Chapter Three Introduction To Two-Hinged Arches

INTRODUCTION TO TWO-HINGED ARCHES
155
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. TWO-HINGED ARCHES:The following issues should be settled first.
Definition.
Types.
Basic Principle and B.M.
Linear Arch.
Mathematical Generalized Expressions.
Segmental Arches.
Some information is contained elsewhere where determinate arches have been dealt.
3.1. DEFINITION OF AN ARCH.
An arch can be defined as a humped or curved beam subjected to transverse and other loads as
well as the horizontal thrust at the supports. An efficient use of an arch can be made only if full horizontal
restraint is developed at the supports. If either of the support allows some movement in the horizontal
direction, it will tend to increase the B.M. to which an arch is subjected and arch would become simply a
curved beam.
The B.M., in arches due to the applied loads is reduced due to the inward thrust. Analysis is
carried out to find the horizontal thrust and also to find the B.M., to which an arch is subjected.
Beam action Vs arch action :
P
Mo
A
Va
Simple beam subjecte to applied

transverse loads.
P
Support,
abutments or
springing.
H A
Va
One reaction at support only

Vb
y M=Mo-Hy
B
x
Vb
Arch carrying vertical loads & horizontal
thrust
Two reactions at supports
The above beam and arch carry similar loadings.

If Mo = B.M. due to applied loads at a distance X on the simple span of a simple beam where rise is y.
then bending moment in the arch is, MX = Mo Hy
where MX is the B.M., in the arch at a distance x . H is the horizontal thrust at the springings & y
is the rize of the arch at a distance. x as shown in the diagram. The ( ) sign is to be used with care and a
() sign will be used if the horizontal thrust is inwards or vice versa. In later case it will behave as a beam.
156
THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
B
Vb
Va
Under transverse loads, the horizontal thrust at either of the springings abutments is equal. In the
arch shown above, the degree of indeterminacy is one and let us consider the horizontal thrust at support B
as the redundant. The above loaded arch can be considered equal to the following two diagrams wherein a
BDS arch is under the action of loads plus the same BDS arch under the action of inward unit horizontal
load at the springings.
=
P
B
Va
Vb
BL
B.D.S. under applied loads (loads try to flatten the arch)

BL stands for displacement of point B due to applied loads in a BDS arch..
+
1
B
BR
(Flattened arch recovers some of horizontal displacement at B due to unit horizontal loads and will recover
fully if full horizontal thirst is applied at B.)
(Arch flattens out under the action of applied loads because freedom in the horizontal direction has been
provided at point B.) and all due to full redundant value. This forces the basis of compatibility.
BR stands for displacement of point. B (in the direction of force) due to unit horizontal redundant force at B.
Remember that a horizontal reactive component cannot be realized at the roller support. However, we can
always apply a horizontal force at the roller.
3.2. Compatibility equation.
BL ( BR ) H = 0
( If unit load is applied in opposite sense so that it also produces
flettening, +ve sign may be used in the equation and the final sign with H will be self adjusting.)
or H =
BL
BR
157
displacement at B due to loads

displacement at B due to unit horizontal redundant
We will be considering strain energy stored in bending only.The modified expression for that for
curved structural members is as follows.
U=
M2ds
2EI
Where ds is the elemental length along the centre line of the arch and U is the strain energy stored
in bending along centre-line of arch. The bending moment at a distance x from support is
MX = Mo Hy (Horizontal thrust is inwards).
(1)
Where Mo = Simple span bending moment ( S.S.B.M.) in a similar loaded simple beam.
M2 ds
2EI
If H is chosen as redundant, then differentiating U w.r.t. H , we have
U =
U
1
M
= BH = 0 =
. M. ds
EI
H
H
Put M= Mo Hy and then differentiate.
U
1
= BH = 0 =
. (Mo Hy)(y) ds
EI
H
by putting M from (1)
0=
(Hy2 Mo y) ds
EI
H y2 ds
EI
Mo y ds
=0
EI
H y2 ds
=
EI
Mo y ds
EI
Simlifying
or
H =
Applying Castiglianos 2nd theorem, BL becomes =
and BR =
y2 ds
EI
Moy.ds
EI
y2ds
EI
Mo y ds
EI
158
The algebraic integration of the above integrals can also be performed in limited number of cases
when EI is a suitable function of S ( total curved arch length), otherwise, go for numerical integration.
For prismatic (same cross section) members which normally have EI constant, the above
expression can be written as follows:
H =
Mo y ds
y2ds
3.3. TYPES OF ARCHES :

The arches can be classified into a variety of ways depending mainly upon the material of
construction and the end conditions.
(1) Classification Of Arches Based On Material of Construction :
The following arches fall in this particular category:
a)
Brick masonary arches.
b)
Reinforced concrete arches.
c)
Steel arches.
The span of the arches which can be permitted increases as we approach steel arches from the
brick masonary arches.
(2) Classification Of Arches Based On End Conditions :
The following arches fall in this particular category:
a)
Three hinged arches.
b)
Two hinged arches.
c)
Fixed arches.
In the ancient times, three hinged arches have been used to support wide spans roofs. However,
their use is very rare in bridge construction since the discontinuity at the crown hinge is communicated to
the main deck of the bridge. In three hinged arches, all reactive components are found by statical
considerations without considering the deformations of the arch rib. Therefore, they are insensitive to
foundation movements and temperature changes etc., and are statically determinate. These are covered as a
separate chapter in this book.
The Romans exploited the potential of arches to a great extent. However, their emperical analysis
approach became available in the early 18th century.
3.4. LINEAR ARCH :
This is just a theoretical arch at every Xsection of which the B.M. is zero.
M = Mo Hy = 0
or
Mo = Hy (The B.M. due to applied loads is balanced by Hy).

therefore, y =
Mo
H
159
This is the equation for the centre line of a linear arch. With the change in position and the number
of loads on the arch, the corresponding linear arch would also change as Mo keeps on changing. Therefore,
there are infinite number of such arches for every load pattern and position on the actual arch.
EXAMPLE NO. 1:
3.5. ANALYSIS OF TWO HINGED SEGMENTAL ARCHES
We develop the method for indeterminate arches starting with the simplest cases of segmental arches. Solve the
following segmental arch by using the basic principles of consistent deformation method and by treating horizontal
thrust at support D as the redundant. The segmental arches could be used in tunnels and in water ways.
20KN/m
B
4m
Ha=20 kN
A
EI=Constant
D
4m
8m
2m
2m
40 kN
40 kN
20KN/m
4m
Ha=20 kN
A
EI=Constant
D
4m
8m
2m
40 kN
2m
40 kN
(Ha will occur only point D is a hinge support)

M Diagram. Due to applied loads. Similarly reactions due to supermetrical loading.
B
m Diagram.
DR
Due to unit redundant at D.

