. -

He [went in the arena.]

is. -

Dad was [happy about the goal.]

it. -

On reflection, I believe that she was correct.

iu. Dua atau lebih frasa preposisi dapat digabungkan dengan menggunakan
coordinating conjunctions. Contohnya:

iv. -

The resort is [beside the mountain and by the lake.]

iw.-

You can usually find Macho Marvin [in the steam room, on the exercise bike,

or under the barbells.]

ix.
iy. Participle Phrase
iz. Participle phrase (participial phrase) ialah frasa yang terdiri dari participle
beserta complement atau modifier-nya.
ja. Contoh :
jb. Following the instructions carefully, the trainees complitid the project
successfully.
The instructions sebagai objek dan carefully sebagai adverb yang
menerangkan following(participle).

jc.
jd. 1.

Participle bersama objek

je. Contoh:

jf. Finding the problems resolved, he promised us a reward happily.

The problem adalah objek dari finding

jg. 2.

Participle being bersama complement

jh. Contoh :
ji. Being lazy, he does not earn enough to support his family.
Lazy (adjective) sebagai complement dari being.

jj. 3.

Participle yang diterangkan adverb maupun adverb phrase.

jk. Contoh :
jl. Studying hard, Robert passed the final exam.
Hard (adverb) menerangkan studying.

jm.4.

Participle yang merupakan peringkasan adverb clause

jn. a.

Adverb clause of time (menerangkan waktu)

jo. Berarti setelah (after)

jp. Contoh:
jq. Having finished all her housework, she sat down to watch television.
jr. ( After she had finished all her housework, she sat down to watch television)
js. Berarti sambil (while atau when)
jt. Contoh :
ju. Listening to the radio, andrea usually studies at night.
jv. b.

Adverb clause of cause (menerangkan sebab)

jw. Contoh :
jx. Having worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vacation.
jy. ( Because he had worked hard all his life, he decided to take a long vacation.)
jz. c.

Adverb clause of result (menerangkan akibat)

ka. Contoh:
kb. He doesnt care about his friends, having few friends.
kc. ( He doesnt care about his friends so that he has few friends.)
kd.
ke.

GRAMMAR TASK 1

kf.

Identify what type of the sentences below!

1. Houses are unbelievably expensive just now.

a.

Adjective phrase

c. Prepositional phrase

Adverb phrase

d. Participle phrase
kg.

2. We met paul last week.

a

Adjective phrase

c. Participle phrase

Adverb phrase

d. Verb phrase

kh.
3. The dog eating geraniums belongs to my neighbor
Adjective phrase

c. Adverb phrase

Participle phrase

d. Preposition phrase
ki.

4. A car that wont go is not particularly useful.

a

Adjective phrase

c. Prepositional phrase

Adverb phrase

d. Noun phrase

kj.
5. Wrapped in foil paper, the parcels gleamed in the firelight.
a.

Participle phrase

c. Adverb phrase

b.

Prepositional phrase

d. Adjective phrase

kk.
6. I enjoy eating in Indian restaurant.
a.

Adjective phrase

c. Prepositional phrase

b.

Adverb phrase

d. Noun phrase

kl.
7. Dont you have to leave early?
a. Adjective phrase

c. Verb phrase

b. Adverb phrase

d. Prepositional phrase

km.
8. He put his new jacket near the window.
a.

Prepositional phrase

c. Adjective phrase

b.

Participle phrase

d. Adverb phrase

kn.
ko.

GRAMMAR TASK 2
kp. Underline the prepositional phrase in each sentence. Then write ADJ under the
line if the phrase is an adjective phrase or ADVB if it is an adverb phrase.

kq.

Example: The minister looked up into the heavens.

kr.

Answer: The minister looked up into the heavens.

ks.

ADVB

1.

The lawn was seeded today by the maintenance workers.

2.

We will open the museum's doors in a few minutes.

3.

Tickets to tomorrow night's concert will be sold starting this

morning.

4.

There is a hint within every sentence.

5.

Several investigators asked us questions during their investigation.

6.

In fact, I do remember that funny incident.

7.

Water in this tank must be drained often.

8.

Without much fanfare the actress greeted her admiring fans.

kt.

ku.
kv.
kw.
kx.
ky.
kz.
la.
lb.
lc.

ld.
le.

lf.

UNIT 10

lg.

lh.

