Biology EOC review. Study this and DO NOT LOSE IT!!!

Ecology

Abiotic- a non living thing. Ex. water, air, metal

Biotic- a living thing ex. a mushroom, a dog, a plant
*remember A means not and bio means life

In order to be alive you must:

Grow, adapt, develop, use energy (metabolism),
reproduce, have cells, react, and maintain homeostasis.

Homeostasis- staying the same- maintaining a constant environment in your body.

Ex. shivering or sweating to keep your body temperature the same.

Food chains: show the flow of energy in the ecosystem. Every food chain MUST
start with a producer.

Producer or Autotroph- an organism that makes its own food like a plant
Consumer or Heterotroph- an organism that has to eat

Producer
Autotroph

Types of Consumers:
Herbivore- eats only plants ex. rabbit
Primary Consumer- 1st thing to eat (a herbivore)
Secondary Consumer- the 2nd thing to eat (a carnivore or omnivore)
Carnivore- eats only meat ex. lion
Omnivore- eats both plants and meat ex. human
Scavenger- eats animals that something else has killed ex. vulture
Decomposer- breaks down dead material. Ex. bacteria, fungi, worms

Primary Consumer
Heterotroph
Herbivore

Secondary Consumer
Heterotroph
Omnivore

Tertiary Consumer
Heterotroph
Carnivore

*only 10% of the energy passes from one organism to another

Heterotroph
Decomposer

Decomposer/ worm

Energy Pyramid

Carnivore/tiger
Secondary Consumer/human

Herbivore/rabbit
Producer/tree

In this energy pyramid both

energy and biomass decrease the
higher up you go. Each trophic
level gets 10% of the energy
from the previous level

Niche- the job or role an organism has in its ecosystem or how it makes a living
Ex. a rabbits niche is to eat vegetables and urinate in the garden.

Habitat- where an organism lives. Ex. a rabbit lives in the garden

*Two birds can have the same habitat but different niches. How? They live in the same
tree but one bird eats the seeds of the tree while the other eats the flowers.
Environmental problems
Humans are responsible for almost all modern day environmental issues.

Habitat Destruction- destroying the home of an organism.

This could happen because of deforestation (cutting down trees), or because of
invasive species or melting glaciers, etc.

Biodiversity- having many types of living things. This is a good thing and
unfortunately humans are killing so many organisms we are losing biodiversity.

Bioaccumulation or Biomagnification- when poisons build up in the food chain.

The higher up you go in the food chain the more poison there is.

Ex. The USA used to spray DDT which is a pesticide on our crops. It ended up in our
rivers and lakes. Small fish would then have this DDT in their system. The big fish would
eat the small fish and get even more DDT. Eagles would eat the big fish. Eagles ended up
with tons of DDT in their system which caused them to crush their eggs. Rachel Carson
discovered the connection between the DDT and the eagles.

10g of DDT
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1000g of DDT
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10,000g of DDT

The pH scale helps determine if something is a Base or an Acid. Cells and

organisms like to be at a neutral pH.

Acidic

1 2 3 4 5 6

Neutral

Basic

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acid Rain- this is rain that has a pH of less than 7. It can kill off whole forests
and kill fish in lakes and rivers. It is caused by air pollution like burning fossil
fuels.

Ozone Layer- Ozone is a layer of gases which filters out the harmful UV
radiation from the sun. Without the ozone humans would be exposed to radiation
and have more cases of skin cancer. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are
made from refrigerators and spray cans destroy the ozone layer.

Nonnative or invasive species- these are organisms which are from another
country. They do not have any natural predators so they take over their new
environment pushing out other native species.

Ex. Boa Constrictor has been put into the everglades. It has no natural predators and
is taking over. This is not good for other animal species in the area.

Stewardship and Sustainable practices: when humans work to protect their

environment
Ex. recycling, replanting trees, cleaning streams and rivers

Levels of organization:
The smallest level of organization is the CELL.
A bunch of Cells make TISSUES.
A bunch of tissues make ORGANS. Ex. heart
A bunch of organs make ORGAN SYSTEMS. Ex. Cardiovascular system
Several organ systems make an organism.
Ex. Cow
Several of the same organisms in an area is a POPULATION. Ex. Herd of cows
Several different populations in the same area is a COMMUNITY.
Ex. Cow, grass, rabbit
A community (Biotic) with all of the abiotic factors is an ECOSYSTEM.
Ex. Cow, grass, rabbit, temperature, rain, dirt
All of the areas of earth which can sustain life is the Biosphere.

Relationships

All living things are in a relationship and when it is a close relationship it is called
a Symbiosis.

There are three main Symbiotic relationships:

Mutualism- Both organisms benefit
Example: the sea anemone provides a home for the clown fish and the
clown fish protects the sea anemone from predators
Commensalism- one organism benefits and the other doesnt care (not
hurt or helped)
Example: a cow walking in a field stirs up insects for the cow bird to eat
Parasitism- One organism benefits while the other one is harmed
Example- a tic on a dog

Two other non-symbiotic relationships:

Predator/Prey and Competition
*Competition limits the growth of a population

Carbon Cycle
Carbon is an element that is in all living things on earth. It cycles the earth mainly in the
form of Carbon Dioxide and Glucose.

Three ways Carbon Dioxide gets into the atmosphere:

respiration, burning fossil fuels, and open burning

The main way Carbon is removed from the atmosphere is: Photosynthesis

Unfortunately due to the burning of fossil fuels humans are releasing way too
much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Too much carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is causing the Suns radiation to be
trapped on the earth which is causing the earths temperature to rise. We call this
the greenhouse effect and global warming. This causes the glaciers to melt and
the oceans to rise.

Burning fossil
fuels

Too much CO2

in Atmosphere

Radiation from sun

trapped by CO2
(greenhouse effect)

Earths
temperatures rise =
global warming

Population growth
Populations will grow unchecked until they are limited by limiting factors. Limiting
factors are resources like water, space, food, etc that a population can run out of.

There are three population curves:

Carrying Capacity- the number of organisms an ecosystem can support

J-curve. This population grows extremely fast (exponential growth). The population
uses up all the resources and will crash and all die out.

S-curve. This population grows until it reaches it carrying capacity. Then it will stabilize
over the carrying capacity.
Carrying Capacity

Predator/Prey curve
Predator and prey population growth are opposite of each other. When the predator is up
the prey is down and vice versa.

Human Population

Birthrate- the number of people born each year

Deathrate- the number of people that die each year
If birthrate and deathrate equal then no population growth
If high birthrate and low deathrate then population will grow
If low birthrate and high deathrate then the population will decrease.

Age structure graphs are a way to show how the population of a country is
distributed.
There are two main age structure graphs- rapid and stable growth.
Rapid growth- has lots of kids and not very many old people
- is typical of a developing country (poor)
Stable Growth- not many children and lots of older people
- is typical of a developed or industrialized country (wealthy)

Rapid Growth
Kenya

Stable Growth
USA

Chemistry

A Macromolecule is a large molecule. If a molecule had carbon than it is

considered an Organic molecule.

There are four main macromolecules that are important to biology:

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Carbohydrates- these are sugars used for quick energy. Their building blocks are
monosaccharides.
Elements made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Types:
Monosaccharides---- one sugar----examples Glucose which is made in photosynthesis
Fructose which is in honey and fruit
Glucose

Disaccharides--2 sugars or 2 monosaccharides connected--example

sucrose which is table sugar
Polysaccharides---many sugars- examples Cellulose which is in cell walls
Starch which is used for plant energy storage
Glycogen which is used for animal energy
storage
Lipids- these are fats, waxes and oils. They are used for long term energy storage and for
the cell membrane. Also used for insulation for the cold in animals.
These are made of long chains of carbon and hydrogen and a little bit of oxygen.
Triglyceride- is a fat made of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains.

Proteins- these help restore tissues. There are 20 amino acids. They are made in the
ribosome. (See protein synthesis in this packet)
Proteins are made of Amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
Important Proteins:
Enzymes (see enzymes in this packet)
Hemoglobin- a protein in a blood cell that helps carry oxygen in the blood.
Insulin- a protein in the body which helps maintain proper blood sugar levels. If there are
problems making insulin than a person could have diabetes.
Nucleic Acids:
These are the molecules which hold our genetic information.
They two main examples are RNA and DNA
They are made of Nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a phosphate, sugar, and base.

How do we test for the 4 macromolecules?

Lipids (mayo)- brown paper bag---a positive test will turn the bag transparent
Starches (cracker)- iodine- a positive test will turn the starch purple
Glucose- benedicts-a positive test will turn orange
Protein (tuna) biurets- a positive test will turn purple

Enzymes

Enzymes can also be called Catalysts. All enzymes end with ase.
Ex. Lactase, Maltase. They can be used over and over again.

These are proteins that help speed up reactions. Without them most of the
reactions that happen in our body would happen so slowly that we would die.