(X is varied along length of members). Find Cos and Sin.
cos = 0.4472 , sin = 0.8944.
160
Sab sin + 40 =0 so Sab=
40
= 44.722. Consider equilibrium of joint A and project forces
0.8944
in y-direction. (M-diagram)
Consider same diagram with roller at D. Now consider joint A and Project forces in X direction to
evaluate Ha. Sab Cos + Ha = 0 or 44.722 x 0.4472 + Ha = 0
or Ha= 20KN
Compatibility equation
DL DR. H = 0
DL
Or H =
=
DR
Horizontal displacement of D due to loads

Horizontal displacement of D due to redundants
Mmdx
EI
Applying Unit load method concepts,
DL =
m2 dx
EI
Now we attempt the evaluation of these integrals in a tabular form. X is measured along member
DR =
axis.
Mem
ber
AB
Origin.
Limits.
0 4.472
BC
04
CD
0 4.472
DL =
M
40 X Cos
=40X0.477= 17.88X
40(2+X)10X2=
80 + 40 X10 X2
17.88 X
4.472
MmdX
1
=
EI
EI o
m
+1.XSin=+0.894X
+4
+ 0.894 X
(17.88X)(+0.894X)dX +
1
80+40X 10X)(+4) dX
EI o
4.472
EI o
EI o
+31.969
EI
+10.656
1
40
( 4.4723 0) +
+320 4 +80 16
16
EI
EI
3
(17.88 X)(+0.894 X) dX
4.472
(+15.985 X2)dX +
3 4.472
X
3 o
1
(+320+160X 40X2) dX
EI o
4
1
160X2 40X2
+320X +
EI
2
3 o
Integrate and put limits
DL =
DR =
+ 2659.72
EI
4.472
m2dX
1
=
EI o
EI
(+ 0.894X)2 dX +
4.472
EI o
=
DR =
H =
=
4.472
1
1
16 dX +
EI o
EI o
(+ 0.894X)2 dX
0.799 X2 dX +
16
dX
EI o
4.472
161
1.598 X3
16
+ X
EI 3 o
EI
o
0.533
16
[(4.472)3 0] +
(4 0)
EI
EI
111.653
EI
DL
DR
2659.72/EI
111.653/EI
H = 23.82 KN
EXAMPLE NO. 2:
Solve the following arch by using consistent deformation method.

20KN/m
C
40KN
4m EI-Constt
A
D
4m
2m
2m
The above redundant / segmental arch can be replaced by the following similar arches carrying loads
and redundant unit load.
20KN/m
40KN
X is varied along
member lengths.
4m
40KN
A
2m
4m
2m
Ra=20KN
M-Diagram
BDS UNDER LOADS
D
DL
Rd=60KN
162

Ma = 0 ; Rd 8 = 20 4 4 + 40 4
Rd = 60 KN so Ra = 20 KN
+
C
B
x
X is varied along
member lengths.
x
D
1 A
DR
m Diagram
BDS UNDER UNIT REDUNDANT AT D

Compatibility equation is
DL DR.H = 0
Or
and
Where DL = Horizontal deflection of D in BDS due to applied loads.

DR = Horizontal deflection at D due to Unit redundant.
H = Total Horizontal redundant.
DL
H =
DR
DL =
MmdX
EI
m2 dX
EI
DR =
Member
AB
Origin
A
BC
CD
DL =
Limits
04.472
04
04.472
M
20X Cos+40X Sin
20X 0.447+40X 0.894
= 44.72X
20(2+X)+40 4 10X2
40+20X +160 10X2 =
10X2 + 20X + 200
60X Cos=60X 0.447
= 26.82 X
4.472
MmdX 1
=
EI
EI o
m
XSin=0.894X
Constt.
+4
0.894X
(+44.72X)(0.894X) dX +
EI
Constt.
Constt.
1
(10X2 +20X 200 ) 4 dX
EI o
163
4.472
EI o
(26.82X ) (0.894X)dX
2 23.977
EI
o
X3 4 10X3 20X2
+
+
+ 200X
3
2
o
EI 3
4.472
1.33X =
DL =
DR =
63.97
EI
4.472 + 4 10 43 + 10 42 + 200 4 = +4893.8

EI
3 EI 3
3
4.472
m2 dX
1
=
EI
EI o
(0.894X)2 +
4.472
EI o
1.598 X3
EI 3 o
0.533
16
[ (4.472)3 0 ] +
( 4 0)
EI
EI
0.799X2 dX +
4.472
H =
=
(0.894X)2
DR =
4.472
1
1
16dX +
EI o
EI o
16
dX
EI o
4
16
X
EI
o
111.653
EI
DL
DR
+ 4893.8/EI
111.653/EI
So
H = + 43.83 KN
EXAMPLE NO. 3:- Determine the horizontal thrust for the for following loaded segmental arch. Take EI
equal to constant.
P
C
D
3m
E
B
4m
A
3m
4m
5m
4m
3m
164
SOLUTION :
X
P
G
X is varied along
member length
E
Now consider a BDS under Loads and redundant separately for the same arch and evaluate integrals.
An inspection of the arch indicates that it is symmetrical about point G and is indeterminate to the first
degree choosing horizontal reaction at F as the redundant, we draw two basic determinate structures under
the action of applied loads and the redundant horizontal thirst at support F.
P
C
P
X
A
3m
4m
5m
4m
3m
P
M-Diagram (BDS under loads)
A
B.D.S. under unit horizontal
redundant load at F.
m-Diagram
165
Because of symmetry, Moments and hence

strain energy is computed for half frame.
Portion
Origin
Limits
AB
05
PX Cos = X0.6 PX
0.8 X
BC
05
P (3+0.8X)
4 + 0.6X
CG
0 2.5
P (7+X) PX = 7 P
7
2.5
(0.6 PX)(0.8X)
P(3+0.8X)(4+0.6X)
49 P
dX + 2
dX+ 2
dX
EI
EI
EI
o
o
o
FL = 2
2.5
2P
EI
[ 0.48 X dX + (0.48 X +5X+12)dX + 49 dX]
2P
EI
0.48X35+ 0.48 X3+ 5 X2 + 12X 5| +49X 2.5
|
3 3 2
o
o
o
2P
EI
3
2
0.48 53 + 0.48 5 + 5 5 + 12 5 + 49 2.5
3
2
3
FL =
570 P
EI
FR
2
2
2
(0.8X)2dX + (16 + 0.36X2 + 4.8X) dX + 49dX
EI o
EI o
EI o
2
EI
5
5
2.5
0.64X3 + 16X + 0.36X3 + 4.8X2 + 49X |
3
3
2 o
o
o
2
EI
3
2
0.64 5 + 16 5 + 0.36 53 + 4.8 5 + 49 2.5
3
3
2
(deflection of point F due to loads)
FR =
H =
608.33
FL
, H =
EI
FR
570 P
608.32
So
H = 0.937 P
2.5
166
NOTE :
Compatibility equation is
FL FR H = 0
FL = FR H
FL
H =
FR
We take compression on outer side & tension on inner side +ve in case of M and m-diagram.
EXAMPLE NO. 4 :
Determine the horizontal thrust provided that EI = Constt for the following
loaded segmental arch.:
SOLUTION:
P
P
X
X
3m
P
B
X
4m
A
F
3m
5m
4m
4m
3m
Rf
Ra
Taking horizontal reaction at F as redundant. Ma=0

