Borderless: Perspectives On The Future

Borderless
2011
Perspectives on the Future

The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education

www.obhe.org
[email protected]
+44 (0) 20 7222 7890
The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2011
Borderless 2011
CONTENTS
2
Welcome
William Archer (i-graduate)
Foreword
William Lawton (OBHE)

OBHE and Svava Bjarnason
Editorial: A Glimpse into a
Borderless 2011
Privatization, Convergence, and

Institutional Autonomy
Maurits van Rooijen
(Nyenrode Business Universiteit)
Svava Bjarnason (World Bank)
Barbara Ischinger (OECD)
10
12
19
Trends which were at a nascent stage of development only a decade ago are
influencing borderless higher education directions in a big way, moving from the
periphery into the mainstream. The expert opinions expressed in this inaugural report
identify some of them; the shift toward private conceptions of good in higher education,
the profound opportunity technology offers, and the benefits both incoming and
outgoing mobility afford, to name a few.
From a macroeconomic perspective, the ongoing economic crisis will remain the key
force effecting change in borderless higher education for some time yet to come; the
economic exigencies of the past two years are set to quicken the changes already
underway. As students seek a quality higher education experience that enables them to
negotiate the transient borders of a globalizing world, they and their institutions will
increasingly question how this change should take shape.
After considering the perspectives enclosed within this inaugural version of the
Borderless series, we hope youll agree that the Observatorys key mission and its
core strength remains strategic insight. I hope youll enjoy reading it.
Foreword
Stamenka Uvali-Trumbi
(UNESCO) and
Sir John Daniel
(Commonwealth of Learning)
Narend Baijnath
(University of South Africa)
B.M. Gourley
(Formerly The Open University)
Sohail Inayatullah
(Tamkang University)
William Lawton
Director, the Observatory on Borderless Higher Education
While internationalization and globalization are often used interchangeably, it can be
instructive to keep in mind their distinct meanings because each meaning points in a
different political direction. Globalization and regionalization have cooperative and
collectivist tenets that are reflected clearly, for example, in the establishment of the
European Higher Education Area. Cooperation the drive to establish strategic
partnerships is also at the heart of the international strategies of many universities.
But international means between nations, and nations are players in international HE.
The essence of geopolitics continues to be that foreign policy is geared toward either
North, South, East and West: Has increasing or consolidating a countrys power and influence in the world. For
Internationalization Lost its Way? governments, higher education is an increasingly important component of the political
and diplomatic toolkit (though they also know an easy target for spending cuts when
Jane Knight (University of Toronto)
they see one). Governments are the drivers of education hubs, a phenomenon which
Bruce Macfarlane
situates the role of universities as businesses in the service of national goals. Between
(Hong Kong University)
the different models the sole purpose of education hubs is to enhance the competitive
John Sexton (NYU)
advantage of the state; the ultimate purpose of international university partnerships is to
Pavel Zgaga (University of Ljubljana) enhance the competitive advantage of the partners.
Vitalization of the Non-West
Strategic Mobility Diversification

Christine Ennew
(University of Nottingham)
Frances Kelly
(New Zealand Ministry of Education)
Amit Chakma
(University of Western Ontario)
Christopher Ziguras
(RMIT University)
16
18
William Archer, Director, i-graduate
Open Learning Comes of Age
Dzulkifli Abdul Razak

(Universiti Sains Malaysia)
Goolam Mohamedbhai
(Formerly AAUA)
Guy Perring (British Council)
14
Welcome
Contributor Biographies
Advisory Board
Global Advisory Council
Further Reading and Bibliography
Borderless higher education encompasses this basic geopolitical tension, as do the

contributions to this first report in an annual series, Perspectives on the Future. Some
essays are also informed by the tension between HE as a public good the cultivator of
engaged citizens and the rise of private and for-profit providers in every part of the
world. The latter has been identified as an irresistibly growing influence on the
international HE landscape, and the challenge to the public-good ideal should be clear.
India is a microcosm of these global trends. The rest of the world wants to collaborate
with an Indian partner or two, and India wants to compete on the world stage. More
than half of Indian HE students are taught in the private sector, and Indian and foreign
private-equity firms, real estate developers and even mining companies are now
scrambling for position to supply higher education. At the political level, the landscape
is driven by the recognition that foreign universities are needed for two HE policy goals:
world-class excellence and increased domestic capacity. But it is almost equally driven
by voices that urge caution over commercialization and the erosion of the public good
that foreign universities and the profit motive are seen to represent.
The Observatorys reputation, built over almost ten years, is that of an authoritative
voice on the policy and practice of HE internationalization. In our new home with igraduate, our continuing role will be to provide for our members strategic, timely and
intelligent analyses of these phenomena. By so doing it is hoped that the Observatory
and our members may influence the HE policy discourse to their own advantage and to
the betterment of the wider world.
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2
Borderless 2011

With the support of Svava Bjarnason, the OBHEs Founding Director
The launch of the Borderless: Perspectives on the Future series appropriately marks the start of a new decade for the
Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, as well as what might be considered its second phase. Featuring personal
reflections on the big issue trends now facing borderless higher education, this inaugural Borderless version overviews
change witnessed in the year just gone and predicts what to expect in the year ahead.
To a large extent, the report that initiated the Observatorys formation (The Business of Borderless Education, 2000),
attempted a similar exercise; namely, to take stock of the state of borderless higher education and draw attention to various
indicators of future trends.
Now, as then, the documenting of borderless higher education activity is a challenging task. Higher education continues to
cross geographical, conceptual, and increasingly sector borders, in unanticipated and often surprising ways. And the impact
of market forces on the education sector will spur more change still.
The Observatory would like to thank the reports 19 contributors, who represent institutions, associations, and government
and intergovernmental bodies, for their insight into the strategic issues affecting decision-making and policy formulation as
borderless higher education and the Observatory moves forward.
Editorial: A Glimpse into a Borderless 2011

The first big issue worth watching in the coming year is privatization. Growth in the private sector is set to expand and
quickly. How this expansion will happen varies by perspective; according to Prof. Maurits van Rooijen, it is most likely to
take place, for instance, in the form of joint public-private ventures. Major convergence between the public and private
higher education sectors, he says, while almost pre-determined, is still unlikely to happen in 2011; but with the
entrepreneurial spirit more avidly embracing academic aspiration and vice versa, convergence certainly in terms of
attitude is already happening.
In the opinion of Dr. Svava Bjarnason, engagement will happen via continuous international growth in private sector
providers. Helping to drive such growth at both the national and international level is private equity, she says, many firms of
which began to more seriously invest in the education sector during the last two years, and inevitably, will continue to do so
in 2011 and beyond.
Also touching on the theme of investment is Dr. Barbara Ischinger, who notes that most decision makers are recognizing
the importance of investing in higher education towards the building of sustainable socio-economic futures. Higher
education institutions, as well as policy makers, will in the year ahead heed a call to empower people to innovate, and to
see tertiary education institutions as catalysts for innovation, in particular at the local and regional levels.
Part of the reason why the private sector is growing is that it is demonstrating itself to be more willing than the public sector
to exploit the potential of online learning and technology. As costs rise, economic pressures increase and boundaries
between part-time and full-time learning blur to say nothing of the exigencies of lifelong learning online learnings
capacity to better and more efficiently supply surging demand is considerable. And as government cuts require institutions
to charge fees closer to their real costs, Sir John Daniel and Ms. Stamenka Uvali-Trumbi suggest the more efficient
institutions will reap benefits. They predict the use of Open Educational Resources (OER) will be a growing trend in 2011.
Prof. Narend Baijnath agrees. What was made apparent in 2010, he says, is that the march of technological progress is
unrelenting, opening new vistas of possibility for higher education institutions to increase their geographical footprints. Yet it
remains to be seen whether what he calls the clear promise of OER is properly harnessed, with pathways to assessment
and formal accreditation still somewhat of a missing link towards the cost-lowering of degrees.
That said, Prof. Sohail Inayatullah suggests that as costs do go down, over the longer term current distinctions between
virtual and real will disappear, with an important shift taking place from merely more technology in the class room
(technology as the silver bullet) and classrooms created by technology to actual, digital pedagogy.
As technology becomes more sophisticated, Prof. Brenda Gourley believes it is only natural that it unlocks unlimited
potential, both in terms of delivery and cost. Acknowledging that both global recession and the internet are profoundly
changing traditional higher education landscapes of higher education, she suggests 2011 may subsequently see a
vigorous exploration of alternative models of delivery, as well as alternative business models.
A second big issue that has come of age is thus higher education virtualization, with mobile technology and innovative
learning gaining more solid ground as social sharing processes continue to make educational inroads in 2011.
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Borderless 2011
Editorial: A Glimpse into a Borderless 2011 (contd)