READING COMPREHENSION

li.
lj.
lk. THERAPEUTIC DIET
ll.
lm. When people become sick and hospitalized, they often must make adjustments
in their food preferences and food habits. Patients on a special diet may
discover that is doesnt include the foods they usually eat and that spices or
seasonings are not permitted; these changes may be very disturbing to them.
ln. The patients diet is an important part of medical treatment. When the patient
is not eating the food in the diet, you should notify your team leader. Other
ways may be found to encourage the patient to eat, or the dietitian could be
called to visit the patient. Often the diet can be adjusted to be more appealing
to the patient without altering the therapeutic effect.
lo. Patients who have been NPO as part of the treatment for their illness or injury
or following surgery may be started on a special diet that progresses from
clear liquids to a general or full diet as they increase their tolerance to the
foods. It is most often prescribed following major surgery or in acute
inflammations of the digestive tract, difficulties in chewing or swallowing, or
cases of acute infections.
lp. A clear liquid diet. It is ordered when there is decreased tolerance foods or
impaired function of the digestive tract. The diet allows water, tea, coffee,
clear broths, ginger ale, apple juice, and plain gelatins.
lq. The full liquid diet. It may be given to those able to tolerate more than the
liquids allowed on the clear liquid diet. The diet allows additional liquids such
as milk, milk shakes, cream soups, all fruit juices, and semi-liquid foods such
as custards, sherbets, puddings, and ice cream.
lr. Soft diet. Consists of foods that are mild in taste, that are easily chewed and
digested, and that contain almost no fiber. The diet allows white bread or toast,

cooked cereals, rice, potatoes, meats, cooked fruits, and vegetables, plain or
sponge cakes, butter, and salt and pepper. Meats and vegetables may be
chopped or strained for ease in eating, but no fried foods are allowed.
ls. (Adapted from English For Nutrition, Sutopo Anam,1996)
lt.
A. Answer The Questions based on the text above.
1. What will people do when they become sick and hospitalized?
2. Why do the changes of special diet disturb the patients?
3. Is a patients diet a necessary part of medical therapy?
4. When may patients be started on a special diet?
5. When is the clear liquid diet ordered?
6. What does the clear liquid diet allow?
7. What does the liquid died allow?
8. What does the soft diet consist of?
9. What does the soft diet allow?
10. Where can meats and vegetables be strained?
lu.
B. Choose The Correct Answers!
1. Patients on a special diet may discover that it doesnt include the foods they
usually eat and that spices or seasonings are not permitted. The synonym of the
underlined word is
a. meet
b. find
c. face
d. know
2. When the patient is not eating the food in the diet, you should notify your
a. team leader
b. team medical treatment
c. therapeutic effect
d. acute inflammations
3. Other ways may be found to encourage the patient to eat, or the dietitian could be
called
a. team leader
b. to visit the patient
c. clear liquid diet
d. soft diet
4. Often the diet can be adjusted to be more appealing to the patient without
a. altering the therapeutic effect
b. difficulties in chewing
c. cases of acute infections
d. digestive tract
5. Clear liquid diet does not allow
a. tea
b. coffee

c. meat
d. juice
6. Full liquid diet allows additional liquids such as follows except
a. milk
b. bread
c. cream soups
d. ice cream
7. Soft diet consists of foods that are mild in taste, that are easily chewed and
digested, and that contain almost no
a. fat
b. fiber
c. cereal
d. milk
8. The soft diet allows
a. coffee
b. rice
c. tea
d. sherbets

lv.
lw.
lx.
ly.
lz.
ma.
mb.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

mc.
md.

SIMPLE SENTENCE
me.

mf. Simple Sentence (Kalimat Sederhana) atau disebut juga dengan independent
Clause adalah kalimat yang minimum memiliki verb (kata kerja) utama yang
mencerminkan adanya satu gagasan saja.
mg.
mh.

Contoh:

1. Some students like to study in the mornings.

2. John and Mark play football every afternoon.
3. Ruth goes to the library every day.
mi.

mj.GRAMMAR TASK 1
mk.

Directions: Find the subject and the main verb in each sentence. Write

the main verb in the simple form, and then write the verb as it used in the
sentence, including helping verbs and negatives.
ml. Example:
mm.

The students have done a lot of work in class.

mn.

subject: ___students___________ / main verb: ___do__________ /

verb or verb phrase ____have done__________

mo.
mp.

1. The windshield on my car is cracked.

mq.

subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ /

verb or verb phrase: _____________________

mr. 2. He doesn't have many responsibilities.
ms.subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ / verb or
verb phrase: _____________________
mt. 3. Without a car, it's difficult to get to work.
mu.

subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ /

verb or verb phrase: _____________________

mv.4. Sheila has a test tomorrow morning.
mw.

subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ /

verb or verb phrase: _____________________

mx.

5. By this time next year, Stanley will have lived in the United States

for ten years.

my.subject: ____________________ / main verb: _______________ / verb or

verb phrase: _____________________
mz.

GRAMMAR TASK 2

They worked hard and produce an excellent display.

na.

John sleeping eight hours every night during the week.

nb.

The President of The USA lifein The White House.

nc.

We will go to London to spends our holiday.

nd.

Mr. Johan have joined in this company since 2008.

ne.

nf.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

ng.

PARALELISME (STRUKTUR KALIMAT PARALEL)

nh. Paralelisme dalam kalimat adalah penggunaan elemen-elemen pembentuk

kalimat yang dipakai dalam susunan yang sejajar.

Jika sebuah ide dalam sebuah kalimat dinyatakan dengan frase (kelompok kata), maka

ide-ide yang sederajat harus dinyatakan dengan frase.

Jika sebuah ide dalam suatu kalimat dinyatakan dengan kata benda, maka ide lain

yang sederajat harus dengan kata benda juga.