Rf. 19 = P . 12 + P .7 + 4. P , So
Rf = 1.211 P
and therefore Ra is,
Ra = 2P 1.211 P
Ra = + 0.789 P
P
P
X
P
X
3m
4m
5m
4m
3m
M-Diagram
0.789 P
1.211 P
167
D
3m
E
4m
1
3m
4m
5m
4m
3m
m-diagram (Unit redundant at F)
Portion
AB
FL
Origin
A
Limits
05
BC
05
CD
05
DE
05
EF
05
M
0.789 PX Cos+PX Sin
= 0.4734 PX + 0.8 PX
= 1.2734 PX
0.789 P(3 + XCos1)
+P(4 + XSin1) PX Sin1
= 0.6312 PX+6.367 P
m
1 X Cos
= 0.8X
1(4 + X Sin1)
= 4 + 0.6X
+7
= 0.211 PX + 9.523 P
1.211 P(3+X Cos1)
1(4 + X Sin1)
= 3.633 P + 0.9688 PX
= 4 + 0.6X
1.211 PX Cos = 0.7266 PX X Sin = 0.8X
Determine Sines and Cosines of and 1.
0.789P (7+X)+P7P3PX
[ (1.2734 PX)(0.8 X)dX + (0.6312 PX + 6.367 P)
1
EI
(4 + 0.6X) dX + ( 0.211 PX + 9.523 P)(7)dX

o
5
+ (3.633 P + 0.9688 PX)(4 + 0.6X) + (0.7266PX (0.8X) dX

o
P
EI
o
5
[ 1.01872X dX + (2.5248X + 0.37872X + 25.468 + 3.8202 X) dX

2
+ ( 1.477X + 66.661) dX + (14.532 + 2.1798X

o
o
5
+ 3.8752X + 0.58128X2 ) dX + 0.58128X dX
o
5
P
(1.97872X2 + 11.50428X + 106.661) dX
EI o
5
FL =
P
X3
X2
1.97972
+ 11.50428
+ 106.661X
EI
3
2
o
Simplifying we get.
168

P
53
52
1.97872 + 11.50428 + 106.661 5
EI
3
2
759.56 P
FL =
EI
=
FR =
1
EI
[ (0.8X) dX + (16+0.36X + 4.8X) dX

2
+ 49 dX + (16+0.36X2+4.8X) dX + 0.64 X2 dX
o
1 0.64X3
X3
X2
X3 4.8X2
0.64X3
+ 16X + 0.36
+ 4.8
+ 49X + 16X + 0.36
+
+
EI 3
3
2
3
2
3
1
EI
0.36 5 4.8 5
[ 0.64
5 + 16 5 +
+
+ 49 5
3
3
2
3
+ 16 5 +
0.36
4.8
0.64
53 +
52 +
53
3
2
3
Simplifying
608.33
. Compatibility equation remains the same. Putting values of integrals, we have
EI
FL
H =
FR
FR =
759.56 P
EI
608.33
EI
H = 1.2486 P
P
C
Now all reactions are shown.

P
D
0.2486P
A
F 1.2486P
0.789P
1.211P
ANALYZED SEGMENTAL ARCH

Check :
Mc = 0
0.789P 7 0.2486 P 7 P 3 + P 5 + 1.2486 P 7 1.211P 12 = 0
0 = 0
O.K.
169
3.6. ANALYSIS OF TWO HINGED CIRCULAR ARCHES :

P
P
C
X
F
E
y
D
yc
L
R
R
The circular arches are infact a portion of the circle and are commonly used in bridge construction.
From the knowledge of determinate circular arches, it is known that the maximum thrust and the vertical
reactions occur at the springings. Therefore, logically there should be a greater moment of inertia near the
springings rather than that near the midspan of the arch. The approach is called the secant variation of
inertia and is most economical. However, to establish the basic principles, we will first of all consider
arches with constant EI. The following points are normally required to be calculated in the analysis.
(1)
Horizontal thrust at the springings.
(2)
B.M. & the normal S.F. at any section of the arch.

Usually, the span and the central rise is given and we have to determine;
(i)
the radius of the arch;
(ii)
the equation of centre line of the circular arch.
Two possible analysis are performed.

(1)
Algebraic integration.
(2)
Numerical integration.
After solving some problems, it will be amply demonstrated that algebraic integration is very
laborious and time consuming for most of the cases. Therefore, more emphasis will be placed on numerical
integration which is not as exact but gives sufficiently reliable results. Some researches have shown that if
arch is divided in sixteen portions, the results obtained are sufficiently accurate. In general, the accuracy
increases with the increase or more in number of subdivisions of the arch.
We will be considering two triangles.
1 ADO
2 EFO
By considering ADO
OB2 = OD2 + BD2
170
R2 = (Ryc)2 + (L /2 )2
R2 = R2 2Ryc + yc2 + L2/4
0 = yc ( yc 2 R) + L2/4
or
yc ( yc 2 R) = L2/4
yc ( yc 2 R ) = L2/4
yc (2R yc) =
L2
4
(1)
By considering EFO
OF2 = OE2 + EF2
R2 = ( R yc + y )2 + X2
2
R X2 = ( R yc + y )2
R yc + y =
R2 x2
S
R2 X2 (R yc)
y =
(2)
The detailed derivation of this equation can be found in some other Chapter of this book.
In this case, S = R ( 2 ) where is in radiains. S is the total length along centre line of the arch.
H=
Myds
y2ds
as before obtained By eliminating EI as we are considering EI = Constt
EXAMPLE NO. 5:
A two hinged circular arch carries a concentrated force of 50 KN at the centre. The span & the
rise of the arch are 60m & 10m respectively. Find the horizontal thrust at the abutments.
SOLUTION : The arch span is divided in ten equal segments and ordinates are considered at the centre of
each segment.
50KN
30m
(1)
(2)
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

10
(9)
(10)
D
60m
R=50m
R =
171
L2
yc
+
, where R = Redious, yc = Central rise and L = Span of arch.
2
8yc
(60)2
10
+
2
8 10
R = 50 m
Sin =
30
= 0.6
50
. Now compute angle is radians.
= 36.87
rad = 180
, we know
180 = rad
1 =
So
36.87 =
rad
180
36.87 radians
180
36.87 = 0.6435 rad =

= 0.6435 rad
S = R (2 ) = 50 (2 0.6435) , Where S is length of arch along its centre-line
For circular arches. X is varied from centre to abutments.
S = 64.35 m
A
25KN
y
30-x
50KN
C
E yc=10m
D
B
25KN
R
R=50m
where
Myds
H =
y2ds
M = Simple span ( S.S ) B.M. in the arch due to applied loads only.
Mbc
OE
= Mac = 25 ( 30 X ) in two portions at a distance X from mid span.

= R Cos
172

OD = R yc = 50 10 = 40 m
y = OE OD
[Since OC = OD + CD = 50 and CD = 10 = Yc]
y = R Cos 40
and
ds = Rd
X = R Sin
Evaluation of Numerator :
Mx = 25 (30 X), ds = Rd, y = RCos 40
Myds = 2 [25 (30 R Sin)] [R Cos40] [Rd], By putting X, y and ds from above. Also put
o
value of which is in radians.

