Ai SP Man 803
Ai SP Man 803
Ai SP Man 803
Iran B.V.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
TITLE
DRILLING PROCEDURES MANUAL
DISTRIBUTION LIST
Agip Iran
Eni - Agip Division Headquarter Drilling & Completion Units - STAP Archive
NOTE: The present document is available in a CD-Rom version that can be distributed upon
request addressed to Agip Iran B.V. Headquarter
Date of issue:
31/01/00
!
"
#
$
% Issued by:
P. Magarini
31/01/00
R. Poloni
C. Lanzetta
31/01/00
PREP'D
CHK'D
APPR'D
31/01/00
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G R O U P
INDEX
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
IMPLEMENTATION
1.3
2.
WEATHER PREDICTION
3.
DOCUMENTATION
10
3.1
REPORTING
3.1.1
WELL SITE REPORTS
3.1.2
OTHER WELL SITE REPORTS
10
10
11
3.2
CONTRACTOR PERFORMANCE
11
3.3
REPORT DISTRIBUTION
12
4.
13
4.1
13
14
19
20
24
30
4.2
31
31
32
33
4.3
DRILLING 17 /2 HOLE
4.4
5.
34
36
DRILLING 12 /4 HOLE
4.5
DRILLING 8 /2 HOLE
37
4.6
RUNNING OF 7 CASING
37
4.7
RUNNING OF 7 LINER
38
4.8
38
4.9
GENERAL GUIDELINES
38
40
40
43
5.1
43
43
43
48
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G R O U P
6.
7.
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5.2
50
50
50
57
61
63
5.3
64
66
66
69
5.4
70
70
75
75
5.5
75
76
77
77
77
79
79
5.6
82
82
83
84
84
84
5.7
85
85
85
85
88
89
91
91
92
DRILLING MUD
93
6.1
GENERAL
93
6.2
MUD PROPERTIES
93
6.3
SAFETY ACTIONS
94
6.4
95
6.5
96
97
7.1
GENERAL PROCEDURES
97
7.2
100
7.3
FLOW CHECKS
100
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G R O U P
8.
9.
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101
8.1
101
8.2
101
101
102
102
102
102
102
102
8.3
104
104
105
8.4
105
105
105
107
107
8.5
107
8.6
109
8.7
110
8.8
111
8.9
114
116
118
119
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
120
9.1
120
9.2
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS
9.2.1
UNIVERSAL TRANSVERSE OF MERCATOR (UTM)
9.2.2
GEOGRAPHICAL CO-ORDINATES
122
122
123
9.3
125
125
126
126
9.4
127
128
130
132
134
139
10. CORING
10.1 CORE BARREL TYPES AND USES
10.1.1 WIRELINE
10.1.2 MARINE CORE BARRELS
141
141
141
141
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G R O U P
10.1.3
10.1.4
10.1.5
10.1.6
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RUBBER SLEEVE
CONVENTIONAL CORE BARREL
INNER TUBES
MODIFIED BARRELS
141
141
143
143
145
146
146
148
148
149
150
150
152
152
152
152
153
154
157
12.1 RESPONSIBILITIES
12.1.1 CASING CHECK LIST
12.1.2 PREPARATION FOR CASING RUNNING AND CEMENTING
12.1.3 INSTALLATION PATTERNS (FOR MECHANICAL CEMENTING AIDS)
12.1.4 PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS
12.1.5 RUNNING PROCEDURE
12.1.6 CASING OPERATIONS WITH A TOP DRIVE
157
158
159
162
166
167
169
169
169
170
172
172
176
179
180
180
181
181
12.6 SQUEEZING
182
12.7 LINERS
12.7.1 PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS
12.7.2 RUNNING AND SETTING
12.7.3 CEMENTING
183
183
184
185
13. LOGGING
13.1 LOGGING WHILE DRILLING (LWD) CONSIDERATIONS
13.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF USING LWD
13.1.2 ONSHORE PLANNING
186
186
186
186
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G R O U P
13.1.3
13.1.4
13.1.5
13.1.6
13.1.7
RIG PLANNING
CONTRACTOR ADVANCED KNOWLEDGE
RIG MONITORING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
SHOCK MECHANISMS THAT CAN CAUSE LWD TOOL FAILURE:
SOLUTIONS TO SHOCK PROBLEMS:
187
187
187
187
188
188
188
189
189
190
191
192
194
14.1 GENERALS
194
194
195
195
196
196
196
197
197
198
198
198
199
199
200
200
201
201
202
202
14.7 SKETCHES
202
PRELIMINARY CHECKS
206
206
206
206
208
208
208
209
209
210
211
211
211
212
213
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214
226
230
233
237
238
238
238
239
240
241
242
242
242
243
243
244
244
245
16.7 FISHING
16.7.1 INVENTORY OF FISHING TOOLS
16.7.2 PREPARATION
16.7.3 FISHING ASSEMBLY
16.7.4 FISHING PROCEDURES
246
246
247
249
249
251
253
254
254
254
255
256
256
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G R O U P
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Page 8 of 271
The purpose of this manual is to define Agip-Iran B.V. policies and procedures for general
drilling operations. These are based on the contents of the Drilling Design Manual
AI/SP/MAN/802.
The purpose of the manual is to guide technicians and engineers, involved in Agip-Iran B.V.
Drilling activities, through the procedures and the technical specifications which are part of
the company standards.
Such company standards define the requirements, methodologies and rules that enable to
operate uniformly and in compliance with the Company principles.
The final aim is to improve performance and efficiency in terms of safety, quality and costs,
while providing all personnel involved in Drilling & Completion activities with common
guidelines in all areas world-wide where Agip-Iran B.V operates.
1.2
IMPLEMENTATION
The policies included in this manual apply to all Agip-Iran B.V operations.
All supervisory and technical personnel engaged in Agip-Iran B.V drilling, completion and
workover operations are expected to make themselves familiar with these and comply with
the policies and procedures specified and contained in this manual.
1.3
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
2.
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WEATHER PREDICTION
Weather data for rig locations are required to predict rig downtime, the effects on rig moving,
towing and establishing the rig on location. During drilling operations, a forecasting service is
mandatory in remote areas or where hostile weather conditions may be expected, e.g.
tropical storms.
Operating in cold water environments requires additional forecasting due to the possibility of
experiencing freezing conditions or mobile ice flows.
The site-specific information can be obtained from a certified meteorological and
oceanographic consulting company. To predict weather conditions, the consulting company
must be provided with the well location latitude and longitude or lease block number, the
water depth and expected drilling period.
The weather information required is wind, wave and current specifics for 80% weather
(normal condition), the one year storm, the 10 year storm and the 100 year storm during the
given drilling season.
Further information may be necessary in particular situations or to meet local regulations.
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G R O U P
3.
DOCUMENTATION
3.1
REPORTING
3.1.1
ARPO 01
ARPO 02/A
ARPO 03/A
ARPO 03/B
ARPO 04/A
ARPO 04/B
ARPO 05
ARPO 06
ARPO 13
ARPO 20/A
ARPO 20/B
FB 01
FB 02
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G R O U P
3.1.2
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
This report shall be attached to the copy of the appropriate log considered.
Well Test String Sketch
If well testing operations are conducted, every test string shall be recorded in a sketch with
the data as listed below, in addition to the general well test data report:
3.2
String schematic
Component description
Outside diameter
Inside diameter
Capacity
Lengths
Depths.
CONTRACTOR PERFORMANCE
There are two forms for the reporting of contractors performance.
Report FB-01 is for reporting of malfunctions and failures in services and equipment.
Report FB-02 is for documenting a contractors performance in relationship to the contract
conditions.
These should be completed giving an explanation of problems encountered and suggestions
for performance improvement.
Both of these forms must be completed in a timely manner at the end of the contractors
operations or at the end of the well, whichever is applicable.
Copies of the these reports are included in Appendix A.
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G R O U P
3.3
REPORT DISTRIBUTION
The following chart details the destination of, frequency and times that reports need to be
distributed.
Form
Freq.
Period/
Rig
Base
Peit
Arpo
Delay
Cont
Comp
R/A
R*/F
R*
Teap
Stap
ARPO-01
Each
Rig
Start of
activity
ARPO-02/A
Daily
1 Day
I/A
R*
R*
R/F
ARPO-03/A
Each
Job
With
ARPO02/A
I/A
R*
R*
ARPO-03/B
Each
Job
With
ARPO02/A
I/A
R*
R*
ARPO-04/A
Each
Job
With
ARPO02/A
I/A
R*
R*
ARPO-04/B
Each
Job
With
ARPO02/A
I/A
R*
R*
End of
phase
1 Day
I/A
R*
I/A
R*
R*
ARPO-05
ARPO-06
On
activity
1 Day
I/A
ARPO-20/A
After job
End of
phase
I/A
ARPO-20/B
After job
End of
well
I/A
FB-01
On
activity
1 Day
R*
R/F
FB-02
6
Months
7 Days
R/A
R*/F
ARPO-13
Legend:
A
F
I
R
R*
R*
Approve
File
Issue
Receive
Receive for relevant action
Table 3-1- Report Form Distribution Chart
Others
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G R O U P
4.
30" conductor pipes as per the Drilling Programme (squnch joints, rapid lock
connectors or welded preparation).
Pile hammer.
Equipment for handling joints.
Welding machine, if using welded connections.
26" bits.
26" stabs as per the BHA program.
20" casing.
20" casing equipment (shoe, etc.).
Plate for 5" DP (inner-string).
20" cementing plug (for emergency).
20" circulating head.
171/2 bits.
171/2 stabs as per BHA program.
121/4 bit and stabs for pilot hole, if necessary.
Sufficient cement for a 20" cementing job.
Material for light slurry, if needed.
Mud materials enough to drill a 26" hole, plus materials for mixing kill mud.
LCM materials.
Sealing adapter assembly for 20 casing cementing job (with 20" 5" DP
centralisers).
Wellhead equipment for 20" casing.
During the installation of the drilling rig, the following operations shall be carried out:
1)
2)
3)
4.1
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G R O U P
30 OD x 1. wall thickness X-52 has been selected as the Agip-Iran B.V. standard for
exploration and development drilling activities, only if this CP is unsatisfactory should
alternatives be considered; for suggestions refer to STAP-M-1-SS-4709.
CP can be installed either by driving with a pile hammer or by pre-drilling a hole and
cementing.
4.1.1
Pile Hammers
Diesel pile hammers (Refer to figure 4-a) are used for surface driving operations on
conductor pipe. The driving depth of the conductor pipe is a function of the sediments in the
ground.
The most common types of Pile Hammer are the Delmag - D44 or D46 which has a
hammer weight of 18t with a variable delivery fuel pump. In table 4-1, are shown the
specifications of others types of Delmag Hammers. The Manufacturer's Operating
Procedures must be followed when planning driving operations.
In table 4-2, are shown the normal and maximum blows/ft for different CPs and different
hammer sizes.
Model
D 22
D 22-02
Energy E
(ft lbs)
Ram Weight
Wr (lbs)
Hammer
Weight Wh
(lbs)*
Blows/Min
EWh
39,700
4,850
11,200
42 - 60
3.6
4,850
11,400
38 - 54
4.3
24,500 - 48,500
D 30
23,800 -54,250
6,600
12,300
39 - 60
4.2
D 30-02
33,700 - 66,100
6,600
13,150
38 - 54
4.8
D 36-02
38,000 - 83,100
7,900
17,700
37 - 53
4.7
D 44
43,500 -87,000
9,500
22,300
37 - 56
3.9
D 46-02
48,400 - 105,000
10,120
19,900
37 - 53
5.3
D 55
62,500 - 117,000
12,100
26,300
36 - 47
4.4
D 62-02
78,000 - 162,000
14,000
17,900
35 - 50
5.8
* This is without any accessories - Add approx 25% of the total weight for accessories.
Table 4-1 - Delmag Diesel Hammer Specifications
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G R O U P
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G R O U P
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
D 22
65 - 70
90
65 - 90
120
100 - 150
160
140 - 180
200
90 - 110
150
100 - 120
170
120 - 150
200
150 - 200
250
100 - 150
200
150 - 180
250
200 - 220
300
150 - 200
250
200 - 225
275
250 - 300
350
300 - 350
400
160 - 210
260
210 - 235
280
260 - 310
360
320 - 360
425
Hammer Size
D 30
55 - 80
110
100 - 120
140
120 - 150
170
80 - 100
140
90 - 110
160
110 - 140
180
150 - 180
200
90 - 100
170
110 - 150
200
175 - 200
250
100 - 150
200
140 - 175
250
150 - 200
300
200 - 300
350
120 - 170
220
200 - 250
350
250 - 350
400
With adapter
D 44
100 - 130
150
130 - 160
180
150 - 200
250
120 - 140
160
150 - 170
190
180 - 210
280
170 - 180
200
180 - 200
300
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G R O U P
The Franks Hydrohammer (Figure 4-b) is an intelligent hammer due to the sophisticated
electronic control design. This control system is capable of regulating the energy for each
impact. The net energy applied to the pile, which is measured during every blow, is
monitored and can be regulated from the maximum to 5% or less. Since the measure of
energy is precisely known, the force applied to the pile can be accurately computed.
One particularly unique advantage of the Hydrohammer is the control systems ability to shut
off the ram automatically if the pile starts to run ahead of the hammer in soft soils, e.g. due
to:
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G R O U P
S-90 Specifications
90 kNm
66,000ft lbs
3 kNm
2,200ft lbs
50lb/min
8.2 kNm/t
2.8ft lbs/lbs
4.5t
10,000lbs
9.2t
20,300lbs
0.8t
1,800lbs
4.2t
9,300lbs
14.2t
31,400lbs
11t
24,300lbs
Ram
Hammer (in air)
Flat-bottom anvil
Pile sleeve incl. ballast
Total weight in air
Total weight submerged
Dimensions
Outside Dia. of hammer (A)
Length of hammer (B)
Sleeve for piles up to OD (C)
Length of the hammer with sleeve and ballast (E)
610m
24ins
7,880 m
310ins
915m
36ins
9,900mm
390ins
Hydraulic Data
Operating Pressure
Max. pressure
Oil Flow
Power Pack
Hydraulic hose (ID)
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
280bar
4,000psi
350bar
5,000psi
220l/min
58gal/min
140KW
32mm
1.25ins
Table 4-3 - Franks S-90 Hydrohammer
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G R O U P
4.1.2
df
GOVhi =
If the refusal depth does not meet this value, internal washing may be required. CP internal
washing might be necessary several times before reaching the planned depth.
When the driving depth of the conductor pipe is not specified in the Drilling Programme, the
final depth of the driving is the refusal depth.
The refusal value generally used is 1,000-1,100 blows/metre.
Local experience could dictate a different refusal value. The driving depth can be predetermined by conducting soil boring analysis.
Examine offset well data for depths and potential problems in order to determine if the CP
depth is adequate.
It should be noted that if there is a high refusal value in very hard formations, the CP shoe
could collapse.
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G R O U P
4.1.3
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b)
The Quick Thread Connection RL-4 (Refer to Table) is a very rigid connection for
conductor and casing connections and requires just one-quarter turn for full make up.
The helix angle of the patented, interlocking thread form, in combination with other
connector geometries creates a preload force between the pin and box. The 30 and
larger RL-4 conductor connectors have a generous shoulder for efficient driving.
Four identical threads 90 apart make-up simultaneously. The thread interface is
tapered at 4 per ft of diameter. The connector box has four slots cut on the OD, close
to the shoulder of the box and the connector pin has four recessed grooves cut on its
OD adjacent to the slots on the box.
To activate the anti-rotation tab, a 90 incision is made with the impact tool into the
anti-rotation slot. A strip of metal is bent into the recessed groove in the pin which
provides a positive mechanical lock.
It does not need power tongs for make-up and is releasable and reusable. It has a high
9 stab angle with dual stab guides. A negative 5 backrake thread interlock reduces
belling tendency. The standard specifications for some selected pin and box sets are
shown in table 4-4.
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G R O U P
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G R O U P
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G R O U P
Squnch Joint
O - Ring Seal On
Elevator Shoulder
Pipe OD
(ins)
30
Tension
Capacity
(kips)
4,600
Bending
Capacity
(kips ft)
2,800
Internal
Pressure
(psi)
4,670
Weight
Pin & Box
(lbs)
625
36
1.50
36.81
31.75
10,000
5,250
3,900
1,000
38
2.00
39.50
31.10
13,500
12,000
4,000
2,300
42
1.00
43.63
39.50
7,063
4,730
2,300
1,523
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G R O U P
4.1.4
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Driving 30" CP
Running Procedure, if a quick joint system is used:
1)
2)
3)
4)
The length of each joint will be 12-15m (40-50ft) approximately, unless using nonstandard specification. The driving shoe shall be built as per figure 4-d with a 45o
internal bevel on the lower end.
Each joint will be lifted on to the rig floor with a side door elevator, 30 x 150t.
Each joint will be run in hole with a hydraulic clamp, 30 x 250t.
The casing string will be hung of on the slips with a hydraulic clamp, 30 x 250t.
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
The 30" conductor pipe end has to be checked in order to ensure this is a maximum
angle of 30o for welding operations.
The length of each joint will be 12-15m (40-50ft) approximately, unless non standard
o
specification. The driving shoe shall be built as per figure 4-d with a 45 internal bevel
on the lower end.
Each joint of CP will have two pad eyes installed appropriately dimensioned and
welded 1.5m below the upper end (Refer to figure 4-e ) and one lifting eye welded
close to the lower end to permit easy handling with the rig crane. Do not weld on pad
eyes if internal or external elevators are available.
A 31" false rotary table, to ensure better pipe stabbing, shall be positioned on top of
the rotary table (Refer to figure 4-f)
The diesel pipe hammer shall be positioned on the rig floor prior to driving operations
and all equipment shall be inspected. Every conductor pipe joint shall be measured
and marked.
Pick up the shoe joint with the travelling block (Refer to figure 4-g), cut and remove the
lifting eye, run the joint through the 31" false rotary table. Land the joint on the pad
eyes.
Pick up the next joint and add to the shoe joint. The connection is obtained by welding
the pipe ends.
Pick up another conductor pipe with the travelling block, cut and remove the pad eyes
on the shoe joint.
Lower the string until the conductor pipe shoe reaches the bottom of the cellar or the
sea bed, if on a Jack-Up.
With the travelling block and the slings, pick-up and stab the pipe hammer onto the last
joint.
Begin driving operations on the conductor pipe, closely monitoring the first blows as
the penetration may be very high.
Stop hammering once the pad eyes are about 0.5m above the 31" false rotary table.
Do not remove the pad eyes.
Remove the pipe hammer.
Pick-up the next joint, make the connection, remove the pad eyes and lifting eye on
previous joint and continue driving operations.
Continue until the planned penetration or the maximum blowing energy is reached
(Refer to the Drilling Programme).
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G R O U P
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G R O U P
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G R O U P
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G R O U P
Agip
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G R O U P
Note:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
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G R O U P
4.1.5
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Note:
Run a 26" bit + float valve + 36" Hole Opener + 1 x 9" Monel DC + 1 x 9" Spiral DC +
5" HWDP + 5" DPs; in offshore operations whith Jack-Ups down to the seabed and
measure the water depth.
Drill to the depth of the first two joints using high viscosity mud (80-120 seconds
Funnel viscosity) and at a very slow pump rate, in offshore operation whith Jack-Ups
space out in order to avoid pulling the bit above the mud line at the first connection.
Drill the remaining 36" hole down to the a planned depth (with min WOB and at a
higher pump rate) pumping fresh water (sea water in offshore operations whith JackUps) and a high viscosity mud cushion (at least 20-30 bbls every connection). Pump
mud at a low flow rate if the well doesn't take fluid.
At TD circulate the hole clean, displace the hole with gel mud (50% excess over open
hole volume) and make a wiper trip; in offshore operations whith Jack-Ups make a
wiper trip to the sea bed paying attention not to pull the bit above the mud line.
Run back to bottom. If any fill is found, repeat the previous step otherwise displace the
hole with gel mud (100% excess over theoretical hole volume). Take a directional
survey and pull the 26" bit + 36" HO.
Run the 30" x 1" thick CP and cement it in the hole using an inner string and sealing
adapter (Refer to the Casing Running and Cementing section).
Install two pad eyes on the CP just above the spider deck level and anchor the
conductor pipe with four slings to the rig substructure, if required.
Cut the 30" CP at the specified depth below rotary table according to the Drilling
Programme and make up the diverter assembly.
Install the bell nipple and diverter assembly.
Run the 26" bit and perform a diverter function test from the driller's panel and remote
station as follows:
a)
Close the diverter around drill pipe and circulate through both diverter lines.
b)
c)
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
4.2
4.2.1
Cluster Wells
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
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Run a 26 bit and perform a function test; in offshore operations whith Jack-Ups before
fill the riser with seawater and check the level.
Run the 26" bit + float valve + BHA, specified in the Drilling Programme.
Test the diverter function by circulating with drilling water. Test the lines, all relative
valves and operating functions.
Locate the top of the fill inside the 30 conductor, record and report the depth.
Clean out the 30" CP with high viscosity mud at a starting pump rate of 3,000l/m
reduced to 500l/m when reaching the proximity of the 30" shoe.
Perform a directional survey as per AI/SP/MAN/810-tab-7.2 or tab-7.3.
Run a 26" bit with a 91/2" Downhole Motor and drill to the 20" casing depth according to
the programme, allowing a 9-10 m (30 ft) pocket below the 20" shoe. It is advisable to
use the nudging hole technique in this phase (max. drift angle is 3)
Start drilling using high viscosity mud with reduced parameters (i.e.: Q = 1000l/m,
WOB = 0.3t, rpm = 100-120) for the first two joints, in order to prevent under washing
of the nearby casing.
Increase the pump rate as per the Drilling Programme down to the planned 26 hole
depth. While drilling, the mud viscosity must be kept at high values as per the Mud
Programme while keeping the mud density as low as possible. The desilter and
desander must be kept in operation.
Conduct a wiper trip to the 30" shoe and, if it is good, circulate the hole volume
reciprocating the drill string. If an overpull or fill occurs at the bottom, ream the
concerned hole section again.
Displace the open hole with high viscosity mud (80-100sec Funnel viscosity) and pull
out of the hole to run the 20" casing.
Take a directional survey as per the Directional Control & Surveying Procedures.
If a pilot hole is required to nudge the hole, due to drillability problems with the
1
formation or to kick-off above the 20 shoe depth, drill the section with a 17 /2 bit and
1
9 /2 drilling turbine. At the 20 casing depth, spot a pill and pull-out.
1
Open the hole to 26 until 9-10m (30ft) of 17 /2 pocket remains.
Perform a check trip to the 30 shoe and back to bottom, clean out any fill and spot
viscous mud in the open hole section prior to pulling out of hole for running the 20
casing.
Pick up enough drill pipe to reach the planned casing shoe depth with stinger and
stand back in the derrick.
Run the 20" casing, and then run the inner string. Insert the stinger in the casing shoe
and circulate for 10 mins max. to test the stinger seals, checking the casing/DP
annulus level.
Cement the 20" casing as per cementing section. Wait on cement.
Remove the bell nipple and diverter assembly, cut and recover the 20" casing above
the cellar deck level as per the Drilling Programme.
Weld on the bottom base flange and test it.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
21)
22)
23)
4.2.2
As soon as the cement samples are hard, perform a directional survey inside the 20"
casing from top of the cement to surface as per AI/SP/MAN/810-tab-7.2 or tab-7.3.
This will be used as the tie-in to any previously taken directional survey.
Install the high pressure riser drilling spool, BOP stack and test them as per the Well
Control Policy STAP P1M6150-7).
If skidding the derrick for the next hole, cover the previous welded flange with a plate
to prevent any objects dropping into the hole.