Demikian juga halnya bila sebuah ide dalam sebuah kalimat dinyatakan dengan kata
kerja, maka ide lainnya yang sederajat harus dinyatakan dengan jenis kata yang sama.
ni.
nj.Paralelpada kata benda:

nk. I like Russian, German, Spanish and French.

nl. Pada kalimat diatas, kata yang digarisbawahi adalah kata benda, sehingga
kalimat tersebut paralel.
nm.

Struktur yang salah:

nn.

I like Russian, German, Spanish, and to drive in those countries

no. Padakalimatdiatas,to drive in those countriesbukan noun sehingga tidak

sejajar dengan kata benda sebelumnya.
np.

nq.

Paralelpada kata sifat:

nr. Your home is big, beautiful, and comfortable.

ns.

nt. Pada kalimatdiatas, kata yang digarisbawahiadalah kata sifat, jadikalimat

tersebut mempunyai susunan kata sifat yang paralel.
nu. Struktur yang salah:
nv. Your home is big, beautiful, and close to downtown.
nw.
nx.

Paralelpada kata kerja:

ny. He exercises, reads a book, and listens a radio. (PARALEL)

nz. He does exercises, reads a book, and listening a radio (TIDAK PARALEL)
oa.
ob.

I want to study German or (to) study Greek (PARALEL)

oc. I want to study German or (to) studied Greek.(TIDAK PARALEL)

od.
oe. (Kata to didalamkurungbersifatopsional, bolehdipakaibolehtidak.)
of.
og.
oh.

Paralel pada preposisi:

There are trains leaving the station in the morning and noon. (TIDAK

PARALEL)
oi.

There are trains leaving the station in the morning and at noon.

(PARALEL)

oj.

The cancer researcher is interested and excited about the new

advances in medical technology. (TIDAK PARALEL)

ok.

The cancer researcher is interested in and excited about the new

advances in medical technology. (PARALEL)

ol.
om.
on.

Paralelpada to infinitive
My uncle likes to eat in expensive restaurants and visiting museums.

(TIDAK PARALEL)
oo.

My uncle likes to eat in expensive restaurants and to visit museums.

op.

(PARALEL)

oq.

or.

GRAMMAR TASK 3

os.

Complete the sentences by choosing one of these words

below!

1.

ot.

a. running

f. eat

ou.

b. slicing

g. run

ov.

c. eating

h. sang

ow.

d. sing

i. to receive

ox.

e. receiving

j. to fix

When I was a child, I loved to play in the leaves, skip down the driveway,
and..against the wind.

2.

I still enjoy playing in the leaves, skipping down the driveway, and. against the
wind.

3.

Merdine danced a jig and then..a song that took my heart away.

4.

Merdine said that she wanted to dance a jig and then..a song that would take my
heart away.

5.

The children spent the afternoon playing video games, watching TV, and..donuts.

6.

If you want to learn how to play video games, watch TV, or donuts, spend an
afternoon with my children.

7.

To make a great tomato sandwich, begin by toasting two pieces of whole-wheat bread
and..a sweet onion.

oy. GRAMMAR TASK 4

oz.

Choose the underlined word or phrase which needs to be

corrected.

pa.
1

Pharmaceutical companies are developed many new drugs continually.

pb.

pc.
2

Discovery of new drugs can be by accident and with an idea.

pd.

responsibilities of company chemists.

To see the safety and effective of new drug substances, researchers perform tests
pg.
ph.

Obtain such a drug, testing it, and developing it into safe form are the
pe.
A
B
C
D
pf.

with animal.

The pharmaceutical company then sent the drugs and asked for permission to
pi.
pj.

conductedtest on the people.

pk.
pl.
pm.
pn.

po.
pp.

COMPOUND SENTENCE

pq.
pr. Compound Sentence (Kalimat Majemuk) adalah kalimat yang memiliki 2 kata
kerja utama atau lebih yang menggabungkan 2 gagasan atau lebih yang
disambungkan dengan kata sambung (conjunctions). Atau dengan kata lain
Compound Sentence adalah kalimat yang terdiri dari 2 Independent Clauses
yang dihubungkan dengan kata sambung (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
ps.Examples of Compound Sentence:
1. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
2. John played football, so Mary went shopping.
pt. Conjunction dan Punctuation pada Compound Sentence
pu. Untuk menghubungkan dua atau lebih independent clause di dalam compound
sentence, dapat digunakan coordinate conjunction, conjunctive adverb,
atau semicolon (titik koma) saja. Walaupun dihubungkan oleh conjunction
atau semicolon, masing-masing independent clause tersebut sesungguhnya
dapat berdiri sendiri.
pv. Coordinate Conjunction
pw.Coordinate conjunction yang dapat digunakan yaitu: for, and, nor, but, or, yet,
so (FANBOYS). Tanda baca koma digunakan tepat sebelum kata hubung ini.
px. Contoh Compound Sentence dengan Coordinate Conjunction:

He didnt come last night, for he fell asleep. (Dia tidak datang semalam karena dia
terlelap.)