0.6435
= 50 R
(30 R Sin)(R Cos 40) d,
we know, 2Sin Cos = Sin 2.
o
0.6435
= 50R
(30R Cos Cos R2Sin Cos 1200 + 40R Sin) d
= 50R 30R Sin +
0.6435
R2 Cos 2
.
1200 40R Cos
2
2
o
= 50 50 30500.6+
Put limits now
2500
502
0.2812000.643540500.8
1+ 40 50 1
4
4
= + 194500
Myds = 194.5 103
Evaluation of Denominator :
1
(1 + Cos2)
2
1
Sin2 = (1 Cos2)
2
Cos2 =
We know
and
0.6435
y2ds = 2
(RCos 40)2 (Rd)
o
0.6435
= 2R
(R2 Cos2 80R Cos + 1600) d
o
0.6435
= 2R
o
R (1 + Cos 2) 80 R Cos + 1600 d

2
Integrate
0.6435
R2
Sin 2
= 2R +
80R Sin + 1600
2
2
o
Put limits now
173
502
0.96
= 2 50
2 0.6435 + 2 80 50 0.6 + 1600 0.6435
= 3397.5
y2ds = + 3.3975 103
194.5 103
H =
3.3975 10-3
H = 57.2 KN
EXAMPLE NO. 5: BY NUMERICAL INTEGRATION :
The values of X, y and M are determined at the mid ordinates of the segments. The basic
philosophy is that if we consider a very small arc length that would be regarded as a straight line and
therefore we tend to average out these values.
y = R2 X2 (R yc)
or
y =
502 X2 (50 10 )
or
y =
502 X2 (40)
(1)
See segments of Example 5 about 4 page before.
For section (1)

X1 = 27, from (1),
y1 =
502 272 (40) = 2.08 m
For section (2)

X2 = 21 from (1),
y2 =
502 212 (40) = 5.738 m and so on.
M = 25 ( 30 X ) = (750 25X)
0 < X < 30 as before
Now do numerical integration in a tabular form as under.

Section.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X
27
21
15
9
3
3
9
15
21
27
S = 64.35 m
64.35
and ds =
10
ds = 6.435 m
y.
2.08
5.380
7.69
9.18
9.91
9.91
9.18
7.69
5.380
2.08
M
75
225
375
525
675
675
525
375
225
75
My
156.00
1210.50
3883.75
4819.50
6689.25
6689.25
4819.50
2883.75
1210.50
156.00
31518
y2
4.33
28.94
59.14
84.27
98.21
98.21
84.27
59.14
28.94
4.33
549.78
174

Myds
Myds
=
y2ds
y2ds
31518 6.435
=
( Note:- ds cancels out )
549.78 6.435
H=
H = 57.33 KN
A result similar to that already obtained from algebraic solution
3.7. ARCHES WITH SECANT VARIATION OF INERTIA :
If Io is the second moment of area of arch rib at the crown: Then secant variation of inertia means.
I = Io sec.
ds Cos =dX
and
ds
dy
dx
Or
ds = dX Sec
Myds
EI
y2ds
EI
H =
If it is built of the same material, then E would cancel out:
Myds
I
y2ds
I
My dX Sec
Io Sec
y2dX Sec
Io Sec
H =
H =
Put I= Io sec
H =
MydX
y2 dX
175
If we utilize the above expression for horizontal thrust, it may be kept in mind that integration can
now take place in the Cartesian coordinate system instead of the polar coordinate system.
3.8. BY SECANT VARIATION USING ALGEBRAIC INTEGRATION :
EXAMPLE NO. 6: Analyze the arch in Example No. 5:
We know,
y =
R2 X2 (R yc)
y =
502 X2 40
Mac = Mbc = 25 ( 30 X )
0 < X < 30
30
MydX = 2 25 (30 X)[
502 X2 40 ] dX
o
30
30
= 50 [ 30
o
30
= 1500
At
30
502 X2 . XdX + 40 XdX ]
o
30
o
30
502 X2 dX 1200 50 dX 50
Put
30
502 X2 . dX 1200dX
30
502 X2 XdX + 2000 XdX
X = 50 Sin = R sin
dX = 50 Cos d
X= 0
=0
X = 30
= 0.6435
Now Evaluate integrals
Substitutions
Cos2
Cos2 = 1 +
2
2
Sin
Cos2 = +
2
4
Cos3
Cos2 Sind =
3
by letting X = Cos
dX = Sin d
At
0.6435
30
MydX = 1500
502 (1 Sin2) (50 Cosd ) 60000 X

o
(502 X2 )3/2
X2
+ 25
+ 2000
3/2
o
2 o
30
0.6435
= 1500 502
o
30
(1 + Cos2)
d 6 104 (30)
2
176
50
[(502 302)3/2 (302) + 1000 (302 )]
3
= 187.5 104 +
0.6435
Sin 2
2 o
MydX = 187.5 104 0.6435 +
180 104 1016666.666 + 90 104
Sin(2 0.6435)
2
1916666.666
= 2106561.918 1916666.666
MydX = 189895.252
30
y2dX = 2 (502 X2 +402 80
502 X2 ) dX
o
30
= 2 (4100 X2 80
502 X2 ) dX
Substitutions:
X = 50 Sin
dX = 50 Cosd
1 Sin2 = Cos2
30
30
0.6435
= 8200 dX 2 X2 dX 160
o
502 Cos2 d
o
0.6435
X3
160 502
= 8200 X | 2
2
3 o
o
o
30
30
(1 + Cos 2)d
2
160 502
Sin 2
(303)
+
3
2
2 o
0.6435
= 8200 (30)
= 228000
160 502
Sin(2 0.6435)
2
2
0.6435 +
= 228000 224699.938
y2dX = 3300.062
H =
MydX
y2dX
189895.252
3300.062
H = 57.543 KN
EXAMPLE NO. 7:horizontal thrust.
177
A circular arch carries a uniformly distributed load on its left half, calculate the
10KN/m
C
yc=10m
A
D
60m
SOLUTION : Determine Vertical Support reactions as usual and write moment expressions due to
applied loads only without considering horizontal thrust.
10KN/m
C
x E x
yc=10m
D
60m
B
75KN
225KN
From diagram, X = R Sin

Mac = 225 (30 R Sin) 5 (30 R Sin )2, in other words. Mac = Va ( 30 X ) w X2/2
where X = R sin
Mbc = 75 (30 R Sin)
and
OD = OC CD = 50 10 = 40 m
y = OE OD = R Cos 40
so
H =
Myds
y2ds
178
Evaluation of Numerator.
0.6435
Myds =
[225 (30 R Sin) 5(30 R Sin)2 ] [ R Cos 40] (Rd)
o
0.6435
[75(30 R Sin)] [R Cos 40 ] [Rd ]. This consists of two integrals.
Evaluate First Integral

0.6435
= I1 = R
[6750 225 R Sin 4500 5 R2 Sin2 + 300 R Sin] [R Cos 40]
o
0.6435
I1 = R
[2250 + 75 R Sin 5 R Sin ][R Cos 40] d

2
o
0.6435
=R
[2250 R Cos + 75 R Sin Cos 5 R Sin Cos

2
90000 3000 R Sin + 200 R2 Sin2

0.6435
=R
] d
[2250 R Cos + 75 R Sin Cos 5 R Sin Cos

2
Let X = Sin
dX = cos d
So Sin2 Cos d = X2 dX =
X3
Sin3
=
3
3
1 Cos2
90000 3000 R Sin + 200 R2
2
=R
2250 R Sin
75 2 Cos2
R3 Sin3
R
5
90000
2
2
3
200 2
Sin2
|
R
2
2 o
0.6435
+ 3000 R Cos +
= 50
[ 2250 50 0.6 754 2500 0.28 5 50 0.216