Single Well
1)
2)
Note:
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
Prior to drilling out the 30 CP shoe, mix approx. 50-60m of kill mud at 1.4 SG to be
ready for use if encountering shallow gas; in offshore operations whith Jack-Ups fill the
30 riser with sea water and check the level.
Run a 26" bit + float valve + BHA + 1 stand of DP and perform a diverter function test,
i.e.:
a)
Fill up the well with water.
b)
Close the diverter around the drill pipe and circulate through diverter lines.
Record the time to operate the functions.
c)
Gradually build up to the max. pump rate and record the pressure.
d)
Drill the 26" hole down to the planned depth as per the Drilling Programme.
Begin drilling with an unweighted gelled mud with reduced parameters (Q = 1000l/m,
WOB = 0-3 t, rpm =100-120) for the first two joints, then increase the pump rate as per
the Drilling Programme.
At 26" hole TD, circulate a volume of mud equal to the capacity of the drilled section.
Perform a wiper trip to the 30" shoe and back to bottom again. Clean out any fill and
circulate to condition the mud.
Take a directional survey as per AI/SP/MAN/810-tab-7.2 or tab-7.3.
Run and cement the 20" casing as per the Casing Running and Cementing section.
Wait on cement.
Remove bell nipple and diverter assembly.
Cut and recover the 20" casing above celler level or spider deck level In offshore
operations whith Jack-Ups as per the rig specifications.
Weld on the bottom base flange and test it.
Install the drilling spool, BOP stack and test them as per the Well Control Policy
(AI/SP/MAN/808-7).
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G R O U P
4.2.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
2)
Prior to drilling out the 30" shoe, mix approx. 50-60m3 of kill mud at 1.4SG to be used
in case of encountering shallow gas; in offshore operations with Jack-Ups fill the 30
riser with sea water and check the level.
Run a 26" bit + float valve + BHA + 1 stand of DP and perform diverter function test:
a)
Fill up the well with water.
b)
Close the diverter around the drill pipe and circulate through diverter lines.
Record the time to operate the functions.
c)
Gradually build up to the maximum pump rate and record the pressure.
d)
Note:
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
Note:
Limit pump rate to 1,000l/m for first two joints below the shoe then increase the
pump rate as per the Hydraulic Programme.
c)
Stop drilling and monitor for any significant show. Circulate any gas show to
surface.
d)
While pulling out of the hole if swabbing occurs, run back to bottom and circulate
until control is re-established.
e)
Continually observe returns from the annulus. If there are partial losses, cease
drilling and circulate the hole clean before recommencing drilling operations
(Refer to loss circulation remedial operations, section 17).
The pilot hole should be 9-10m (30ft) deeper than 20" casing setting depth.
Take a directional survey with a single shot 10m (30ft) below the 30" CP shoe and at
every 150m (500ft) to TD.
Perform a wiper trip to the 30" shoe and back to bottom again. Clean out any fill and
circulate to condition the mud. Pull out of the hole.
Run a 26 bit with BHA and enlarge the pilot hole to the casing point and perform a
check trip to the 30 shoe then back to bottom. Clean out any fill and spot viscous mud
in the open hole section prior to pulling out of hole for running the 20 casing.
Run and cement the 20" casing with an inner string as per the Cementing section 12.
Wait on cement.
Remove bell nipple and diverter assembly.
Cut and recover the 20" casing above celler level or spider deck level In offshore
operations whith Jack-Ups as per the rig specifications.
Weld on the bottom base flange and test it.
Install the drilling spool, BOP stack and test them as per the Well Control Policy STAP
P1M6150-7).
If a mud line suspension system is being used, refer to section 15.5.
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G R O U P
4.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
DRILLING 17 /2 HOLE
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
Run a 171/2 " bit and BHA. Drill out the 20 float collar, cement, casing shoe and wash
down to the rat hole TD. If it is planned to drill a long section, install a well head bore
hole protector into the base flange.
Drill 5m (15ft) of new hole, condition the mud and perform a leak off test (Refer to
section 11).
1
Resume drilling with the 17 /2 bit using the proper BHA for either a vertical or deviated
hole (Refer to section 8.1).
1
Drill the 17 /2" hole down to KOP (if in a deviated hole phase) and change the BHA for
1
the build up. If a well is to be vertical, drill the 17 /2" hole to the casing point.
Drilling parameters and hydraulics will be in accordance with the Contractor Directional
Operators instructions (if present) or as per the Drilling Programme. Mud and bits will
be as per the Drilling Programme.
Take a directional surveys as per AI/SP/MAN/810-tab-7.2 or tab-7.3.
3
At the 13 /8 casing point, circulate the shakers clean. Make a wiper trip to the 20"
casing shoe. Run to bottom reaming any tight spots, circulate to condition the mud and
pull out of the hole.
Run electrical logs as per the Geological Programme.
Run a bit to bottom to check the hole, circulate to condition the mud and pull out of the
3
hole to run the 13 /8 casing.
3
Run and cement the single or dual stage 13 /8 casing (Refer to the Casing Running
and Cementing section 12). Wait on cement.
3
Hang the 13 /8 casing on the bottom flange giving it additional tensile load calculated
as per the Casing Design Manual (AI/SP/MAN/809-8.3.4), if required, and cut the
3
13 /8" casing.
Pick up the BOP stack.
Nipple up the first intermediate casing spool and test it.
Lay down the BOP stack.
Install the drilling spool, 133/8 BOP stack and test as per the Well Control Policy
(AI/SP/MAN/808-7). or install a wellhead protection cap and skid the rig as per the
skidding sequence, if drilling cluster wells.
Note:
Note:
Use the highest grade of 5" DP or HWDP when testing with a cup tester.
In table 4-6 are given the specifications for Class 1 drill pipe.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
API Units
DP
(in)
Weight
(lbs/ft)
Grade
API Units
Max. Tensile
Load (lbs)
19.5
E-75
395,595
19.5
X-95
25.6
SI Units
Rated Load
DP
(mm)
Weight
(Kg/m)
Grade
SI Units Max.
Tensile Load
(daN)
Rated Load
316,476
127
29
E-75
176,000
140,800
501,087
400,870
127
29
X-95
223,000
178,400
E-75
530,144
424,115
127
38
E-75
239,900
191,920
19.5
G-105
553,633
442,906
127
29
G-105
246,400
197,120
25.6
X-95
671,515
537,212
127
38
X-95
298,800
239,040
50.0
HWDP
690,750
552,600
127
74.4
HWDP
307,000
245,600
19.5
S-135
712,070
569,656
127
29
S-135
316,900
253,520
25.6
G-105
742,201
593,761
127
38
G-105
330,300
264,240
25.6
S-135
954,259
763,407
127
38
S-135
424,600
339,680
(80% Load )
(lbs)
(80% Load)
(daN)
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G R O U P
4.4
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
DRILLING 12 /4 HOLE
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
Note:
Run a 121/4 bit and BHA. Drill out the 133/8 float collar, cement, casing shoe and wash
down to the rat hole TD. If it is planned to drill a long section, install a wellhead bore
hole protector into the first casing spool.
Drill 5m (15ft) of new hole, condition the mud and perform a leak off test (Refer to
section 11).
1
Resume drilling with the 12 /4 bit using the proper BHA for a vertical or deviated hole.
1
Drill the 12 /4 hole down to KOP and, if in a deviated hole phase, change the BHA for
1
the build up. If the well is to be vertical, drill the 12 /4 hole to the casing point.
The drilling parameters and hydraulics will be in accordance with the Contractor
Directional Operators instructions (if present) otherwise follow the mud and bits drilling
parameters as per the Drilling Programme.
Take a directional survey as per AI/SP/MAN/810-tab-7.2 or tab-7.3.
5
3
At the 9 /8 casing point, circulate the shakers clean, make a wiper trip to the 13 /8
casing shoe and then run to bottom reaming any tight spots. Circulate to condition the
mud and pull out of the hole.
Run electrical logs as per the Geological Programme.
Run the bit to bottom to control the hole, circulate to condition the mud and pull out of
5
the hole for running the 9 /8 casing.
5
Run and cement in the single or dual stage 9 /8 casing (Refer to the Casing Running
and Cementing section 12.1.5). Wait on cement.
5
Hang the 9 /8 casing on the first intermediate casing spool giving it the additional
tensile load calculated as per the Casing Design Manual (AI/SP/MAN/809-8.3.4), if
5
required, and cut the 9 /8 casing.
Pick up the BOP stack.
Nipple up the intermediate casing spool and test it.
Lay down the BOP stack.
Install the drilling spool and BOP stack and test as per the Well Control Policy
AI/SP/MAN/808-7) or install a well head protection cap and skid the rig as per skidding
sequence, if on cluster wells.
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G R O U P
4.5
DRILLING 8 /2 HOLE
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Note:
4.6
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Run a 81/2 bit and BHA. Drill out the 95/8 float collar, cement and casing shoe then
wash down to the rat hole TD. If it is planned to drill a long section, install a wellhead
bore hole protector into the second drilling spool.
Drill 5m of new hole, condition the mud and perform a leak off test (Refer to section
11).
1
Resume drilling with the 8 /2 bit using the proper BHA for a vertical or deviated hole.
1
Drill the 8 /2 hole down to KOP and, if in a deviated hole phase, change the BHA for
1
the build up. If the well is vertical, drill the 8 /2 hole to the casing point.
Drilling parameters and hydraulics will be in accordance with the Contractor Directional
Operators instructions (if present) otherwise the mud, bits and drilling parameters will
be as per the Drilling Programme.
Take a directional surveys as per AI/SP/MAN/810-tab-7.2 or tab-7.3.
5
At the 7 casing point, circulate the shakers clean, make a wiper trip to the 9 /8 casing
shoe and then run to bottom reaming any tight spots. Circulate to condition mud and
pull out of the hole.
Run electrical logs as per the Geological Programme.
Run the bit to bottom to control the hole, circulate to condition the mud and pull out of
the hole for running the 7" casing.
A 7 liner or casing will be run only if required due to drilling problems
before reaching the scheduled TD of well or if well tests have to be
performed.
RUNNING OF 7 CASING
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Run and cement in the single or dual stage 7" casing (Refer to the Casing Running
and Cementing section 12). Wait on cement.
Hang the 7" casing on the second intermediate casing spool giving it the additional
tensile load calculated as per the Casing Design Manual (AI/SP/MAN/809-8.3.4), if
required, and cut the 7" casing.
Remove the BOP stack.
Nipple up the tubing spool and test it.
1
Re-install the BOP stack replacing the 5 lower pipe rams with 5 variables or 3 /2
rams and test them as per the Well Control Policy (AI/SP/MAN/808-7).
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G R O U P
4.7
RUNNING OF 7 LINER
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
4.8
Check the inside diameter and rated load of the drill pipe.
Run the 7 liner checking the weight and circulate the liner capacity after the making up
of hanger to check the setting tool seal.
Set the liner as per the Manufacturers Procedure or as per section 12.7.
Cement as per the Casing Running and Cementing section 12, pull the stinger out of
the liner, circulate out the excess cement and condition the mud.
Pull ten stands, circulate and wait on cement. Circulate, pull the setting tool out of the
hole using a spinner.
1
Run a 8 /2 bit to the liner top, clean free of cement and circulate. Perform a seal test of
liner PBR and pull out of the hole.
1
Replace the 5 upper pipe rams with 3 /2 rams and test the BOP stack as per the Well
Control Policy (AI/SP/MAN/808-7)
7
4.9
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Run a 57/8 or 6 bit and drill out the cementing equipment in the 7 liner or casing.
Drill 5m of new hole, condition the mud and perform a leak of test, if required.
Drill the 57/8 or 6 hole to the planned depth following the specified Mud and Hydraulic
Programme.
At TD make a wiper trip up to the 7 casing shoe, run to bottom again and circulate to
condition the mud. Pull out of the hole.
Run logs as per the Geological Programme.
GENERAL GUIDELINES
1)
2)
3)
4)
Before the start of the Drilling Contract and every 1,500 rotating hours thereafter,
all Drill Pipe bodies shall be ultrasonically inspected. They can be replaced by
another previously inspected string to allow the NDT.
Heavy weight drill pipe bodies shall be ultrasonically inspected every 3,000
rotating hours. They also may be replaced by previously inspected pipe to allow
NDT.
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G R O U P
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
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Before the start of the Drilling Contract and every 300 rotating hours, thereafter,
all drill collars, drill-stem-subs and heavy weight drill pipe thread connections
shall be magnetically inspected. They also may be replaced by previously
inspected pipe to allow NDT.
After 200-300 drilling hours (depending on the severity of work) remove four
stands of 5 DP from the top of the BHA and replace them with new ones. The
removed DP must be sent to the Contractor s workshop for inspection.
Five stands of heavy weight drill pipe must be installed between drill collars and drill
pipe.
A float valve or a flapper valve, preferably the vented type, shall be placed immediately
above the bit while drilling pilot holes and larger holes as per the Well Control Policy
Manual (AI/SP/MAN/808-9.3.1). A vented type allows easy recording of the shut in
drill pipe pressure.
A kelly cock shall be run both above and below the kelly. If using a top drive system,
two inside BOPs; one Hydraulically Remote Operated and one Manually Operated,
shall be used.
Fishing operations or major changes in the BHA configuration must be discussed first
with the operations base and approval obtained.
Directional surveys must be performed as per the Directional Control & Surveying
Procedures Manual (AI/SP/MAN/810).
Blind or shear rams must be closed every time that tools are out of the hole. Record
the distance between the rotary table and the BOPs.
1
1
A 4 /2 IF or 3 /2 IF pin, threaded circulating head, a kelly cock and a chicksan line,
must be always present on the rig floor ready for use.
For the BOP Testing Procedure, refer to section 0 BOP and Casing Tests. The drilling
contractor shall be requested to submit a written procedure for BOP testing prepared
specifically for the type of equipment installed on the rig, and obtain the Companys
approval before starting operations.
When a drilling jar is used, never drill past the last two metres of kelly. This practice
allows cocking of the jar if pipe becomes stuck on the bottom. This also applies to top
drive drilling systems.
All tools run in hole must be measured and recorded for length, ID, OD, and a simple
sketch provided and always available on the rig.
When a PDC bit is used to drill out plugs and floating equipment, it is recommended to
use a bit saver floating equipment and a non rotating plug set.
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G R O U P
4.10
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
4.10.1
Make-up a kelly cock (15,000psi) to the single in the mouse-hole. The valve is to be in
the open position.
Make-up the single onto the top drive.
Drill the single and break out above the kelly cock.
Pick-up a new single with another kelly cock (15,000psi).
Break out and lay down the kelly cock in the string.
The kelly cock should be tested to the maximum anticipated surface
pressure each time it is used.
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G R O U P
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G R O U P
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G R O U P
5.
5.1
5.1.1
INTRODUCTION
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Prior to rig arrival on location and during anchor handling the following operations shall be
carried out:
Ensure that a spare O ring for each type of housing running tool, squnch joint,
seat protector, B.O.P. testing tool, hanger running tool, Pack-off running/testing
tool, Retrieving/reinstallation pack-off tool, Wear bushing, Connector ring gasket
in use is kept onboard.
Ensure that one spare hanger for each diameter in use must be available
onboard.
Ensure that one spare pack-off for each diameter in use must be available on
board.
Assemble and prepare all tools needed to run Temporary Guide Base, 30"
casings and wellhead housing.
Using the result of the soil test, determine the condition of the seabed and
whether the TGB should be run: use of a TGB is inadvisable in presence of
seabed inconsistency or excessive slope.
After the rig has been established on location, operations will start to set the 30" casing.
Setting the 30" structural casing is a critical part of the well program. The 30" casing, along
with the 20", will provide the structural foundation required to support the BOP stack, riser
tension and the subsequent strings of casing.
Two methods are in use to set the structural casing:
drilling 36" hole and running 30" casing or jetting in 30" casing.
Lithology and consistency of the subseafloor dictate which method should be used. If bottom
condition are not known, a jet test can be performed to the setting depth of the 30" casing.
5.1.2
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G R O U P
b)
Install slope indicator (bull's eye) on T.G.B. Alternatively slope indicator can be
run and recovered on T.G.B. running tool. The accuracy of this method is not
great because of the loose fit of the running tool in T.G.B., but it is sufficient to
give warning of excessive angle.
c)
Make up running tool on drill pipe and engage T.G.B. (a bumper sub could be
run above the running tool in order to land the T.G.B. without the use of the
motion compensator).
d)
e)
Make up guidelines.
f)
RIH with T.G.B. Keep guidelines tight to avoid entanglement and hook locked to
prevent rotation.
g)
h)
Before releasing, check angle with TV camera or ROV: if over 5 deg., reset the
T.G.B..
i)
Tension up and mark the guidelines at spider deck to see if any sinking or tilting
occurs during later operations.
b)
Make up 26 (or 17 1/2) bit, float, Totco ring, 36 hole opener, 9 1/2 and 8 drill
collars and heavy weight drill pipes.
c)
d)
e)
Make up Utility Guide Frame above hole opener and attach to guidelines.
Alternatively soft lines can be tied to guidelines and BHA; in this case use only
"Manila" rope of 3/8 of an inch or less.
b)
Space out before-entering T.G.B. such that bit will stay in hole when making the
first connection.
c)
Run TV camera/ROV to observe entry into T.G.B.. Note the distance from the
rotary table to the seabed prior to spudding. Record the water depth and air gap
measurement on the Daily Drilling Report, noting the date and the time of the
day.
d)
Drill 36 hole to the approximate depth specified on the drilling program. This
depth must be adjusted to the length of 30" casing on site and to a sufficient
length of rat hole (usually 8 to 10 m).
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G R O U P
After reaching total depth, displace the hole with high viscosity mud (100 sec.
funnel viscosity).
b)
c)
Make short trip to mudline. Do not pull the bit above the T.G.B.
d)
e)
f)
g)
If no drag or fill is experienced, displace the hole again with high viscosity
mud.
If drag and/or fill is experienced make a second short trip and dispiace the
hole with mud again. Repeat until drag and fill are eliminated.
Pull out of hole. Exercise extreme caution when hole opener comes through
T.G.B. to avoid cocking.
If the first totco survey failed, repeat the survey before pulling out of hole.
Skid P.G.B. on spider beams to a position directly under rotary table. Be sure a
slope indicator is installed on P.G.B. in a position where it can be seen with
subsea TV camera/ROV.
b)
Make up 30" running tool on a stand of drill pipe and stand back in the derrick.
c)
Pick up shoe joint and land in rotary table. Pump water into shoe joint and be
sure circulation is possible through the float shoe.
d)
Pick up intermediate joints and run 30" through P.G.B. Attach soft lines
approximately 3 m above the shoe using "Manila" rope of 3/8 of an inch or less.
Install O-Ring on Squnch Joints.
e)
Make up the 30" housing joint to the last joint of 30" casing.
f)
Run a 5" drill pipe cement stinger inside the 30" casing to within 15 m of the float
shoe.
g)
Pick up the 30" running tool from the derrick and make up to the cement stinger
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G R O U P
i)
Pick up the entire assembly and skid back the spider beams. Lower the
assembly to the waterline. Fill the casing with water and close the valve (or plug)
on the running tool.
j)
Run the casing on DPs or HWDPs. The running string must be filled on each
stand. Observe the entry of 30" csg into the T.G.B. with subsea TV/ROV.
k)
Open the motion compensator. Lower and land the P.G.B. on the T.G.B.. Adjust
the motion compensator to maintain approximately 10,000 lbs (4.5 t) on the
T.G.B.. If the T.G.B. was run in a soft, sedimentary seabed only to provide a
guidance for 36" BHA and 30" casing, do not land P.G.B. on T.G.B.
In this case adjust the motion compensator to hold the P.G.B. approximately 1 m
above the T.G.B..
b)
c)
Cement 30" casing as per drilling program. Observe returns at seabed with TV
camera/ROV, since it is important to get cement to the seafloor. With TV
camera/ROV also observe the position of the wellhead: the casing must not sink
while the cement is being mixed or float while the cement is being displaced (if
necessary adjust the position with motion compensator).
d)
e)
If P.G.B. is stable, check for back flow and back off the running tool.
If P.G.B. is not stable or has not been landed on the T.G.B., support the casing
with the running string and wait on cement before releasing the running tool.
If the float shoe does not hold, shut-in at the surface and allow the cement to set
prior to back off the running tool.
f)
Pull out until stinger is at 30" housing. Wash out 30" housing with seawater.
Continue to pull out of hole.
g)
Have P.G.B. in moon-pool on skid beams prior to running bottom hole assembly
where possible.
b)
Make up 26" (or 17 1/2") bit, float, Totco ring, 36" hole opener, 9 1/2" and 8" drill
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d)
b)
Jump ROV or divers and observe tag the seafloor to determine the water depth.
TV camera is essential to monitor tag for water depth since no surface indication
at Martin Decker will be seen due to pipe bowing out. Record the water depth
and air gap measurement on the Daily Drilling Report.
While ROV/divers are used to determine water depth, a brief location survey
should be performed.
c)
Space out such that the bit stays in the hole during the first pipe connection.
d)
e)
Note that circulation will usually cause top of the hole to become funnel shaped.
5.1.2.2.3 CONDITION THE HOLE AND WIPER TRIP
As per previous section 5.1.2.1.5 (WITH T.G.B.).
5.1.2.2.4 RUNNING 30" CASING AND P.G.B.
a)
Skid P.G.B. on spider beams to a position directly under rotary table and make
up guidelines. Be sure a slope indicator is installed on P.G.B.
b)
Make up 30" running tool on a stand of drill pipe and stand back in the derrick.
c)
Pick up shoe joint and land in rotary table. Pump water into shoe joint and be
sure circulation is possible through the float shoe.
Bottom 5 m of shoe joint should be painted white.
d)
Pick up intermediate joints and run 30" through P.G.B. Install O'Ring on Squnch
Joints.
e)
Make up the 30" housing joint to the last joint of 30" casing.
f)
Run a drill pipe cement stinger inside the 30" casing to within 15 m of the float
shoe.
g)
Pick up the 30" running tool from the derrick and make up to the cement stinger
and to the 30" wellhead housing.
h)
i)
Pick up the entire assembly and skid back the spider beams. Lower the
assembly to the waterline. Fill the casing with water and close the valve (or plug)
on the running tool.
j)
Jump ROV/divers
k)
Run the casing on Drill Pipes or Heavy Weight Drill Pipes. The running string
must be filled on each stand. Observe the entry of 30" casing into the hole with
ROV or divers TV camera.
It is impossible that wind and/or currents have changed from time of spud
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therefore creating an offset from the well. In this case re-position the vessel.
l)
Open and adjust the motion compensator to hold the bottom of the P.G.B.
approximately 1 m above the seafloor.
5.1.3
Set the P.G.B. on moon pool beams directly under the rotary table and make up
guidelines. Install slope indicator.
If T.G.B. is to be used as a mud mut, it should be attached below the P.G.B. with
cable slings and the two bases prepared on skid beams.
b)
Pick up 30" casing; open ended shoe joint, intermediate joints and housing joint.
Bottom 5 m of shoe joint should be painted white. Since the jet head should be 12 ft above the shoe, exact space out is obtained by cutting the 30" casing.
c)
Run 30" casing through the P.G.B. and land the 30" housing on the rotary table.
Alternatively, the casing string can be lowered and the housing latched into the
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Pick up the jetting string: jet head, 26" stabilizer, large O.D. drill collars and pup
joints (if required for space out).
e)
f)
Make up the 30" running tool to the jetting string and to the 30" wellhead
housing. Paint a white stripe on the 30" running tool for observation of tool backout.
g)
h)
i)
Pick up the entire assembly and skid back the spider beams.
j)
Lower the complete assembly on 5" Drill Pipes or Hevy-Wate Drill Pipes. Stroke
out motion compensator, tag bottom and record water depth observing with
ROV. While running in hole, keep the hook locked to prevent rotation and
guidelines tight to avoid entanglement.
k)
Jet 30" casing until top of 30" housing is approximately 2 m above mudline. Avoid
to apply excess set down weight since the 30" casing might cock. Move ROV up
to the P.G.B. and observe the slope indicator throughout the jetting operation. Do
not allow casing inclination to exceed 1 deg.