Vina and Amel wake up at 5:00 am, and they go to school at 6:30 am. (Vina dan Amel
bangun jam 5 dan mereka pergi ke sekolah jam setengah 7.)

Please reconsider, so you will not regret oneday. (Tolong pertimbangan kembali
sehingga kamu tidak menyesalinya suatu hari nanti.)

py. Karena masing-masing klausa tersebut dapat berdiri sendiri, kadang-kadang

coordinate conjunction tidak mampu menunjukkan hubungan yang cukup
spesifik/logis, khususnya conjunction and.
pz. Conjunctive Adverb
qa. Conjunctive adverb atau adverbial conjunction merupakan kata yang
berfungsi baik sebagai adverb maupun conjunction. Tanda baca semicolon
(titik koma) dan koma biasa digunakan bersama conjunction ini. Conjunctive
adverb antara lain: furthermore, however, otherwise, therefore, dan finally.
qb. Contoh Compound Sentence dengan Conjunctive Adverb:

Both gold and green kiwifruits are widely cultivated in New Zealand; furthermore,
theyre distributed to our country. (Baik kiwi gold maupun hijau dibudidaya secara
luas di New Zealand. Tambahan pula, mereka didistribusikan ke negara kita.)

Natural resources of Indonesia spread from Sabang to marauke; however, theyre not
utilized properly. (Sumber daya alam Indonesia tersebar dari Sabang sampai Marauke.
Akan tetapi, mereka tidak digunakan dengan benar.)

Yulia drinks fresh milk and does exercise regularly; therefore, her bones is dense and
strong. (Yulia minum susu segar dan berolahraga teratur. Oleh karena itu, tulangnya
padat dan kuat.)
qc. Semicolon (Titik Koma)
qd. Adapun semicolon sendiri dapat digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua
independent clause yang sangat berhubungan menjadi satu kalimat.
qe. Contoh Compound Sentence dengan Semicolon:

Its mine; its not yours. (Itu milikku. Itu bukan milikmu.)

Diana looked panic; shes afraid she run out of words to say to interviewers. (Diana
tampak panik. Dia takut kehabisan kata-kata untuk disampaikan kepada
pewawancara.)
qf.

qg.
qh. GRAMMAR TASK 5
1. My husband was working, .
c.

So I went shopping

c. because she

so busy
d.

But the comitee havent arrive yet

d.

howeverthey love it very much

2. I like chocolate ice cream,..
c.

Because my friends want it too

c. but my friend likes

strawberry
d.

So that we buy some candy

d. therefore it makes us be

happy
3. They wanted to go to Italy, ..
because they wanted to see Venice
although she has a lot of money

c.but they dont like it very much

d. and theyll go to Mexico

4. I am on a diet ..
Because we dont have a meal c. however I like junkfood so much
b.

Yet I really want a cookie

d. so I would care for my
body

5. He did not take the money,

c.

So that he got a high salary

c. because he was a rich man

d.

However his wife love him

d. for it was not the right to do

qi.

qj. GRAMMAR TASK 6

qk. Point out and name the coordinate sentences in each of the following
compound sentences. Prove to yourself that each sentence is or is not
compound.
1. The hand of the diligent maketh rich, but a fool and his money are soon parted.
2. The storm ceased, but the vessel was lost.
3. Thomas walked, Carl rode his wheel, and Edith rode in the carriage with her father.
4. The hour for sailing had arrived, everything on board was in trim condition, the anchor
was weighed, and the huge steamer started on her homeward journey.
5. The way was long, the wind was cold, The minstrel was infirm and old.
ql.
qm.
qn.
qo.
qp.
qq.
qr.
qs.
qt.
qu.
qv.
qw.
qx.
qy.
qz.
ra.
rb.
rc.
rd.
re.

rf.
rg.
rh.
ri.
rj.

rk.
rl. Unit 11
rm.

rn.

READING COMPREHENSION

ro.
rp.
rq. NUTRIONAL NEEDS
rr.
rs. As everyone knows, food is basic need of the body and it must be supplied at
frequent intervals to maintain life and the functioning of the body. The
nutrients supplied by food are essential to () promote growth, (2) provide
energy for all of the bodys functions, and (3) replace or repair tissue through
the healing process.
rt. When sick people have a decreased appetite and fail to meet their nutritional
needs, energy needed for the body functioning is obtained from the body itself.
The extra glucose stored in the liver and the muscles in the first source that is
used ; this supply is used up in 12 to 48 hours, depending on the body
requirements. If the supply of nutrients is inadequate for more than one or two
days and the stored glucose has been used, the body begins to break down
deposits of fatty tissue and the proteins in muscles tissue. This leads to weight
loss, higher acetone or ketene levels in the urine, delayed healing of wounds,
and a grater susceptibility to infections.
ru. Malnutrition is not difficult to see in the estimated 5 to 10 percent of patients
in acute medical-surgical units who are emaciated and appear to be only skin

and bones after losing much of their body weight. Malnutrition begins long
before the extreme weight loss of starvation, however. Even the patient who
appears to be well nourished may not be meeting nutritional needs, and this
condition is frequently not recognized by members of the health team for a
variety of reasons:

The doctors have written an order specifying the diet patients is the receive.
The charge nurse or team leader is attending to patient complaints of other problems

or needs that are deemed to be more pressing or more serious.