3
3
90000 0.6435 + 3000 50 0.8 +
75
2500 1 3000 50 1
4
200
0.96
502 0.6435
2
2
179
[ 67500 13125 45000 57915 + 120000 + 160875

120000 + 46875 150000 ]
= 50
= 50 ( 9210 )
I1 = 460.5 103
Now Evaluate
0.6435
2nd Integral = I2 = R
(2250 75 R Sin )(R Cos 40) ( d ) multiply two expressions.
o
0.6435
I2 = R
2250 R Cos 75 R2 Sin Cos 90000 + 3000 R Sin ) d Integrate now.
= R 2250R Sin +
0.6435
75 2 Cos 2
R
90000 3000R Cos |
2
2
o
= 50 (2250 50 0.6 +
3000 50 0.8
75
2500 0.28 90000 0.6435
4
75
2500 1 + 3000 50 1)
4
I2 = 291.75 103
Add these two integrals (I1 and I2) of Myds.
Myds
= I1 + I2
= 460.5 103 + 291.75 103
or
Myds
= 752.25 103
Now Evaluate
0.6435
y2ds
=2
(R Cos 40)2 ( R d )
o
0.6435
=2R
1+Cos2
2
(R2Cos2 + 1600 80 R Cos)d ; We know that Cos2 =
o
0.6435
=2R
o
R2
(1 + Cos2) + 1600 80 R Cos d
2
0.6435
=2R
R2
2
+ Sin + 1600 80 R Sin |
2
2
o
= 2 50
+1600 0.6435 80 50 0.6], So y ds=3.397510

[502 0.6435+0.96
2
180
Myds
y2ds
752.25 103
3.3975 103
H = 221.42 KN
EXAMPLE NO. 8: Analyze the same problem by numerical Integration.

Write moment expression for segments in portions AC and BC due to applied loading only for a simple
span.
For segments 1 5, Mac = 225 (30 X) 5 (30 X)2 as before but in Cartesian co-ordinate system.
For segments 6 10, Mbc = 75 (30 X)
10KN/m
C
(1)
(2)
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)(9)
(10)
225KN
60m
75KN
R=50m
Note: X is measured for mid span and y is corresponding rise. Now attempt in a tabular form.
Section
1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
S = R (2 )
= 50 2 0.6435
S = 64.35 m
X
27
21
15
9
3
3
9
15
21
27
y
2.08
5.38
7.69
9.18
9.91
9.91
9.18
7.69
5.38
2.08
M
630
1620
2250
2520
2430
2025
1575
1125
675
225
My
1310.4
8715.6
17302.5
23133.6
24081.3
20067.75
14458.5
8651.25
3624.75
468
121813.65
y2
4.33
28.94
59.14
84.27
98.21
98.21
84.27
59.14
28.94
4.33
549.78
so
ds =
64.35
= 6.435 m
10
H =
Myds
y2ds
181
(Because S has been divided in Ten Segments)
Myds
y2ds
121813.65 6.435
( Note: ds cancels out )
549.78 6.435
H = 221.57 KN
Same answer as obtained by algebraic integration.
EXAMPLE NO. 9: Analyze the previous arch for by assuming secant variation of inertia.
Integrate along the x axis by considering arch to be a beam.
Mac = 225 (30 X) 5 (30 X)2
0 < X < 30
Mbc = 75 (30 X)
0 < X < 30
502 X2 40
y =
30
MydX = [225 (30 X) 5 (30 X)2 ] [ 502 X2 40] dX

o
30
+ [75 (30 X)] [ 502 X2 40] dX , By taking y expression common, we have

o
30
MydX = [6750 225X 5 (900 60X + X2 ) +2250 75X] [ 502 X2 40)] dX

o
30
= ( 5X2 + 4500)[ 502 X2 40] dX
X terms cancel out
Let X = 50 sin, then dX = 50 cos d, So
(502 X2 ) = 50 Cos. Putting these we
have.
0.6435
( 4500 12500 sin2 ) ( 50 cos 40 ) ( 50 cos) d
Note : In solving the above expression , the following trignometrical relationships are used.
1. Sin2 = 1 cos2 and cos2 = /2 + sin 2/4
2. cos3 = sin sin3/3
3. cos4 = 3/8 + sin2/4 + sin4/32
182
By using the above formulas and solving the integral, we get the value as follows.
MydX = 730607.23
Now evaluate y2dX.
30
y2dX
=2 [
(502 X2) 40]2 dX. By evaluating on similar lines as stated above; we have.
= 3322.0
MydX
y2 dX
730607.23
=
3322.0
H =
H = 220.0 KN
The same may be solved by numerical integration
3.9. TWO HINGED PARABOLIC ARCHES
C
yc
B
A
L
Equation of the centre line of a parabolic arch with either abutment as origin is
y = CX (L X) (1)
At
X=
L
2
y = yc
Putting
L
L
L
2
2
L L
yc = C.
2 2
C. L2
yc =
4
4 yc
C= 2
L
yc = C
Putting the value of C in equation (1), we have.

4 yc
X (L X)
L2
4 yc X
y=
(L X), rated for
L2
y=
0<X<L
183
dy 4 yc
= 2 (L 2X)
0<X<L
dX
L
MydX
So
H =
y2dX
In parabolic arches, origin for X is usually their supports.
and
EXAMPLE NO. 10:

A twohinged parabolic arch with secant variation of inertia is subjected to the
loads at 3rd points as shown in the diagram. Determine the horizontal thrust at abutments & plot the B.M.D.
Verify your answer by numerical integration.
SOLUTION:
20m
C
40KN
D
40KN
20m
yc
B
A
D
40KN
60m
40KN
It is a symmetrically loaded arch. So moment expression on simple span in portions AC and CD may be
found and corresponding integrals may be evaluated and multiplied by 2.
Mac = 40 X
0 < X < 20
Mcd = 40 X 40 (X 20) = 800
20 < X < 30
4 yc X
y =
(L X) , Put value of yc and L for simplification purpose.
L2
=
or
4 . 10 . X
(60 X)
602
y = 0.011 X (60 X) = 0.011 60 X 0.011 X2

20
MydX = 2 (40 X)(0.011 60 X 0.011 X2)dX

o
30
+2 800(0.66 X 0.011X2 ) dX
20
Simplifying
20
30
= 2 (26.4 X2 0.44 X3 ) dX + 2 (528X 8.8X2)dX

o
o
20
30
26.4 X3 0.44 X4
528 X2 8.8 X3
=2
+ 2
4 o
3
2 3 20
184
26.4
0.44
528
8.8
3
4
2 8.8
3
2
3
528
=2
3 20 4 20 + 2 2 30 3 30 2 20 + 3 20
= 105600 + 152533.33
= 258133.33
MydX = 258.133 103
Now evaluate y2dX.
60
y2dX = (0.011 60 X 0.011 X2 )2 dX

o
60
= [(0.66)2 X2 + (0.011)2 X4 2 0.66 0.011 X3]dX

o
60
= (0.4356 X2 + 1.21 104 X4 0.01452 X3) dX

o
0.4356 X3 1.21 10-4 X5 0.01452 X4

=
+
5
4
3
o
60
0.4356
1.21 10-4
0.01452
603 +
605
604
3
5
4
= 3136.32
y2dX = 3.136 103
H =
MydX
y2dX
258.133 103
3.136 103
H = 82.3 KN
M = Mo Hy , y = 0.001 X (60 X) , at X = 20, y = yE

yc = 0.011 20 (60 20 ) = 8.8 m = yE
Mc = 40 20 82.3 8.8 = 75.76 KNm
MD = (40 30 40 10) 82.3 10 = 23 KN
ME = 40 20 82.3 8.8 = 75.76 KN
185
Now BMD can be plotted.