Start jetting with reduced flow rate for the first 5-6 m; thereafter increase pumps
to maximum SPM using seawater. Pump high viscosity slugs when required to
flush out 30" casing. Observe returns with TV camera to confirm circulation is
coming from inside the 30" casing rather than outside.
l)
Slow circulation over the last 3-4 m of penetration to prevent excessive hole
wash-out.
m)
At setting depth stop circulation and wait on 30" casing to soak for 1 or 2 hours.
n)
o)
Tension up and mark guidelines at spider deck to see if any sinking occurs
during subsequent operations.
p)
If 30" casing with P.G.B. sinks, try to support with guidelines unti1 latched within
20" casing. Support 30" and 20" with the running string while cementing and wait
on cement before releasing the running tool.
In cases where a previous well in the same area of operations has shown that
the 30" casing tends to sink, three precautions could be taken:
NOTE: In harder sandy bottom a down-hole motor with a bit can be run in piace of the
jet head.
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5.2
5.2.1
INTRODUCTION
After the 30" casing has been cemented or jetted, the next operation is to drill 26"
hole and to run 20" casing.
There are two options for drilling 26" hole. The first method is to drill through a
marine riser with returns to the surface, the second is to drill riserless with returns to
seabed.
The following are the primary reasons which govern the decision whether or not to
run the marine riser:
The procedures which follow are suggested as a guide only. Local variations will
dictate the appropriate method of drilling the well.
5.2.2
The gas flow is discharged into the sea and is kept away from rig personnel.
The hydrostatic head of the sea at the diverter outlets acts as a constant back
pressure to reduce the gas flow of a kicking well.
If the subsea diverter is equipped with shear ram and high angle release riser
connector, the vessel can be moved off location in an emergency.
The risk of collapsing the riser is eliminated since the riser remains full of mud or
seawater.
The subsea diverter can also be used to fill the hole continuously in case of severe
losses and to drill the well with returns to seabed.
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Information about the presence and depth of possible gas formations can be obtained with
MWD (Measurement While Drilling) tool or with electric wireline logs run in the pilot hole . The
first is the preferred method, since early detection enhances the safety of operations. As soon
as MWD indicates possible gas, the decision can be made to plug back to above top gas,
enlarge the pilot hole and set the casing directly above top gas, if the resulting changes in
casing design are acceptable.
To minimise the hazard of drilling into shallow gas pockets, it is essential to prepare emergency
procedures specific for each rig and to ensure that rig personnel are trained in this subject.
Prior to drill out of 30" casing shoe, shallow gas safety meeting must be held with all personnel.
Emergency unlatch of riser and anchor release as well as evacuation plans are essential topics.
All involved personnel (drilling crew, mud logging personnel, control room operator and
supervisory personnel) should know their duty in case of an emergency situation.
Two are the main methods used to drill 26" hole:
Drill pilot hole, pull the riser and open the hole
Drill pilot hole and open the hole through the riser with an under-reamer
Condition permitting, an alternative method consists in drilling 26" hole in one run using 17 1/2"
bit, MWD tool and 26" under-reamer. This system will not be discussed in these procedures.
5.2.2.1 DRILL PILOT HOLE PULL THE RISER AND OPEN THE HOLE
5.2.2.1.1
Make up 26" bit on the same bottom hole assembly used to drill 36" hole.
b)
c)
Make up Utility Guide Frame above the bit and attach to guidelines. Alternatively
soft lines can be tied to guidelines and BHA; in this case-use only "Manila" rope
of 3/8 of an inch or less.
d)
e)
f)
Drill out cement and casing shoe using seawater. Wash down rat hole.
g)
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b)
Run the pin connector or subsea diverter on marine riser and land on the 30"
wellhead housing with the motion compensator open.
c)
Latch hydraulically the connector. Perform a "pick up test" with 20,000 pounds (9
t) over-pull to ensure the connector is latched.
d)
e)
Make up 8 1/2", 9 7/8" or 12 1/4" bit, float valve, MMD and drill collars for
sufficient weight. A stabilizer can be run above the MOOD. In order to reduce the
risk of swabbing, a minimum number or no stabilizers should be used.
Large bit nozzles or no nozzles should be used, since a higher pump rate can be
achieved during dynamic killing operations. Large nozzles are also advantageous
to allow lost circulation material to be pumped through the bit in case of losses.
b)
Close surface diverter on drill pipe and pump seawater through the system in
both directions to assure that it is functioning properly.
If a subsea diverter is run, perform a pressure test against the 30" casing (test
pressure as specified in the drilling program). Function test and circulate
seawater through outlet valves.
c)
Run in hole.
Prior to drilling, there should always be an adequate volume of kill mud in reserve
(generally 70 to 100 m3 at 1.2-1.3 kg/l).
b)
Drill pilot hole to the approximate depth specified on the drilling program. This
depth must be adjusted to the length of 20" casing on board and to a sufficient
length of rat hole (usually 10 to 12 m).
The hole must be drilled at controlled penetration rate with light weight and fast
rotary to keep it straight. Restricted drilling rate minimizes the penetration into
possible gas bearing formation which in turn minimizes the influx rate. A
controlled rate of penetration also avoids an excessive build-up of solids in the
hole which could cause formation breakdown and losses.
Drilling fluid, cuttings, gas detector, flow and MWD data should be constantly and
accurately monitored in order to detect a kick as early as possible.
c)
Pumping out of hole is recommended for all upward pipe movements (i.e. making
connections). It is important to check that the circulation rate is sufficiently high
and the pulling speed sufficiently low to ensure that no swabbing will take place.
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When casing point is reached, circulate hole clean. Care must be taken, since
the well may kick while circulating due to the reduction in bottom hole pressure
which occurs with the removal of the cuttings.
b)
c)
Pull the bit to the seafloor. It is important to fill the hole properly during tripping
and every effort shall be made to minimize the possibility of swabbing.
If electrical logs are required, run back to bottom, circulate hole clean and pull
out of hole for logs.
d)
e)
Run the string, in different stages, down to the bottom displacing the mud with
seawater and always checking for flow.
f)
b)
c)
Make up 26" bit, float valve, Totco ring, 9 1/2" and 8" drill collars and heavy
weight drill pipes.
It is suggested to run a 26" stabilizer above the second drill collar.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
RIH
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After reaching total depth, displace the hole with high viscosity mud (+ 100 sec.
funnel viscosity).
b)
c)
d)
Retrieve survey at shoe and run back to bottom checking for bridges and fill.
e)
If no drag or fill is experienced, displace the hole again with high viscosity
mud.
If drag and/or fill is experienced, make a second short trip and displace the
hole with mud again. Repeat until drag and fill are eliminated.
POOH for running 20" casing. If the first Totco
5.2.2.2 DRILL PILOT HOLE AND OPEN THE HOLE THROUGH THE RISER WITH AN
UNDERREAMER
5.2.2.2.1 DRILL OUT 30" CASING SHOE
As per previous section 5.2.2.1.1
5.2.2.2.2 RUN MARINE RISER
As per previous section 5.2.2.1.2
5.2.2.2.3 MAKE UP AND RUN PILOT HOLE BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY
As per previous section 5.2.2.1.3
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When casing point is reached, circulate hole clean. Care must be taken since the
well may kick while circulating due to the reduction in bottom hole pressure which
occur with the removal of the cuttings.
b)
Check for flow and pull out of hole. It is important to fill the hole properly during
tripping and every effort shall be made to minimize the possibility of swabbing.
If electrical logs are required, run back to bottom, circulate hole clean and pull
out of hole for logs.
b)
c)
RIH
b)
Open 26" hole to the depth previously reached with the pilot hole.
Design and weight of bottom hole assembly, torque and return mud weight are
the parameters that will dictate the maximum rotary and maximum weight to run
on the bit. However, a maximum of 60 RPM should be used until the stabilizer is
beneath the shoe.
Use same mud weight as when drilling pilot hole with both pumps at maximum
SPM since high flow rate is necessary to clean the hole.
Drilling fluid, cuttings and flow should be constantly and accurately monitored.
c)
Pumping out of hole is recommended for all upward pipe movements (i.e. making
connections).
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At TD. (pilot hole depth), circulate hole clean and check for flow.
When circulating bottoms up to clean the annulus from the cuttings, the
equivalent mud density will be reduced and attention shall be taken on pit levels.
5.2.3
b)
Pull the bit inside 30" casing shoe. Pumping out of hole should be considered.
c)
d)
Displace the hole with heavier mud in order to compensate for gradient reduction
due to subsequent riser removal.
e)
f)
g)
h)
Unlatch the pin connector or subsea diverter. Remove the surface diverter. Pull
and lay down the riser.
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Make up 26" bit on the same bottom hole assembly used to drill 36" hole.
b)
c)
Make up Utility Guide Frame above the bit and attach to guidelines. Alternatively
soft lines can be tied to guidelines and BHA; in this case use only "Manila" rope
of 3/8 of an inch or less.
d)
e)
f)
Drill out cement and casing shoe using seawater. Wash down rat hole.
g)
Make up 8 1/2", 9 7/8" or 12 1/4" bit, float valve, MWD and drill collars for
sufficient weight. A stabilizer can be run above the MWD. In order to reduce the
risk of swabbing, a minimum number or no stabilizers should be used.
Large bit nozzles or no nozzles should be used, since a higher pump rate can be
achieved during dynamic killing operations.
b)
c)
Make up soft lines or Utility Guide Frame above the bit and attach to guidelines.
d)
e)
f)
Run in hole.
a)
b)
Drill pilot hole to the approximate depth specified on the drilling program. This
depth must be adjusted to the length of 20" casing on board and to a sufficient
length of rat hole (usually 10 to 12 m).
The hole must be drilled at controlled penetration rate with light weight and fast
rotary to keep it straight. Restricted drilling rate minimizes the penetration into
possible gas bearing formation which in turn minimizes the influx rate.
Use seawater and slug hole as required with high viscosity mud.
The subsea wellhead shall be continuously observed with- the subsea TV/ROY
and MWD data constantly monitored in order to detect a kick as early as
possible. Observe the sea around the vessel for gas bubbles all the time. Also
monitor standpipe pressure as a distinct pressure drop could be an indication of
an unloading well.
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c)
Pumping out of hole is recommended for all upward pipe movements (i.e. making
connections).
When casing point is reached, circulate high viscosity mud to sweep the cutting
from the hole and check for flow with subsea TV/ROV.
If electrical log are required, make a wiper trip, displace the hole with high
viscosity mud and pull out of hole for logs.
b)
Pull out of hole observing wellhead for gas returns with subsea TV/ROV. Every
effort shall be made to minimize the possibility of swabbing.
If hole conditions require, take into consideration the possibility of pumping out of
hole with mud.
Make up 26" bit, float valve, Totco ring, 9 1/2" and 8" drill collars and heavy
weight drill pipes.
It is suggested to run a 26" stabilizer above the second drill collar.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
RIH.
Open the hole to depth previously reached with the pilot hole.
Take same precautions as per pilot hole: watch subsea wellhead with subsea
TV/ROY, observe the sea around the vessel for gas bubbles and monitor stand
pipe pressure.
Drilling parameters:
b)
Pump speed: use the maximum SPM since high flow rate is necessary to
clean the hole.
Hole cleaning: use seawater and slug the hole as required with high
viscosity mud pills.
Pumping out of hole is recommended for all upward pipe movements (i.e. making
connections).
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After reaching total depth, displace the hole with high viscosity mud.
b)
Drop Totco survey on bottom and flow check observing with subsea TV/ROY.
c)
Pull the bit inside 30" casing shoe. Every effort shall be made to minimize the
possibility of swabbing.
d)
Retrieve survey at shoe and run back to bottom checking for bridges and fill.
e)
If no drag or fill is experienced, displace the hole again with high viscosity
mud.
If drag and/or fill is experienced, make a second short trip and displace the
hole with mud again. Repeat until drag and fill are eliminated.
POOH for running 20" casing. If the first Totco survey failed, repeat the survey
before POOH.
Make up 26" bit, float valve, Totco ring, 9 1/2" and 8" drill collars and heavy
weight drill pipes.
It is suggested to run a 26" stabilizer above the second drill collar.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
RIH
b)
Drill out cement and casing shoe using seawater. Wash down rat hole.
c)
Drill 26" hole to the approximate depth specified on the drilling program. This
depth must be adjusted to the length of 20" casing on board and to a sufficient
length of rat hole (usually 10 to 12 m).
Drilling parameters:
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After reaching total depth, displace the hole with high viscosity mud.
b)
c)
d)
Retrieve -survey at shoe and run back to bottom checking for bridges and fill.
e)
5.2.4
If no drag or fill is experienced, displace the hole again with high viscosity
mud.
If drag and/or fill is experienced, make a second short trip and displace the
hole with mud again. Repeat until drag and fill are eliminated.
POOH for running 20" casing. If the first Totco survey failed, repeat the survey
before POOH.
Have a 20" swedge (with compatible threads) and chicksan available on the rig
floor while running casing.
b)
Make up wellhead housing running tool on a stand of drill pipes and stand back
in the derrick.
c)
Pick up shoe joint and land in rotary table. Pump water into shoe joint and be
sure circulation is possible through the float shoe.
Bottom 5 m of shoe joint should be painted white.
d)
Run 20" intermediate joints. Fill the casing with seawater every five joint.
Observe the entry of 20" casing into 30" wellhead housing with subsea TV/ROV.
On first joint, 5 m above the shoe, make up casing guidance by tying soft lines
from links welded on casing to each guidelines.
Due to problems associated with making up large O.D. casing on a moving rig,
special connectors are normally used on 20" casing. These connectors have
large course threads with strong tapered profiles such that connections are
self-aligning and cross threading is minimiszed. Some connectors require O-ring
seals: in this case inspect and install all seal rings.
e)
Make up the housing joint to the last joint of 20" casing. Before running, carefully
inspect seal area of 18 3/4" wellhead housing.
Wellheads are normally ordered with a Squnch joint (non rotating) connection on
bottom. This eliminates the need to rotate the housing while in the derrick.
Therefore the top joint of casing must be a cross-over joint with the same
connector as the wellhead housing at one end and with the same connector as
the casing at the other end.
f)
Run a 5" drill pipe cement stinger inside the 20" casing to within 15 to 20 m of the
float shoe/collar (Figure 5-b).
g)
The stinger is run inside 20" casing using a special "spider plate". To avoid
damaging seal ring area with spider plate while running stinger, run the 183/4
housing with the seat protector installed.
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Figure 5-b
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h)
Pick up the running tool from the derrick and make up to the cement stinger and
to the 18 3/4" wellhead housing.
i)
Lower the entire assembly to the waterline. Fill the casing with water and close
the valve (or the plug) on the running tool.
j)
Run 20" casing on drill pipes or heavy weight drill pipes. The running string must
be filled on each stand.
k)
Open the motion compensator. Lower and land 18 3/4" housing inside 30"
housing observing with subsea TV/ROV. Perform a pick up test of 30,000
pounds (9 t) over string weight to confirm latch-in.
The string should be landed with compensator to avoid parting when the vessel
heaves after the housing latches in place.
5.2.5
Break circulation gradually and circulate at least 1 1/2 casing volume. During
circulation, with subsea TV/ROV observe the wellhead in order to detect any leak
which may occur between the running tool and the 20" housing.
b)
Cement 20" casing as per drilling program, observing running tool and returns
with subsea TV/ROV.
While cementing pay special attention that any sinking of 30" wellhead will not
occur.
c)
d)
Release the pressure to check the float and back off the running tool.
If the floating equipment does not hold, shut-in at the surface and allow the
cement to set prior to back off the running tool.
e)
Pull out until bottom of stinger is just below 20" housing and wash wwellhead with
seawater. Make sure the stinger does not come out of housing then jam back in,
possibly causing damage to AX/VX ring groove or to wellhead bore.
f)
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5.3
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Configurations
4 rams and 2 annulars
4 rams and 1 annular
3 rams and 1 or 2 annulars
5
The most common configuration consists of a 13 /8" single stack system with 4 rams and 2
annulars (Refer to figure 5-c). This configuration is used in this section as an example to
describe BOP equipment bearing in mind that same principles apply to all types.
A conventional BOP stack consists of two sections, the lower which contains:
Wellhead connector
Ram preventers
One annular preventer
Hydraulic connector
Annular preventer
Control system pods
Flex joint to the top of which the riser is connected.
This upper part is referred to as the lower marine riser package (LMRP), the term stack
being applied to the lower part. If it ever needs to be repaired during the course of the well,
the package can be retrieved with the riser leaving the stack in position on the wellhead.
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Wellhead Connector
The wellhead connector profile must obviously match that of the subsea wellhead. In EniAgip Division and Affiliates are used the most common profiles which are Vetco H4 and the
Cameron Collet.
5.3.2
BOP Rams
Besides being able to seal off the annulus around the drill pipe, the pipe rams can also
support the weight of the drilling string if it needs to be hung-off. The maximum hang-off
capacity is in the region of 600,000lbs (280t), depending upon ram and pipe size. To hangoff the string securely, the rams must be able to be locked in the closed position without risk
of accidental opening.
Cameron
The Cameron U-type preventers use a wedge-lock device (Refer to figure 5-d) to accomplish
this feature. It consists of a tapered wedge, hydraulically operated, which moves behind the
tail rod of the ram operating piston when the ram is in the closed position. Since it can only
move when ram lock pressure is applied and the ram is fully closed, all the ram lock
cylinders on the stack are connected to just two common control lines, lock and unlock. Ram
lock pressure is activated from the surface as an independent command. A pressure
balance system is fitted to each ram lock cylinder to eliminate the possibility of seawater
hydrostatic pressure opening the wedge-lock in the event that the closing pressure is lost.
Shaffer
On a Shaffer type LWS or SL rams, the locking device is actuated automatically whenever
the ram is closed. This is called the Posilock, this system (Refer to figure 5-e) uses
segments that move out radially from the ram piston and lock into a groove in the
circumference of the opening cylinder whenever the ram is closed. When hydraulic closing
pressure is applied, the complete piston assembly moves inward and pushes the ram toward
the wellbore. With the ram closed, the closing pressure then forces a locking piston inside
the main piston to move further inwards and force out the segments. A spring holds the
locking piston in this position so that the segments are kept locked in the groove even if
closing pressure is lost. When hydraulic opening pressure is applied, the locking cone is
forced outward and this allows the locking segments to retract back into the main piston
which is then free to move outwards and open the rams.
Hydril
On a Hydril preventer the ram lock device, called Multiple Position Locking (MPL), operates
automatically through movement of ram pistons.
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Variable Rams
In order to provide more flexibility and perhaps avoid having to pull the stack to change pipe
1
rams when drilling is to continue with 3 /2" drill pipes, variable bore pipe rams can be used.
These are available in a variety of size ranges. They are capable also of being used for
hang-off purpose though the weight they can support depends on the size of pipe they are
closed around. However, variable bore rams are not recommended for stripping operations
or for high temperature application.
Blind/Shear Rams
All subsea stacks contain blind/shear rams. These are designed to cut through pipe and then
seal off the wellbore completely.
For the location of the blind/shear rams and pipe rams refer to Well Control Policy
(AI/SP/MAN/808).
5.3.3
Annular Preventer
When operating any annular blow-out preventer subsea, the hydrostatic pressure of the
drilling fluid column in the marine riser exerts an opening force on the blow-out preventer.
Therefore, the closing pressure required is equal to the surface installation closing pressure
plus a compensating pressure to account for the opening force exerted by the drilling fluid
column.
On the Hydril GL preventer, which is primarily designed for subsea operations, a secondary
chamber is used to compensate for the effects of subsea operations. The area of the
secondary chamber is equal to the area acted on by the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling
fluid column. The secondary chamber should be hooked up using one of three techniques.
Two of the hook up techniques require adjustment of the closing pressure. The third hook up
techniques requires the secondary chamber to be connected to the marine riser by mean of
a surge absorber, so that the opening force exerted by the drilling fluid column is
automatically counter balanced.
Choke And Kill Line Outlets
The two or more outlets on the stack are usually referred to as the choke and kill line outlets
and is terminology taken from land drilling operations. For floating drilling the functions of
each line are interchangeable since they are manifolded at the rig floor to both the rig pumps
and the well control choke.
For the position of the outlets on the stack, refer to Well Control Policy Manual
(AI/SP/MAN/808).
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Due to space limitation, the innermost valve on the stack is usually a 90 type with a flow
target to avoid fluid or sand cutting. The outer valve is normal straight through and must be
bi-directional, i.e. able to hold pressure from on top as well as below for testing the choke
and kill lines.
5.4.1
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The main components of a hydraulic control system are shown in figure 5-g. A master
hydraulic power unit supplies fluid to both pilot and hydraulic lines via accumulator bottles.
The stack can be controlled from this unit or from a remote control panel on the rig floor or
an electric mini panel usually located in the rig office.
Pilot and operating fluid is provided to stack via one of two hose bundles each of which
terminates in a Pressure Operating Device (conventionally termed yellow or blue pod)
mounted on the lower marine riser package. The pods are identical, one providing complete
backup for the other, either one being selected for use from the control panels. A typical
3
hose bundle is made up of a 1" supply hose for the power fluid and up to 64 x /16" hoses for
the pilot fluid. Inside each pod the pilot lines terminate at pilot valves, each of which is
connected to the common power fluid supply. When a particular stack function command is
selected, pilot fluid pressure is directed down a pilot line to the corresponding pilot valve.
This valve opens to allow the operating fluid to pass through it and then via a shuttle valve to
the operating cylinder. The shuttle valves, which are mounted on the stack, allow the fluid to
flow to the operating cylinder from the one selected pod only.
The operating fluid is stored in the accumulator bottles at 3,000psi. This pressure is too high
for normal operation of the annulars or rams and so the control pods contains regulators in
order that closing pressure can be controlled as required (usually from 0 to 1,500psi), though
higher if the situation demands it. The subsea regulator is controlled from surface via a pilot
line and another line returns to a panel gauge and gives the readback operating pressure
downstream of the regulator.
Each control pod is mounted in a receptacle on the lower riser package and can usually be
retrieved independently if repairs become necessary. Whilst the stack is being run, the hose
bundle is fed out from a power driven reel which is equipped with a manifold so that control
of 5 or 6 stack functions can still be maintained during running. Once the stack has been
landed and sufficient hose run out, a special junction box on the reel enables a quick
connection to be made between the pod and the hydraulic unit.
Some of the hydraulic power fluid is stored in accumulators located on the stack in order to
reduce closing times and also to provide a surge chamber effect for the annular preventers.
All the operating fluid on the low pressure side of a function is eventually vented to the sea
via the pilot valves.
This, therefore, necessitates the use of environmentally friendly fluid which must also inhibit
corrosion and bacterial growth as well as being compatible with anti-freeze additives. Large
volume of fluid are prepared and stored near the hydraulic unit and are transferred
automatically to the accumulators by electrically driven triplex pumps whenever accumulator
pressure falls below a preset level. The pilot fluid circuit is closed.
A turbine type flow meter mounted on the hydraulic unit measures the volume of hydraulic
fluid used every time a function is operated. This can indicate for example whether or not a
ram is closing fully or if there is a leak somewhere in the system.
Apart from the close and open positions, it is also possible to place a function in block
position. In this position, the lines carrying pilot pressure to the pilot valves have a vented
spring action in the pilot valves which shuts off the power fluid supply and vents both sides of
the operating piston.
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The object of the BOP control system is to move sufficient power fluid, at the required
pressure, to the operating cylinder in the minimum time possibly. For very long lengths of
hose bundles (over 2,000ft or 600m), friction losses inside the small pilot lines result in
unacceptably long reaction times. If the diameter of these lines is increased, the hose bundle
would be too bulky to handle so an alternative to a purely hydraulic control system is needed
for deep water operations.