The nurse or nursing assistant talking care of the patients commonly lose their
appetite and send their trays back without eating the food, stating Im not hungry.
(adapted from English For Pharmacy, Toharuddin, 2002)
rv.
rw.

A. Answer the Questions based on the text.

1. What is food?
2. Should food be supplied at frequent intervals to maintain life?
3. Are there essential nutrition supplied there?
4. What are the functions of nutrition supplied there?
5. If sick people have a decreased appetite and fail to meet their nutritional needs, what
is needed by his body?
6. When is the supply of the extra glucose used up in 12 to 48 hours?
7. What will happen if the supply of nutrients is inadequate and the store has been
used?
8. Is malnutrition difficult to see in the estimated 5 to 10 percent?
9. Percent of patients in acute medical-surgical units?
rx.
B. Choose the Correct Answers!
1. A basic need of the body and which must be supplied at frequent intervals to
maintain health is called . . . .
a. Nutrition
b. Food
c. Protein
d. Carbohydrate
2. These are important functions of nutrients supplied by food except . . . .
a. Providing energy
b. Supplying vegetarians
c. Promoting growth
d. Replacing tissue through the healing process
3. Energy needed for the body functioning is obtained from . . . .
a. The food itself

b.
c.
d.
4. If the

The nutrients
The body itself
Healing process
supply of nutrients is inadequate for more than one or two days, the

body begins to . . . .
a. Break down deposits of fatty tissue and protein in muscles tissue
b. Store glucose that has been used
c. Provide energy for all of the body functions and activities
d. Replace or repair tissue through the healing process
5. Malnutrition is not difficult to see in the estimated . . . .
a. 2 to 5 percent
b. 5 to 7 percent
c. 5 to 10 percent
d. 7 to 10 percent
6. Malnutrition begins long before . . . .
a. The extreme weight loss of starvation
b. The extreme high loss of starvation
c. Delayed healing of wounds
d. A grater susceptibility to infections
7. The patients who appears to be under nourished is frequently not recognized
by . . . .
a. The doctors
b. The nurses
c. The nutritionist
d. Members of the health team
ry.
rz.
8. These are the health teams reasons except . . . .
a. The doctors order specifying the diet
b. The needs that are deemed to be more pressing/serious
c. Nursing assistant taking care of the patients and sending their trays
back
d. The great desire of the patient

sa.
sb.
sc.

GRAMMAR FOCUS

sd.

NOUN CLAUSES
se.

Noun clause berfungsi seperti kata benda dalam kalimat. Oleh sebab itu, Noun Clause
dapat berfungsi sebagai:
1) A Subject of a verb (subjek kalimat)
sf.

What Billy did shocked his friends.

2) An Object of averb (objek kalimat)

sg.

Billys friends didnt know that he couldnt swim.

3) A Subject Complement (subjek komplemen)

sh.

Billys mistake was that the refused to take lessons.

4) An Object of a preposition (objek dari kata depan)

si.

Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.

Noun Clause Marker adalah kata sambung yang mengawali Noun Clause.
sj. Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh:
sk.That, If, Whether
sl. wh-words: what, when, where, why, who, how many, how much, how, which,
whether, whose, whom.
sm.
Kita dapat menggabungkan 2 kalimat (2 independent clauses) dengan mengubah salah
satu kalimat menjadi Noun Clause sesuai fungsi kalimat tersebut di atas.
sn.
Mengubah sebuah pernyataan (a statement) menjadi a noun clause menggunakan that.
so.Billy made a mistake and I know this. berubah menjadi I know that Billy made a
mistake.
sp.
Mengubah sebuah pertanyaan tertutup (a yes/ no question) menjadi a noun clause
menggunakan if atau whether
sq.Does Fred know how to cook? George wonders this. berubah menjadi George
wonders if Fred knows how to cook.
sr.
Mengubah sebuah pertanyaan terbuka (wh question) menjadi a noun clause
menggunakan wh-words
ss. Where is George?I dont know this. berubah menjadi I dont know where George
is.
st.
su.

ADVERB CLAUSES
sv.

Adverb Clause berfungsi seperti kata keterangan dalam kalimat yang memiliki hubungan
dengan kalimat induk dalam hal berikut ini:

waktu (time)
sebab-akibat (cause and effect)
kontras (contrast)
pengandaian (condition)
sw.

Kita dapat menggabungkan 2 kalimat dengan hubungan seperti tersebut di atas dengan
langkah sebagai berikut:
Menggabungkan 2 kalimat dengan menambahkan kata sambung di awal kalimat yang
akan menjadi anak kalimat.
sx.