40KN
20m
C
8.8m
40KN
40KN
20m
10m 8.8m
40KN
60m
823
800
linear arch
parablic (2nd degree)
800
8.0
924.24
724.2
Note: The length of the segment should be even multiple of span. More than 5 or 6 segments will give
slightly improved answer.
3.10. EDDYS THEOREM: The difference between the linear arch and the actual arch is the BMD at that
point.
EXAMPLE NO. 11:- Analyze the following loaded two hinged arch by numerical integration method.
40kN
40kN
20m
D
C
A
40KN
and
20m
E
y=10m
c
4 5
L=60m
B
40KN
Mac = 40 X
0 < X < 20
Mcd = 40 X 40(X 20) = 800
20 < X < 40
Meb = 40 X 40(X 20) 40(X 40) = 2400 40X
40 < X < 60
y = 0.011 (60 X) = 0.66X 0.011 X2
( As before ) solving in a
tabular forces.
186
Section
1
2
3
4
5
6
X
5
15
25
35
45
55
L = 60 m , dX =
H=
=
y
3.025
7.425
9.625
9.625
7.425
3.025
M
200
600
800
800
600
200
My
605
4455
7700
7700
4455
605
25520
y2
9.15
55.13
92.64
92.64
55.13
9.15
313.84
60
= 10 m
6
MydX
y2dX
25520 10
313.84 10
H = 81.31 KN
Almost similar result was obtained by algebraic integration earlier.

EXAMPLE NO. 12:A twohinged parabolic arch with secant variation of inertia is subjected to a
uniformly distributed load on its left half. Determine the horizontal thrust at abutments and plot the
B.M.D. Verify your answer by numerical integration.
SOLUTION :
10KN/m
C
yc=10m
B
A
225KN
L=60m
75KN
Mac = 225X 5 X2
0 < X < 30
Mbc = 75X
0 < X < 30
y =
4yc X
(L X)
L2
4 . 10 . X
(L X)
602
= 0.011 X (60 X)
187
y = 0.66 X 0.011 X2
and
dy
= 0.66 0.022X = Tan
dX
30
30
MydX = (225X 5 X2) (0.66 X 0.011 X2) dX + 75 X (0.66 X 0.011 X2) dX

o
30
30
= (148.5 X2 2.475 X3 3.3 X3 + 0.055 X4) dX + (49.5 X2 0.825 X3) dX

o
30
30
148.5 X3 2.475 X4 3.3 X4 0.055 X5

49.5 X3 0.825 X4
=
+
+
4
4
5
3
o 3 4 o
148.5 303 2.475 30 3.3 30 + 0.055 30 + 49.5 30 0.825 30

4
4
5
3
4
3

= 712800.0174
MydX = 712.8 x 103
60
y2dX = (0.66 X 0.011 X2)2 dX

o
60
= [(0.662) X2 + (0.011)2 X4 2 . 0.66 . 0.011 X3] dX

o
60
X3
X5
X4
+ (0.011)2
2 . 0.66 . 0.011
3
5
4 o
3
= 3.136 10
712.8 103
H =
3.136 103
= (0.66)2
H = 227.30 KN
EXAMPLE NO. 13:-
Now Analyze the previous example. BY NUMERICAL INTEGRATION :

10KN
(2)
(3) C (4)
(5)
(6)
(1)
A
225KN
Mac = 225X 5 X
Mcb = 225X 300 (X 15)
y = 0.66 X 0.011 X2
2
60m
75KN
0 < X < 30
30 < X < 60
(same as before). Attempt in a tabular form.
188
Section
1
2
3
4
5
6
H =
X
5
15
25
35
45
55
y
3.025
7.425
9.625
9.625
7.425
3.05
M
1000
2250
2500
1875
1125
375
My
3025
16706.25
24062.5
18046.875
8353.125
1134.375
71328.125
y2
9.15
55.13
92.64
92.64
55.13
9.15
313.84
71328.125 . 10
313.84 . 10
H = 227.28 KN
WE GET THE SAME ANSWER AS WAS OBTAINED BY ALGEBRAIC INTEGRATION.

y15 = 0.66 X 15 0.011 (15)2 = 2.425 m
y45 = 7.425 m
10KN/m
C
7.425m 10m
7.425m
75KN
60m
225KN
2250
2250
1125
Mo-diagram
2273
1687.7
1687.7
Hy-diagram
2273
2250
1687.7
1125
M-diagram
29.99m
Point of contraflexure. Write a generalized Mx expression and set that to zero.

Mx = 225X 5X2 227.30 + [0.011 X (60 X)] = 0
225X 5X2 150.02X + 2.50X2 = 0
2.5X2 + 74.98X = 0
2.5X + 74.98 = 0
X = 29.99 m
Insert this value back in Mx expression to find M max in the arch.
EXAMPLE NO. 14:Analyze the following arch by algebraic and numerical integration. Consider :
A. the arch to be parabolic and then circular.
B. moment of inertia constant and then with secant variation.
189
2 KN/m
5KN
20m
6m
70m
Generally arches have been used by the engineers and architects dating back to old roman buildings,
Mughal and Muslim architecture. Main applications are in bridges, churches, mosques and other buildings.
Arch behaviour is dependent upon stiffness of supports, commonly called abutments or springings so that
horizontal reaction develops.
SOLUTION :
A.
PARABOLIC ARCH AND ALGEBRAIC INTEGRATION
2KN/m
70x52.5
5x20
+
= 53.93
70
70
5KN
20m
D
70m
21.07KN
53.93KN
Determine simple span bending moments.