This is satisfied by electro-hydraulic systems in which the hydraulic pilot valves are operated
by electrical solenoid valves in the control pods through lines from surface. High pressure is
taken from the main power line in the pod under control of the solenoid valve and is used as
pilot pressure to open the pilot valve and thus allow regulated power fluid through to the
operating cylinder.
A further refinement to this system reduces all the separate electrical lines in the hose
bundle to only two, down which coded multiplexed signals are transmitted. A multiplex
package in the control pod decodes these signals and activates the corresponding solenoid
valve.
c)
Although in both the control systems described above, redundancy is assured through the
use of two identical control pods, a further fully independent system is sometimes desired for
complete back-up for contingency.
To suit this requirement, acoustic control systems have been designed which can operate
certain selected vital stack functions even if the rig is forced off location and, therefore, is not
physically attached to the wellhead.
This system basically uses a portable battery powered surface control unit connected to
either a hull mounted or portable acoustic transducer to transmit an acoustic signal to a
receiver on the stack. The receiver and the battery powered subsea control unit respond to
the signal and transmit a reply back to the surface. A subsea valve package on the stack
interfaces the acoustic and primary hydraulic systems via shuttle valves. It contain solenoid
valves powered by the subsea battery pack (rechargeable only on surface) and pilot valves.
Pilot fluid, provided from a separate pilot fluid accumulator with power fluid, is stored in a
separate bank of stack mounted accumulator bottles. These store fluid at 3,000psi and can
be recharged via the primary control system. The valve package contains no subsea
regulator, hence, the 3,000psi is applied directly to the operating piston.
A secure coded signalling system and noise rejection circuit eliminate the possibility of a
function being executed by accident. To improve signal reception on the stack, two subsea
transducer are mounted on long horizontal arms which swing down automatically on
opposite sides of the BOP stack when it is lowered.
The transmission range for such a system is in the order of one mile or 2km.
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5.4.2
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Subsea Pods
As already described, the pods contain the regulators and pilot valves required to direct the
hydraulic fluid to the various stack functions.
The retrievable type is the most commonly used by the industry. The retrievable male portion
of the pod contains all the pod valves, regulators and the hose bundle junction box. Should a
pod valve, regulator or hose bundle malfunction, it is quicker and, hence, less costly to
retrieve the pod than to retrieve the riser and the lower marine riser package.
5.4.3
Accumulators
Accumulators are used to store hydraulic fluid under pressure. As much accumulator volume
as possible is located on the subsea stack in order to reduce operating time and also to
enable them to act as a surge chamber for the annular preventers.
2
5.5
Diverter System
b)
Slip Joint
c)
Riser sections
d)
e)
Riser Coupling
The most important single parameter in the design and operation of a marine riser is the
tension applied at the top of the riser. This tension is provided by a system of pneumatichydraulic pistons attached to wire ropes which are in turn attached to the outer barrel of the
slip joint. The tension is conveyed through the outer barrel, into the riser string and down to
the ocean floor where it is attached to the wellhead.
The slip joint, or telescopic joint, allows the riser to change length as the vessel heaves, as
the depth changes due to tides, or when the vessel moves laterally away from the wellhead.
To reduce the bending moments in the riser and, therefore the induced stresses, a lower flex
or ball joint is attached to the top of the BOP stack and an upper ball joint, called the diverter
ball joint, is located below the diverter on top of the inner barrel of the slip joint.
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The diverter and the diverter ball joint are attached between the underside of the drilling floor
and the riser slip joint inner barrel. The drill string and drilling tools are inserted into the riser
through the diverter which also contains the flowlines for circulating the drilling mud.
All risers have integral choke and kill lines. These are permanently attached to the riser
joints and recessed into support flanges for protection.
Some risers are also fitted with mud booster lines. These enter the riser immediately above
the ball joint and are used to increase the velocity of the mud inside the riser when drilling
with a relatively slow pump rate.
The riser is used to run the BOP stack which weighs several hundred thousand pounds. This
is a delicate operation and is usually performed only in calm weather conditions. While
running the BOP, the motion compensator cannot be used so the BOP and riser are forced
to move in time with heave the of the vessel. Landing the BOP is obviously a delicate task
under these circumstances.
All telescopic joints, flex/ball joint adapters and riser joints to be run must have a thorough
magnaflux inspection of the riser couplings and pipe to coupling welds before being used.
The telescopic joint tensioner ring and the riser handling tools should also be inspected by
magnaflux.
Welding on riser couplings, riser pipe, choke/kill lines or choke/kill line stab subs is strictly
prohibited.
5.5.1
Riser Joints
Riser joints are constructed of seamless pipe, usually 50ft (15m) long, but a selection of pup
joints are available so that the total length of the riser can be adjusted to suit any water
depth.
The pipe material and wall thickness are usually chosen based on the water depth in which
7
1
the vessel will be operating. In shallow water /16" or /2" wall thickness riser made of X-52
1
5
steel is commonly used. Higher strength materials such as /2" to /8" wall X-65 steel are
used in deep water to withstand the higher stresses imposed by high riser tensions.
Buoyancy can be added to the riser to reduce the tension applied. It is usually added for
water depths beyond 1,000ft (300m). With buoyancy added the effective outer diameter of
the riser is 38-44 and, hence increases the amount of storage space required on the rig.
High strength risers are also required to reduce the risk of collapsing in deep water
applications when it becomes evacuated or filled with gas. One option to prevent this is to
insert a mechanical fill-up valve into the riser string which will fill the riser with seawater if it
becomes evacuated.
There are common riser sizes that correspond to the wellhead system and BOP stack bore
size being used. They are classified by their OD, e.g.:
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Wellhead System
13 /8
16
16 /4
18 /8
18 /4
21
24
21 /4
Table 5-1 - Riser Joint/Wellhead Sizes
5.5.2
Riser Coupling
There are many styles of riser coupling available with different methods for preloading the
connector. The most important function of the preload is to maintain rigidity in the joint and
preclude mechanical shifting in the presence of alternating bending loads. Alternating
loading will cause less stress if the connector is working within the preload region, thus
increasing fatigue life. Improper preloading and inadequate maintenance are the main
causes of riser failures.
5.5.3
Slip Joint
The slip joint, or telescopic joint consists of an outer barrel connected to the riser with a
polished steel inner barrel connected to the diverter ball joint.
Rubber packing elements seal the annular space between the two barrels whilst still allowing
the inner barrel to scope up and down. The packing is usually actuated by air and/or
hydraulic fluid pressure which is adjusted so that a small amount of mud is able to leak past
the seal to provide lubrication. Split packings are used so that if a serious wear occurs they
can be replaced without having to remove the inner barrel.
Some slip joints have dual packers with the second packer being used as a back-up and,
while diverting, can be energised to assist in sealing around the inner barrel.
The slip joint is rated to the working pressure of the diverter but when the diverter is used it
will most likely leak unless the packer pressure has been increased. The telescopic joint is a
weak link in the diverter system and needs to be continuously monitored when diverting.
A large ring to which the riser tensioner lines are attached is able to slide over the outer
barrel and butts against a flange on top of the barrel. When tension is applied the ring bears
against the flange to support the riser.
5.5.4
Tensioning System
Riser tension is provided by a system of hydraulic pistons (tensioners) pressurised by
compressed air. Large air accumulators are used to provide a soft spring effect. The air acts
against the hydraulic fluid with almost constant pressure so that the tension in the wire rope
remains constant over the stroke.
From the tensioners the wire ropes run over sheaves and is turned to the outer barrel of the
slip joint (Refer to figure 5-h).
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As the vessel heaves downward, the angle of the wire rope with the vertical grows thus
reducing the vertical component of the tension and vice versa when it moves upward. For
this reason the sheaves are placed as close as possible to the path of the riser so that the
cable will be nearly vertical. Further more the sheaves are pivoted so they can follow the
angle of the wire rope as the riser moves about in the moonpool due to the vessel motion.
As the wire rope passes over the sheaves on the tensioners, fatigue occurs. At regular
intervals, depending on the severity of the sea state, each tensioner must be shut down and
the wire line slipped so that the fatigued section is removed.
5.5.5
Diverter System
a)
Diverter System
The subsea diverter system is an integral part of the marine riser system. Diverter
mechanism consists primarily of a packing insert that can seal on drill pipe (or open
hole with an insert plug), a control system, two flow lines, a ball joint and valving.
The Regan (Hughes Offshore) KFD diverter is the most common system used on
today's rigs. There are three basic models:
KFDG (Gimble) which is used on rigs that do not have an upper ball joint.
KFDH (Housing) used on many vessels having limited room between the main
deck and the rotary floor.
KFDS (Seal) which has its housing permanently mounted through or below the
rotary beams.
The H and S models come in reduced bore par or full bore designs.
Each of these diverters is rated to 500psi working pressure. The housing on all three of
these diverters are restrained from moving upwards by locking dogs or downwards by
a shoulder or lower dogs. The diverter is designed to seal on pipe by pressuring up an
outer packer which in turn squeezes on an insert packer. Manufacturers do not
1
recommend the closing of the packer on any pipe smaller than 4 /2 diameter. An insert
plug should be installed when the pipe is not in the hole. The outer packer may rupture
if closed without the insert being in place.
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b)
Ball joint
Most floating rigs utilise an upper ball joint located directly below the diverter. In this
position it carries little load and its working tensile load is only the weight of the inner
barrel of the slip joint. Due to this reduced operating load, the ball and socket cavity
may only need to be packed with grease instead of high pressure oil to lubricate the
joint.
o
The ball joint operates up to a maximum deflection of 10 and its pressure rating is to
the working pressure of the diverter minimum.
c)
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5.6
5.6.1
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After 20" casing has been run and cemented, the BOP stack and the riser will be run and
latched.
The BOP stack must be checked and tested and the riser elements inspected in order to
have the equipment ready to run as soon as possible after cementing the 20" casing.
The following is a list of suggested inspections and tests.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
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2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
Move the rig approximately 20m away from the hole when running the riser and BOP
stack. When the telescopic joint is picked up, reposition the rig over the hole centre
again.
Skid the BOP in the moonpool to a position directly under rotary table.
Insert the guide lines into the posts of the stack.
Place the marine riser handling spider on the rotary table.
Pick up a joint of marine riser using the marine riser handling sub.
Lower the marine riser joint through the handling spider and make up to the top of the
ball/flex joint.
Lift the BOP stack and install a new ring gasket on bottom the of wellhead connector.
Make sure the bulls-eye angle indicators are installed above and below the ball/flex
joint. Ensure they are visible to the subsea TV system.
Lower the BOP stack through the splash zone and land the riser on the handling
spider. The first riser joint above the BOP should be long enough to allow the stack to
be run into the water to dampen its motions.
Continue to run the marine riser on riser joints. The riser couplings should be made up
in accordance with the particular manufacturer's recommended procedures. The
correct make up and preload of each coupling should be verified prior to its use as a
tensile member.
Test the choke and kill lines every third joint.
Install the required riser pup joints to obtain the correct space out, such that the
telescopic joint will be at mid stroke.
Pick up the telescopic joint (also called slip joint), locked in the closed position, and
install onto the riser assembly. Lower the riser assembly until the outer barrel is at the
spider. Land the outer barrel on the spider level.
Stroke out the slip joint inner barrel. Remove the handling spider and lower the
telescopic joint through the rotary table until the riser tensioning cables can be installed
on the riser tensioning ring.
On some rigs the slip joint is run in the collapsed position by using an extra joint of
riser temporarily installed above the telescopic joint.
Either the shoe on the inner barrel and/or the pins that lock the slip joint in closed
position, should be designed to support the combined submerged weight of the stack
and riser as well as dynamic loads.
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5.6.3
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
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2)
3)
4)
5)
5.6.5
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5.6.4
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Retrieve the 183/4 nominal seat protector. Do not land the test plug on the seat
protector since test pressure will force the protector down, swedging it into the
housing.
Run the BOP test plug.
Fill the running string to the top with water. The string must remain open to
atmosphere during the entire test.
Pressure test the BOP stack as per Well Control Policy (AI/SP/MAN/808) using either
one of the two pods. A BOP function test must then be performed on the other pod.
Recover the BOP test plug.
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5.7
5.7.1
INTRODUCTION
Once severe weather is forecast and drilling is under way, the common practice is for the bit
to be pulled into the casing shoe and the string hung off either from the pipe rams, wellhead
or a retrievable packer.
Hard and fast rules can not be laid down for coping with heavy weather since each vessel
has its own way to react to given storm conditions and subsea equipment package varies
from rig to rig. Therefore, the operating of a rig with maximum safety and minimum
non-drilling time depends on the judgment of personnel on board. Supervisory personnel
should always be aware of the time required to pull to the shoe and back off the string and
should time their decisions accordingly.
5.7.2
LOWER FLEX JOINT ANGLE is the differential angle between the stack
indicator and the riser indicator. The angle can be measured by an inclinometer
coupled to an acoustic relay and/or slope indicators (bull's eyes) monitored by
subsea TV. The acoustic unit gives a continuous read out of the angle at the
surface.
Flex joint angles of 3 - 4 deg will call for suspending operations; 5 - 6 deg will call
for LMRP disconnect.
b)
c)
5.7.3
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(
Figure 5-j).
If the seat protector is installed, the hang-off on pipe rams has to be considered (an
appropriate top sup to disconnect the drill string has to be available).
Each hang off assembly should be designed for the particular wellhead/BOP in use so that
once disconnected, one or preferably two sets of pipe rams can be closed around the slick
joint and the shear rams can be safely closed above the top sub.
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For some wellhead systems only one fluted hanger is needed and can be run whatever size
wear bushing or casing hanger is in the wellhead. Other systems require the hanger to be
changed according to the size of the last casing string run. Also note that in same cases a
shorter slick joint is required after 7" casing is run due to the reduced clearance between the
shear rams and the top sub.
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5.7.4
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Stop drilling and circulate bottoms up, if time permits. Spot good properties mud
over open hole section, if practical and desirable. Also consider increasing mud
weight below the mud line to balance the well with the riser disconnected.
b)
Pull the bit inside casing shoe, if time permits. The pipe should be pulled
sufficient length such that drill pipe hang off tool can be installed, run in, and
landed in the wellhead keeping the bit above the casing shoe.
c)
If tripping, run or pull as much pipe as possible to get the bit to the point which
is the same distance above the casing shoe as the rotary table is above
the
seabed.
d)
Install a Gray inside BOP one stand below the hang off tool if hanging off inside
casing.
If hanging off in open hole, do not install a Gray inside BOP. Use a retrievable
drop-in back pressure valve so that the plug can be recovered by wire line in
case the drill pipe becomes stuck and wireline work becomes necessary.
Do not run full opening safety valve in the closed position, as this would prohibit
circulation down string.
e)
Pick up the drill pipe hang off assembly and make up to drill pipes. The use of
bumper subs should be considered.
The hang off assembly must be made up and standing in derrick at all times
while BOP stack is on bottom.
f)
Run and land hang off tool in wellhead with the compensator stroked open.
Position compensator in mid stroke and adjust to support the weight of string
above the rams.
g)
h)
i)
Pull the landing string above shear rams. Flow check. Close and lock blind/shear
rams.
j)
k)
NOTE: When the lower flex joint angle exceeds 6 deg, disconnecting the riser
becomes increasingly difficult until the design limits (generally 10 deg) are
reached. In this condition, failure of riser system, BOP stack and its connection
to the wellhead is likely to occur.
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5.7.5
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l)
Adjust guide lines tension and disconnect riser connector, allowing the riser
tensioner to lift the LMRP clear of the BOP stack.
m)
As soon the LMRP is clear of the stack, move the rig 100 to 150 ft (30 to 50 m)
off location. A mark should be painted on the anchor lines and guide lines as a
reference for later repositioning the rig.
n)
If possible (cranes could be shut down due to vessel movements) and desirable,
proceed with pulling and laying down of riser.
o)
Take steps to maintain the integrity of the guide lines as they are now the only
contact with the wellhead.
Reposition the vessel over the stack using reference marks on anchor lines,
subsea TV and/or ROV and guidelines. Inspect the stack and the stack
connector with TV.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Test choke and kill lines against failsafes to the required pressure.
g)
Pick up running string with bumper subs and run to approximately 30 ft (10 m)
above the blind rams.
h)
i)
Check for pressure between shear and pipe rams and in the annulus through
kill/choke lines,
j)
k)
If pressure is detected, BOP and kill/choke lines configuration will dictate the
appropriate method to circulate out the gas accumulation.
Figure 5-k shows an example of circulating path (hang off on pipe rams).
l)
m)
n)
o)
Pull out and remove hang off tool assembly and Gray inside BOP.
p)
Continue to pull out of hole to perform a BOP pressure test or run in hole and
resume drilling, depending on duration of W.O.W. and on time from last BOP
test.
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Figure 5-k-Circulating on subsea-stack during Hang Off and Shear Off procedure
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5.7.6
5.7.7
a)
Close hang off pipe rams with manufacturer's reduced operating pressure.
b)
c)
Increase closing pressure to 1,500 psi (105 kg/cm ) and lock the rams.
d)
Adjust compensator to support string weight above rams plus 10,000 lbs (4 to 5
t) at mid stroke.
e)
Pull the bit into the casing shoe plus the distance from the rotary table to the
intended hang off point.
b)
c)
Run the packer to the desired depth (ensure there is sufficient string weight
beneath it) and set it.
d)
Turn the string to the right (approx. 20 turns) to close the valve and release the
mandrel.
b)
Run the mandrel to the top of the valve and carefully make it up into the upper
body whilst monitoring the drill pipe for any pressure which might have built up
under the valve.
c)
Unseat the packer and circulate if necessary before pulling it to the surface.
NOTE: The "Hurricane Plug" is a retrievable packer designed for bad weather emergency. It
offers a choice of three drill pipe plugging system to choose from, depending on well
configuration and weather circumstances, and an equalizing sub which equalizes any
pressure build up before the packer is retrieved.
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G R O U P
5.7.8
Pull and lay down all casing already run (depending on deck load, it may be
necessary to backload some or all of the casing).
Pull back or run into previous casing shoe, make up the casing hanger, remove
casing hanger lock ring and land in the wellhead.
Pull back or run into previous casing shoe, make up crossover from casing to drill
pipe, make up BOP test plug with safety joint and land casing in the wellhead.
This system may not be always applicable, depending on type of wellhead and
BOP test tool.
Note: Since the wear bushing are not in place while running casing, the hang off tool may
not be used.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
6.
DRILLING MUD
6.1
GENERAL
For detailed drilling fluid information, refer to the Drilling Fluids Manual(AI/SP/MAN/811).
6.2
a)
b)
A Mud Service Contractor may be contracted for the preparation of the mud
programme, which shall be submitted to the Company Drilling Office for approval
before inclusion in the Drilling Programme.
c)
The same Contractor may be contracted for Mud Engineering on rig site under
the control of the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor.
d)
e)
MUD PROPERTIES
1)
2)
3)
4)
The following parameters of the mud shall be regularly checked, recorded; and also
reported to Company Drilling Office on a daily basis:
Weight
1kg/l = 8.345PPG
Temperature (especially in oil mud)
(C)
Funnel viscosity
(sec)/gal/4
Plastic viscosity
(centipoise)
Yield point
(g/100cm = 0,5lb/100 ft )
Gel strengths
(g/100cm = 0,5lb/100 ft )
Water losses
(cm /30min)
Filter cake
(mm)
Sand content
(% by volume)
Solids content
(% by volume)
Oil content
Calcium content
(% by volume)
(mg/l Ca++)
Salinity
(g/l Cl-)
The Company Drilling And Completion Supervisor shall be notified immediately of any
change in mud properties.
The Driller shall be notified immediately of any variation in mud weight, chloride
content, gas or any other property which may indicate significant changes in the
formation drilled and/or entry into overpressurised zones.
Mud weight and funnel viscosity shall be recorded at least every 30mins at the flow line
and suction pit.
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G R O U P
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5)
When circulating gas cut mud and/or bottoms up, the following data shall be recorded:
Mud weight
Salinity
Maximum gas
Pit level
Interested volume
6)
The Mud Engineer shall check mud weight at the shakers and downstream of the
degasser continuously when circulating gas cut mud and/or bottoms up.
Rheology shall be checked three times a day or more frequently if requested by
Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor.
Solids control shall be performed using the appropriate equipment, whenever needed.
Maintain the right pressure on the desander and desilter manifold for maximum
performance.
Any addition of oil to the water base mud system shall be previously approved by
Company Drilling Office.
If offshore, the standby boat should be topped up with barite at all times. Never
transport barite in tanks that previously held cement, except in an emergency.
Meter the water and brine additions to the drilling fluid. Report usage daily.
Slug the drill pipe with mud from the standby reserve.
If returns are lost, immediately fill the annulus with water. Measure the volume of water
required and continue filling the hole until the hole stands full. Do not pull the drill pipe
out of the hole until the hole stands full.
A thorough inventory of mud stock will be made on a weekly basis.
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
6.3
SAFETY ACTIONS
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
The active mud pit level shall be manually measured and recorded at least every 30
minutes.
An automatic pit level device shall be installed and operational, at all times, on all mud
pits and on the trip tank. A pit volume recorder shall be continuously working on the rig
floor and on the Mud Logging Unit.
Any change in mud volume shall be immediately notified to the Driller and to the Mud
Logging Engineer. The Driller shall be constantly aware of the causes of any pit level
fluctuation.
Gas detectors shall be operational at all times.
The degasser shall be used whenever gas presence in the mud is indicated by the gas
detector.
Special care shall be given to the suction and discharge of the degasser to assure
maximum equipment reliability.
The Drilling Contractor may be requested to assign a person to monitor and control the
shale shaker area during all times that hole conditions demand.
If H2S is present safety precautions will be adopted as specified in (AI/SP/MAN/808
chap-10 AI/SP/MAN/811 chap-4).
On offshore rigs, a ventilation room that provides at least one complete air change
cycle every two minutes will be installed in the mud pit room.
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G R O U P
6.4
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
To avoid pollution, precautions shall be in place (drains from the rig floor and
shale shakers, cuttings treatment, etc.) in order to avoid environmental spillage.
b)
The safety of the crew shall always be paramount to prevent oil mud/skin contact
and accidents such as tripping, falling, hand crushing, etc.
c)
d)
Oil resistant equipment (various pack-off, seals on mud pits, etc.) must be used.
e)
Control of air quality in the pits and shale shakers room is a main concern when
oil base mud is used and the capacity of the ventilation system should be at least
one complete air change every minute.
f)
For fire control, the ventilation system shall keep the air/gas mixture below the
combustible limit, however in case of fire, the system shall be automatically shut
down as the blowers would feed the fire with fresh air.
g)
Well control is affected by the use of oil based mud as it can create hazards
while handling drilling gas and gas kicks. Since a gas influx may dissolve
completely into the drilling fluid, small influxes of gas are more difficult to detect.
Gas expansion and pit gain do not occur as the influx is circulated toward the
surface. Detection may be delayed until the influx is only a few hundred feet from
the surface when the well suddenly starts to flow. Usually there is little time for
the rig crew to react to divert the flow. If this occurs, large volumes of mud and
gas may be unloaded onto the rig floor and up into the derrick.
h)
i)
The Drilling Contractor and the Company shall prepare and agree on a set of
specific rules and procedures.
j)
The basic guidelines when drilling with oil based muds are the following:
When drilling or coring known gas formations, be aware of potential for gas
break out and sudden unloading.
When back on bottom after tripping with gas formations exposed to the
open hole, be alert to sudden unloading of the hole as bottoms up near
surface.
A suspected but not detected influx shall be circulated to a predetermined
distance below the BOP stack (e.g., 500ft), the annular or upper pipe rams
will then be closed and bottoms up circulated out through the choke, under
control to the mud/gas separator.