Billy couldnt swim. He jumped off the pier. (contrast) berubah menjadi

Although Billy couldnt swim, he jumped off the pier. Atau bisa juga berubah
menjadi Billy jumped of the pier although he couldnt swim.
sy.
Bila Noun Clause diletakkan di depan induk kalimat, kita perlu menggunakan koma
setelah Noun Clause tersebut. Tetapi bila Noun Clause terletak di belakang induk
kaliamat, kita tidak perlu menggunakan koma.
sz.
Subordinating Conjunctions (kata Penghubung)
- Time: after, before, when, while, as, by the time, whenever, since, until, as soon as,
-

once, as long as.

Cause and effect: because, since, now that, as long as, inasmuch as, so (that), in

order that.
Contrast: although, even though, whereas, while.
Condition: if, unless, only if, whether or not, even if, providing (that), provided
(that), in case, in the event (that).
ta.

Berikut ini adalah beberapa contoh kalimat yang memliki adverb clause.
After he took lessons, George could swim well.
George could swim well after he took lessons.
Because he couldnt swim, Billy drowned.
Billy drowned because he couldnt swim.
Although he isnt interested in food, Fred works as a cook.
Fred works as a cook although he isnt interested.
tb.
tc.ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
td.

 Adjective Clause berfungsi seperti kata sifat dalam kalimat. Adjective clause yang juga
disebut dengan Relative clause berfungsi untuk menerangkan kata benda. Dan letaknya
selalu setelah kata benda yang ingin diterangkan.
The teacher has a car. (Car adalah kata benda)
Its a new car. (New adalah kata sifat yang menerangkan car)
The car that she is driving is not hers.
te. (that she is driving adalah adjective clause yang menerangkan car.
Disebut sebagai clause (anak kalimat) karena mempunyai subjek yaitu she
dan predikat is driving. Dan disebut sebagai Adjective clause karena clause
ini menerangkan kata benda.

Perhatikan kata sifat (adjective) letaknya di depan kata benda, tetapi adjective clause
letaknya setelah kata benda yang akan diterangkan.
tf.

Kalimat yang terdiri dari satu adjective clause dan satu kalimat induk (independent
clause) adalah hasil dari penggabungan 2 kalimat yang memiliki kata benda yang
diulang.
tg.
Berikut ini adalah langkah-langkah dalam membuat adjective clause.
1. Harus ada 2 kalimat yang memiliki kata benda yang sama.
- The book is on the table & I like the book.
2. Hilangkan salah satu kata benda yang sama dan ganti dengan relative pronoun (kata
ganti sambung) di depan kalimat yang akan dijadikan anak kalimat.
- The book is on the table & I like which.
3. Pindahkan ke relative pronoun tersebut ke depan kalimat, maka kalimat itu akan
menjadi anak kalimat.
- Which I like
4. Letakkan anak kalimat itu di belakang kata benda yang akan diterangkan.
- The bookwhich I like is on the table.
th.
Relative Pronoun (kata ganti penghubung) yang paling umum adalah who, whom, that,
which Relative Pronoun berikut ini dapat dihilangkan bila berfungsi sebagai objek dari
kata kerja.
who kata gganti untuk orang sebagai subjek.
whom kata ganti untuk orang sebagai onjek.
which kata ganti untuk binatang atau benda.
that kata ganti untuk orang, binatang, atau barang.
ti.
Kata-kata berikut ini juga dapat menjadi kata penghubung: whose, when dan where.

tj.
WHOSE
- Whose adalah kata ganti empunya untuk orang, binatang atau benda.
WHEN
- When adalah kata ganti untuk waktu.
WHERE
- Where adalah kata ganti untuk tempat.
tk.
tl. COMPLEX SENTENCE
tm.
Complex Sentence (Kalimat kompleks) adalah kalimat yang memiliki kalimat induk
(independent/main clause) dan satu atau lebih anak kalimat (a dependent clause). A
dependent clause bukanlah kalimat yang lengkap dan harus dikaitkan dengan kalimat
induk. Dalam contoh berikut ini, anak kalimat digaris bawahi dan dicetak miring.
2. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
3. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
4. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
A dependent clause dapat berfungsi sebagai kata sifat (an adjective), kata keterangan (an
adverb), atau kata benda (a noun). Yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat disebut an Adjective
clause dan sebagai kata benda disebut a Noun clause.
tn. GRAMMAR TASK 1
1.

Spring is the season when everything blooms

a. Noun clause
b. Adjective clause
c. Adverb clause

2.

When spring arrives, the flowers bloom

b. Noun clause
c. Adjective clause
d. Adverb clause

3.

At Halloween, you can be whomever you want

a. Noun clause
b. Adjective clause

c. Adverb clause
5. The house where I was born has been turned into appartments
a. Noun clause
b. Adjective clause
c. Adverb clause
6. We didnt understand the reason why our experiment failed
a. Noun clause
b. Adjective clause
c. Adverb clause
7. The fact that you are here is reassuring to me
a. Noun clause
b. Adjective clause
c. Adverb clause
8. After Boston won the pennant in 2004, the entire city celebrated
a. Noun clause
b. Adjective clause
c. Adverb clause

to. GRAMMAR TASK 2

1. The woman, who you saw last night, is my sister.
tp.

2. Because I had free time, I visityour house.

tq. A

3. The man whom wallet I foundis happy.

tr.