Internationalization has already come of age. As it becomes a catch-all phrase describing anything and everything,
however, Prof. Jane Knight argues it is at risk of losing its meaning and direction. By asking us to identify the core
principles and values originally underpinning internationalization, she sees the year ahead as one in which institutions
and countries should reset, or realign, the scope and scale of their borderless agendas.
In Prof. Bruce Macfarlanes opinion, an important and accelerating trend in recent years is what might be called the
unbundling of the academic role. We used to know what academics were, he says, but talking of the academic
profession as an all-rounded one today looks out-of-step with a new emerging reality.
Prof. John Sexton questions the purpose of internationalization by asking what it means to educate citizens instantly
linked to people on every continent, and who take for granted what have essentially become erasable or permeable
borders, via instant communication technologies. According to him, higher educations coming challenge shall be how to
teach students to navigate the vast richness of a now miniaturized world.
Looking back on why Europe first set out to develop the European Higher Education Area, Prof. Pavel Zgaga suggests
that we should now contemplate the denouement of the EHEA and the disputed relationship between cooperation and
competition yet to be made clear. This year might see commitment to conceptual repositioning, therefore, as
boundaries shift applicability and relevance in a world of hyperchange.
With interesting and encouraging developments taking place for non-West higher education sectors by non-West higher
education sectors, what might be termed vitalization of the non-West is a fourth trend worth watching in 2011. Prof.
Dzulkifli Abdul Razak implies that commitment to things international is still wanting, with the meaning of borderless
called into question in a global higher education sector he finds to be rife with divide. In his view, the non-West is at a
crossroads, where the dilemma remains how to redefine what borderless means to, and within, the context of Asia, for
example.
Within the context of Africa, Prof. Goolam Mohamedbhai believes that while 2010 was a decisive year for higher
education on the continent, its revitalization is perhaps finally, becoming a priority. To a certain extent, UNESCOs 2009
World Conference on Higher Education was an impetus for the mobilization of global support for African higher
education; however the challenge in 2011, is in his opinion, how to strategically channel and manage that support
towards ensuring relevance for African higher education.
Contextual relevance for the non-West is especially important as middle classes and subsequently higher education
populations continue to soar in Southeast Asia, Africa, Latin America and elsewhere. Mr. Guy Perring, of the British
Council in Malaysia, predicts that two countries to watch in 2011 are Indonesia and Cambodia. With the key trend in his
part of the world a growing population hungry for higher education, a sense of optimism is enveloping their higher
education aspirations and prospects in particular.
Yet Prof. Christine Ennew says we should remain sanguine about the prospects of international higher education
worldwide. Student mobility and international research collaboration continue to flourish, and strategically, she says,
changing higher education environments offer possibilities to stimulate greater activity through other means. Likewise
Ms. Frances Kelly, of the New Zealand Ministry of Education, suggests that balanced mobility may be the new mantra
in international education discussions at universities around the world, making strategic mobility diversification a fifth
prediction in the year ahead.
With the tightening of student visa conditions in Australia, for example, Prof. Chris Ziguras says Australian universities
are now perhaps necessarily looking with renewed interest at expanding offshore education provision. In his opinion,
the Asian financial crisis of the 1990s, which stopped many students from travelling abroad to study, spurred the last
great wave of offshore campus development. Recent policy decisions may contribute to the next one.
Finally, as institutions move to implement borderless initiatives, Prof. Amit Chakma says a future trend will be towards
the establishment of institutional partnerships and joint degree programs that will combine the strengths of multiple
universities working in partnership, offering as they do so, a greater diversity in terms of the choices available to those
students who are internationally mobile.
Some of the trends incoming for 2011 greater institutional autonomy, public/private convergence, entrepreneurial
management, civic engagement suggest innovation for hard times, with socio-economic and political rationales
increasingly driving borderless developments. Others open learning and higher education for sustainable development
are the result of long-standing and committed patience of leaders championing the needs and wants of an increasingly
mobile and non-traditional global learning community. With the reconsideration of education as a public good, quantum
shifts are occurring, and a professionalized approach to higher education as commodity is taking place, blurring once
traditional boundaries between government, higher education and industry. All of them, however, are seeking to identify
the current parameters necessary to consider when developing and implementing borderless higher education initiatives
in the changed environment of a new decade.
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Borderless 2011
Privatization, Convergence, and Institutional Autonomy

Maurits van Rooijen (Nyenrode Business Universiteit)
Two events in 2010 that made big headlines: criticisms of the for-profit education sector in the
USA and student protests against increases in tuition fees in the UK. Though seemingly
unrelated, they show the need for convergence between publicly funded and private institutions.
Will should? the gap between the state-funded patronage university and the private sector
for-profit university narrow? On one side of the divide more and more universities need to face
the reality of having to deal with markets and commerce. At the same time on the other side, last
years reputational damage of the American for-profits shows that a greater understanding of
academic values and reputation-building is essential for their sustainability. Logically the two
sides should move rapidly towards each other: entrepreneurial spirit embraces academic
aspiration and vice versa. However, this almost inevitable convergence is unlikely to create
major tremors in 2011.
The Pavlovian reaction to quality concerns is enhanced regulation. The problem with more
regulation and more stringent accreditations is that most of these tend to be within national
frameworks. Whether by design or by chance, the truth is that national frameworks easily
support or even promote protectionism. In a world of globalization, higher education by and large
is still locked in national systems, with only the biggest for-profit companies and a few very
courageous universities venturing at transnational levels. One would hope to see in 2011 a
greater mutual recognition of national accreditations and regulations, but the opposite is more
likely: growing protectionism in higher education. Even the flow of international staff and
students in higher education might be further hindered as a result of political pressures to be
tough on immigration.
Next: institutional autonomy. This has been a trend in the last decades in quite a few
countries. Universities that were previously part of a state apparatus have received some level of
independence or were made considerably more autonomous, though typically within limits.
Though the movement might have lost its momentum somewhat it still sparks unrest, as recently
in the Punjab. The attraction of greater autonomy is less interference by government, though,
oddly, greater autonomy is often directly linked to more stringent accountability which
paradoxically can lead to even greater restrictions. More relevant tends to be the push: that
governments no longer can afford the bills associated with provision of quality higher education
and hence want private and other sources to assume some of the burden. This is only likely to
happen if the university is no longer a state department or at least if it is clear other sources are
not just supplementing reduced public funding.
With severe cuts in government funding in 2011 and beyond in many countries, the pull or push
for greater freedom is likely to become more noticeable again. It is doubtful many universities will
do what my own institution (Nyenrode) did in 1992: step out of the publicly funded sector to
become a state-recognized private university. The freedom feels great but the ride has at times
been quite rocky when there is no steady stream of taxpayer funding. So major cross-overs
between the sectors should not be expected in 2011.
But further convergence between the public and private sectors remains the most likely trend,
for instance in the form of public-private joint ventures, enhanced taxpayer incentives for private
donations, increase of tuition fees closer to real costs. A changing attitude including
professionalized institutional management will make predominantly public institutions more
entrepreneurial whilst many private sector institutions would be wise to become more reputationconscientious and long-term focused. Which brings us back to where I started: the need and
likelihood of convergence in large parts of the world, if only because of a lack of alternatives in
times of public sector austerity.
Higher education
by and large is still
locked in national
systems, with only
the biggest forprofit companies
and a few very
courageous
universities
venturing at
transnational
levels.
With severe cuts

in government
funding in 2011
and beyond in
many countries,
the pull or push for
greater freedom is
likely to become
more noticeable
again.
What we saw: Trends in 2010

1. The private sector has grown vigorously and has demonstrated itself to be more ready to exploit the potential of the
web than the public sector.
2. Higher education has gone global. First-world universities have established partnerships and even physical
presences in more sites and more countries than one could have predicted and the flow of international students
continues apace.
3. Technology is beginning to take hold in the teaching and learning domain (see the 2010 Horizon Report).
4. The importance of good management is being better recognized (one sees advertisements for "Registrar and Chief
Operating Officer" with an emphasis on management skills).
5. The notion of higher education being a public as opposed to a private good is being eroded; the most telling example
is Britain's recent decision to substantially change the HE funding model.
B.M. Gourley
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Borderless 2011
Privatization, Convergence, and Institutional Autonomy

The private sector will drive international growth
Svava Bjarnason (World Bank)
In 2011 (and beyond), I believe that there will be continued growth internationally from
private sector providers. Multilateral funding bodies are beginning to encourage
governments to explore incentives to encourage the private sectors engagement in an
effort to build capacity and to participate actively in the global competition for skilled
human capital. One early example of incentivizing is found in the Middle East which led
the way by providing economic zones for the import of private providers to numerous
countries but others are following similar routes, including China. These incentives (and
others) will drive existing private providers to look further afield to expand reach.
For example, Laureate Education International now has over 60 institutions in 10
countries, including Latin America, Europe and Asia; Indias Manipal Education provides
an example of international growth with campuses in Dubai, Malaysia and Antigua; and
Singapore-based Raffles Education is active in 14 countries including Australia, China
and India. The trend will continue wherein larger providers based in emerging economies
will expand across their regions and beyond.
Helping to drive this national and international growth are private-equity firms, many of
which began to look seriously at the education sector during the last two years as a safe
haven. Private-equity partnerships played a role in the Apollo Group (along with the
Carlyle Group) ability purchase of the UKs BPP in 2009 and private equity allowed
Laureates management to de-list in 2007, giving it more freedom to operate without the
restrictions of reporting to shareholders.
Another route to injecting liquidity into growing ventures is by publicly listing an institution
through Initial Public Offerings (IPOs). The Latin American market particularly Brazil
has been active during the past number of years with IPOs of larger education companies
such as Anhanguera Educacional Participacoes and Estacio Participacoes. India and
Asia more widely, are becoming very active, both with IPOs and with PE firms investing in
multi-campus operations with potential for efficiency gains and expansion: precisely the
combination to drive growth internationally.
Multi-lateral funding
bodies are beginning
to encourage
governments to
explore incentives to
encourage the private
sectors engagement
in an effort to build
capacity and to
participate actively in
the global competition
for skilled human
capital.
Innovation as the answer