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G R O U P
6.5
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
b)
The minimum barite stock shall be 100t. When overpressurised formations are
anticipated, barite stock shall be based on expected formation pressure
gradients, on the actual mud weight and on the volume of the active drilling fluid
in the system.
c)
The minimum cement stock shall be 100t. or at least enough to prepare 200m of
cement plug.
d)
A minimum volume of 70m of kill mud at 1.4kg/l shall be stocked while drilling
surface hole without a BOP stack installed.
e)
After nippling up a BOP stack, minimum requirements for kill mud cannot be
specified. The volume and density of kill mud shall be adjusted to the well
pressure prognosis and pit volumes available on the rig.
f)
Properties of reserve and kill mud should be checked and maintained daily and
recorded the mud report.
g)
The inventory of materials on the rig should be reviewed daily and replenishment arranged
immediately when stock levels approach the specified minimum requirement. With regard to
barite, cement and diesel oil, should the stocks fall below the minimum requirement, drilling
operations shall be suspended.
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G R O U P
7.
7.1
GENERAL PROCEDURES
1)
2)
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor shall be present on the rig floor at
the beginning of every trip to check for fill-up.
Before the start of tripping out of the hole with drill pipe, the following criteria must be
followed, unless authorised by Company Drilling and Completion Manager/Drilling
Superintendent:
No indication of on influx.
The mud density going into and coming out of the hole shall not differ more than
24g/l (0.2ppg).
3)
4)
Prior to the start of tripping out, make sure that mud is conditioned in order to have the
minimum gel strength value within the desired values.
Before each trip, the rotary slips shall be inspected for worn or broken inserts and any
replacements made. Replacement inserts should be available on the rig at all times.
Prior to pulling out of hole, the drill pipe should be slugged with a heavy pill. The
volume and density of the pill should be determined by Company Drilling and
Completion Supervisor based on the following factors:
Mud rheology.
Hole depth.
5)
6)
As a general rule, it is preferable to pump a small volume pill of high density than a
large volume pill of low density.
Under the following circumstances, the use of slug pill should be avoided:
Shallow hole.
Possibility of damaging the reservoir with weighting agent.
When an increase in mud weight should be avoided in order to prevent mud
losses and/or fracturing the formation.
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G R O U P
where:
Volume is in BBL.
Drop is in ft and represents the desired draw down in the string.
Mud Weight is in PPG.
DP Capacity is in BBL/ft.
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
The Wiper rubber should be used when pulling or running the drill pipe to prevent any
objects falling into the hole. Do not install the wiper rubber while tripping out the first 10
stands in order to observe the fluid level.
In an area where formations contain (or are suspected to contain) hydrogen sulphide
or other toxic gas, air breathing apparatus should be worn to observe the well at the
bell nipple.
Always use the trip tank (in and out) and accurately record volumes to make sure the
hole is taking/giving the proper amount of fluid. If any discrepancy is observed, the
Driller shall immediately inform the Tool Pusher and Company Drilling and Completion
Supervisor.
As a general rule, if the hole fails to take enough mud, run the drill string to bottom and
circulate bottoms up.
In case of trip tank failure, an alternative will be to use a mud pump. In this case the
annulus will be filled with mud every 5 stands of pipe. Volumes will be monitored by
isolating the suction tank and closely monitoring fluid volumes. A visual check of the
annulus should ensure the mud level is dropping normally while pulling pipe.
The trip (or fill-up) sheet shall be filled in on the rig floor while tripping. The Driller shall
submit the trip sheet to the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor at the end of
the trip or when requested.
If drill pipe is pulled wet, the mud has to be returned to the hole. Drain the Mud Saver
Bucket into the bell nipple.
A suitable safety valve, threaded (or with proper connections) to fit each pipe
connection included in the string, must be on the rig floor, in the open position ready
for use with proper fittings and handling devices. The closing/opening wrench must be
readily available for immediate use.
Any time a trip is interrupted, the hand tight installation of a safety valve is
recommended.
The drill pipe shall be pulled and run in the hole at such rate as to prevent swabbing
and pressure surges.
If possible, and if required by hole conditions, rotate the string when tripping to prevent
sticking while standing back pipe.
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G R O U P
18)
Tripping out from kick off zones (deviated holes, side-track, etc.).
19)
The standard break out technique should be adopted in order to have all the tool joints
in the drill string broken out and doped alternatively.
No welding/strapping shall be allowed on the BHA unless expressly required by the
Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor for special reasons taking into
consideration the particular tools and their position in the BHA.
In case of drag when tripping out, do not exceed a reasonable value of overpull usually
1
/3 of string weight. This value should be adjusted to hole conditions, drill string design
and stabilisation and hole profile (vertical, side-track, directional). If necessary, work
the pipe (i.e. rotate) and/or install a Kelly and circulate to pass through the tight spot.
If drag is encountered when tripping in, install the Kelly and wash/ream the free zone.
Never attempt to push the bit through a ledge. No weight should be placed on the bit
during reaming. Torque, and sometimes pressure, are the only guide parameters to
perform this operation. While reaming pay attention in order to avoid making a new
hole.
Always record depths and overpulls of troublesome zones on the IADC and Company
Daily Drilling Reports.
Torque all joints to the API recommended value.
A short trip shall be performed before tripping out of overpressurised zones, unless
advised otherwise by the Company Drilling Manager and/or Superintendent.
The following procedure shall be carried out for a short trip:
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
a)
Pull 5 to 10 stands at normal speed, making sure the hole is taking the proper
amount of mud (no swabbing). Use the trip tank accurately.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Gauge accurately the residual diameter of the bit and stabilisers in order to plan a
subsequent reaming operation or change the drilling string design if a PDC or diamond
bit is scheduled. It is recommended to use a three point gauge ring if available.
The blind or shear rams must be closed every time tools are out of the hole.
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Iran B.V.
G R O U P
7.2
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7.3
a)
Tripping is still handled in the conventional manner. The link tilt feature can be used to
tilt the elevator to the derrick man, enhancing his ability to latch it around the pipe thus
improving trip times.
b)
The link tilt has an intermediate stop which is adjustable to set the elevator at a
convenient working distance from the monkey board. The intermediate stop is tilted out
of the way to allow the elevator to reach the mouse hole.
c)
The elevators may be positioned in any direction by unlocking the rotation lock and
rotating the pipe handler.
d)
The elevators will return to their original position if rotated by the drill string.
e)
If a tight spot or key seat is encountered while tripping out the hole, the drilling motor
may be spun into the stand at any height in the derrick and circulation and/or rotation
established immediately to work the pipe through the tight spot.
FLOW CHECKS
When required, a flow check shall be performed as follows:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
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G R O U P
8.
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
Refer to figure 8-c for the maximum safe dog-leg limits when using Grade
E drill pipe. If the stress endurance limit of the drill pipe is exceeded, an
expensive fishing job or a junked hole could occur.
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G R O U P
8.2.2
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Stuck Pipe
Sticking can occur by sloughing or heaving of the hole or also by extra large OD drill collars
into a key seat while tripping the drill string out of the hole.
8.2.3
Logging
Logging tools and wire line can become stuck in key seats. The wall of the hole can also be
damaged, causing future hole problems.
8.2.4
Running casing
Running casing through a dog-leg can cause serious problems. If the casing becomes stuck
in the dog-leg, it will not extend through the productive zone. This would make it necessary
to drill out the shoe and set a smaller size casing through the productive interval. Even if
running the casing to bottom through the dog-leg is successful, the casing could be severely
damaged, thereby preventing the running of production equipment inside the casing.
8.2.5
Cementing
Dog-legs will force casing tightly against the wall of the hole, preventing a good cement bond
as no cement can circulate between the wall of the hole and the casing at this point.
8.2.6
8.2.7
Production Problems
In rod pump completions rod wear and tubing leaks, associated with dog-legs, can cause
expensive remedial costs. It may be difficult to run packers and tools in and out of the well
without getting stuck because of distorted or collapsed casing.
It is obviously preferred to produce through straight tubing to avoid friction losses and
prevent turbulence.
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G R O U P
8.3
8.3.1
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8.3.2
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Pendulum Theory
The forces which act upon the bit can be resolved into:
8.4
a)
b)
The lateral force, the weight of the drill collar between the bit and the first point of
contact with the wall of the hole by the drill collar i.e. Pendulum force. This force is the
tendency of the unsupported length of drill collar to swing over against the low side of
the hole due to gravity. It is the only force that tends to bring the hole back towards
vertical.
c)
The reaction of the formation to these loads may be resolved into two forces, one
parallel to the axis of the hole and one perpendicular to the axis of the hole.
8.4.1
8.4.2
Stiffness
Stiffness is probably the most misunderstood of all the issues to be considered about drill
collars and the realisation of the importance of diameter and that it is proportional to
stiffness, e.g. if a bar diameter is doubled its stiffness is increased sixteen fold.
table 8-1 shows moments of inertia (I), which is proportional to stiffness, for the most popular
drill collars in various diameters.
Large diameter drill collars are the ultimate in stiffness, so it is important to select the
maximum diameter collars that can be safely run.
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G R O U P
OD (ins)
ID (ins)
I (ins )
5"
2 /4"
29
6 /4"
1
6 /2"
74
86
100
13
115
13
198
13
2 /4"
2 /4"
6 /4"
2 /4"
7"
2 /16"
8"
2 /16"
9"
2 /16"
318
10"
3"
486
11"
3"
713
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G R O U P
8.4.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Clearance
The closer a stabiliser is to the bit, the more exacting the clearance requirements are. If, for
1
example, a /16" under-gauge from hole diameter is satisfactory just above the bit, then 60ft
1
above the bit, /8" clearance can be critical factor for a packed hole assembly.
8.4.4
8.5
b)
Formation Firmness
figure 8-e shows three basic assemblies required to provide the necessary stiffness and
stabilisation for a packed hole assembly. A short drill collar is used between zone 1 and zone
2 to reduce the amount of deflection that might be caused by the drill collar weight. As a
general rule of thumb, the short drill collar length in feet is approximately equal to the hole
size in inches, plus or minus two feet. For example a short drill collar length of 6 to 10ft (23m) would be satisfactory in an 8 hole.
Agip
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G R O U P
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G R O U P
8.6
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
8.7
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
8.8
= Moment of inertia
= /64 x (OD - ID )
4
At a crossover from one tubular size to another size, the ratio (I/C large pipe)/(I/C small pipe)
should be less than 5.5 for soft formations and less than 3.5 for hard formations.
table 8-2 shows the ratio (I/C) for the most common sizes of drill pipes, HW drill pipes and
drill collars.
table 8-3 illustrates some possible drill strings and their acceptable use.
Agip
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G R O U P
OD (ins)
1
3 /2
1
4 /8
3
4 /4
3
5 /4
3
5 /4
6
6
1
6 /4
1
6 /4
1
6 /2
1
6 /2
3
6 /4
3
6 /4
7
1
7 /4
3
7 /4
3
7 /4
8
8
1
8 /4
1
8 /4
1
8 /2
9
1
9 /2
10
1
11 /4
12
Drill Collar
ID (ins)
1
1 /2
2
1
2 /4
1
2 /4
3
21 /16
1
2 /4
3
2 /16
1
2 /4
3
2 /16
1
2 /4
3
2 /16
1
2 /4
3
2 /16
3
2 /16
3
2 /16
3
2 /16
3
3
2 /16
3
3
2 /16
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
I/C
4.1
6.6
9.8
18.3
17.6
20.8
20.2
23.3
22.7
26.7
26.2
30.1
29.6
32.7
37.5
44.6
44.4
49.5
49.3
55.9
54.2
59.2
71.0
83.8
97.2
138.8
154.5
OD (ins)
3
2 /8
3
2 /8
7
2 /8
7
2 /8
1
3 /2
1
3 /2
1
3 /2
4
4
1
4 /2
1
4 /2
1
4 /2
5
5
5
1
5 /2
1
5 /2
1
5 /2
5
6 /8
Drill Pipe
ID (ins)
WT
2
4.85
1.815
6.65
2.441
6.85
2.151
10.40
3
9.50
2.764
13.30
2.602
15.50
3.476
11.85
3.340
14.00
3.958
13.75
3.826
16.60
3.640
20.00
4.408
16.25
4.276
19.50
4.000
25.60
4.892
19.20
4.778
21.90
4.670
24.70
5.965
25.20
I/C
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.6
2.0
2.6
2.9
2.7
3.2
3.6
4.3
5.1
4.9
5.7
7.3
6.1
7.1
7.8
9.8
ID (ins)
13
2 /16
3
1
=(Moment of Inertia)
Ratio=
WT
32.0
42.6
4
I / CDrillCollars
I / CDrillPipes
I/C
7.7
10.7
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
Hole Size
(ins)
I/C
I/C Ratio
83.8
1.5
DC 8 /4 x 21 /16
55.9
9.8
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
Not
DC 9 /2 x 3
83.8
1.5
Recommended
55.9
7.1
DP 5 /2 x 19,5lbs/ft
7.8
1.4
DP 5x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
83.8
1.5
OK for
DC 8 /4 x 2 /16
55.9
5.2
SOFT
HWDP 5 x 42.6lbs/ft
10.7
1.9
Formations
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
DC 9 /2 x 3
1
13
DC 8 /4 x 2 /16
1
17 /2
DC 9 /2 x 3
1
13
DC 9 /2 x 3
Remarks
83.8
1.5
/16
55.9
2.5
OK For HARD
13
DC 6 /4 x 2 /16
22.7
1.9
Formations
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
13
DC8 /4 2
1
12 /4
DC9 /2 x 3
83.8
1.5
13
55.9
2.5
OK For HARD
13
DC 6 /4 x 2 /16
22.7
3.9
Formations
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
DC 8 /4 x 2 /16
12 /4
DC9 /2 x 3
83.8
1.5
DC 8 /4 x 2 /16
55.9
5.2
OK For SOFT
HWDP 5 x 42.6lbs/ft
10.7
1.9
Formations
DP 5 x 19.5 lbs/ft
5.7
8 /2
13
13
DC 6 /4 x 2 /16
22.7
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
13
DC 6 /4 x 2 /16
22.7
HWDP 5 x 42.6lbs/ft
10.7
DP 5 x 19.5lbs/ft
5.7
Not
3.9
Recommended
Recommended
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G R O U P
8.9
The dimensionless unit m is a function of Young's modulus for steel, moment of inertia of
the pipe cross section and weight in mud per unit of length of the pipe. The values of m for
various sizes of drill collar are plotted in figure 8-i.
Under normal conditions, some buckling of the drill string is inevitable, therefore stiffer
collars and stabiliser should be used for control of the hole angle.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
m
28
11" * 3"
9 1/2" * 3"
8 1/4" * 3"
26
8 1/4" * 2 13/16"
8" * 3"
8" * 2 13/16"
24
7 1/2" * 2 13/16"
22
20
18
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
m
21
6 3/4" * 2 13/16"
20
6 1/2" * 2 13/16"
6 3/4" * 2 1/4"
6 1/2" * 2 1/4"
19
6" * 2 13/16"
6" * 2 1/4"
18
4 3/4" * 2 1/4"
17
16
15
14
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,2
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G R O U P
8.10
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
For the vertical section of the hole the purpose of stabilisation, more than any other
factor, is to maintain the drift angle as close as possible to zero and, if applicable, to
prevent wall sticking.
b)
For deviated holes, the stabiliser positions in the BHA depend entirely on directional
drilling requirements and as a rule determined by the Directional Engineer.
c)
All stabilisers shall be the integral type and machined from a single block of material
or the integral sleeve type fitted by head or hydraulic pressure (not threaded).
d)
The spiral profile of blades, for both string and near bit type stabiliser, shall be the
right hand type.
e)
All stabilisers for hole size up to 12 /4 must be the tight type in order to assure a
1
complete (360) contact with the borehole. All stabilisers for hole size over 12 /4" must
be open type but not less than 210.
f)
The maximum allowed diameter in consideration to the grooves shall be the outside
diameter of the fishing neck.
g)
All stabilisers should have a fishing neck with the same OD as the drill collars and a
length not shorter than 20 for stabilisers up to 6 hole size and 26 for larger hole size
stabilisers.
h)
All stabilisers smaller than 15" OD shall have three blades. Stabilisers larger than 15"
shall have four blades as standard.
i)
j)
k)
Tungsten carbide smooth surface solid body integral blade stabilisers are preferred.
1
Integral sleeve stabilisers may also be used in large hole sizes above 12 /4", mainly as
the near bit stabiliser, in order to position the stabilisation point right on top of the bit.
l)
The maximum allowable wear of the stabiliser blades should be in accordance with the
previous point. If such a limit is reached at any point, the stabiliser has to be replaced.
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G R O U P
Hole
Size
Body OD
4 /32
5 /4
7
5 /8
21
21
4 /32
21
Rotary
Conns
Blade OD
String
Type
NC 38
5 /32
NC 38
23
5 /32
23
4 /32
8 /8
6 /8
NC 46
8 /16
6 /8
NC 46
6 /8 R
8 /2
1
7 /8
12 /4
12 /4
9 /8
16
9 /8
16
10 /8
9 /8
17 /2
10 /8
23
9 /8
23
10 /8
26
9 /8
26
10 /8
17 /2
28
7
7
10 /8
NC 38
19
5 /32
Blade OD
Near Bit
Type
Length of
Fishing
Neck
Length of
Pin End
19
20
12
10
23
20
12
10
27
20
12
10
13
26
12
10
2 /2
5 /32
5 /32
5 /32
8 /64
8 /16
8 /64
21
26
12
10
2 /2
12
12 /64
26
12
10
12
26
12
10
15 /4
15 /4
26
12
10
15 /4
15 /4
26
12
10
26
12
10
26
12
10
26
12
10
26
12
10
26
12
10
26
12
10
26
12
10
7 /8 R
7 /8 R
8 /8 R
12 /64
5
5
17 /16
11
22 /16
22 /4
22 /16
11
22 /4
11
25 /16
25 /4
25 /16
11
25 /4
11
7 /8 R
8 /8 R
7 /8 R
8 /8 R
7 /8 R
8 /8 R
8 /8 R
17 /4
17 /4
17 /4
27 /16
27 /4
Main dimensions of string and near bit type stabilisers are in ins.
Table 8-4 - Acceptable Dimensions For Used String And Near Bit Stabilisers
The maximum overall length, for string type stabilisers only, must be as follows:
1
1
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G R O U P
Hole Size
Body OD
21
Rotary
Conn.
Blade OD
String Type
Length of
Fishing Neck
Length
Pin End
Minimum Width
of Blades
NC 38
5 /32
27
20
12
8 /16
26
12
2 /2
12
26
12
12
26
12
15 /4
26
12
26
12
4 /32
6 /8
NC 46
6 /8 R
8 /2
1
7 /8
12 /4
12 /4
9 /8
16
7 /8 R
9 /8
7 /8 R
17 /2
9 /8
7 /8 R
17 /16
Main dimensions of string and near bit type stabilisers are in ins.
Table 8-5 - Acceptable Dimensions For Used String And Near Bit Stabilisers
8.11
W dp
Wc
Kb
Buoyancy factor
The difference between the maximum allowable tension and the calculated load represents
the Margin of Over Pull (MOP):
MOP = (Pt x 0.9) - P
where:
Pt
0.9
Design factor
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G R O U P
The minimum recommended value of MOP is 60,000lbs (27t) and it shall be calculated for
the topmost joint of each size, weight, grade and classification of drill pipe. The anticipated
total depth with next string run and expected mud weight should be considered when
calculating the MOP.
The overall drilling conditions (directional well, hole drag, likelihood of becoming stuck, etc.)
may require higher values of MOP. When the depth is reached where the MOP approaches
the minimum recommended value, stronger drill pipe shall be added to the string.
8.12
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Packed hole assemblies shall generally be used unless otherwise dictated by hole
conditions.
Standard packed hole assembly should be:
Bit + Near Bit Stab + Short DC (7ft =2.5m) + String Stab + K Monel DC + String
Stab + 2 DC + String Stab.
A stabilised string can be used to drill out shoe-tracks after casing setting unless
there is so much cement left inside the casing to discourage such a procedure.
If the bottom hole assembly is different from the one previously used, run in the
hole with maximum care, monitoring the weight indicator closely. Any indication
of string dragging must be promptly detected. Tight zones must be reamed free
before proceeding with the trip.
Any change in the stabilisation from that specified in the drilling programme must
be authorised by the Company Drilling Office.
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G R O U P
9.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
Controlled Directional Drilling can be defined as the technique of intentionally deviating a well
bore so that, the bottom hole location or any intermediate portion of the hole, is positioned in
a predetermined target(s) area, that is located at a given horizontal and vertical distance
from the surface location of the well.
Many new tools and techniques have been developed in recent years to enhance the
accuracy of this technique.
9.1
Magnetic North:
Magnetic Declination:
The angle between True North and the direction shown by the
north pointer of a compass needle at the location being
considered, measured from True North. Magnetic declination
for a given location changes gradually with time, An annual
rate of change is applied to give the present declination. The
magnetic declination and rates of change are obtained from
detailed charts or computer program. To obtain the
geographic direction, the direction obtained from magnetic
surveys shall be corrected simply by adding or subtracting the
appropriate declination.
Direction:
The angle the centre line of the well bore makes with a vertical
axis below the well. By definition, straight holes have zero
angle of inclination. All inclination angles are positive.
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G R O U P
Target:
Well Path:
The path expected of the bit to follow beyond the end of the
well bore.
Station:
Survey Data
Tangent Section:
The section of the well starting from the end of build up and
where direction and inclination are maintained constant.
Horizontal
Displacement (or
Horizontal Departure):
Vertical Section:
Lead Angle:
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G R O U P
9.2
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS
9.2.1
NORTH POLE
(AXIS)
CIRCLE OF CONTACT
A1
B1
As a Mercator projection becomes increasingly inaccurate as one moves away from the
chosen meridian, a series of reference meridians is used so that it is always possible to use
a map with the reference meridian close to the place of work.
The reference meridians used are 6 degrees apart providing 60 maps, called zones, to cover
the whole world. The zones are numbered 0 to 60 (from west to east) with zone 31 having
o
o
the 0 meridian (Greenwich) on the left and 6 E on the right.
o
Each zone is further sub-divided into grid sectors each one covering 8 latitude starting from
the equator. Grid sectors are identified by the zone number and by a letter ranging from C to
X (excluding I and O) from 80 South to 80 North. Identification of the sector is simply the
number and letter of the relevant area, i.e. 31U being the Southern North Sea (Refer to
figure 9-c).
The co-ordinates for each UTM grid sector are given in metres with the origins (i.e. the zero
value) at a line 500,000m West of the centre meridian to avoid negative values and at the
equator. The co-ordinates are given as Eastings and Northings.
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G R O U P
Example
UTM co-ordinates of the rig:
410,261.0 E
6,833,184.2 N
The rig is 500,000 - 410,261m west of the central meridian and 6,833,184.2m north of the
equator.
The bearing between any two points in the same grid sector is referenced to Grid North
which is the direction of a straight line running from top to bottom of the map.
Convergence is the angle a (Refer to figure 9-b) between the Geographic North and the
Grid North for the location being considered measured from Geographic North. In the
northern hemisphere the convergence is positive for locations east of central meridian and
negative for locations west of central meridian. The opposite applies for the southern
hemisphere.
N
G
True North
a
EAST
EQUATOR LINE
WEST
+
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
SOUTH
Geographical Co-ordinates
Generally rig and target co-ordinates are given in either UTM and/or geographical coordinates.
Geographical co-ordinates are expressed in degrees, minutes and seconds for Latitude and
Longitude. Each degree is subdivided into 60 minutes and each minute further subdivided
into 60 seconds (Refer to figure 9-c).