4. After much criticism, the politician quick retracted his controversial statement
of the previous
ts.

D
tt. day.
5. A gifted scientist, Newton who discovered some of the most fundamental laws
in the history of
tu.

tv. Science
tw.
tx.

ty. UNIT 12
tz.

ua.

READING COMPREHENSION

ub.
uc.
ud. HOW TO USE A PRESCRIPTION DRUG SAFETY
ue.
uf.
ug. Basic fact you should know
uh.

Whenever your doctor prescribes a medication, you need to know:

1. The name (s) of the drug. Many drugs go by several names. For instance, the antibiotic
known by the generic name tetracycline is also sold under the brand names Achromycin
(made by Lederle) and Sumycin (made by Squibb).
2. The reason you are taking the drug. This is especially important with a silent disease
such as high blood pressure, which people often do not realize they have. At first, the
medication for this problem may make patients feel worse, and unless why they know
are taking the drug, they may stop using it.

3. How you should take the drug. Drugs can come in pills, liquids, or other forms. They can
be swallowed, injected, inhaled, or taken via some other route of administration. Many
drugs need to be taken with water to dissolve them or dilute their strength. Aspirin may
be taken with milk to avoid stomach upset. On the other hand, tetracycline, a commonly
prescribed antibiotic, should not be taken with milk or milk products.
4. The strength of the dose the physician has prescribed.
5. The frequency of administration that the physician recommends. If you take the correct
dosage ____ but take it too often or not often enough ____ you may suffer an unpleasant
reaction or a prolongation of your disease. Instructions to take three times a day, for
instance.
6. Does taking the drug require any change in your diet or activities? A number of drugs are
dangerous if you drink alcohol while you are taking them. Certain other drugs may cause
drowsiness or interfere with your coordination: if you are taking any of these you should
avoid driving, working with dangerous machinery, or other hazardous activities.
7. What side effects can you expect? All drugs can cause side effects, ranging from trivial
to serious. You should know whether to expect serious adverse effects ____ and how
these effects can be treated.
ui.
uj.

To make sure that you know these essentials, you should review them

with your doctor when he or she gives you the prescription. Then you should be sure
the pharmacist includes the relevant information on the label he or she prepares for
you.
uk.
ul. The prescription form
um.

A prescription is an authorization that a physician prepares so that a

patient may buy a certain drug from a licensed pharmacist. To be legal, a prescription
must be written on a special prescription form in ink or indelible pencil. The typical
prescription form contains the following elements: the heading, superscription,
inscription, subscription, signature, doctors signature.
un.
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Answer these questions

What should you do when your doctor prescribes a medication?
Give an example of the kind of a silent disease.
Why are you taking a drug?
What are the forms of drugs?
What drug may be taken with milk?
What drug should not be taken with milk products?

7. What drugs are dangerous to the users?

8. What the user should avoid if he takes drugs causing drowsiness?
9. What is a prescription?
10. What does a typical prescription form contain?
uo.
up.
uq.
B. Complete the following unfinished sentences with the provided words or phrases
1. Things you should think about while your doctor prescribes a medication are all but .
a. a physician prescribing a drug
b. side effects of drugs
c. the way of taking a drug
d. the names of the drug
2. Tetracycline is sold under the brand names Achromycin and
a. Lederle
b. Sumycin
c. Squibb
d. Medication
3. A disease than can be categorized as silent is
a. malaria
b. stomach upset
c. high blood pressure
d. ulcer
4. Drugs in pills, liquids, or other forms entering into the body may be swallowed or
a. injected
b. inhaled
c. applied to the skin
d. all of the above
5. To dissolve drugs or dilute their strength, they may be taken with . water.
a. fresh
b. warm
c. unboiled
d. a and b
6. To avoid stomach upset, taking aspirin needs to be mixed with .
a. heroin
b. alcohol
c. contaminated water
d. milk products
7. According to a physicians advice, tetracycline should not be taken with .
a. warm water
b. boiled water
c. fresh water
d. milk products
8. Although you take the correct dosage of drug, you may suffer an unpleasant reaction or a
prolongation of your disease if you take it .
a. excessively
b. often enough
c. according to a physicians suggestion

d. a and b
9. if you are taking a drug causing drowsiness should avoid .
a. driving
b. working with dangerous machinery
c. hazardous activities
d. all of the above
10. A prescription a physician prepares to a patient must legally written by .
a. a computer
b. an indelible pencil
c. a typewriter
d. all of the above
ur. LANGUAGE FOCUS

us.Compound-Complex Sentence
ut. Compound-complex sentence adalah(tipe kalimat) yang merupakan kombinasi
antara compound dengan complex sentence. Tipe kalimat ini memiliki 3 atau
lebih klausa di dalamnya, dimana minimal terdiri dari 2 independent clause
dan 1 dependent clause.

uu.