Mac
Mcd
= 53.93 X X2
= 53.93X 70(X 17.5)
0 < X < 35
35< X < 50
= 53.93X 70X + 1225

= 16.07X + 1225
Mdb
= 53.93X 70(X17.5) 5 (X50)
0 < X < 70
= 53.93X 70X + 1225 5X + 250
= 21.07X + 1475
4YcX
=
(L X)
L2
=
4.6.X
( 70 X)
702
= 4.898 . 103 X ( 70 X )
= 0.343X 4.898 . 103 X2
35
MydX = (53.93X X2 ) (0.343X 4.898 103 X2 ) dX

o
190
50
+ (16.07X + 1225) (0.343X 4.898 103
X2
) dX
35
70
+ ( 21.07X + 1475 ) (0.343X 4.898 103 X2 ) dX Multiply the expressions

50
35
= (18.498X2 0.264X3 0.343X3 + 4.898 103 X4 ) dX

o
50
+ (5.512X2 + 0.079X3 + 420.175X 6X2 ) dX

35
70
+ (7.227X2 + 0.103X3 + 505.925X 7.225X2 ) dX re-arranging we get

50
35
= (4.898 103 X4 0.607X3 + 18.498X2 ) dX

o
50
+ (0.079X3 11.512 X2 + 420.175 X) dX

35
70
+ (0.103X3 14.452X2 + 505.925X) dX

50
= 4.898 10-3
35
50
X
X
X3
X4
X3
X2
0.607
+ 18.498 + 0.079
11.512
+ 420.175
5
4
3 o
4
3
2 35
+ 0.103
70
X4
X3
X2
14.452
+ 505.925 . Insert limits and simplify
4
3
2 50
= 88097.835 + 46520.7188 + 14251.3336

MydX = 148869.8874
Now calculate y2dX
70
y2dX = (0.343X 4.898 103 X2 )2 dX

o
70
= ( 0.118X2 + 2.399 105 X4 3.360 103 X3) dX

o
70
0.118X3
X5
X4
y dX =
+ 2.399 10-5
3.360 10-3
5
4 o
3
= 1386.932
MydX
H = 2
y dX
148869.8874
=
1386.932
2
H = 107.34 KN
191
B. SOLUTION OF SAME PARABOLIC ARCH BY NUMERICAL INTEGRATION:

We know
Mac = 53.93X X2
0 < X < 35
Mcd = 53.93X 70 (X 17.5)
35 < X < 50
Mdb = 53.93X 70 (X 17.5) 5 (X 50)
50 < X < 70
y = 0.343X 4.898 . 103 X2 . Solve in a tabular form.

SECTION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
H =
Y2
MY
3.5
10.5
17.5
24.5
31.5
38.5
45.5
52.5
59.5
66.5
1.14
3.06
4.50
5.46
5.94
5.94
5.46
4.50
3.06
1.14
176.51
456.02
637.53
721.04
706.55
606.31
493.82
368.83
221.34
73.85
201.22
1395.42
2868.89
3936.88
4196.91
3601.48
2696.26
1659.74
677.29
84.18
21318.27
1.30
9.36
20.27
29.35
35.34
35.34
29.85
20.27
9.36
1.30
192.24
MydX
y2dX
21318.27 7
192.24 7
H = 110.89 KN
=
Accuracy can be increased by increasing the number of

segments. Now BMD is drawn.
2Kn/m
5kN
20m
C
110.98KNA
4.50
70m
53.93KN
634.53
6m
4.50
706.55
421.4
368.83
110.98KN
21.07 KN
0
499.00 676.74 499.00
Mx-Diagram
Hy-Diagram
0
0
706,5
637.53
499.00
706.8
676.74
499.00
368.83
M-Diagram
192
C. CONSIDERING IT TO BE A CIRCULAR ARCH WITH ALGEBRAIC INTEGRATION

2KN/m
C
5KN
20m
D
6m
y
70M
D
53.93KN
21.07KN
R
R=105.08m
R =
L2 yc
+
8yc 2
R =
702
6
+
y
8X6
R = 105.08 m
(h yc) and
dy
= tan =
dX
X
105.082 X2
y =
R2 X2
y =
105.082 X2 (105.08 6 )
y =
105.082 X2 99.08 . Establishment expressions.
Mac = 53.93 ( 35 X) ( 35 X)2
0 < X < 35
Mbd = 21.07 (35 X)
0 < X < 20
Mdc = 21.07 ( 35 X) 5 (15 X)
20 < X < 35
[53.93 (35 X) (35 X) ][
35
My dX =
o
20
+ 21.07 (35 X)
o
35
+
o
105.082 X2 99.08 dX
[ 21.07( 35 X) 5 (15 X)] [
My dX = I1 + I2 + I3
105.082 X2 99.08 dX
105.082 X2 99.08 dX
193
( Where I1 , I2 and I3 are 1st , 2nd and 3rd integrals of above expression respectively). These are
evaluated separately to avoid lengthy simultaneous evaluation of above My dX expression.
[53.93 35 53.93X (35 + X 70X)] [
35
Evaluation of
I1 =
o
35
= (662.55 + 16.07X X2)

o
35
=
o
[662.55
105.082 X2 99.08 dX
105.082 X2 99.08 dX
105.082 X2 + 16.07 X
105.082 X2
X2
105.082 X2 65645.454 1592.216X + 99.08X2 dX
35
= 662.55
35
105.082 X2 dX
16.07
2 o
105.082 X2 (2X)dX .
Taking constants out.
35
35
1
X
2o
105.082 X2 ( 2X)dX 65645.454 dX 1592.216

o
35
35
XdX + 99.08 X2dX

o
Put X = 105.08 Sin

and
dX = 105.08 Cos d
At X = 0
= 0
At X = 35
= 0.3396 radians = 19.4

0.3396
I1 = 662.55
105.082 105.082 Sin2 (105.08)Cosd
2
2 3/2
2
2 3/2
+ 1 X 105.08 X 105.08 X .dX
3/2
3/2
o o
o 2
3/2 35
16.07 105.082 X2
2
3/2
35
35
0.3396
= 662.55 105.082
o
35
X 2
X 3
+ 99.08
2 o
3 o
65645.454 X | 1592.216
o
35
Cos2 d
16.07
[(105.082 352 )3/2
3
35
(105.082 )3/2 ] +
35
1 35
[ (105.082 352 )3/2 (105.082 X2 )3/2 dX]
3
o
194
65645.454 (35 0)
0.3396
I1 = 7315748.83
o
1592.216
353
(352 ) + 99.08
2
3
2
1+Cos d +1005048.922 + 11347550.55
2
0.3396
3o
105.084 Cos4 d 1856804.857
7315748.83
Sin2
+
2
2 o
0.3396
1
(105.08)4
3
0.3396
Cos2 (1 Sin2 )d + 10495794.62
I1 =
Sin (2 0.3396)
7315748.83
2
2
0.3396 +
+ 10495794.62
0.3396
1
(105.08)4
3
o
1 + Cos 2 1Cos 2 d
2
2
0.3396
= 12886893.66
1 105.084 Sin 2
+
3 2
2 o
0.3396
1
(105.08)4
12
o
= 12886893.66
1
Sin (2 0.3396)
(105.8)4 0.3396 +
6
2
]
0.3396
(1 Cos2 2) d
1
(105.08)4
12
o
1 1 + Cos 4 d
2

0.3396
= 12886893.66 13283049.35 +
1
(105.08)4
12
o
1 1 Cos 4 d
2 2
0.3396
= 396155.69 +
1
Sin 4
(105.08)4
24
4 o
= 396155.69 +
1
Sin (4 0.3396)
(105.08)4 0.3396
24
4
0.3396
= 396155.69 + 483712.6275
= 87556.9375
20
I2 = 21.07 (35 X)
o
105.082 X2 99.08 dX
20
= (737.45 21.07X)
o
20
=
o
[737.45
195
105.082 X2 99.08 dX
105.082 X2 73066.546
] dX
21.07X (105.08)2 X2 + 2087.6162