Barbara Ischinger (OECD)
Innovation comes from the dissemination, circulation, accumulation and application of
knowledge. As a driver of sustainable economic growth and innovation, knowledge is one
of the key factors in improving countries economies through the creation of high-wage
employment and increased productivity. Investing in, generating and applying knowledge
is essential for businesses and countries to be able to thrive in an increasingly
competitive global economy.
Innovation is not just about training good researchers. One of the most encouraging
features of 2010 has been the attention being paid to improving the quality of teaching
and of service to students. However there is still plenty of room for improvement in how
higher education institutions operate if they are to empower people to innovate. Our work
on quality teaching has identified some good examples of how new teaching models and
approaches can motivate students to think outside the box. Graduates of higher
education must be trained to apply the knowledge and experience, gained directly or
indirectly, to innovations that have value in their workplace or in society. Innovation skills
should indeed be put to use to solve our social issues and improve the well-being of
people.
In Europe, the European Institute of Innovation and Technology is developing interesting
pedagogical models for master and doctoral studies. And there are other examples
throughout the world. But too often, these examples look like exciting but isolated oases
of innovation that will only benefit the happy few that they enroll, leaving the potential for
creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship of too many other students insufficiently
tapped.
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6
Knowledge is one
of the key factors in
improving countries
economies through
the creation of highwage employment and
increased
productivity.
Borderless 2011

Stamenka Uvali-Trumbi (UNESCO) and Sir John Daniel (Commonwealth of
Learning)
Education is a lengthy process, so changes in its techno-economic context are slow to
alter student behaviour. In his essay Running to Stand Still: Higher Education in a period
of global economic crisis, UNESCOs N. V. Varghese rejoiced that higher education
enrolments are surging and cross-border education expanding, despite the budgetary
constraints brought on by the crisis.
Some countries will, of course, buck global trends. In Australia, which relies heavily on
international students, World University News reports growing alarm among universities
and colleges at the collapsing number of applications from foreign students. No trend
has a single cause and the Australian downturn seems due to the combination of a strong
dollar, tougher immigration rules, and reports of attacks on Asian students.
Some scholars are sceptical about the expansion of cross-border higher education
(CBHE), which refers not only to mobile students but also to institutions offering
programmes outside their own countries. Soumitra Dutta, Professor at INSEAD,
suggested at a recent OECD conference that initial structures are not encouraging. They
are hollow shells of their host institutions because the real faculty don't move.
Here again, however, the picture is mixed. Operations such as those of Nottingham
University in China and Malaysia have made a solid start and Malaysias for-profit
Limkokwing University of Creative Technology has returned the compliment by setting up
in London.
The Middle East is particularly fertile ground for branch campuses. We shall see in 2011
whether countries such as Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Qatar emerge as significant players in
global higher education. The hosting of the World Innovation Summit for Education by
Qatar and the determined development of institutions like the University of Bahrain and
the Hamdan bin Mohammed eUniversity in Dubai show serious commitment to both
traditional and newer modes of delivery. Will these countries manage to become
education hubs for students from elsewhere without substantial local subsidies?
Countries now incorporate CBHE research more systematically into their policies,
indicating that the organization has joined the mainstream of higher education. UNESCO
and the OECD developed Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-Border Higher
Education in 2004. Some states have used these to establish procedures for registering
CBHE and others have extended their quality assurance arrangements to include it.
Will the continuing economic crunch lead students to seek out lower-cost alternatives
such as CBHE to overpriced institutions? This may seem like a brave prediction
because US tuition fees have risen faster than inflation for decades and students still pay
them as meekly as lambs. But there is a growing chorus that colleges are squandering
money and failing their students. Researchers already rank universities on a bewildering
range of criteria; maybe 2011 will see the first rankings based on value for money!
Cartoons provided by
The Open University
Surely, as government cuts require institutions to charge fees closer to their real costs, the more efficient institutions
will reap benefits? One of our favourite 2010 cartoons portrayed two UK students, one with a T-shirt bearing the letters
IOU; the other sporting the logo OU. The point was that conventional UK universities will now become much more
expensive than The Open University (OU), where study schedules make it possible to have a job at the same time.
The Open University has thousands of registered students outside the UK, while millions more students have OU
learning materials embedded in the programmes of their local institutions all over the world. This courseware has been
adapted, perfectly legitimately, from the Open Educational Resources (OER) available on the OUs OpenLearn
website (www.open.ac.uk/openlearn). The use of OER will be a growing trend in 2011.
Indeed, the content that students need for most subjects is already on the Web. The missing link needed to drive down
the cost of degrees is pathways to assessment and formal credentials from credible institutions at reasonable fees.
The Open Education Resource Foundation will organise a meeting on this in New Zealand in February 2011. Wayne
Mackintosh, its director, calls it a quantum shift concept.
Yet there is nothing new under the sun. The first major offering of borderless education was the University of London
External Degree Programme which has produced five Nobel laureates. It began 152 years ago on the principle that the
students would make their own arrangements to study the curriculum and the University would simply offer
examinations. What goes around comes around!
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7
Borderless 2011

Narend Baijnath (University of South Africa)
The Open Educational Resources (OER) movement gained momentum during 2010. It
remains to be seen whether the clear promise of OERs is properly harnessed and their
impact expanded across a wider front than has hitherto been visible.
What is also apparent from the past years experience is that the march of technological
progress is unrelenting, opening new vistas of possibility for higher education institutions
to increase their geographical footprints. Indications are that some jurisdictions are
lowering once-stringent barriers to entry by cross-border providers.
With converging standards virtual learning environments (VLES) and their greater
acceptance as a mode of delivery, ODL institutions and those contact institutions well
invested in infrastructure and capacity in VLEs will be best positioned to capitalise on
emerging opportunities. A constraint in the developing world is often the extortionate
cost of bandwidth.
Even though costs have tumbled recently as a result of new fibre-optic cables having
come into use, costs remain prohibitive for the poor and marginalised in society. Most
often, the pricing is disproportionately high compared to capital investments made. The
social justice imperative demands that governments do more to tackle price collusion,
cartels, and monopolistic tendencies all of which keep costs artificially high.
The march of
technological
progress is
unrelenting, opening
new vistas of
possibility for higher
education institutions
to increase their
geographical
footprints.
To increase their acceptance in other jurisdictions, cross-border providers must

demonstrably be driven by more than merely the profit motive. Much goodwill can be
cultivated by promoting brain circulation, supporting capacity development, and sharing
educational resources and expertise. Infusing concerns for the environment, ethical
conduct and social responsibility in their offerings and greater attention to socially
relevant and culturally contextualised programmes will also earn kudos.
Finally, it is increasingly clear that programmes which do not equip learners with the
necessary skills required for the workplace in the digital age will become irrelevant.
Students and employers are likely to vote with their feet and go to institutions which are
more adept at this.
B.M. Gourley (Formerly The Open University)
I am reminded of Peter Swartz's book, Inevitable Surprises, which describes the
inevitable consequences of present actions. Yet it is the responses to those
consequences that will surprise us. It is much like that in higher education. We could
predict that as education came to be seen as a human right and as populations in many
countries exploded, the demand for education would be enormous and the traditional
model (state-funded and residential) would be challenged to respond adequately. The
private sector would seize the opportunity. As technology became more sophisticated,
so too would the delivery model be challenged and the web (especially web 2.0 and
3.0) would open up potential limited only by imagination.
The internet on its own has profoundly changed the landscape for higher education. Its
response has been slow and one hopes that if there is anything good to come out of the
financial crises experienced in some parts of the world, it will be a more vigorous
exploration of alternative models of delivery and indeed, alternative business models.
The internet has also changed the parameters for access in many parts of the world
and this represents wonderful potential, especially if institutions understand that entrylevel standards are not the same as exit-level standards.
The potential of collaborating across cultural, national, language and other boundaries
could be an explosion in the knowledge production process and more understanding
amongst peoples. The combination of the mass digitization of assets all over the world
and enormous computer power means we can now pose research questions we couldnt
pose before and involve people in the search for solutions that we couldnt involve
before. It is indeed an amazing time to be a scholar.
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8
As technology
became more
sophisticated, so
too would the
delivery model be
challenged and
the web
(especially web
2.0 and 3.0) would
open up potential
limited only by
imagination.
Borderless 2011

The virtualization of education
Sohail Inayatullah (Tamkang University)
In The University in Transformation, an anthology of articles on the futures of the university
published nearly 10 years ago, Jennifer Gidley, President of the World Futures Studies
Federation, and I identified several critical drivers/trends creating the futures of the university.
One important driver identified was the virtualization of education. With fewer funds available
for bricks and mortar and the logic of increasing students, universities and ministries of
education (with India, Indonesia, Turkey, China and other Asian nations leading the way) have
focused on using the web to deliver education. While the savings are high and outreach
stunning, what has hampered the success of distance delivery has been the mindset of
university administrators and academics as they still remain committed to the expert-driven
feudal model. By this I mean there is an unquestioning dominator hierarchical system with the
orders coming down from the Minister to the Vice-Chancellor to the Dean to the Professor to
the lecturer to the student. While functional hierarchy leads to efficiency, dominator hierarchy
leads to the death of innovation each generation copies blindly from the last. Academics are
the experts seeing others as unable to provide solutions to problems.
That said, new applications indeed, an app for everything is the new analogy for the future
of instruction are changing the nature of pedagogy and with exponential technological
advancement we can easily see the virtual becoming more like face-to-face. And costs will
continue to go down. Innovation will continue to find ways for academics and students to
become more comfortable in future virtualized classrooms. Over the long term, the current
distinctions between virtual and real will disappear and we, particularly digital and genomic
natives, will become comfortable with different types of reality. The important shift will be from
merely more technology in the classroom (technology as the silver bullet) and classrooms
created by technology to digital pedagogy.
New
applications are
changing the
nature of
pedagogy and
with exponential
technological
advancement
we can easily
see the virtual
becoming more
like face-toface.
Another key driver or trend was multiculturalism in terms of new ways of knowing becoming an acceptable as part of
pedagogy. There is no easy way to measure this but certainly the rise of the web with multiple languages and platforms
has created more spaces than traditional hierarchies of knowledge. The rise of Chindia (China and its $2.5 trillion
reserves) as well is slowly changing the game (yoga, for example, becoming a $15 billion industry in the USA), further
indicating this trend. But far more impressive has been technology itself as a way of mediating reality. We imagined far
more diversity in knowledge regimes indigenous ways of knowing, spirituality, and integrated models of understanding
and while these continue to mushroom, it is technology as a way of knowing that has been the disruptive, if not
transformative, factor. With at least five billion mobile phones now in global circulation, and more and more phones
becoming smart, pedagogy will keep on jumping the boundaries of the real into the differently real. However, in the short
run, universities and high schools are still not using smart phones as ways to make pedagogy more interactive. Factchecking can be done via Google. The role of the professor becomes that of inner motivator, mentor and facilitator
enabling students, not providing them with more data.
Trends in 2011
1. Technology, technology and more technology with mobile technology and the open content movement gathering
pace as open sites provide curricula content and other sharable resources.
2. More competition at home and abroad as the universities in India, China and other eastern institutions begin to
establish their credentials and provide cheaper alternatives to local students and even attract students from beyond
their borders. Competition finally gets universities to diversify into alternative delivery models and compress time
scales to achieve degree status (3 to 2 years etc.). Institutions relax somewhat their recognition of credits from other
institutions at home and abroad, promoting mobility in the student population and flexibility in their own provision.
3. More vigorous growth in the private sector and even more aggressive strategies (e.g. take-overs of public sector
institutions).
4. More collaborative learning both in the teaching and learning domain and the research domain and more working
partnerships that focus on leveraging collaborative possibilities.
5. More focused research activity as research budgets tighten and the field becomes more competitive.
6. More focus on quality assurance at national and regional levels.
7. More activity in the realm of civic engagement as more universities seek to establish their presences in local
markets and give students experience of real world issues.
8. Much better management at all levels in institutions as fiercer competition and monetary pressures - either by
exercise of government policy (as in the UK) or by sheer pressure of numbers (in most countries) exert their
influences.
9. Continued blurring of part-time and full-time education and national boundaries as rising costs and economic
pressures (to say nothing of the exigencies of life-long learning) take hold.
10. Better interaction with private and other sectors as degree offerings tailored to the job market and students place
value on job placements.
B.M. Gourley
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10
Borderless 2011
Internationalization: North, South, East and West

Has internationalization lost its way?
Jane Knight (University of Toronto)
There is no doubt that internationalization has come of age. No longer is it an ad hoc or
marginalized part of the higher education landscape. University strategic plans, national policy
statements, international declarations, and academic articles all indicate the centrality of
internationalization in the world of higher education.
Not only has internationalization transformed higher education, it has dramatically changed
itself. The growth in the scope and scale of cross border initiatives including branch campuses,
international double degree programs, regionalization initiatives, faculty and student mobility
schemes, franchised programs, and research networks is staggering. Education hubs, virtual
mobility
opportunities,
and
bi-national
universities
are
recent
developments.
Internationalization of education and research is closely linked with economic competitiveness,
the great brain race, the quest for world status, and soft power. Economic and political
rationales are increasingly the key drivers for national policies related to the international
higher education, while academic and social/cultural motivations appear to be decreasing in
importance. But perhaps what is most striking is that the term internationalization is becoming
a catch all phrase used to describe anything and everything remotely linked to the worldwide,
inter-cultural, global or international dimensions of higher education and is at risk of losing its
meaning and direction. But, it is prudent to take a close look at the policies, plans and priorities
of the key actors such as universities, government ministries, national/regional/international
academic associations, and international government agencies.
Critics question
whether
internationalization
is now an
instrument of the
less attractive side
of globalization
instead of an
antidote.
Recent national and worldwide surveys of university internationalization priorities show that establishing an international
profile or global standing is seen to be more important that reaching international standards of excellence or improving
quality. Capacity building through international cooperation is being replaced by status building projects to gain world class
recognition. International student mobility is now big business and becoming more closely aligned to recruitment of brains for
national science and technology agendas. Some private and public education institutions are changing academic standards
and transforming into visa factories in response to immigration priorities and revenue generation imperatives. More
international academic projects and partnerships are becoming commercialized and profit driven as are international
accreditation services. Diploma mills and rogue providers are selling bogus qualifications and causing havoc for international
qualification recognition. Awarding two degrees from institutions located in different countries based on the workload for one
degree is being promoted through some rather dubious double degree programs. And all of this is in the name of
internationalization?
As we enter the second decade of this century it may behove us to look back at the last 20 or 30 years of internationalization
and ask ourselves some questions. Has international higher education lived up to our expectations and its potential? What
have been the values that have guided it through the information and communication revolution, the unprecedented mobility
of people, ideas and technology; the clash of cultures; and the periods of economic booms and busts? What have we
learned from the past that will guide us into the future? What are the core principles and values underpinning
internationalization of higher education that in 10 or 20 years from now will make us look back and be proud of the track
record and contribution that international higher education has made to the more interdependent world we live in, the next
generation of citizens, and the bottom billion people living in poverty.
The unbundling of the academic role
Bruce MacFarlane (Hong Kong University)
We used to know what academics were. They taught, did research and took on administrative and
managerial responsibilities. They were all-rounders; jacks of all trades. Maybe they were better at
teaching than research or perhaps the other way round. Such differences were tolerated and
somewhat idly excused on the basis of academic freedom. Being an academic reflected the
broader aims of the university to educate, create new knowledge and serve the community. But
talking of the academic profession in this way today looks out-of-step with a new emerging reality.
An important and accelerating trend in recent years is how this tripartite academic role has unbundled. The teaching role is
now seen as a specialist function for which pre- and in-service training is needed. Such courses are effectively compulsory for
new faculty in British and Australian universities. This has been prompted in part by the expectations of students in a less
deferential and more consumerist age. In terms of research, scarce funding, university rankings and audit exercises mean that
academics must win research grants and publish in highly rated journals if they wish to retain backing for this element of their
role. Failure to do so increasingly results in demotion to teaching-only positions for established faculty or little opportunity to
gain tenure for new academics.
If academics are career-tracked too early, opportunities for their future personal development will be stifled and they may
choose to leave the profession altogether. Inflexible career tracks also risk undervaluing intangible aspects of academic work
that add quality to universities, such as the performance of service roles. The academic profession needs to be flexible to
respond to future challenges and institutions need to be cognisant of the importance of attracting and retaining high-calibre
faculty. There is a risk that unbundling will damage the student experience unless academic careers can be managed to take
account of the need for horizontal development.
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10
11
Borderless 2011
Internationalization: North, South, East and West

Creating the Global Network University
John Sexton (New York University)
In a world increasingly without boundaries, the global network university in which students and
faculty move fluidly among locations on multiple continents responds to the fundamental
questions facing higher education today. What does it mean to educate citizens who are instantly
linked to people on every continent, who share a fluency in the technologies of communication that
erase borders and take for granted a transparent, permeable world?
Those of us who are passionate about the possibilities of education are summoned to design a
model of learning in a world of hyperchange. We are asked to prepare tomorrows citizens not for a
single, pre-defined career until retirement but for a life of accelerating, unpredictable velocity. At the
same time, we are responsible for transmitting, with rigor and compassion, the cumulative wisdom
of the past, the fruit of the finest spirits that preceded us.
Today, what happens in distant places is known almost everywhere by almost everyone
immediately and unavoidably. In the lives of our students, traditional boundaries are increasingly
irrelevant, and gating strategies that seek to preserve the status quo or keep out the unfamiliar
are far less important or effective.
Our students central challenge will be to negotiate the vast richness of this miniaturized world.
Whereas some foretell a clash of civilizations in a jagged world of separateness, others see
reasons for hope. I am among the latter. The hope springs from a spirit of ecumenism we know can
be fostered among our students. If we are to avoid the kind of destructive balkanization that shreds
the fabric of civility on a global scale, we have to create pathways of comprehension and
communication across traditional divisions. Universities, as instruments for good in our global
community, protect and forge those pathways.
The faith assumption of education for international citizenship is that students will ask not, How did
they get to be that way? but, with voracious curiosity, What can I learn from you?
Wherever NYU students are in New York, at any one of our ten study-away sites, or in Abu Dhabi
our faculty prepares them to recognize, explore, and apply the complexity and richness of the
worlds thought; to entertain diverse perspectives and varieties of intellectual experience; to deepen
their understanding of their own cultures and frames of reference and, in an interconnected global
society, to acquire respectful understanding of others. The global network university facilitates,
expands, and deepens that process, fostering graduates who will ask profound questions of the
past and apply its lessons with dexterity to the dilemmas of today.
Those of us who
are passionate
about the
possibilities of
education are
summoned to
design a model of
learning in a world
of hyperchange to
prepare tomorrows
citizens not for a
single, pre-defined
career until
retirement but for a
life of accelerating,
unpredictable
velocity.
Beyond the Bologna Decade

Pavel Zgaga (University of Ljubljana)
The biggest issues of the year should spread their impact well beyond that year. And the March
proclamation of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) at the Budapest and Vienna
Ministerial Conference in March was an event which will mark European and at least partly
global developments in higher education in the coming years. Beyond the Bologna decade,
national systems of higher education in Europe cannot retrace their steps and their particular
relation to global higher education cannot be turned around without facing profound new
challenges.
We must remind ourselves of what the problem was ten years ago. What was being addressed in
1999 was the future of higher education in a changed Europe and changed global context. It was a
strategic issue. An agenda of how to respond to the challenges of the time was gradually
developed and appropriate tools were constructed with an intention to implement them by 2010.
These tasks were accomplished mainly by 2005 and the rest of a decade was dedicated to
implementation. By 2010, the agenda was implemented to a large degree; however, it was
recognized as imperfect at the March event. Proclamation of the EHEA brought mixed feelings.
Some now say that the EHEA reinforces brain drain in favour of Europe. Most probably, they are a
part of the Bologna omnipresence. However, the reproach is partly true: in the Bologna global
strategy, the disputed relationship between co-operation and competition has not yet been made
clear. There are practices which are obviously based on a competitive paradigm, but there are also
those which stress the co-operative one. This is not only about Europe versus the rest of the world:
there are European countries which could develop competitive strategies only in fantasy. In reality
they must first consider how to stem brain drain from their own countries. 2010 has been more than
just a symbolic turn in European higher education. The context has changed substantially.
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11
National systems
of higher education
in Europe cannot
retrace their steps
and their particular
relation to global
higher education
cannot be turned
around without
facing profound
new challenges.
12
Borderless 2011
The Vitalization of the Non-West

Dzulkifli Abdul Razak (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
st
As the first decade in the 21 century recedes, the dilemma facing education in general, and
higher education in particular, cannot be more pressing. No more than five years from now, at
least two major global agendas, sanctioned through the United Nations, will see their completion
namely the Millennium Development Goals, and Education for All where education is the
lynchpin to their success. Another is the United Nations Decade on Education for Sustainable
Development, which ends in 2014.
There seems little hope that any of these goals will be satisfactorily met, which implies that the
global commitment to things 'international' is still wanting. This is the most pressing issue of the
last decade: it calls into question the meaning of the word borderless since in reality there are
still many divides ranging from structural to the intangible aspects that stand as barriers to
improving participation in education under the borderless banner. Age-old barriers of disparities
remain deep-rooted, in relation to wealth, ethnicity, language and the urban/rural divide.
Together, these mean that we are hard-pressed to realize the adage that education is a leveller
of society. And this cannot be more apparent in 2011 as the economic collapse seems to spread
over many more countries and communities, even in the developed world. Education takes a
back seat as leaders of governments and institutions take the easy way out by increasing costs.
The outcome is further threat to accessibility and equity to education worldwide, which negates
the so-called 'borderless' phenomena. Meanwhile, education will experience an even greater
push towards being a private-sector driven and tradable commodity. Added to this is unrest as a
backlash to the state of affairs affecting education generally.
In short the fate of international education in the near future is rather gloomy if it is not
accompanied by reforms that make society more equitable. We need to seek out new parameters
taking the societal context in mind to cater for the diverse interests, mission and vision of
education. The present ecosystem is no longer tenable.
The non-West in general, and Asia in particular, is at cross-roads as the world becomes more
intertwined. The dilemma we face is either to redefine what education means in the Asian context
or to accommodate a Western-centric understanding of what education is about today. If
borderless and international education are to have a more inclusive global meaning, clearly the
status quo needs to be revisited. This will be the major challenge in the years ahead. It will be
even more complex should the targets of the global agenda mentioned above fail to be realised.
Key Drivers in Education

Globalization of Education, in its current neo-liberal form, has meant a resistance by states
to continue subsidizing education. This has led to a mindset shift from considering
education less as an investment and more of a cost. Specifically it has meant categorizing
parts of education as an export (in Australia, for example, for both Brisbane and Melbourne,
education is the largest export, surpassing tourism) and parts as an expense. The parts that
are export based seeking to bring in students from the Asia-Pacific, particularly India)
tend to be in the real-world areas of engineering, business, information technologies and
practical vocational community college skills. These have grown while other areas of
knowledge philosophy and even languages, have been subjected to market forces, and
thus have declined. The overall purpose of education as a civilizing force, as part of
humanitys treasure, as a long term investment in children and as the right to dissent
against current paradigms has been put aside for shorter term market concerns. In the
last ten years, this trend, and the drivers creating it, have not in any way subsided, indeed,
they continue to intensify.
These trends are likely to continue, however, what may change is the direction of the
exports. With the rise of Chindia, we can easily imagine a future where Chinese and Indian
students stay at home, learning from their elite educational institutions and over a period of
20 years even imagine Western students migrating to the Asia-Pacific for higher education
learning. While this may seem difficult to imagine now, if we go back 20 years, it would have
been difficult to imagine the colossal economic rise of China (second only to the USA in
published papers and patents) and segments of India (now having 69 billionaires). While
equity remains a critical issue, especially in India, education for Chindia remains an
investment. Not a cost.
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12
We are hard
pressed to keep up
with the adage that
education is a
leveller of society.
And this cannot be
more apparent in
2010 as the
economic collapse
seem to spread
over many more
countries and
communities, even
in the developed
world.
The University in
Transformation (Sohail
Inayatullah and Jennifer
Gidley, 2000)
13
Borderless 2011
The Vitalization of the Non-West

Why there is global support for African higher education
Goolam Mohamedbhai (Formerly Association of African Universities)
There is no doubt that 2010 was a decisive year for higher education in Africa. The scene was
set at the July 2009 UNESCO World Conference on Higher Education, where a half day was
dedicated to African higher education. The Conference Communiqu also devoted a special
section to African higher education. The message was loud and clear: the revitalization of
higher education in Africa should be considered a priority.
The first concrete outcome of the Conference was the setting up of a Pan-African Institute for
University Governance, spearheaded by the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie and the
Association of Commonwealth Universities, at Yaound 2 University in Cameroon.
Similar in nomenclature but different in structure is the Pan-African University, the creation of
which was also announced at the UNESCO Conference by the African Union Commission.
This is a network of networks of existing institutions in five identified priority fields for Africas
development, the node of each network to be located in one of the five sub-regions of Africa.
The nodes will receive assistance from lead thematic partners that potentially include
UNESCO, Germany and Japan.
An interesting and encouraging development is that African higher education is receiving
support from a few developing countries. Brazil, for example, has created the Federal
University of Portuguese-African-Brazilian Integration (UNILAB), located in Brazil but targeting
students from African Lusophone countries. India plans to support the creation of five higher
education institutions across Africa in fields that will include information technology, stock
exchange and foreign trade. China, in addition to awarding a large number of scholarships to
African students to study in China, plans to build a University of Science and Technology in
Malawi. Most of these initiatives should start in 2011.
Clearly, the 2009 UNESCO Conference was catalytic in mobilising global support for African
higher education. The ensuing initiatives in 2010 have the potential of bringing about a major
transformation of the sector. The challenge in 2011 will be to channel and manage that
support effectively while involving the key stakeholders and ensuring that the relevance and
interests of African higher education prevail.
The challenge in
2011 will be to
strategically and
effectively channel
and manage that
support while fully
involving all the key
stakeholders and
ensuring that it is the
relevance and
interest of African
higher education that
prevails at all times.
Countries to watch in 2011

Guy Perring (British Council, Malaysia)
The key trend in Southeast Asia is a growing population that is hungry for higher education.
Much has been made in the last couple of years of the emerging middle classes in SE Asia
and it is predicted that from 700m to 1bn will enter the middle classes. Despite complexities
about definitions of what middle class mean David Brooks of the New York Times analyses
the aspirations of the middle class quite neatly in a recent column:
To be middle class is to have money to spend on non-necessities. But it also involves a shift
in values. Middle-class parents have fewer kids but spend more time and money cultivating
each one. They often adopt the bourgeois values emphasizing industry, prudence, ambition,
neatness, order, moderation and continual self-improvement. They teach their children to lead
different lives from their own, and as Karl Marx was among the first to observe, unleash a
relentless spirit of improvement and openness that alters every ancient institution.
This demand, however, will not always be met by scrupulous providers of higher education. I
would predict at least a couple of high profile crashes of UK or Australian partnerships who will
have been blinded by the promises of quick returns without really carrying out appropriate due
diligence. So both for the prospective student and institutional potential partner the
opportunities will be out there, but Caveat Emptor (Buyer Beware) remains the abiding advice.
If I had to choose two countries to watch in 2011, it would be Indonesia and Cambodia. It was
refreshing to see the Economist looking ahead to 2011 with an optimistic view of Indonesia.
This is a country with a growth rate of nearly 6%, a young, confident population of 265m and a
relatively stable democracy that can no longer be ignored. Hopefully 2011 will see more
international engagement in the higher education arena. A recent visit to Cambodia revealed
institutions hungry for international engagement and students keen to become part of the
global community. It will be great to see more world-class institutions look at assisting in
building infrastructure and improving skills. It is a country and people that deserve our support.
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13
I would predict at
least a couple of high
profile crashes of UK
or Australian
partnerships who will
have been blinded by
the promises of quick
returns without really
carrying out
appropriate due
diligence.
14 Borderless 2011
Christine Ennew (University of Nottingham)
The demands of knowledge economies, the global financial crisis and the changing political
climate in countries throughout the world have stimulated endless column inches on the
prospects for higher education worldwide. And many of the clichs that have been used in these
debates are perhaps beginning to look a little tired. We do indeed live in interesting times,
crisis does embody both danger and opportunity, and fortune may well favour the brave.
But as we look forward to 2011, we should remain sanguine about the prospects for
international higher education. There are, on the face of it, many challenges, particularly for
universities in the worlds more developed economies. Pressures on public finances will
continue to drive radical change in higher education (for example the change in the scale of
graduate contributions in the UK). Higher education systems in Europe, Japan, the US and
Australia will also face their own set of pressures associated with government spending
decisions. And changing immigration regulations in many of these more developed economies,
combined with the growth in competition from new study destinations (most obviously China but
also emerging hubs elsewhere in Asia and the Gulf), will threaten their traditional dependence
on internationalisation through student recruitment. But seen through a global lens, this may be
less of a threat and more of an opportunity, offering as it does a greater diversity in terms of the
choices available to those students who are internationally mobile. International research
collaboration continues to flourish, driven by falling costs of communication and the genuine
desire on the part of researchers to work cooperatively to address genuinely global challenges.
While internationally
mobile students have
grown dramatically in
number, with the
OECD reporting a
total in excess of 3.3
million in 2008, the
bulk of students
continue to study in
their own countries.
The changing environment for higher education globally also has the potential to stimulate greater international activity through
other mechanisms. While internationally mobile students have grown dramatically in number, with the OECD reporting a total in
excess of 3.3m in 2008, the bulk of students in higher education considerably in excess of 100m continue to study in their
own countries. This in itself creates significant opportunities for both programme and institutional mobility. Both have a long
history. Genuine international campuses are perhaps a little more recent and institutional mobility has proved much harder to
deliver than programme mobility, whether for individual universities or for consortia.
The OBHE reports in excess of 160 examples of branch campuses worldwide using a strict definition of such entities; a more
liberal definition would highlight a rather larger number of examples of institutions adopting GATS mode 4 international activity
and establishing a commercial presence overseas. If press reports are to be believed, then the next few years might see
significant growth in such initiatives. In 2010, we saw reports of, amongst others, NYU and Duke exploring opportunities in
China, Imperial and Yale announcing initiatives in Singapore while Reading, Leeds and Southampton are investigating
opportunities in Malaysia. Johns Hopkins has already announced the development of a Medical School in Malaysia, UCL will
open in Qatar and my own university, Nottingham one of the pioneers in this area is in discussions for a second campus in
China. Koreas Incheon Free Economic Zone is expected to host a range of mobile institutions including SUNY (Stonybrook),
George Mason and Ghent. And of course, with the prospects of changes to legislation in India a range of institutions are
looking closely at one of the most rapidly growing higher education sectors in the world.
Strategically, there are very real benefits from institutional mobility. Establishing a campus in another part of the world provides
access to a new talent pool, creates interesting staff and student mobility opportunities, enables new and different research
initiatives and enhances global reputation. But institutional mobility presents real challenges, both strategic and operational;
there is much rhetoric around the benefits of overseas ventures in relation to diversifying income streams, but the reality is that
these projects are expensive and depend upon genuine cross-institutional support and a willingness to commit significant
resource, both financial and human. Operationally, success depends upon the ability to mobilise organisational systems,
processes, policies and people to operate in a different and unfamiliar environment. Strategically, the challenge is to ensure
that what is being offered in terms of both teaching and research genuinely meets an identified market need, builds
appropriately on institutional strengths and aligns with longer-term educational priorities.
Frances Kelly (New Zealand Ministry of Education)
To date, the current global economic problems appear to have had little impact on longer-term student
mobility, though it has depressed short-term study abroad movements. The new mantra in European
international education discussions is balanced mobility. Recent analysis suggests that mobility within
Europe is primarily intra-regional, whereas mobility in Asia is primarily extra-regional. At what point will
intra-European student mobility no longer be treated as international mobility, and the European
imbalance be made transparent?
For countries to maintain growth in their international student numbers, I suggest that they will have a clear strategy, excellent
connections between education and immigration bureaucracies, and robust quality assurance. Students and their families will
increasingly look for the added value of a strong pastoral care framework and safety net, to know that their learning
opportunities will be supported in the broader environment. The New Zealand Code of Pastoral Care for International Students
provides an example of such a framework, nationally developed but now owned by providers.
Above all, countries will make incremental changes to policies, not radical ones, so that potential students looking at long-term
study choices can do so in comparative security.
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14
15
Borderless 2011

Opportunities exist for ambitious schools to differentiate at the international level
Amit Chakma (University of Western Ontario)
The past year saw international student mobility continue to grow. And as nations continue
working to recover from the recent global economic downturn, this trend is going to continue
because more middle- and upper-middle class families are embracing international education as
an investment in their childrens futures. The fact that emerging economies have tended to
weather the economic storm better than others will also help fuel this growth.
While the idea of internationalization has captured imaginations in many of the worlds prominent
institutions as an important aspect of educating well-rounded global citizens, only a handful of
these institutions have taken serious action to make it a reality. Many universities are either
taking a wait-and-see approach, or they have yet to determine the necessary steps to participate
in substantial ways. As such, opportunities exist for the most ambitious schools to break out
ahead of the crowd and differentiate themselves at the international level.
Several approaches to internationalization have emerged over the past decade. The more
traditional approach looks at recruiting more international students (especially at the
undergraduate level) and developing more study-abroad programs for domestic students. A
future trend will be towards the establishment of institutional partnerships and joint-degree
programs that will attract students and researchers alike to the combined strengths of multiple
universities working in partnership.
Many advanced nations will see internationalization as a source of revenue for their cash-starved
public universities, as well as a source of young, highly skilled talent to shore up shrinking labour
markets challenged by the demographics of an ageing worldwide population. At the same time,
international students are becoming increasingly sophisticated and discerning in how they choose
the right institution at which to pursue their dreams. As the investment of time and family savings
increase, so too will the demands. As such, competition for highly talented international students
will grow. Institutional and jurisdictional differentiation and marketing will play key roles in
determining which schools succeed in this competitive landscape.
Many advanced
nations will see
internationalization as
a source of revenue
for their cash-starved
public universities, as
well as a source of
young, highly skilled
talent to shore up
shrinking labor
markets challenged
by the demographics
of an aging worldwide population.
The year education exporters started turning away students

Christopher Ziguras (RMIT University)
In 2010 the governments of two of the most popular destinations for international students, which
had for decades promoted education as an export industry and gone to great lengths to recruit
foreign students, changed their minds. The UK and Australia both lost their appetites for growth
last year, and for almost exactly the same reasons, one predictable and the other ridiculous.
What was predictable was that governments would act to stem the rapid growth in enrolments in
sub-degree for-profit institutions. While there are some very good private colleges operating in
both countries, the last few years have seen the emergence of many visa mills that offer young
people with a thirst for travel an easy opportunity to live and work in the UK and Australia. There
was a lot of money to be made by investors willing to work through the relatively simple
processes for establishment of a private college and then tapping into the immense network of
overseas agents advising students. It turned out to be easier for entrepreneurs to establish
colleges than for authorities to scrutinize and close them. The number of foreign students in
Australian private colleges reached 100,000 in 2002, doubled to 200,000 in 2007, and peaked at
over 330,000 in 2009. Accreditation and quality assurance agencies were found wanting and
immigration authorities took up the regulatory slack by revoking some visa-sponsoring licenses
with the stroke of a pen, or more likely, the clicking of a delete button.
Cutting student numbers by targeting low-quality institutions makes a lot of sense, but tightening
student visa conditions in both countries has affected enrolments across the board. At any time,
such a policy is crazy, but at the moment it comes at the same time as massive funding shifts in
the UK which will destabilize institutions, and a high Australian dollar which makes the country
considerably more expensive for foreign students than it has been in the past.
Luckily, the situation will be alleviated slightly in 2011 by a mass migration of academic staff from
the UK (where jobs will be scarce) to Australia (where not enough PhDs are being produced),
thus making room for a few more students in Britain. No such luck for Australian universities, who
are looking with renewed interest at expanding offshore. The last great wave of offshore campus
development was spurred by the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s, which stopped many
students from travelling abroad to study. The next phase of offshore campus development may
well be in the making.
Page
15
Students at a Melbourne private

college participate in the citys
Harmony Walk, held in
response to attacks on Indian
international students. Photo
courtesy of Chris Ziguras.
16
Borderless 2011
Prof. Dzulkifli Abdul Razak (Universiti Sains Malaysia) is ViceChancellor of Universiti Sains Malaysia, a position he has held since
2000. He also serves as Vice-President of the International
Association of Universities (IAU), a UNESCO-affiliated organisation.
Professor Razak is a member of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM),
the Education Hub Advisory Committee, the Executive Council of
Association of Commonwealth Universities (ACU) and the Advisory
Committee of World Universities Forum. Since 1995 he has served
on the World Heath Organisation (WHO) Expert Advisory Panel on
Drug Policies and Management as well as the WHO Scientific
Advisory Committee on Tobacco Product Regulation from 2000 to
2002.
Mr. William Archer (International Graduate Insight Group) has over
20 years' experience of international education and recruitment,
combined with 22 years of qualitative and quantitative market
research and assessment. He has worked as HR consultant to
multinational corporations and governments, as advisor to some of
the world's best-known universities and business schools and as an
independent expert for NGOs and charities. An alumnus of London
Business School and former head of education practice at
recruitment specialist Barkers Norman Broadbent, William is nonexecutive chairman of Tokyo-based strategy house GTFKK.
Prof. Narend Baijnath (University of South Africa) is Vice-Principal:
Strategy, Planning and Partnerships at the University of South
Africa. He holds a Masters Degree from Durham University and a
Doctorate from the University of the Western Cape. He taught at the
universities of Cape Town and Western Cape prior to joining
Technikon SA. In 2004 he was an American Council on Education
Fellow. Prior to the merger of Unisa, Technikon SA and VUDEC, he
was first Dean of Community Sciences and then Deputy ViceChancellor Planning and Development at Technikon SA. He has
extensive experience in higher education research, evaluation,
planning and strategy. He has participated in several national
initiatives in higher education development and reform, aside from
his institutional responsibilities.
Dr. Svava Bjarnason (World Bank) is Senior Education Specialist at
the International Finance Corporations (IFC) Health and Education
Department (part of the World Bank Group). Prior to joining IFC in
2007, she was the founding director of the Observatory on
Borderless Higher Education and held a concurrent post as director
of research and strategy at the Association of Commonwealth
Universities (ACU). Before joining ACU, she was a consultant in
higher education based in the UK where she worked on projects for
the Quality Assurance Agency, the Commonwealth Higher Education
Management Consultancy, and the Higher Education Funding
Council, amongst others. She has participated in the European
University Associations Quality Review processes and is an
assessor with the Australian Universities Quality Agency.
Sir John Daniel (Commonwealth of Learning) became President of
COL in 2004 after gaining wide international experience in
universities and the United Nations system. He completed university
studies at Oxford and holds a Master's degree in Educational
Technology from Concordia University. He has held appointments at
the Tl-universit (Directeur des tudes), Athabasca University
(Vice-President for Learning Services), Concordia University (ViceRector, Academic), Laurentian University (President), the UK Open
University (Vice-Chancellor) and UNESCO (Assistant DirectorGeneral for Education). His non-executive appointments have
included the presidencies of the International Council for Open and
Distance Education, the Canadian Association for Distance
Education and the Canadian Society for the Study of Higher
Education. He also served as Vice-President of the International
Baccalaureate Organization.
Page
16
Prof. Amit Chakma (University of Western Ontario) is the 10th

President and Vice-Chancellor of The University of Western
Ontario, He previously served as Vice-President, Academic &
Provost the University of Waterloo since 2001, as Dean of
Engineering and then Vice-President (Research) and
International Liaison Officer at the University of Regina. He
began his academic career as a professor of chemical and
petroleum engineering at the University of Calgary. Dr. Chakma
is a graduate of the Algerian Petroleum Institute (Dip. Ing., 1982)
and the University of British Columbia (Master of Applied
Science, 1984 and PhD, chemical engineering, 1987). In
addition to his roles at Western, Dr. Chakma currently serves as
a chair of the board of Health Force Ontario Marketing and
Recruitment Agency.
Prof. Christine Ennew (University of Nottingham) is Pro ViceChancellor at the University of Nottingham. She joined the
Business School in 1987 and was promoted to Professor of
Marketing in 1995, a post she has held ever since. She also
acted as Deputy Director of the Business School, Director of the
Division of Business and Management in Malaysia, and Director
of the the Christal de Haan Tourism and Travel Research
Institute. In addition to her academic activities, she is also a
member of the Board of Universitas21 Pedagogica and serves
on a variety of University Committees. Professor Ennew is a
member of the Observatory's Advisory Board
Prof. B.M. Gourley (Formerly OU) is a former Vice Chancellor
and President (Chief Executive Officer) of The Open University
in the United Kingdom. She occupied that post for nearly eight
years and for the nine years previous to that she held the same
post at the University of KwaZulu Natal in South Africa. As a
former Dean of a Faculty of Economics and Management and a
Deputy CEO as well, she has been in university management for
over thirty years. She serves on many boards and trusts in both
the public and private sectors, and chaired the Association of
Commonwealth Universities for two terms of office. She is a
frequent speaker across the world promoting especially the
role of Higher Education in promoting social justice and the
changing nature of Higher Education in the digital world.
Prof.
Sohail
Inayatullah
is
Professor
at
Tamkang
University,Taipei (Graduate Institute of Futures Studies), Visiting
Academic/Research Associate at Queensland University of
Technology (Centre for Social Change Research); Adjunct
Professor at the University of the Sunshine Coast (Faculty of
Social Sciences and the Arts); and, Associate, Transcend Peace
University. Inayatullah is a Fellow of the World Futures Studies
Federation and the World Academy of Art and Science. He is on
the International Advisory Council of the World Future Society,
and on the Professional Board of the Futures Foundation,
Sydney.
Dr. Barbara Ischinger (OECD) has served as Director for
Education for the OECD since 2006. She has held a range of
senior international positions over the last 17 years in the fields
of international co-operation and education, with a focus on
Europe, the United States and Africa. Before joining the OECD,
Dr. Ischinger was Executive Vice-President for International
Affairs and Public Relations at Berlin Humboldt Universitt
(2000-2005). Between 1992-1994, she was a Director at
UNESCO heading the Division of International Cultural Cooperation, Presentation and Enrichment of Cultural Identities.
From 1994 to 2000, she was Executive Director of the Fulbright
Commission for Educational Exchange between the United
States and Germany.
17
Borderless 2011
Ms. Frances Kelly (New Zealand Ministry of Education) is the New
Zealand Ministry of Education's Counsellor for Education. Based in
Brussels, she is responsible for representing New Zealand education in
Europe, and for helping New Zealand institutions understand priorities,
developments and opportunities in Europe. She also represents New
Zealand on a range of OECD education bodies, and currently chairs the
Governing Body of the OECD's Centre for Education Research and
Innovation. Frances has worked for the Ministry of Education for the
past 10 years. Prior to that she worked in teacher education, after
beginning her career as a secondary school teacher.
Prof. Maurits van Rooijen (Nyenrode Business Universiteit) is

Rector Magnificus/CEO of Nyenrode Business Universiteit in the
Netherlands and professor in academic entrepreneurship. He
previously worked at the University of Westminster, Leiden
University, Erasmus University Rotterdam and Utrecht University.
He is co-chairman of the world association for work-integrated
and co-op education, president of the Compostela Group of
Universities, chairman of the management board of the EuroMediterranean University, Vice-President European Access
Network.
Prof. Jane Knight (University of Toronto) is currently a visiting professor

at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto.
Formerly she was Head of International Affairs in the Office of the
President at Ryerson University. Prior work experiences with the
Education Planning and Policy Unit of UNESCO, Paris and with a
development NGO in India, plus her involvement in many Canadian
International Development Agency (CIDA) supported projects, help
bring international policy and developing country perspectives to the
study of international education.
Prof. John Sexton (New York University) became President of

New York University School of Law in 2002 after serving as dean
of NYU School of Law since 1988. He has taught Civil Procedure,
Constitutional Law, and Religion and Law after becoming
Professor of Law in 1981. He holds the Warren E. Burger Chair in
Constitutional Law and the Courts. Before coming to the Law
School, President Sexton served as Law Clerk to Chief Justice
Warren E. Burger, United States Supreme Court; The
Honourable David L. Bazelon, United States Court of Appeals
(DC); and The Honourable Harold Leventhal, United States Court
Dr. William Lawton (The Observatory on Borderless Higher of Appeals (DC). President Sexton received a B.A. in History from
Education) is from Newfoundland and has worked in the UK for more Fordham College; an M.A. in Comparative Religion and a Ph.D.
than 20 years. He was with the UK HE International Unit in London from in History of American Religion from Fordham University; and a
its inception in 2007 until the end of 2010. Prior to that, Bill worked at J.D. magna cum laude from Harvard Law School.
the Canadian High Commission in London, first as a political analyst on
UK devolution and latterly as Head of Academic Relations. In the 1990s Ms. Stamenka Uvali-Trumbi (UNESCO) is Chief of the Section
he was a lecturer at Hull University, where he focused on Canadian and for Reform, Innovation and Quality Assurance in UNESCOs
American politics and international political economy. Bill's PhD, from Higher Education Division in Paris (2000 to present). She also
Edinburgh University, was an analysis and critique of economic worked as Programme Specialist in UNESCOs Centre for Higher
development policies in Newfoundland.
Education CEPES in Bucharest. Prior to work in UNESCO, she
Prof. Bruce MacFarlane (University of Hong Kong) is Associate
Professor for Higher Education in the Faculty of Education at the
University of Hong Kong. He previously held the post of Professor of
Higher Education and Head of Academic Development at the University
of Portsmouth as well as academic positions at three other UK
universities and visiting professor and teacher in Japan and Hong Kong
respectively. Bruce is a former Vice Chair of the Society for Research
into Higher Education and a Senior Fellow of the UK Higher Education
Academy.
was Secretary-General of the Association of Universities of

Former Yugoslavia. Her UNESCO experience includes
responsibility for the elaboration of the 1997 Lisbon Recognition
Convention; setting up the 1994 Council of Europe/UNESCO
ENIC Network; the launch of the 2002 Global Forum on
International Quality Assurance, Accreditation and the
Recognition of Qualifications; and the 2005 Guidelines on Quality
Provision in Cross Border Higher Education. She has also
undertaken Higher Education Reviews of Macedonia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Yugoslavia.
Prof. Goolam Mohamedbhai (Formerly AAUA) is former SecretaryGeneral of the Association of African Universities. He is also former
Vice-Chancellor of the University of Mauritius, a position he held from
1995 to 2005, and was the President of the International Association of
Universities, based at UNESCO in Paris, from 2004-2008. He has also
been Chairman of several other university associations, including the
Association of Commonwealth Universities, the University Mobility in the
Indian Ocean Rim, and the University of the Indian Ocean. He is
currently Chairman of the Regional Scientific Committee for Africa of the
UNESCO Global Forum on Higher Education, Research and
Knowledge and a member of the governing Council of the United
Nations University.
Prof. Christopher Ziguras (RMIT University) is Associate

Professor of International Studies in the School of Global Studies,
Social Science and Planning. His research focuses on
international education policy, particularly related to higher
education in the Asia Pacific region. Dr Ziguras was a founding
member of the Globalism Research Centre and has continued to
be closely involved with the Centre since its establishment in
2002. He manages the Learning Cities program within RMITs
Global Cities Research Institute, and established RMITs
Research in International and Comparative Education (RICE)
network in 2007.
Mr. Guy Perring (British Council) joined the British Council in Tokyo in
August 1998 as an English-language teacher. He joined British Council
Malaysia four years ago as head of their corporate training division and
joined the education team in 2007 to lead on the Malaysian transnational education pilot. In 2008, he was appointed Regional Project
Manager for TNE and has a regional remit looking at collaborative
delivery initiatives in Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand,
Vietnam and Indonesia. Guy has a BA in American Studies from
Manchester University and an MBA from Durham University.
Page
17
Prof. Pavel Zgaga (University of Ljubljana) is Professor of the

Faculty of Education at the University of Ljubljana. He holds a
doctorate in Philosophy from Ljubljana University and a honorary
doctorate from Universitet Ume, Sweden. He was Dean of the
Faculty of Education, and is currently Director of the Centre for
Education Policy Studies (CEPS). During the 1990s, Dr. Zgaga
was State Secretary for Higher Education, and Minister of
Education and Sports. After his return to academe, he has
engaged in the Bologna process, serving as general rapporteur,
and as a member of the Board of the Bologna Follow-up Group.
18
Borderless 2011
OBHE Advisory Board

Chair: Professor Sir Drummond Bone, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Liverpool, UK, Vice-Chair of the Northern Way,
and Chair of its Innovation and Industry Strategy Group.
Professor Roger Brown, former Vice-Chancellor of Southampton Solent University, UK.
Dr Tony Bruce, former Director of Policy Development at Universities UK.
Carolyn Campbell, Associate Director (International) of the UK Quality Assurance Agency.
Professor Aldwyn Cooper, Chief Executive of Regent's College, UK.
Professor Sir Graeme Davies, Vice-Chancellor of the University of London, UK, and immediate past Chair of the Observatory's
Advisory Group.
Professor Christine Ennew, Professor of Marketing at the Nottingham University Business School, UK, and Pro Vice-Chancellor
(Internationalisation and Europe).
Professor Roger King, Visiting Research Professor at the Centre for Higher Education Research and Information at the Open
University, UK.
Professor Denise Kirkpatrick, Pro Vice-Chancellor (Learning and Teaching) at the Open University, UK.
Professor Diana Laurillard, Chair of Learning with Digital Technologies at the London Knowledge Lab, the Institute of Education,
University of London, UK.
Professor Robin Middlehurst, Director for Strategy, Research and International at the UK's Leadership Foundation for Higher
Education and Professor at Kingston University, UK.
Dr Erin Wagner, Director of the Centre for Distance Learning and Continuing Education at the University of Hildesheim.
Global Advisory Council Members (2008 - 10)

International and National Organizations
Europe
Dr Rajika Bhandari, Director of Research and Evaluation, Professor David Bonner, Chair, Council of Validating
Institute of International Education (IIE)
Universities, University of Hertfordshire, UK
Eva Egron-Polak, Secretary General and Executive Director, Professor Vaneeta D'Andrea, Carnegie Scholar and Director of
International Association of Universities (IAU)
Academic Affairs and Operations, Central Saint Martins College of
Dr John Flores, Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director, Art & Design, University of the Arts London, UK
United States Distance Learning Association (USDLA)
Claire Dray, Director of the Programme, Paris Campus, SKEMA,
Professor Asha Kanwar, Vice President and Programme France
Director, the Commonwealth of Learning (COL)
Hendrik Jan Hobbes, Policy Officer, Netherlands Organisation
Marci Powell, Global Education Market Manager for Higher for International Cooperation in Higher Education (Nuffic), The
Netherlands
Education, Polycom Inc.
Dr Andrs Szucs, Secretary General, the European Distance Dr Antonis Lionarakis, Associate Professor of Open and
Distance Education, Hellenic Open University; and President, the
and E-learning Network (EDEN)
Hellenic Network of Open and Distance Education, Greece
Stamenka Uvali-Trumbi, Head of the Section for Reform,
Dominic Newbould, Director of External Relations, The Open
Innovation and Quality Assurance, UNESCO
University, UK
North America
Dr Cathia Papi, Director, Technologie de L'information, Universite
Dr Jocelyne Gacel-vila, Vicerrectora Ejecutiva/Coordinadora
de Picardie Jules Verne, France
General de Cooperacin E Internatcionalizacin, University of
Dr Imma Tubella Casadevall, Rectora, Universitat Oberta de
Guadalajara, Mexico
Catalunya, Spain
Dr Darcy W. Hardy, Assistant Vice Chancellor for Academic
Affairs; and Executive Director of UT TeleCampus, The University Central and South America
of Texas System, USA
Dr Fredric Litto, President of the Brazilian Association of
Dr Rory McGreal, Associate Vice-President Research, Distance Education, Brazil
Athabasca University, Canada
Australia and Asia
Andy Ross, Vice President of Global Services, Florida Virtual Professor Lesleyanne Hawthorne, Associate Dean International
School, USA
and Director of the Faculty International Unit, Faculty of Medicine,
Dr Wells Singleton, Education Provost and University Dean, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
Fischler School of Education and Human Services, Nova Professor Abtar Kaur, Faculty of Education and Languages,
Southeastern University, USA
Open University Malaysia (OUM), Malaysia
Dr Wayne Smutz, Associate Vice President for Outreach; and Professor John Spinks, Senior Advisor to the Vice Chancellor,
Executive Director of the World Campus, Pennsylvania State The University of Hong Kong, China SAR
University, USA
Professor Belinda Tynan, Academic Director, Faculty of the
Africa and the Middle East
Professions, University of New England, Australia

Professor Narend Baijnath, Vice-Principal Strategy, Planning Dr David Woodhouse, Executive Director, Australian Universities
and Partnerships, University of South Africa, South Africa
Quality Agency (AUQA), Australia
Page
18
19
Borderless 2011
Further Reading and Bibliography

Becker, Rosa. International Branch Campuses: Markets and
Strategies. The Observatory on Borderless Higher
Education. September 2009.
http://www.obhe.ac.uk/documents/view_details?id=7
70
Lasanowski, Veronica. International Student Mobility:

Status Report 2009. The Observatory on
Borderless Higher Education. June 2009.
http://www.obhe.ac.uk/documents/view_details
?id=759
Bjarnason, Svava , John Davies, Dennis Farrington, John

Fielden, Richard Garrett, Helen Lund, Robin
Middlehurst and Allan Schofield. (2000). The
Business of Borderless Education: UK Perspectives.
Published by HEFCE and CVCP.
N.V. Varghese. (2010). Running to Stand Still: Higher

Education in a period of global economic crisis,
IIEP-UNESCO.
Brooks, David. Ben Franklins Nation. New York Times

online. Published: December 13, 2010.
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/14/opinion/14brook
s.html
Cohen, David. (2008). Border-Crossing Universities, Inside
Higher Education.
http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/10/01/intl
Hacker, Andrew & Dreifus, Claudia (2010) Higher Education?
How Colleges are wasting our money and failing our
kids and what can we do about it? New York,
Times Books.
Inayatullah, Sohail, Gidley, Jennifer. (2000). The
University in Transformation: Global Perspectives
on the Futures of the University. Praeger Publishers.
Johnson, L., Levine, A., Smith, R., & Stone, S. (2010). The
2010 Horizon Report. Austin, Texas: The New
Media Consortium.
http://www.nmc.org/pdf/2010-Horizon-Report.pdf
Open Education Resource Foundation (2010). OER for

Assessment and Credit for Students.
http://wikieducator.org/OER_for_Assessment_a
nd_Credit_for_Students/About_the_project
Schwartz, Peter. (2003). Inevitable Surprises: Thinking
Ahead in Time of Turbulence.
UNESCO & OECD (2005). Guidelines for Quality
Provision in Cross-Border Higher Education,
Paris, UNESCO.
University World News (2010 Issue 140, September
19) GLOBAL: Branch campuses are hollow
shells.
http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php
?story=2010091807441277
University World News (2010 Issue 152, December
19). Review of Foreign Student Decline,
http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php
?story=20101217224728195
The Observatory on
Borderless Higher Education
www.obhe.org
Phone:
+44 (0) 20 7222 7890
Fax:
+44 (0) 20 7182 7152
E-mail:
[email protected]
Page
19

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Borderless

Perspectives on the Future

The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education, 2011

Perspectives on the Future

Privatization, Convergence, and

Strategic Mobility Diversification

William Archer, Director, i-graduate

Open Learning Comes of Age

Dzulkifli Abdul Razak

Borderless higher education encompasses this basic geopolitical tension, as do the

Perspectives on the Future

Editorial: A Glimpse into a Borderless 2011

Editorial: A Glimpse into a Borderless 2011 (contd)

Privatization, Convergence, and Institutional Autonomy

With severe cuts

What we saw: Trends in 2010

Privatization, Convergence, and Institutional Autonomy

Innovation as the answer

Open Learning Comes of Age

Open Learning Comes of Age

To increase their acceptance in other jurisdictions, cross-border providers must

Open Learning Comes of Age

Internationalization: North, South, East and West

Internationalization: North, South, East and West

Beyond the Bologna Decade

The Vitalization of the Non-West

Key Drivers in Education

The Vitalization of the Non-West

Countries to watch in 2011

Strategic Mobility Diversification

The year education exporters started turning away students

Students at a Melbourne private

Prof. Amit Chakma (University of Western Ontario) is the 10th

Prof. Maurits van Rooijen (Nyenrode Business Universiteit) is

Prof. Jane Knight (University of Toronto) is currently a visiting professor

Prof. John Sexton (New York University) became President of

was Secretary-General of the Association of Universities of

Prof. Christopher Ziguras (RMIT University) is Associate

Prof. Pavel Zgaga (University of Ljubljana) is Professor of the

OBHE Advisory Board

Global Advisory Council Members (2008 - 10)

Professions, University of New England, Australia

Further Reading and Bibliography

Lasanowski, Veronica. International Student Mobility:

Bjarnason, Svava , John Davies, Dennis Farrington, John

N.V. Varghese. (2010). Running to Stand Still: Higher

Brooks, David. Ben Franklins Nation. New York Times

Open Education Resource Foundation (2010). OER for

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