Contoh Compound-Complex Sentence:

uv. While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food, but didnt
get rid of it immediately.
uw.(Ketika dia sedang membersihkan dapur, dia menemukan banyak makanan
kadaluarsa, tapi dia tidak membuangnya segera.)
ux. Dimana kalimat di atas merupakan gabungan dari:

Complex Sentence:While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired

food. (dependent, independent)

Compound Sentence:He found a lot of expired food, but he didnt got rid of it
immediately. (independent, independent)
uy. Sehingga secara keseluruhan compound-complex sentence tersebut memiliki 2
independent dan 1 dependent clause.

uz.
va.
vb.

vc.

GRAMMAR TASK 1

vd.

Identify the structure of each sentence by selecting simple, compound, complex, or

compound-complex.

1. Lauren and Jerome will set up for the meeting, and the rest of us will clean up later.
a.

Simple

c. compound

b.

Complex

d. compound-complex

2. Because our history class will be at the museum, I'll miss the Spanish quiz, but I'll take
it after school.
a. Simple

c. compound

b. Complex

d. compound-complex

3. In history class, our group is writing and presenting a report about the culture and
history of Australia.
a. Simple

c. compound

b. Complex

d. compound-complex

4. Mr. Tanaka helped us identify the person who could answer the questions correctly.
a. Simple

c. compound

b. Complex

d. compound-complex

5. James's injury was why the coach took him out of the game, but he was able to play
during the fourth quarter.
a. Simple

c. compound

b. Complex

d. compound-complex

6. Anna and Luis will buy the tickets, which go on sale tomorrow.
a. Simple

c. compound

b. Complex

d. compound-complex

7. Joe's brother has the lead in the musical because his voice best fits the part.
a. Simple c. compound
b. Complex d. compound-complex
8. Will you read your report to the class?
a. Simple

c. compound

b. Complex

d. compound-complex

9. My dad taped Silas Marner last week; we can watch it in English class tomorrow.
a. Simple

c. compound

b. Complex

d. compound-complex

10. After we paint the scenery Saturday, we will set it up on the stage, but the cast won't
rehearse onstage until Monday.
a. Simple

c. compound

b. Complex

d. compound-complex

ve.

GRAMMAR TASK 2
vf. Identify the independent and subordinate clauses in the following sentences
and determine whether they are complex or compound-complex. You can
check your answers below.

vg.

Example:

While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food, but

didnt get rid of it immediately.

vh.

While he was cleaning the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food,

vi.DEPENDENCE CLAUSE

INDEPENDENCE CLAUSE

vj.he didnt get rid of it immediately.

vk.

INDEPENDENCE CLAUSE

vl.

1. After Mom arrived, she put the disk in the DVD player and we watched a
great movie.
2. Even though his heart pounded with dread, Ben bolted up the stairs, and
he checked out the strange noise.
3. Molly baked brownies since she had nothing else to do.
4. Karen made a list of what was needed, and she double-checked it so she
wouldn't forget anything.
5. Frank had a good sense of humor, so he laughed a lot.
vm.
vn.
vo.

vp.

vq.
vr.
vs.
vt.
vu.
vv.
vw.
vx.
vy.
vz.

wa.

REFERENCES

wb.
Agustien, Helena, 2008, English For a Better life, Pakar Raya, Bandung

Arifin, Zainal, 1999, English for Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah University press,

UMS, Surakarta
3

Clanchy, John, Ballard Brigid, 1991, Essay Writing For Student: A Practical
Guide, Longman, New York

Hartono, Rudy, 2005, Genre Based Writing, English Department faculty of

Language and Art semarang State University, semarang

Ken,Hylan, 2004, Genre And Second Language Writing, The University of

Michigan Press, London

Martin Jr, Claire Painter, 1997, Working With Functional Grammar, Arnold,
London

Martinet, Thomson, 1986, Practical English Grammar, Oxford University

Press, London

Oshima, Alice, Hogue Ann, 1997, Introduction to Academic Writing: Second

Edition, Longman, New York

Pardiyono, 2006, SURE, English for Writing Acquisition, MUP, Surakarta

10 Pyle, A Michael, Mary Ellen Munoz Page, 1995, Cliff TOEFL Preparation
Guide, Lincoln, Nebraska
11 Riggs, Paule De Graffenried, 2007, Drug in World Book, D. S Encyclopedia,
Chicago
12 Smith, Austin, 1978, Pharmacy in the Encyclopedia Americana Vol 21,
Americana Corporation
13 Toharuddin, M, et al, 2002, English For Pharmacy, MUP, Surakarta
14 Alice Oshima and Ann Hague, 1999, English For Agriculture, Longman,
White Plains, New York
15 Fatimah, Siti, 2009, Englis For Medical Science, MUP, Surakarta
16 Sutopo, Anam, 1996, English For Nutrition, MUP, Surakarta
wc.
-

VIRTUAL REFERENCES

http://www.wordsmile.com

http://www.geogle.com

http://www.learnamericanenglishonline.com

http://tangguhdotcom.blogspot.com

http://www.bahasainggris-online.com

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com

http://www.geocities.com