Put X = 105.08 Sin
dX = 105.08 Cos d
=0
= 0.1915
At X = 0
At X = 20
0.1915
I2 = 737.45
20
(105.08)2 Cos2 d +
21.07
2 o
26
105.082 X2
20
(2X) dX 73066.546 dX + 2087.616 XdX

o
0.1915
= 8.143 106
o
2
2 3/2 20
1+Cos 2 d + 21.07 (105.08) X
2
3/2
2
o
26
20
X2
73066.546 | X | + 2087.616
2 o
o
8.143 106
Sin 2
2
+ 2 o
0.1915
73066.546 (20) +
21.07
[{(105.08)2 (20)2}3/2 (105.08)2x3/2 ]
3
2087.616
(400 )
2
8.143 106
Sin (2 0.1915)
0.1916 +
2
2
438772.215
I2 = 58247.385
35
I3 = (662.45 16.07X)
20
105.082 X2 99.08
35
= [662.45
105.082 X2 65635.546
20
16.07
105.082 X2 + 1592.216X] dX
] dX
196
0.3396
= 662.45
35
105.082 Cos2 d 65635.546 | X |

20
0.1915
35
35
X2
16.07
+ 1592.216 +
2 20 2 20
0.3396
= 662.45 105.082
0.1915
105.082 X2 (2X) dX
1 + Cos 2 d 65635.546 15
2
1592.216
16.07 (105.082 X2 )3/2
(352 202 ) +
2
2
3/2
20
35
662.45 105.082
Sin 2
2
+ 2 0.1915 65635.546 15
0.3396
1592.216
16.07
(352 202) +
[(105.082 352 )3/2 (105.082 202 )3/2 ]
2
3
662.45 105.082
Sin (2 0.3396) Sin (2 0.1915)
0.3396 0.1915 +
2
2
2
65635.546 15 +
1592.216
16.07
(352 202 ) +
[(105.082 352 )3/2 (105.082 202)3/2 ]
2
3
I3 = 8838.028 . Adding values of three integrals. We have

MydX = 87556.9375 + 58247.385 + 8838.028
Now calculate y2dX
= 154642.3505 .
35
y2 dX = 2
o
35
= 2
o
105.082 X2 99.08
] dX
2
[105.08 X + 99.08 2X99.08

2
105.082 X2
] dX
35
= 2 (20858.653 X2 198.16
105.082 X2 ) dX
o
35
= 2 20858.653 | X |
o
0.3396
2 3 35
| X | 198.16 2
3
o
105.082 Cos2 d
0.3396
= 2 20858.653 (35)
2
(353 ) 198.16 2 105.082
3
o
2
1+Cos d
2
2
198.16 2 105.082
Sin 2
+ 353
+
3
2
2 o
0.3396
= 2 20858.653 35
197
y2d X = 1229.761
H =
MydX
y2dX
154642.3505
1239.761
H = 125.75 KN
D. CIRCULAR ARCH BY NUMERICAL INTEGRATION:- As you have seen algebraic integration is

lengthy, laborious and time consuming. so it is better to store such question by numerical integration.
5KN
20m
(5) (6) (7)
(3) (4)
(8)
(2)
(9) (10)
(1)
A
B
70m
21.07KN
53.93KN
y =
105.082 X2 99.08
Mac = 53.93 (35 X) (35 X)
20 < X < 35
Mbd
= 21.07 (35 X)
0 < X < 20
Mdc
= 21.07 (35 X) 5 (15 X)
29 < X < 35
Attempting in a tabular form
Section
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
X
31.5
24.5
17.5
10.5
3.5
3.5
10.5
17.5
24.5
31.5
Y
1.167
3.104
0.533
5.474
5.942
5.942
5.474
4.533
3.104
1.167
M
176.505
456.015
637.525
721.035
760.545
606.205
493.715
368.725
221.235
73.745
MY
205.981
1415.47
2889.901
3946.446
4198.29
3602.07
2702.596
1671.430
686.713
86.060
21405.157
Y2
1.362
9.635
20.548
29.965
35.307
35.307
29.965
20.548
9.635
1.362
193.634
198

S = 105.08 (2 0.3396) = 71.370 m
71.37
dS =
= 7.137 m
10
Myds
21405.157 7.137
H =
=
y2ds
193.634 7.137
H = 110.54 KN , Accuracy can be increased by taking more segments.
For secant variation of inertia follow the same procedures established already in this
Chapter.
Space for taking Notes:

Chapter Three Introduction To Two-Hinged Arches

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INTRODUCTION TO TWO-HINGED ARCHES

Basic Principle and B.M.

Mathematical Generalized Expressions.

Simple beam subjecte to applied

One reaction at support only

Two reactions at supports

The above beam and arch carry similar loadings.

THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

B.D.S. under applied loads (loads try to flatten the arch)

INTRODUCTION TO TWO-HINGED ARCHES

displacement at B due to loads

Put M= Mo Hy and then differentiate.

by putting M from (1)

Applying Castiglianos 2nd theorem, BL becomes =

THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

3.3. TYPES OF ARCHES :

Mo = Hy (The B.M. due to applied loads is balanced by Hy).

INTRODUCTION TO TWO-HINGED ARCHES

(Ha will occur only point D is a hinge support)

Due to unit redundant at D.

THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Sab sin + 40 =0 so Sab=

Horizontal displacement of D due to loads

Integrate and put limits

INTRODUCTION TO TWO-HINGED ARCHES

Solve the following arch by using consistent deformation method.

BDS UNDER LOADS

THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

BDS UNDER UNIT REDUNDANT AT D

Where DL = Horizontal deflection of D in BDS due to applied loads.

INTRODUCTION TO TWO-HINGED ARCHES

4.472 + 4 10 43 + 10 42 + 200 4 = +4893.8

THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION TO TWO-HINGED ARCHES

Because of symmetry, Moments and hence

[ 0.48 X dX + (0.48 X +5X+12)dX + 49 dX]

0.48X35+ 0.48 X3+ 5 X2 + 12X 5| +49X 2.5

(deflection of point F due to loads)

THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Taking horizontal reaction at F as redundant. Ma=0

INTRODUCTION TO TWO-HINGED ARCHES

m-diagram (Unit redundant at F)

[ (1.2734 PX)(0.8 X)dX + (0.6312 PX + 6.367 P)

(4 + 0.6X) dX + ( 0.211 PX + 9.523 P)(7)dX

+ (3.633 P + 0.9688 PX)(4 + 0.6X) + (0.7266PX (0.8X) dX

[ 1.01872X dX + (2.5248X + 0.37872X + 25.468 + 3.8202 X) dX

+ ( 1.477X + 66.661) dX + (14.532 + 2.1798X

+ 3.8752X + 0.58128X2 ) dX + 0.58128X dX

THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

[ (0.8X) dX + (16+0.36X + 4.8X) dX

Now all reactions are shown.

ANALYZED SEGMENTAL ARCH

INTRODUCTION TO TWO-HINGED ARCHES

3.6. ANALYSIS OF TWO HINGED CIRCULAR ARCHES :

B.M. & the normal S.F. at any section of the arch.

the radius of the arch;

the equation of centre line of the circular arch.

Two possible analysis are performed.

THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES