Eoc Review Spring 2011
Eoc Review Spring 2011
Eoc Review Spring 2011
Ecology
Food chains: show the flow of energy in the ecosystem. Every food chain MUST
start with a producer.
Producer or Autotroph- an organism that makes its own food like a plant
Consumer or Heterotroph- an organism that has to eat
Producer
Autotroph
Types of Consumers:
Herbivore- eats only plants ex. rabbit
Primary Consumer- 1st thing to eat (a herbivore)
Secondary Consumer- the 2nd thing to eat (a carnivore or omnivore)
Carnivore- eats only meat ex. lion
Omnivore- eats both plants and meat ex. human
Scavenger- eats animals that something else has killed ex. vulture
Decomposer- breaks down dead material. Ex. bacteria, fungi, worms
Primary Consumer
Heterotroph
Herbivore
Secondary Consumer
Heterotroph
Omnivore
Tertiary Consumer
Heterotroph
Carnivore
Heterotroph
Decomposer
Decomposer/ worm
Energy Pyramid
Carnivore/tiger
Secondary Consumer/human
Herbivore/rabbit
Producer/tree
Niche- the job or role an organism has in its ecosystem or how it makes a living
Ex. a rabbits niche is to eat vegetables and urinate in the garden.
*Two birds can have the same habitat but different niches. How? They live in the same
tree but one bird eats the seeds of the tree while the other eats the flowers.
Environmental problems
Humans are responsible for almost all modern day environmental issues.
Biodiversity- having many types of living things. This is a good thing and
unfortunately humans are killing so many organisms we are losing biodiversity.
Ex. The USA used to spray DDT which is a pesticide on our crops. It ended up in our
rivers and lakes. Small fish would then have this DDT in their system. The big fish would
eat the small fish and get even more DDT. Eagles would eat the big fish. Eagles ended up
with tons of DDT in their system which caused them to crush their eggs. Rachel Carson
discovered the connection between the DDT and the eagles.
10g of DDT
EMBED
Word.Pi
1000g of DDT
EMBED
Word.Pictur
e.8
10,000g of DDT
Acidic
1 2 3 4 5 6
Neutral
Basic
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acid Rain- this is rain that has a pH of less than 7. It can kill off whole forests
and kill fish in lakes and rivers. It is caused by air pollution like burning fossil
fuels.
Ozone Layer- Ozone is a layer of gases which filters out the harmful UV
radiation from the sun. Without the ozone humans would be exposed to radiation
and have more cases of skin cancer. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are
made from refrigerators and spray cans destroy the ozone layer.
Nonnative or invasive species- these are organisms which are from another
country. They do not have any natural predators so they take over their new
environment pushing out other native species.
Ex. Boa Constrictor has been put into the everglades. It has no natural predators and
is taking over. This is not good for other animal species in the area.
Levels of organization:
The smallest level of organization is the CELL.
A bunch of Cells make TISSUES.
A bunch of tissues make ORGANS. Ex. heart
A bunch of organs make ORGAN SYSTEMS. Ex. Cardiovascular system
Several organ systems make an organism.
Ex. Cow
Several of the same organisms in an area is a POPULATION. Ex. Herd of cows
Several different populations in the same area is a COMMUNITY.
Ex. Cow, grass, rabbit
A community (Biotic) with all of the abiotic factors is an ECOSYSTEM.
Ex. Cow, grass, rabbit, temperature, rain, dirt
All of the areas of earth which can sustain life is the Biosphere.
Relationships
All living things are in a relationship and when it is a close relationship it is called
a Symbiosis.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon is an element that is in all living things on earth. It cycles the earth mainly in the
form of Carbon Dioxide and Glucose.
The main way Carbon is removed from the atmosphere is: Photosynthesis
Unfortunately due to the burning of fossil fuels humans are releasing way too
much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Too much carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) is causing the Suns radiation to be
trapped on the earth which is causing the earths temperature to rise. We call this
the greenhouse effect and global warming. This causes the glaciers to melt and
the oceans to rise.
Burning fossil
fuels
Earths
temperatures rise =
global warming
Population growth
Populations will grow unchecked until they are limited by limiting factors. Limiting
factors are resources like water, space, food, etc that a population can run out of.
J-curve. This population grows extremely fast (exponential growth). The population
uses up all the resources and will crash and all die out.
S-curve. This population grows until it reaches it carrying capacity. Then it will stabilize
over the carrying capacity.
Carrying Capacity
Predator/Prey curve
Predator and prey population growth are opposite of each other. When the predator is up
the prey is down and vice versa.
Human Population
Age structure graphs are a way to show how the population of a country is
distributed.
There are two main age structure graphs- rapid and stable growth.
Rapid growth- has lots of kids and not very many old people
- is typical of a developing country (poor)
Stable Growth- not many children and lots of older people
- is typical of a developed or industrialized country (wealthy)
Rapid Growth
Kenya
Stable Growth
USA
Chemistry
Carbohydrates- these are sugars used for quick energy. Their building blocks are
monosaccharides.
Elements made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Types:
Monosaccharides---- one sugar----examples Glucose which is made in photosynthesis
Fructose which is in honey and fruit
Glucose
Proteins- these help restore tissues. There are 20 amino acids. They are made in the
ribosome. (See protein synthesis in this packet)
Proteins are made of Amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
Important Proteins:
Enzymes (see enzymes in this packet)
Hemoglobin- a protein in a blood cell that helps carry oxygen in the blood.
Insulin- a protein in the body which helps maintain proper blood sugar levels. If there are
problems making insulin than a person could have diabetes.
Nucleic Acids:
These are the molecules which hold our genetic information.
They two main examples are RNA and DNA
They are made of Nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of a phosphate, sugar, and base.
Enzymes
Enzymes can also be called Catalysts. All enzymes end with ase.
Ex. Lactase, Maltase. They can be used over and over again.
These are proteins that help speed up reactions. Without them most of the
reactions that happen in our body would happen so slowly that we would die.