Example
Rig location:
3 36'
01.0" E Longitude
40 43'
06.5" N Latitude
For the purpose of calculations degrees, minutes and seconds are often converted into
decimal degrees. This is done by dividing the minutes by 60 and the seconds by 3,600 so
that 3 36' 01" becomes:
3 + 36/60 + 1/3600 = 3,600.278
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G R O U P
80
80
60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
80
40
45
50
55
80
THE METHOD OF ZONE NUMBERING ACCORDING TO THE UTM SYSTEM ESCH ZONE IS 6
LONGITUDE IN WIDTH AND EXTENDS FROM 80 NORTH TO 80 SOUTH
27
28 29
30 31
32
33
34 35
36
37 38 39
40
41
42
64
V
56
U
31 U
48
T
40
S
32
R
24
Q
16
P
8
N
DEGREE
-8
-24 -18 -12 -6
12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
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G R O U P
9.3
9.3.1
Horizontal Displacement
Using UTM co-ordinates (Refer to Figure), displacement and direction can be determined
with trigonometry as shown in the following example.
UTM co-ordinates of rig:
410,261.0 E 6,833,184.2 N
412,165.0 E 6,834,846.0 N
1,904.0m
1,661.8m
1904,0 m
TARGET
48,9
1661,8 m
H D 2527,21 m
RIG
Figure 9-d - Example Calculation Of Horizontal Displacement
The origin used may correspond to wellhead or slot in a template.
The horizontal displacement (HD) to the target is thus:
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9.3.2
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Target Direction
The bearing to the target () is:
N48.9E
Convergence
The target co-ordinates and bearing, as calculated above , are relative to the Grid North.
Since survey data make reference to the Geographic North (also called True North), the
convergence must be applied to the target co-ordinates and bearing to present them relative
to the Geographic North.
Taking convergence as being 1.45 in this example (Refer to figure 9-e), it is necessary to
rotate the target location about the origin of the well by -1.45 to place it in its relative
position to True North.
True North
GRID NORTH
NEW TARGET
Target
Grid North
-1,45
Grid
Convergence
RIG
Est
EST
Fig. (a)
Fig. (b)
In the previous example the bearing of the target with respect to Grid North was 48,90 or N
48.90 E. Then the target bearing relative to the True North is:
48.90 - 1.45 = 47.45 or N 47.45 E
The horizontal displacement remains the same but its co-ordinates change. The True North
co-ordinates of the target are calculated with trigonometry as follow:
Eastings = 2,527.21 sin 47.45 = 1,861.76
Northings = 2,527.21 cos 47.45 = 1,708.98
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G R O U P
9.4
HIGH SIDE
HIGH SIDE
ROLLING BALL
LEFT
RIGHT
a
ROLLING BALL
LOW SIDE
LOW SIDE
VERTICAL
HIGH SIDE
45
TOOL FACE
TOOLFACE
LEFT
RIGHT
LOW SIDE
Steering the mudmotor by means of magnetic Steering the mudmotor by means of gravity
toolface bit and mud motor, trying to kick off in toolface bit and mud motor, trying to build
the direction of 45 magnetic azimuth
angle and turn well to the right
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G R O U P
9.4.1
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Magnetic Surveys
Length Of Non Magnetic Drill Collar
Magnetic instruments must be run inside a sufficient length of non-magnetic drill collars
(NMDC or Monel Collar) made of special nickel alloy to allow the instrument to respond to
the earth's magnetic field, by isolating it from the magnetic influence of the drill string.
The required length of NMDC is determined by taking into account the following factors:
The Directional Drilling Contractor shall provide updated indication of magnetic intensity
related to the area of operation.
Compass spacing is generally recommended to be at or below the centre of the nonmagnetic collars.
Magnetic Single Shot Surveys
Prior to use, the instrument should be thoroughly checked out and tested to ensure it is in
good working condition. After loading, the timer is set and synchronised with a watch on the
surface.
o
The speed of the falling instrument is approximately 1,000ft per min for inclinations up to 40
o
and 800 ft per minute for inclinations over 40 . A safety margin of 5 mins shall be added to
the calculated running time. Mud weight and viscosity are important factors to be considered,
as are drill string restricted internal diameters.
o
For high inclinations (over 60 ) sinker bars should be used and the survey barrel may need
to be pumped down. The mud pump rate should be very low, giving just sufficient pressure
to break circulation. The drill string may be rotated slowly (not however, if running the survey
on wireline) and reciprocated to prevent sticking and assist the survey tool in reaching
bottom.
Drill pipe movement and pumping (if used) should be continued until a minute or so before
the timer is due to operate..
If run on wireline, it should be taken into account the time the instrument generally takes
longer to assemble and to run. Sandlines are quicker to run but can cause higher wear on
drill pipe protective linings. Whichever wireline is used, thread protectors should be installed
on the tool joint.
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G R O U P
The positive system uses a plunger type valve that momentarily obstructs mud
flow thus creating a positive, transient pressure pulse.
The negative pulse system utilises a valve that momentarily vents a portion of
the mud flow to the borehole annulus, resulting in a negative, transient pressure
pulse.
The continuous wave system utilises a spinning, slotted rotor and slotted stator
that repeatedly obstructs mud flow. This operation generates a continuous low
frequency fluctuation in standpipe pressure of approximately 50psi.
One of the most common applications for a directional MWD system is to orient downhole
motor/bent sub assemblies when changing the course of the well path. Sensors located
immediately above the bent sub, taking measurements while the bit is drilling on bottom,
provide immediate data (inclination, azimuth and tool face) to the Directional Driller.
As already discussed in the description of steering tool systems, tool face may be referred to
magnetic North or high side of the hole, depending on hole inclination.
9.4.2
Gyroscopic Surveys
Gyro instruments are used when the proximity of casings or other magnetic interference
precludes the use of magnetic tools.
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G R O U P
9.4.3
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G R O U P
A1
Vertical = MD x cos(l1 + l 2 ) / 2
A2
I1
N
W
I2
E
North =
East =
A1
I1
A2
I2
N
E
W
S
DL
2
DL
2
A1
RF = 2 / DL x tan (DL / 2 )
cos(DL ) = cos(l l) sin l x sin x [1 cos (A a )]
I1
DL
A2
I2
W
S
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9.4.4
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This can be accomplished by varying the drilling parameters (weight on bit, rotary speed and
pump pressure) or changing the BHA. In this case careful assessment must be made to
consider whether the amount of time lost in tripping out of hole to change the assembly,
would be gained later with a better rate of penetration or by preventing difficulties.
The alternative is to accept the current performance and make adjustments at the next bit
trip.
Tangent Section (Hold On Section)
When the desired inclination has been reached, the kick off or build up assembly is replaced
with a stiff bottom hole assembly that will maintain the inclination and direction. Small
variation in behaviour of a BHA can be obtained by adjusting the weight on bit and rotary
speed.
figure 9-k, illustrates some common holding assemblies.
Providing it is necessary, the earlier a correction to inclination or direction can be made the
better it is. As the bit get closer to the target, longer corrections are required to get the well
back on the target. Advanced planning should be continuously done during operations to
ensure that, should a trip become necessary at short notice, any change to the BHA may be
made at the same time.
Drop Off Section
Drilling a directional well it may be necessary to allow the drift angle to straighten back to
vertical or near vertical. figure 9-l shows some common drop off assemblies.
Drop off assemblies should be used starting with the least successful. The reason being that
the higher the inclination, the greater the pendulum effect and the same rate of drop might
o
be achieved with the least successful assembly at 50 and the most successful assembly at
o
30 . Therefore, as the inclination is reduced, stronger dropping tendency assemblies may be
run to maintain the rate of drop required.
Only where the maximum negative side force is required, at low inclinations and in hard
formations, should pendulum assemblies be run (i.e. assemblies without a near bit).
Care Of Stabilisers
The bottom 120ft (40m) of a drilling assembly is the critical portion for controlling a
1
directional well. The stabilisers used in this area should be full gauge to /16" under unless
under-gauge stabilisers are required to hold or drop angle.
Stabilisers shall be gauged each trip: undersized tools should be moved up higher in drill
collar assembly or replaced with full gauge tools (Refer to Section 8.10).
All stabilisers shall be magnafluxed at the end of each well phase.
As a general rule, do not drill out the casing shoe with a packed hole assembly. However,
the decision whether or not to use stabilisers to drill casing shoe shall be evaluated case by
case.
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G R O U P
String Stabiliser
Drill Collars
60' Drill Collars
Maximum
Angle Building
Assemblies
Bit
Bit
String Stabiliser
String Stabiliser
Bit
Bit
Maximum
Angle Building
Assemblies
String Stabilisers
String Stabiliser
String Stabilizer
String Stabilisers
String Stabilisers
Bit
Bit
String Stabiliser
Packed
Hole
Assemblies
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G R O U P
Response
No.
Relative *
response
stenght
Bit
90'
Build
10
Build
Build
Build
7-3
Build
7-5
Build
5-3
Build
4-2
60'
30'
60'
30'
30'
45'
15'
30'
30'
30'
15'
30'
30'
15'
30'
30'
15'
30'
5-10'
30'
45'
3-2
30'
Hold
10
Hold
10
11
Hold
12
Hold
13
Hold
5-8
14
Hold
1-3
15a
Drop
10
15b
Drop
10
16
Drop
5 - 10 **
17
30'
30'
30'
30'
60 - 70'
30'
60 - 70'
45'
30'
18
19
30'
= Undergauge
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G R O U P
ASSEMBLY A
30'
15' 20'
30' - 60' or
90'
MOST SUCCESFUL
3' - 6'
ASSEMBLY B
5' 15'
30'
30' - 60' or
90'
30'
MODERATELY SUCCESFUL
3' - 6'
30' - 34'
30' or 60'
30' or 60'
ASSEMBLY C
30' - 60' or
90'
LEAST SUCCESFUL
ASSEMBLY A
3' - 6'
15' 20'
30'
30' - 60' or
90'
MODERATELY SUCCESFUL
3' - 6'
ASSEMBLY B
5' 15'
30'
30' - 60' or
90'
30'
LEAST SUCCESFUL
3' - 6'
30' - 34'
30' or 60'
ASSEMBLY C
MOST SUCCESFUL
30' or 60'
30' - 60' or
90'
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9.4.5
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If extreme torque is encountered during drilling deviated holes, consider the following
(in order of priority):
Improve hole cleaning verifying the flow velocity in the drill pipe/open hole
annulus and adjusting mud properties (high instantaneous gels, low viscosity
and, conditions permitting, high mud weight).
Add a non-polluting torque reducer additive or, if possible, diesel oil (to a
maximum of 10% diesel) to the mud.
On the subsequent trip leave out some drill collars and stabilisers. Replace with
HWDP. Replace the near bit stabiliser with a near bit roller reamer (if available).
2)
Set casing through the build up section to 200-300ft (60-90m) in the tangent section, if
possible.
The use of hard-banded drill pipe is not allowed inside casing.
Check the DP tool joints every trip with a fixed caliper.
It is recommended to have a magnet placed in the flow line to collect metal cuttings
coming out of the hole. Excessive metal cuttings may indicate casing wear or collision
with another well (on a cluster). In case of indications that the drill pipe and casing are
eroding , the following actions are suggested:
Use lowest practical rpm and consider the use of downhole motor.
Install protectors at less than 3ft (1m) above worn tool joints and, if so required,
also 3ft (1m) below tool joints in any section of the top hole where the hole
curvature makes it necessary. Minimum OD of the protectors is 7.
3)
4)
5)
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6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
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Inspect the DP after a certain amount of thousand feet is drilled, or rotating hours,
specified by the Company Drilling Office. This operation shall be carried out by a
recognised inspection company. Drill collars, stabilisers, subs, etc. shall be checked at
the end of each well.
Read the single shot survey film discs or MWD data to ensure the correct path is being
followed.
Check survey calculations for correctness.
Keep well plot updated every time a new survey is taken.
The baffle plate for the survey instrument should be located at the bottom of the
bottom non-magnetic drill collar.
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G R O U P
10.
CORING
10.1
10.1.1
Wireline
The Wireline, or Drill Core system, can be used for continuous drilling and/or coring
operations. The inner barrel or the drill plug centre of the core bit can be installed by
dropping it from the surface and retrieving it by wireline thus avoiding pulling of the drill
string.
10.1.2
10.1.3
Rubber Sleeve
The Rubber Sleeve Core Barrel is a tool designed for a special application to recover
undisturbed cores in soft, unconsolidated formations. As the core is cut, it is encased in the
rubber sleeve, which contains and supports it. Using face discharge ports in the bit, the
contamination of the core by circulating fluid is reduced. The rubber sleeve core barrel has
proven to be a very effective tool, even although it has limitations; i.e.:
10.1.4
Only one size of barrel is available which is limited to cutting a 20ft core.
The rubber sleeve becomes weak with a tendency to split if the temperature
increases to above 80 C.
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G R O U P
Outer Tube OD
Core Size
(ins)
(ins)
CONVENTIONAL CORING SYSTEMS
1
1
4 /8
2 /8
Series 250P
3
5
4 /4
2 /8
3
1
5 /4
3 /2
1
6 /4
4
3
6 /4
4
1
8
5 /4
3
5
4 /4
2 /8
Aluminium Inner Tube
3
1
5 /4
3 /2
3
6 /4
4
1
8
5 /2
1
1
4 /2
2 /8
Marine Series
1
6 /4
3
1
3
3 /2
1 /4
Slim Hole
SPECIAL CORING SYSTEMS
3
5
4 /4
2 /8
Fibreglass Inner Tube
3
6 /4
4
1
8
5 /4
3
1
4 /4
2 /4
PVC Inner Tube
3
5 /4
3
1
1
6 /4
3 /2
3
1
6 /4
3 /2
3
8
4 /4
3
6 /4
4
Full Closure System
3
1
6 /4
3 /2
3
6 /8
3
Rubber Sleeve
1
6
2 /2
Pressure Core Barrel
1
6 /4
2
Wireline Drill-Core
1
6 /4
3
Marine Soil Sampler
3
6 /4
4
HD45 Long Distance Barrel
Table 10-1 - Various Core Barrel Sizes
Agip
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G R O U P
10.1.5
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Inner Tubes
A variety of inner tubes are available to match the formation and application:
Fibreglass and aluminium tube are designed to recover undisturbed cores to the surface and
to allow them to be transported from the field to the laboratory without damage or
contamination. The fibreglass inner tube bears temperatures up to 150C. Aluminium tubes
are used to recover cores from extreme temperature wells or other environments where
fibreglass tubes are not suitable.
Fibreglass and aluminium inner tubes are machined in the same manner as the standard
steel tubes and can be interchanged without modification. Therefore coring is performed in
exactly the same manner as coring with conventional steel inner tubes.
10.1.6
Modified Barrels
Liners
In the past few years the conventional and marine core barrels have been modified by
adding inner barrel liners.
Plastic liners (PVC or ABS) provide an economical protection for cores of soft, friable,
broken or otherwise unconsolidated formations and help to protect and preserve the core
during removal and transportation.
Plastic liners are run inside conventional steel inner barrels and, hence, recover a smaller
OD core. They must be used with a special adapter and core heads.
Oriented Coring
Oriented coring provides important geological information such as the direction of faults and
fractures, the amount and direction of dip, etc.
Most of the conventional barrel types can also be adapted for oriented coring. A special shoe
assembly with knives is installed for lightly scribing grooves in the core as it enters the inner
barrel and an electronic multishot, set in a non magnetic collar above the barrel, is aligned
with one of the knives.
The pressure relief plug is replaced by a rod extending up into the non-magnetic collar,
providing support for the survey instrument.
The directional survey instrument has a reference mark on the shoe, by a connecting rod
through the inner barrel. Once the position of the directional survey instrument and the mark
on the shoe is locked, the core can always be orientated towards north.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
Recoverable Formation
Properties
Consolidated Formations
Rubber
Sleeve
&
ContainPressure
erised Core
Core
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
Type
Relative
Cost
High
Low
Ease of
Operation
Quality of
Samples
High
High
Low
Conventional
x
x
PVC
x
x
Ployglass
x
x
Rubber-Sleeve
x
x
Wireline
x
x
Pressure Barrel
x
x
x
Sponge Barrel
x
x
x
Sidewall
x
x
(1) = In oil base mud.
(2) = CO2 only.
Perm
Por
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Low
x
x
x
x
x
Oil
x
x
Saturation
H2O
Gas
x
x(1)
x
x(2)
Agip
Iran B.V.
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Page 145 of 271
G R O U P
10.2
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
GENERAL GUIDELINES
1)
Coring in 81/2" holes shall be carried out by using a conventional core barrel (6 3/4 x 4)
1
1
1
or Marine Core Barrel (6 /4" x 3" or 7 /4" x 4") with a 8 /2" diamond or PDC core head.
1
3
Coring in 12 /4" holes can be carried out by using a standard core barrel (6 /4 x 4,
1
1
1
1
6 /4 x 3, 7 /4 x 4), Marine Core Barrel (6 /4" x 3" or 7 /4" x 4") or a full size core barrel
1
1
(8" x 5 /4 ") with a 12 /4 " core head. The full size core barrel is preferable when long
section of hole must be cored
3
Coring in a 6 hole can be carried out using the conventional core barrel (4 /4 x 2 /8)
2)
3)
The inner tube material(steel, aluminium, fibreglass, etc.) or liner (PVC, ABS, etc.)
shall be chosen according to the formation characteristics and bottom hole
temperature.
Ensure that the necessary fishing equipment is available before running the core
barrel.
Check the inner tube's integrity and space-out prior to running in the hole.
The core barrel shall be stabilised on bottom and top with special stabilisers in order to
reduce the wear on the gauge of the bit with, consequently, crooked and under gauged
holes.
1
15
15
If a 8 /2" core bit is used, the stabiliser will have a 8 /32" OD. If a 8 /32" core bit is used,
7
the stabiliser should have a 8 /16" OD.
4)
5)
6)
7)
The core barrel shall be run on a stabilised BHA. The stabilisation of the BHA shall be,
when possible, the same as used for drilling.
Coring, especially in hard formations, requires full stabilisation to allow higher weight to
be applied to the bit.
Higher weight on an unstabilised core barrel can cause jamming, spiralling and
flattening of cores.
Note:
8)
9)
10)
11)
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15
12)
If continuous coring, ream with a drill bit at least every 100ft (27m) if a 8 /32" core bit is
used.
1
With the use of 8 /2" core bit this operation is unnecessary.
13)
Take and record the Reduced Pump Stroke Pressure (RPSP) with the core barrel in
the hole, after dropping the ball and with it in place.
10.3
CORING PROCEDURES
10.3.1
Operating Instructions
The following instructions apply to all sizes of core barrels.
Junk
On the last rock bit run prior to coring, ensure that the hole is free from junk, by running a
junk sub in the assembly. If any doubt exists as to cleanliness of the hole, it may be
advisable to run a reverse circulation basket or magnet, thus ensuring the complete removal
of junk off bottom.
Tight hole
If it is known that hole problems (i.e. dog legs, tight spots, etc.) exist in the open hole, it is
advised that the hole be well circulated and a wiper trip be carried out before coring. Care
must be taken to avoid sticking of the core barrel in these problematic areas.
Core head selection
Make the core head selection based on previous experience, bit records and formation to be
drilled.
Drill collars
Firstly, check the core barrel connections are compatible with the drill collars. If not, ensure a
cross over is available.
Drilling practices dictate that sufficient collars are run to keep the drill pipe in tension and
have sufficient weight to place on the bit. Similarly this practice is desirable whilst coring.
Stabilisation
As with diamond drilling, it is important that adequate stabilisation be run, keeping the core
head steady on bottom, ultimately assisting bit life and core recovery.
The recommended assembly is, two drill collars, stabilisers etc. This should be strictly
adhered to, as the core barrel will be the weakest point of the bottom hole assembly. If drill
collar stabilisers are not run, premature failure of core barrel thread connections may occur.
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Circulation
All core barrels are designed to run using various circulation mediums, i.e. air, water, drilling
mud, with the variations that these materials may have.
The volume to be circulated will be determined by mud the type, diameter and depth of hole,
pumps and formation. Once an average circulation rate has been established, variations of
weight and rotary can be carried out. The flow can also be varied to achieve maximum
cleaning and cooling of the core head.
Too low a flow rate can be detrimental as the cuttings will not be removed sufficiently quickly
from the bit face, resulting in regrinding of the cuttings, slowed penetration rate and possible
burning of core head. Too high a circulation rate will lift the bit off bottom resulting in
diamond damage. There is also a possibility that loss of core can occur due to washing the
core as it the enters bit throat. If this problem is suspected to be occurring when coring
loosely consolidated formations, a face discharge bit run with a pilot type lower shoe should
be applied. In these situations an emphasis should be made on cutting short cores, as the
weight of the core in the inner tube should not exceed the formation strength of the material
being cored, reducing again the possibility of breaking down of core and subsequent
removal by washing.
Loss circulation material
Most core barrels can operate efficiently with LCM. However, care must be taken in the
mixing of the material, to avoid large masses of material which could possibly block the core
barrel or core head fluid water exhaust.
Rotary speed
When starting to core, a slow rotary speed of 40-50rpm should be applied. As the core
enters the inner barrel and weight is added, the rotary can be increased. When carrying out
a drill off test, the optimum rotary speed can be determined. Check critical drill pipe rotary
speeds and avoid rotating in these areas. Through experience it has been found that a safe
maximum rotary speed of 150rpm can be applied on core barrels, although in general a
rotary speed between 70-120rpm is sufficient to core most formations.
Weight on core head
The weight run on the core head will be determined by the size of core head , size of core
barrel and the nature of formation to be cored. When coring has commenced the minimum
starting weight should be applied. Once core head has drilled a pattern and first stabiliser
has entered the new hole, the weight can be increased in small increments (i.e. 2,000lbs)
until optimum performance is achieved. Avoid exceeding the recommended maximum
weight. Once a satisfactory weight has been reached, it should be maintained and not
allowed to drill off.
Torque
Excessive or fluctuating torque should be avoided. Torque readings will change with varying
formations or excessive weight and rotary speed. If high or fluctuating torque exists, find the
correct combination of weight and rotary to achieve as smooth and as steady a torque
reading as possible.
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
10.3.2
Revision: 0
Page 148 of 271
3)
Prior to pulling out of the hole for coring, make a short trip to the last casing shoe.
Return to bottom, circulate bottoms up and then pull out of the hole.
Ensure that there are no restrictions in the string to stop the passage of the pressure
relief plug ball. If any doubt exists, a drift of the drill string shall be carried out to ensure
the correct passage of the ball.
In full hole coring, tripping into the hole shall be methodical. Caution should be
exercised at all tight places to prevent the core head from sticking. Tight places must
be reamed out by rotating at maximum of 30rpm and using the maximum circulating
rate and minimum weight.
Reaming of long intervals should be avoided with core heads, as their life can be
adversely affected.
4)
When the bottom is reached, make up the kelly and wash down to bottom taking a
note of the pressure.
When a large amount of fill is encountered, it is advisable to clean to the bottom by
circulating out the fill rather than coring it out. Use as little rotation as possible. Wash
out slowly picking up periodically and checking kelly measurements with the pipe tally.
When the true bottom is reached a weight on bit gain accompanied by a pressure
increase should be noted.
5)
Once it is fully established that the bottom has been successfully reached, circulate for
a further 10 to 15mins to clean out the inner barrel.
Pick up, break off the kelly and drop the steel ball. If necessary space out with pup
joints in order to avoid (or minimise) pipe connection while coring.
Make up the kelly and pump the ball down at a good circulation rate (allow one minute
per 1,000ft). When the ball reaches the pressure relief plug a slight pressure increase
should be observed.
With the ball in place record the off bottom pressure at the same circulating rate that
will be used during coring.
6)
7)
8)
10.3.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
5)
6)
Check the pump strokes ensuring that the correct circulation rate is being delivered to
the core head.
Lower the core barrel on to bottom and apply a weight of 5,000 to 7,000lbs (2 to 3t).
Start rotating, bringing the speed up slowly to 40-50 rpm.
When sure that core head has seated, (this should be apparent through pressure
increase) maintain the starting weight until approximately one foot has been cored.
After cutting the 1ft (30cm) of core, the weight should then be increased in 2,000lbs
increments. Increase the rotary speed to approximately 60 rpm. Once 2 or 3ft (0.5-1m)
has been cored, the weight and rotary speed can be varied to achieve the maximum
performance.
In general a rotary speed between 70 and 120 rpm is used to core most formations.
Slow rotary speeds are beneficial when coring fractured formations. Using speeds of
30 to 40 rpm produces less disturbance of the core.
Agip
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G R O U P
7)
The pump pressure should now have increased and levelled out. Therefore the pump
strokes should be checked ensuring original flow rate is maintained. Take note of
pressure and watch it constantly throughout the coring. Pump pressure increases or
decreases are an indication that something abnormal is occurring and the cause
should be determined and remedied. Make sure the flow rate has not changed due to
a variation in SPM, pump malfunction or wash out in the string.
If the pump pressure increase and the torque decreases, this generally indicates
a formation change.
If the pump pressure, penetration rate and torque decreases simultaneously, this
indicates the barrel has jammed.
If the pump pressure and torque increases simultaneously, the core head has
probably ringed
8)
9)
The table 10-4 shows flow rates given as a general guide only.
If situation is not corrected after a short time, the barrel should be pulled immediately
to avoid excessive damage to core head, core barrel or loss of the core.
12 /4
1
8 /2
Barrel Size
(ins)
8
3
6 /4
Soft Formation
300/400
160/250
Flow Rate
GPM
Hard Formation
570/650
280/300
Pressure changes could possibly be due to changes in flow rate, debris in pump valve
seats or washed liner. Check the pump strokes and condition of the pump first.
b)
Pressure decreases could be attributed to the core jamming or filling of the barrel. This
can occur in fractured or laminated formations, the core being jammed in the inner
barrel or core catcher holding the bit off bottom, thus increasing flow area and causing
a decrease in pump pressure.
However, in soft unconsolidated formations, it has been known for the pressure to
increase, indicating that the formation being cored has jammed and is being drilled
rather than cored and excess material is plugging the waterways of the core head.
Again in soft material the core may jam and no pressure charge be noted. However,
the first instance is more likely.
Another possible cause could be a wash out in the drill string. In any of these cases it
would be advisable to pull out of the hole.
c)
Pressure increase, if the mud volume is constant, it is possible that the core head has
O ringed, i.e. the diamonds have been damaged letting the formation abrade the
matrix, blocking off the fluid course and restricting fluid flow, therefore creating a
pressure increase. An O ring occurrence can be determined by picking up of the
bottom, the pressure should then fall to normal off bottom pressure.
d)
When re-tagging bottom, if the pressure increase is immediate, this confirms that core
head damage has occurred.
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
10.3.5
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Revision: 0
Page 150 of 271
e)
Another possible cause for pressure increase could be the inner barrel or swivel
assembly backing out and sitting on the core head. This can be determined by picking
up off bottom, it is most likely in this case that the pressure will remain high. In either
case the barrel should be pulled immediately.
f)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
10.3.6
Stop the rotary table and shut off the pump. Mark the kelly.
Pick up the drill string until the weight indicator shows the core spring has gripped the
core. Continue picking up until core breaks or the recommended pull is reached. If the
core does not break with the maximum strain, then start the pump at normal coring
flow rate and hold the pull on the core until it breaks.
After the core has broken, raise the core head 10ft (3m) and then lower slowly back to
within one foot of the bottom checking the weight indicator to see if there is any
obstruction caused by core left in the hole.
If the core appears to be properly caught in the barrel, pick up and pull out of hole if
coring is completed or make a connection if coring should be continued.
When coring is resumed after a connection, run to bottom without rotary or circulation
and add weight approximately 50% higher than normal coring weight. This additional
weight should release the core from the core spring, permitting the passage of new
core into the inner barrel.
Pick up the drill string until the normal coring weight is reached. Start the pump at the
normal rate. Bring the rotary speed up slowly to normal rotation and continue to core.
Make sure the pump pressures are normal when coring is recommenced.
2)
3)
4)
Break the core and pull out of hole. When tripping, care should be taken when setting
slips to avoid jarring the barrel as core loss may occur. It may also be advantageous to
chain out the pipe whilst in open hole.
Special attention has to be paid during tripping in order to avoid pipe sticking.
If any drag occurs, rotate the pipe slowly with the slips in. Do not exceed 30,000lbs
(15t) overpull.
The core shall be recovered under the Company Well Site Subsurface Geologist's
supervision.
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
5)
6)
7)
8)
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When the core barrel reaches surface place a collar clamp above the slips. Break off
the last stand of collars and stand back in the derrick. Remove steel ball from the core
barrel using the pick up tool. Make up an elevator sub, and torque up the sub using the
tongs.
Pull the core barrel out of the rotary table. Break off the bit. Make up a core barrel
protector making sure it is tight.
Run the core barrel back into the rotary table, a visual inspection of the core barrel and
stabilisers can be carried out whilst the barrel is being lowered. Set the slips below the
top stabilisers, replace the collar clamp.
Break out the safety joint, rotate out using chain tongs, and pull out the inner barrel.
Check the inner barrel connection has been pulled. Break off inner tube shoe lower
half (catcher) using chain tongs or a pipe wrench. Place the core tong shoe on the
inner barrel. The shoe should be backed out on the rig floor preventing core from
falling out of the inner tube. Put the core tong handle on the core tong shoe. Exert
pressure on the core tong handle and pick up the inner barrel slowly. Remove the inner
tube shoe.
The core can now be removed from the inner barrel, as the inner tube is picked up.
When desired boxing length is reached, exert pressure on the core tong handle. The
exposed core can then be removed and boxed. Lower the barrel, keeping pressure on
the core tong handle until the core in the core tong is resting on the floor. The pressure
on the core tong handle can now be released, pick up inner tube again exposing core.
This procedure should be continue until the core marker comes out of the inner tube. If
however the core marker or further core does not appear, lower the inner tube onto the
floor and knock the inner barrel with a sledge hammer until the core falls. Do not
repeat the sledge hammer blows to the same area on the inner barrel as this will
damage the tube.
If the core can not be removed in this manner it will be necessary to lay down the inner
tube and pump out the core. Using the pump out bean and plunger, the core can be
pumped out using water as a medium. Do not under any circumstances use
pressurised air.
9)
Once the removal of the core has been completed, clean off the catcher and lower
shoe, replace if necessary. Make up the lower shoe up onto the inner barrel, tighten
with chain tongs using cheater bars. Run the inner barrel back into the outer tube.
Check for bearing wear, if excessive change out. Check the O rings. If all are in good
condition, regrease the safety joint and make up to the recommended torque. Break
off the protector. Evaluate the core head wear and change out if necessary.
10)
Make up the core head. Pick up the barrel. Ensure the inner barrel is rotating freely, by
placing a hand inside the core catcher and rotating. The barrel is now ready to run into
the hole for further coring.
In case of continuous coring, ream with a drill bit at least every 100ft (27m) but only if a
15
1
8 /32" core head is used. With the use of a 8 /2" core bit this operation is not
necessary.
Reaming shall be avoided when using a core barrel. If this has to be done, use the
maximum circulating rate with minimum weight and rotate at a maximum of 30rpm.
Refer to the Manufacturers field handbook for assembly of the core barrel and specific
coring parameters.
11)
12)
13)
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G R O U P
10.4
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
When an 8 /2" core is cut in a larger hole (e.g. 12 /4") and a second run with the core barrel
is required, it could be difficult to re-enter the rat hole. In this case it is suggested that the rat
hole is enlarged with a bit to the original size first and then run the core barrel again.
When long intervals have to be cored a full size core head and core barrel will be used.
10.4.1
10.4.2
10.4.3
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G R O U P
11.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Investigate the cement seal around the casing shoe which should be at least as
high as the predicted fracture pressure for the area.
Investigate the wellbore capability to withstand pressures below the casing shoe
in order to allow proper well planning with regard to the setting depth of the next
casing, mud weights and alternatives during well control operations.
Collect regional information on formation strengths and stress magnitude for
different applications including optimisation of future well planning, hole stability
analysis and modelling, reservoir application.
Prior to a test, a decision should be made to either increase the pressure until leak off
occurs (as in the LOT) or to stop at a predetermined pressure for a (FIT). It should be noted
that:
When a Formation Integrity Test is required, the maximum pumping pressure is often
expressed in terms of Equivalent Mud Weight (EMW):
P
+ MW
0. 052 x TVD
where:
P
TVD
MW
P x 10
+ MW
TVD
where:
2
TVD
MW
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Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Lots or FITs can be carried out in any open hole section and at any time while drilling the
hole, even if it is customary to have it performed some metres (6-15 metres) below the
casing. For instance, the casing seat can be in a shale and the first sand formation may be
encountered several hundred feet deeper. This will certainly be more permeable than the
shale, and a test can be performed to ascertain the maximum pressure this sand can hold. If
it is lower than the shale just below the casing seat, this sand becomes the limiting factor.
11.1
TEST PROCEDURE
Prior to performing a formation strength test, prepare a sheet of graph paper to record
pressure versus cumulative mud volume.
1)
2)
3)
4)
Drill out the float equipment, clean the rat hole and drill 5m of new hole.
Circulate a mud quantity equal to the internal string volume plus the new hole plus 50m
internal casing volumes. This mud shall be cleaned and conditioned to the density and
filtrate as indicated in the Mud Programme to be used for the next drilling phase.
Pull the bit back into the casing shoe.
Rig up the cementing unit to the drill pipe. The unit shall be equipped with high
precision, low pressure gauges.
The range of the pressure gauge shall be selected based on the actual mud weight
and the estimated (LOT) or predetermined (FIT) pressure.
A pressure recorder should be used during the test. The use of the rig pumps for
making these tests are unsuitable.
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
Two or three points on the plot are reached where the pressure deviates and
falls below the approximate straight line (or if the pressure does not increase with
the injected volume). The point on the plot where the curve begins to bend away
from the straight line is called Leak Off Point (Refer to figure 11-a).
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
14)
15)
16)
17)
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Stop pumping, shut in the well, record and plot pressure versus time until stabilisation
(usually it takes 15-20min). In the early stage (2-3min) one value every 15-30sec
should be collected while for the remaining a value of pressure every 30-60sec may be
sufficient. The use of PACR or an equivalent device, if available, is preferred.
Bleed off the pressure and record the quantity of fluid returned into the cementing unit.
Compare it to the volume used for the test to obtain the amount of fluid lost to the
formation.
Open the BOP and calculate the formation strength in terms of Equivalent Mud
Weight using the lowest between leak off point pressure and stabilised pressure.
Collect the data recorded during the test in a data sheet together with the following
information: borehole diameter, depth of test, depth and type of the last casing, mud
density, plastic viscosity, filtrate and gels (refer to the example on the next page).
Note:
The pumping rate should be kept within the limits described in step 9). If
the rate is too low, filtration losses will mask any leakage loss, or, if the
rate is too high the formation may suddenly break and the leak off
pressure will not be determined. Also, the longer the open hole section,
the higher should be the injection rate. If the initial pumping rate is not
sufficient, the well should be depressured and the test restarted with a
higher rate.
Note:
If a float valve is used in the drilling string, the test can not be carried out
by pumping down the drill pipe. In this case rig up the cementing unit to
the choke or kill line, fill and test the lines against the fail-safe and
establish circulation through the riser. Close the BOP and perform the
formation strength test pumping down the annulus.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
SPER
33
Report N
Date:
WELL CODE:
WELL NAME:
Open hole depth (m):
Hole Diameter (in):
Last Csg. Shoe (m):
Csg. diameter (in):
Grade:
Weight (lb/ft):
Max. Burst pres (psi):
Litology:
825
121/4
797
133/8
J-55
61
3103
Shale
CONTRACTOR:
Mud Type:
Weight (Kg/l):
Marsh Viscosity (sec/Qt):
P.V.(cps):
Y.P.(lb/100 ft2):
Gels(lb/100 ft2):
W.L (cc/30 min):
RIG NAME:
FWGELS
1.3
44
19
5
2/8
10.5
Expected EMW
RIG CODE:
Rig type:
R.K.B. elevation (m):
Water Depth (m):
Pumps:
Liners (in):
Flow Rate (bpl):
J.UPs
26
24
12-P-160
6.5
0.25
Kg/cm /10 m
1.68
Time
(min)
Volume
(bbl)
Pressure
(Psi)
Time
(min)
Volume
(bbl)
Pressure
(Psi)
Time
(min)
Volume
(bbl)
Pressure
(Psi)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
8.5
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.00
2.00
50
100
250
380
450
480
520
550
520
505
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
13
14
15
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
490
480
470
463
455
450
445
440
437
435
16
435
Note:
Pumped with a costant flow rate of (bbl):
Volume pumped (bbl):
Volume returned (bbl):
Time
(psi)
0
1000 20
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
(min)
19
900
800
P
re
s
s
ur
e
stop pump
700
600
shut in curve
500
400
8 minutes
300
200
100
0
0
0,25
0,5
0,75
1,25
1,5
1,75
2,25
2,5
2,75
3,25
3,5
3,75
4,25
4,5
4,75
(bbl)
Flow Rate
RESULTS: (Press. mud + Press. L.O. )x10/Depth=[(1.3 x 797 / 10) + (430 x 0.07)] x 10 / 797 = 1.68 (Kg/cm /10 m)
2
Note:
Company Representative
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
12.
12.1
RESPONSIBILITIES
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Grade
The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor is the person in charge of all casing
running and cementing operations.
The Company Drilling Engineer should be present on the rig, whenever possible, for
the intermediate casing operations and to assist the Drilling And Completion
Supervisor during critical phases, providing technical assistance.
The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor shall ensure that all pipe is correctly
measured, all equipment is of proper size and type specified in the Drilling Programme
and that the most appropriate casing, running and cementing procedures are followed.
A detailed programme to include the casing design, stress calculations, string
composition, floating equipment, centralisation, special running procedures, cementing
calculations and procedures, etc. shall be compiled and available at least three days
before operations commence.
On the rig only the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor, assisted by the
Company Drilling Engineer, is authorised to change the programme. detailed above.
However, consultation with the Company Shore Based Drilling Manager/
Superintendent is advisable, time and work permitting.
The Toolpusher, Driller, Cementing Operator, Mud Engineer and Mud Logging
Operators shall be given detailed instructions on their duties and responsibilities.
The following table 12-1 (see API Specification No 811-05CT5) shows the colours and
number of bands for each grade of casing.
Pipe/Pipe Joints
Couplings
6ft or Longer
J 55
K 55
N 80
C 95
P 110
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12.1.1
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Casing joints, enough for planned depth with 5-10% excess or a min. of 10 joints.
b)
Float equipment (float shoe, float collar, stage collar back-up are recommended).
c)
Casing compound.
d)
e)
f)
g)
API casing drift (special Teflon drift is required for CRA casing).
h)
Wellhead equipment (casing spool, slips, packing, wear bushing, etc.) with back-up.
i)
j)
Casing circulating head (swedge) with thread consistent with casing in use and backup.
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
Cement.
s)
Water.
t)
u)
Cement additives.
v)
w)
x)
y)
z)
Torque monitoring system (required for Corrosion Resistant Alloy casing or 7" casing).
aa)
Casing stabbing guide (for premium connections and production casing string).
bb)
HP hose or chicksan line for circulating or reciprocating casing (minimum 15m length).
cc)
dd)
Dope applicator (for Corrosion Resistant Alloy and production casing string).
ee)
Special handling equipment (nylon pick up slings, wooden cover for pipe rack and Vdoor, etc.) required when Corrosion Resistant Alloy casing should be run.
ff)
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12.1.2
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
A non-destructive test (NDT) on the casing shall be carried out at a service contractors
workshop or at the Companys Operating Base.
Casing shall be accurately measured and drifted. Each joint shall be drifted with on API
drift or a specially built drift in case of non-standard casing.
The joints will be counted and each joint numbered.
The joints to be excluded from the string will be clearly marked. A special mark for
defective joints will be used and specified in the manifest for back loading.
Crossover joint thread connections should be drifted and checked for thickness and
correct thread type.
Threads should be cleaned with a high pressure stream of water or an evaporating
solvent such as Varsol, otherwise manually cleaned on API connections.. Diesel left in
the thread roots can prevent the thread compound from forming an effective seal.
Casing shall be visually inspected to check it is not damaged by hooks used in the box
and pin ends while handling.
The box thread of the casings should be greased on the rack. API modified thread
compound (torque transmission factor = 1) shall be used. table 12-2 shows the friction
indices for various thread compounds.
The float equipment and casing accessories will be inspected.
The shoe will be made up on the pipe rack using a thread locking compound.
The collar should be made up on the box end of the pipe on the rig floor. Install blank
thread protectors on the box ends of shoe joints.
The joints between shoe and collar couplings should be loose otherwise spare
couplings should be ordered to provide a means of thread locking both sides of the
couplings.
The centralisers should be made up on pipe rack as per the programme.
Wellhead equipment will be inspected, checking all dimensions.
Ensure that the cement plugs are compatible with the inside diameter of the casing
string.
Casing power tongs and associated equipment shall be visually inspected to ensure it
is of proper size and condition.
The drill line shall be cut and/or slipped prior to running casing, regardless of its
condition.
Links, elevators, hook assembly and drawwork brakes shall be inspected by Magnaflux
prior to running heavy strings.
Make sure that the mud pumps are in good mechanical condition and fitted with proper
size liners. Verify that shear pins are the correct size and are installed in the pump
relief valve.
Verify the mud pumps volumetric efficiency to ascertain the practical value of
litres/stroke during displacement.
Check the correct operation of the pumps stroke counters.
The cementing unit should be overhauled a few days in advance of requirement to
reduce the risk of mechanical/hydraulic failure during cementing operations.
Cement lines, silos, surge tank, air compressor should be checked.
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G R O U P
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Good practice when unloading cement is to blow the first few sacks of cement through
the lines in order to prevent moisture contaminated cement from collecting in the
tanks. Off-loaded cement should be blown into empty, clean tanks.
If possible, avoid storing cement for long periods. Alternate tank usage systematically
and check them. Cement will pack when stored for a long periods and it should be
aerated for half hour once a week.
To prevent condensation in the cement tanks and lines, pressure should be maintained
on the system at all times. This will prevent breathing which can lead to condensation.
The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor is directly responsible for the proper
inventory of cement and additives required before each job.
It is necessary to send a sample of cement, mud, barite and mixing water to the
Company Drilling Office where it shall be tested. Check the drill water for chloride
content, calcium and pH.
Prepare graph, one with casing weight in mud versus depth and the other with steel
displacement versus depth. A copy of these graphs must be given to the Driller and to
the Mud Engineer.
Back-up tongs and make up joint analysers, including a torque limitor, shall always be
used when running metal-to-metal seals.
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G R O U P
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Baker Seal
Bestolife Honey-Koat
BP Energrease AS 13
BP AS 11
Houghton Stap Zn 6
Jet-Lube 21
Jet-Lube Kopr-Kote (made in UK)
Jet-Lube TF-15 (made in UK)
Jet-Lube TF-25 (made in UK)
Jet-Lube TF-65 Pb (made in UK)
Jet-Lube TL-60 Z 15 (made in UK)
Liquid O-Ring 104
Research Laboratories API Modified HP 300
Shell HP API Modified (Shell Oil Co. Code 72732)
Shell HP API Modified (Shell Canada Ltd Code 504-599)
Shell HP (Japan)
Techlube API Modified Thread Compound
Techlube TL 65 Pb
Thredkote 706
Thredkote 709
0,60
0,70
0,75
0,80
0,70
0,70
0,85
0,90
0,80
0,70
0,80
0,70
0,85
0,80
0,80
0,85
0,70
0,70
0,85
0,75
1,15
1,20
1,30
1,60
0,70
0,90
0,60
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12.1.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
The following codes will be used to describe the number of centralisers per casing:
4)
5)
6)
7)
The use of spiral centralisers is recommended in each of the patterns where closetolerance conditions exist.
Alternate left/right handed spiral centralisers are used in special applications e.g.
liners, deviated wells, production strings, improvement of hydraulic displacement, etc..
For open hole intervals, spiral bow type centralisers will be used unless otherwise
specified. Straight type bows will be used for wash-out sections, unconsolidated
formations, etc.
Rigid type centralisers (Positive) are never allowed to enter open hole intervals.
In deeper wells, where high-rating casing equipment is used, Positive type centralisers
OD for free passage through clamp's slips should be considered. If not applicable,
spring bows are recommended and also in casing to casing intervals.
Maximise centralisation when special equipment/tools/zone are predicted i.e. stage
tools, liner hanger, ECIP, GOC, WOC, etc.
Special CRC stop collars, (without nails) are essential for CRA (Corrosion Resistant
Alloys) casing.
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G R O U P
CASE I:
Over stop collar
CASE III:
Between coupling
and stop collar
CASE IV:
CASE II:
Over coupling
Between
stop collars
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G R O U P
2CPP
Post Plug Pattern
2CPPM
Modified Post Plug Pattern
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G R O U P
12.1.4
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Preliminary Operations
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
After open hole log, a trip to bottom is recommended to condition the hole and mud.
The Mud Engineer shall check and, if necessary, adjust the mud properties. Plastic
viscosity, yield strength and weight shall be kept as low as possible.
There is a difference between the driller's and logging depths, strapping in or out of the
drill string shall be considered.
Check the weather forecast to ensure conditions be such as to allow safe operations.
Replace the upper pipe rams with the correct size of rams for the casing to be run. A
pressure test of the bonnet and rams seals shall be performed when the pipe rams are
changed.
Retrieve the wear bushing.
Do not lay down the BHA unless unavoidable. Before running 7" casing, break-out
BHA and 5" DP. While waiting on cement lay down the BHA and 5" DP.
From the caliper log determine the correct volume of slurry, spacers. Centralisation
pattern to be used.
Verify that the differential pressure between the slurry and mud does not exceed the
casing collapse rating. Also make sure that the density of slurry and the planned top of
cement do not cause losses of circulation and/or gas migration while waiting on
cement. The Company Drilling Engineer, if on site, shall assist the Company Drilling
and Completion Supervisor.
The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor, Company Drilling Engineer (if on
site) and Cementing Operator shall conduct individually, calculations for the cementing
job prior to running the casing. The figures/calculations shall be compared in order to
ascertain final cement, volumes, etc.
Calculate the maximum allowable overpull while running casing.
Landing joints are to be inspected and selected to avoid interference with wellhead.
The coupling must be minimum a 2m from casing hanging point.
Do not start running the casing without the Cementing Operator being on site. The
operator will start the unit pumps and check for system malfunctions.
Check the length of elevator links several days in advance for fitness with equipment
i.e. spider, circulating/cementing heads, circulating casing packer.
Before commencing of the job, the Toolpusher, Driller, Cementing Operator, Mud
Engineer and Mud Logging Operator shall be fully informed of the cementing
procedure and given the following data:
Required amount of mixing water for both slurries (fresh or sea water to be duly
noted by all concerned).
Internal volume of casing from top to float collar and number of rig pump strokes
to bump the plugs.
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15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
12.1.5
Volume of casing from float collar to float shoe and number of rig pump strokes
for overdisplacement only.
Running Procedure
1)
2)
3)
4)
A tested circulation sub, fitting the casing thread, equipped with a WECO connection,
shall be readily available on rig floor at all times during casing running.
Pick up the shoe joint and remove the blank thread protector at V-door. Lower the joint
through the rotary and visually verify for back flow. Fill the joint with mud, then pick up
to check for flow through.
3
5
Generally a float collar shall be run two joints above the shoe in 13 /8" and 9 /8" casing
and three joints above a 7" shoe.
30" conductor pipe, after drilling of 36" hole, and 20" surface casing shall be cemented
using a drill pipe inner string with a sealing sleeve adapter.
Use thread lock compound on all the connections on and below the float collar (or
landing collar).
5)
Pick up the collar joint and remove the blank thread protector at the V-door. Make up
the joint and fill with mud. Pick up and check the shoe and collar for flow through.
6)
After running 6 joints, make up the circulating head and test the float equipment
pumping at the maximum displacement rate. Record pressure losses due to collar and
shoe at various flow rates.
7)
When running Buttress casing, make up the first 10 joint connections to the reference
triangle (do not consider the joints between shoe and collar since the torque
transmission factor of thread lock compound is not the same value as casing dope).
Record the average torque required for these first joints and use it for the remaining
part of the string. The torque value shall then be checked every 10-20 joints and
adjusted, if necessary.
8)
When running other threads, the make up torque should be in accordance with the
manufacturer's specifications.
9)
Rotary slips with safety clamp and side door elevators may be used up to a weight
equal to 60% of the rating for the elevators. Beyond this weight, use slip power
elevator and spider.
Note:
Slip power elevator and spider shall always be used when running casing
in open hole).
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
10)
11)
Note:
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Stop the block before setting the spider and then slowly slack off pipe weight to
minimise pipe slippage, notching or crushing.
The maximum casing running speed should be calculated for the well specific mud
properties and formation integrity. As a rule of thumb, running speed should never
exceed 0.6m/sec. (20sec/joint) inside casing and 0.3m/sec. (40sec/joint) in open hole.
For 7" casing the running speed shall not exceed 0.2m/sec. (1 joint every
minute).
Inform the Driller that speed variation is a cause of surge and possible mud loss, so it
is particularly important to run the casing in as smooth a manner as possible.
12)
13)
14)
Fill up the casing after every joint and completely every 10 joints. If running a liner, fill
up the running string at each stand.
While running the casing compare the actual string weight and pit level, with theoretical
values previously plotted, in order to detect any possible abnormal condition.
Intermediate circulation is generally not necessary, however it may be advisable under
the following circumstances:
When it is anticipated that returns will be lost if excessively high pump pressure
is required to break circulation at bottom.
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
Note:
When installing a production casing string it is recommended to place a short joint near
the pay zone to aid in checking depths with casing collar locator (CCL) during later
logging operations.
During casing running, plot the casing weight and pit levels on the graph (described
earlier) and compare them with the theoretical values previously plotted to detect any
possible abnormal condition.
At the previous casing shoe depth fill up the string completely and circulate the volume
inside the casing. Check levels and start circulation at a very low pump rate increasing
gradually up to the maximum allowable displacement rate. Record the circulating
pressures at the various flow rates.
Space out the casing string in order to have the cementing head at a convenient
height. On the other hand, ensure that the last casing collar is not across the hanging
point.
With the casing at TD circulate the total hole volume, following the procedure in step
17).
During circulation, check the levels and any bottom cushion.
At the end of circulation, record the pressure with the estimated displacement rate.
During the final circulation and the following cementing job phases, hang the casing on
the travelling block and do not leave it on the rotary table clamp.
In particular instances the Post Plug technique should be used in order
to reciprocate the casing string.
Agip
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G R O U P
12.1.6
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
12.2.1
Preliminary operations
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
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12.2.2
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2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Plastic supports will be used to support chrome tubulars and prevent rolling. Wood and
rope are not recommended, as they tend to retain moisture, and may become
contaminated with chlorine or other chemicals harmful to chrome tubulars.
The supports will be properly spaced to prevent bellying of the pipe, and so prevent
water accumulation.
The recommended stacking heights for various sizes of tubing are:
7
29lbs/ft
6 rows
1
5 /2
17lbs/ft
8 rows
41/2
12.6lbs/ft
9 rows.
Chrome tubulars must not be allowed to contact other metallic material, including
supports and tubulars of the same material.
Plastic or Teflon drift must be used. Drifting cable must be coated as well.
Where metal impact or handling devices have inadvertently been used the tubing joint
will be set aside for further checking.
Do not use lift hooks to pick-up CRA pipe. The joints should be lifted to the V door by
nylon slings.
The elevator must be placed on the pipe only after the joint is made-up.
A safety clamp will be securely placed around the joint located in the slips to prevent
slippage (X-line or flush coupling).
Keep thread protectors on the Pin and Box until stabbing to avoid loose scale or debris
interfering with the make-up.
The use of an integral back-up power tong is recommended with a connection
monitoring system. The equipment must be capable of providing an instantaneous
view of torque versus time and turn, which provides a hard copy. A dump valve must
be used to prevent over-torque.
Final make-up of the pipe will be at a low speed only and held for +/- 3 seconds to
ensure the plateau effect on the time graph.
Any premium connections failing or exceeding the required make-up criteria shall be
rejected. A maximum of three attempts only must be made.
Threads, protectors and compound must be absolutely clean, free of grit, scale, or
powder.
The use of water steam cleaner is recommended for thread cleaning
For premium connections, the initial spin-in should be about 10rpm and the final makeup between 1 to 3rpm.
A dope applicator and antifriction spray are recommended for use on production
strings designed for gas well.
11)
It is suggestible to start by hand the make up for CRA tubings or small size casing (57).
12)
All unused joint must be returned to the Base Shore properly cleaned, doped and with
protector fully made-up.
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G R O U P
Item
Casing Power Tong
Notes
Provided with relevant power
unit.
Back-Up System
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Selection/ Specification
Selection shall be based on
desired make-up torque and
casing size.
It is a casing power tong optional.
It is a casing power tong optional.
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
12.3
12.3.1
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Install cementing head which shall have a minimum of two inlets with ball valves. The
pressure testing of the valves shall be performed before the installation of the
cementing head on top of casing string.
Line up to the rig pumps. Break circulation slowly. When it has been determined that
full returns have been established, gradually increase the pump rate and circulate total
hole volume. Record the pressures at the various flowrates. At the end of circulation,
record the pressure with estimated displacement rate.
During circulation monitor pit levels, bottoms-up mud properties and eventual shows.
After bottom circulation, line up the cement head to the cementing manifold.
Check the cementing lines and connect the cementing manifold to the rig mud pumps.
All lines of the cementing manifold shall be flushed with water and pressure tested to
5,000psi prior to cementing.
The Mud Engineer shall record initial pit levels. He shall be present at the mud pits
during the whole cementing and displacement operations reporting any loss on
returns, pertinent facts and data.
Pump the spacer. Unless the effective mud density required to control formation
pressure dictates otherwise, all cement jobs shall be flushed with a water spacer. The
spacer volume shall be equivalent to, circa three minutes of contact time. The use of
other particular spacers, related to mud weight and system in use, will be specified, in
the drilling programme (contact time, compatibility with cement slurry, etc.).
In all cementing operations, a top and bottom plug shall be utilised unless otherwise
specified in the Cementing Programme, 30 and 20 casing will be cemented through
an inner string.
The use of non rotating PDC drillable plugs are recommended to enable further drilling
phases.
In advance to the cementing job, the water and cement shall be checked to ascertain
that the chemical characteristics are the same as the samples used in the pilot tests.
Mix the cement to the required slurry weight and have the weight checked regularly. A
pressurised mud balance is recommended in order to reduce any air entering the
system to a negligible volume. The use of this tool provides advantages:
A fluid density value that is virtually the same as that under actual downhole
conditions.
The correct water/cement ratio. It must be noted that changing the W/C ratio,
means the amount of additives in the slurry also change.
For production casing, the slurry must be homogeneous and a batch-mixer will be
used.
When mixing cement, samples of slurry shall be collected in numbered containers,
taken at the start, middle and end of each type of slurry. Also take water, mixing water
samples and one sample of dry cement from each tank used.
For the slurry recipe follow the Cementing Programme.
Leave the mixing tube full of the required weight slurry at the conclusion of mixing to
avoid the possibility of pumping diluted cement or possibly water into the casing before
the top plug is released.
Flush the cement from the lines prior to releasing the top plug.
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)
24)
25)
26)
27)
28)
29)
30)
31)
32)
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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The Cementing Operator shall personally release the top plug and the Company
Drilling and Completion Supervisor shall personally witness the process.
Switch over to the rig pumps. The cement pumping unit shall be ready, waiting to take
over in case of any malfunction or in the event pressure becomes excessive for the rig
pumps.
Displace the cement with mud at the maximum permissible rate and surface pressure,
unless otherwise stated in the Cementing Programme.
Slow the pumps, if there is a loss of returns during the displacement, to regain
circulation.
If returns cannot be regained, continue to displace the cement at the lowest
permissible rate (unless otherwise advised) record the returns.
Stop displacement only in the event the pressure exceeds 70% of the casing burst
pressure or 5,000psi, whichever is least.
Reduce the flow rate at the end of operation to avoid any sudden pressure surge when
bumping the plug.
Bump the plug, pressure up to conduct the casing pressure test. Release the pressure
gradually as soon as possible to avoid the microannulus effect.
The bumping pressure values are always given in the Drilling Programme.
Should the plug not bump, never overdisplace more than half the shoe truck volume
(between collar and shoe).
Check for back flow to ascertain if the float equipment is holding.
If the float equipment fails, shut-in the well by closing standpipe manifold a period at
least long enough for thickening. Monitor the pressure gauge so that required pressure
can be maintained by bleeding excessive pressure periodically.
In this case, the pressure remaining must not exceed the observed differential
pressure between the mud and cement.
The displacement procedure for 30" CP and 20" surface casing is as follows:
The displacement volume should be approximately 1 bbl less than the theoretical
volume.
Check for returns. If the floating equipment is holding back pressure, pick up the
stinger, circulate and retrieve inner string. If floating equipment is not holding the
back pressure, pump the volume bleed back plus 1 bbl, fill up the annulus
(required), hold the pressure on the inner string and wait on cement.
Keep the annulus under control to be sure that seals are holding the pressure.
At the end of this surface casing cementing job, carefully wash the annulus
between the CP and the surface casing to at least 5m below the seabed, in order
to allow well abandoning operations making the seabed free from any
obstructions.
Record all mixing, displacing and bumping operations on a pressure recorder.
Consider the option of reciprocating the casing during and after the cementing job to
maximise the bonding performance.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
p g p
and Slurry
Mud
Top
Cementing Plug
Plug Releasing Pin
Bottom
Cementing Plug
Plug Releasing Pin
Slurry
Plug Releasing Pin
Spacer
Original
Mud
Float
Collar
Centralisers
Float
Shoe
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
Displacing
Displacing
End of Job
Displacement
Fluid
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G R O U P
12.3.2
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
The appropriate position of the stage tool in the casing string is always given in the
Drilling Programme.
Drop the bomb (opening plug) immediately after the first stage cement job according
with floating equipment. Record the opening time.
In relation to the drift angle of a directional well, mud density and mud
rheological properties, heavier bombs may be selected.
Open the stage collar. Follow the manufacturer's procedure for the stage tool opening
pressure and approximate bomb landing time. If difficulty is experienced in opening the
stage collar occurs, re-check the pumping circuit and relevant valves before a final
decision is made to reduce the tension on DV sleeves by slacking-off weight of the
hook.
With the stage collar opened, start circulation with a low pump rate, keeping the mud
level under control. Increase the pump rate only when it is certain that no cuttings or
cement contamination will cause bridges and compromise the circulation due to
fracturing below the stage collar. Circulate a volume equal to the total open hole
capacity from the stage tool to surface, checking the eventual excess cement slurry
returns.
During circulation and after bottom's up, record the pressures at each different flow
rates. The bottoms up must be analysed with a gas detector, if the are gas-cut keep
circulating until normal again. If necessary, wait on cement for the first stage cement
slurry.
Prepare for the second stage cement job as per the Cementing Programme.
Perform the second stage operation as soon as the cement setting time of the first
stage is complete (at least twice the thickening time). A Lab only test is recommended.
Arrange the by-pass manifold at the rig floor with double lines (pumping and reversingout).
Keep the casing in tension with the slip elevator as required by casing hanging
calculations (Refer to the Drilling Programme).
Prepare the wellhead (with partially made up bolts) and BOP lifting system to quickly
hang the casing string after the second stage cement job.
With the mud well balanced, insert the closing plug into the cementing head. Check
the stop pin, indicating flag and the circulation manifold.
Pump the first cushion and pump the cement slurry.
Launch the closing plug and verify its release.
Displace the slurry with a pump rate in accordance with the Cementing Programme
and previous circulation tests. Make sure that the hydraulics of annulus are correctly
considered to avoid fracturing (if a stage tool-packer is not provided).
Configure the surface mud system to recover the excess cement slurry, spacer,
contaminated mud.
Close the stage collar with the pressure advised by the manufacturers instructions.
After pressure testing, gradually bleed off the pressure.
Wash through all the inlets in the wellhead and BOP stack with water.
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G R O U P
Circulating before
first stage
Dropping
opening bomb
Displacing cement
for second stage
Stage tool
closed
Closing
Plug
Opening
Bomb
Stage
Collar
Seal-Off
Plate
First-stage
Plug
Float
Collar
Centralizers
Float
Shoe
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Displacing cement
for first stage
Shut-off
Plug
Dropping
opening bomb
Displacing cement
for second stage
Stage tool
closed
Closing
Plug
Opening
Bomb
Stage
Collar
First-stage
By-pass Plug
Shut-off
Baffle
By-pass
Baffle
Float
Collar
Centralizers
Float
Shoe
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G R O U P
12.3.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
The casing is often out of centre and it is difficult and time consuming to insert
the slips.
The slurry at surface prevents movement of the casing when trying to centre it.
Even though they can be placed in their recess, the may slips only lean against
the casing without tension, and therefore the casing might be released.
In case of a microannulus forming or gas channelling through the cement slurry,
pressure in the annulus prevents BOP stack lifting.
Therefore, although this routine complies with safety rules, it does not guarantee a perfect
casing hanging operation. To overcome this potential problem, the use of a stage toolpacker is recommended to ensure an annular seal and/or the casing hanging operation has
been completed before slurry setting.
Casing hanging before the second stage waiting on cement.
This procedure offers the following advantages:
The slurry is still in the fluid state and it is possible to hang the casing.
Centring operations are easier because it is still possible to move the string
sideways.
The BOP stack can be nippled up because primary well control is assured as
long as the thickening time has not elapsed.
Since it is necessary to nipple up the BOP stack before cement slurry setting, the nippling
operations would have to be carried out quickly.
However, this technique is discouraged. As the primary annulus control is missing when the
operational time exceeds the programmed or when the slurry thickening time was not
precisely predicted. However, secondary control is also limited as the BOP is lifted during
WOC. In fact, several incidents have occurred which entailed a loss in rig time and increased
costs.
Casing hanging before the second stage cementing
The points discussed above show there is an opportunity to hang the casing before the
second stage cement job, adopting the use of a special designed base flange or a modified
1
3
casing spool with four 4 /16" outlets instead of the normal two 1 /4" ones).
In this case, well control, which is impossible during lifting of the BOP stack, is implemented,
since the annular hydraulic conditions are restored after the mud circulation through the
Stage Collar. Therefore, the BOP stack is lifted and the casing is hung in a controlled
condition.
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G R O U P
This operation can be performed without hurry or worry over premature cement hardening,
use of quicker slurries, the lengthening of operating times, mistakes in lab tests, etc.
It is also possible to set the slips without problems or obstacles due to the presence of the
slurry at surface.
There is the further advantage of being able to apply overpull to the casing even if the
second stage cement job has not given the proper results.
There are no casing movements during the cement slurry hardening time, therefore the
possibility that a microannulus is formed is very remote and hydraulic sealing and cement job
quality are improved.
The practical advantages are as follows:
The base flange and the first casing spool, specially designed with larger side
outlets, provide slurry displacement with practically no pressure losses.
The slips are inserted correctly around the casing holding tension.
There is no risk that, casing hang off may be prevented by not being centred.
Nippling up operations are carried out at ease and, on the average, quicker, with
reduced possibility of mistakes being made due to haste.
The well is under total control, especially when the slurry hydrostatic load
decreases during WOC.
There is greater certainty of obtaining hydraulic sealing during the second stage
cement job and during well production life, as the slurry sets while the casing is
already under tensile load and is steady.
It is possible to use accelerated slurries when gas bearing layers have been
drilled. The gas migration may possibly be prevented by subjecting the annulus
to pressure, since the BOP stack is always available during WOC.
It is possible to displace the slurry through a modified flange with returns to the
pits.
12.4
12.4.1
4)
5)
6)
7)
Run all the 20" casing in the hole and stab on the landing ring.
Run the inner string into the casing down to the shoe.
Run the two 23/8" tubing strings into the 20-30 annulus. Tag the landing ring and
wash out with sea water. At the same time, make up the cementing line and fill-up the
20" casing 5" DPs annulus with sea water. Break circulation and check if the stinger O
rings are sealed.
Pressure test the cementing line and cement the 20" casing as per the Cementing
Programme.
When contaminated mud is being circulated out, start washing with sea water through
3
the 2 /8" tubing and continue the cementing job or the displacing through the inner
string.
Once the cementing job is complete, check for back-flow from the inner string and pull
out of hole.
3
Pull the 2 /8" tubing strings and rig-up the 20" circulating head.
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G R O U P
8)
9)
10)
12.4.2
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Unscrew the running tool with right hand torque. Open the wash-out ports and wash
the mudline hanger (MLH) through the wash-out ports.
Screw-back the running tool back up with the correct make-up torque.
Pressure test the seals at a low pressure.
4)
5)
12.5
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Record the hook load to support the weight of the running string. Adjust the
tension to the free point (neutral at the hanger threads).
Rotate the running string to open the wash ports in the hanger.
Reconnect the cementing line to the cementing head and circulate out all excess
slurry. Continue until the annulus is clean.
POST-CEMENTING OPERATIONS
1)
If mechanical problems (lost circulation, etc.) is experienced during the cementing job,
or any doubt arises about cementing results a temperature survey or CBL/CET shall
be run in order to verify the cement job quality.
Temperature survey shall be run after 8 hours WOC and a CBL/CET shall be run after
a minimum of 24 hours WOC (48 hours are recommended).
2)
During WOC the following preparations shall be performed to set casing on the slips:
Prepare the wellhead equipment required for slip setting and flanging up.
3)
Set the casing on the slips with the desired tension (Refer to the Drilling
Programme), making sure that the slips are properly set.
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4)
5)
12.6
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
When drilling out a liner hanger, cement and floating equipment, with a stage tool, the
following precautions shall be taken:
While drilling cement inside the casing, do not exceed 50rpm and 2-5t WOB.
While drilling the underlying formation and until the stabilisers are out of the
casing shoe, do not exceed 50-70rpm and keep low weight and torque on bit.
Unless an excessive amount of cement is left inside the casing, the cement could be
drilled out using a stabilised string.
With dual stage, run to the DV depth, drill out the collar, plug and bomb then
perform a DV casing test at the previous casing test pressure.
SQUEEZING
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
Note:
12)
13)
Set a Cement Retainer (CR) using wireline whenever possible to 5 to 10m above the
perforations. Correlate the CCL and GR to avoid setting the CR across a collar or
perforations.
Run the Setting Tool on drill pipe, apply 10 ton weight on the CR and try to circulate
testing the CR and the rubber seals (O rings) by pressurising up on the annulus. Pickup the stinger and test the surface lines from cementing unit to cementing head at
5,000psi.
3
Displace the pipe with 2m of water cushion.
Stab the stinger in and perform a feeding test, recording injection rates and relevant
pressures. Do not exceed fracture pressure.
Pick-up the stinger and mix and pump the slurry. The slurry design depends on the
feeding test results. In front and after the slurry, pump a cushion of treated water or
spacer.
Displace the first water cushion until it reaches the end of the pipe, then stop pumping
and rapidly stab the stinger in. With high density slurries, close the annular BOP with a
low pressure before stabbing the stinger in.
Monitor that a DP tool joint is not across the BOP annular rubber.
Apply a moderate squeeze pressure taking into consideration the increased hydrostatic
effect of the cement column.
Gradually increase downhole pressure to 500-1,000psi above the pressure required to
initiate the flow calculated with a residual cement column.
Considerations must be taken about casing collapse resistence.
If pressure increases by pumping, proceed until the maximum pressure of 500 psi
below fracture pressure is reached. If no pressure increase is observed, adopt the
Hesitation Technique, pumping small amounts of slurry (just enough to determine if
the formation is feeding) and waiting a few minutes allowing for complete bleed-off.
Record a residual pressure. Increase the pump pressure according to the increase in
bleed off pressure, until the maximum squeezing pressure is reached.
A high final squeeze pressure does not necessarily indicate a successful
squeeze.
If the pressure reaches a high value, help the stinger seals by applying pressure on the
annulus.
Pick-up the stinger and reverse circulate out the excess cement. Record the volume
fluid taken back.
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
12.7
LINERS
12.7.1
Preliminary Preparations
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
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A meeting shall be held with key personnel to discuss the detailed programme and
operational procedure.
Is recommended to make up the liner hanger system already assembly and test at the
Contractor's workshop including: running tool, pup joints, plug holder bushing, packer
extension, etc., checked, drifted and measured.
Under normal conditions, the liner will be hung with a 100 to 150m overlap into the
previous casing. If a smaller overlap is necessary due to a particular situation, it shall
never be less than 50m .
If the rat hole exceeds the overlap length, set a cement plug at a distance from the
liner shoe setting depth shorter than the overlap itself.
Strap the drill pipe as it is pulled out of the hole on the last trip before running the liner.
Separate the DC, BHA and extra DP stands in the derrick according to the calculated
running string for easy checking and operation.
Check aluminium ball seat receptacle is compatible with dropping ball.
Drift the drill pipe and check the ID of all tools, subs, crossovers, pup joints of the
running string to ensure passage of the drill pipe pump down plug and for dropping ball
for hydraulic liner hanger.
Visually inspect all tools and equipment for damaged components, dents etc. Record
the shear pressure of all shear pins.
The liner hanger OD and packer extension sleeve shall be checked and the length
measured.
The liner cementing plug system (single or dual plugs) should have 1,500-2,000psi
shearing pressure to check the latch-in and verify exact displacement volume (pumps
volumetric efficiency knowledge which is important to have a correct final bump plug).
With a liner hanger assembly with a double plug cementing system, ensure the
appropriate cementing head with dual drill pipe darts is used.
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Iran B.V.
G R O U P
12.7.2
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7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
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12.7.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Cementing
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Cement the liner as per the Cementing Programme. Excess cement slurry will be 20 %
of the caliper data volume, based on slurry return at the top of the liner. The slurry
must be batch-mixed.
Design a proper and compatible spacer to separate the drilling mud from the cement
slurry (for 150m of annulus with balanced weight spacer possibly with 8-10 minutes
contact's time).
Displace the cement with the cementing unit on shallow liners. Use the rig pumps for
deep liners.
If no shear of wiper plug is observed, do not bump the plug. Use the theoretical
displacement volume only.
3
Reduce the pump rate to 300-400l/min, 1-2m before the expected bump plug. Once
the theoretical volume has been displaced, if the plug does not bump, overdisplace a
2
maximum /3 of the shoe track volume (between the landing collar and the float shoe).
Bump the plug with 500-1000psi above the final displacement pressure. However, the
bumping plug value will be stated in the Drilling Programme.
Bleed off the pressure very slowly and check for back flow.
Pressurise approx. 300psi in order to check the correct sting out. Pick up the setting
tool and circulate at least twice the annulus capacity while moving the string.
Pull the setting tool.
In case of liner hanger equipped with a CPH packer, the following procedure has to be
followed:
a)
b)
Pick up the setting tool, with activating dogs above the extension sleeve head,
and apply the appropriate weight to energise the CPH packer.
c)
Pick-up the setting tool above the extension sleeve and circulate at least twice
the annulus capacity.
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13.
LOGGING
13.1
13.1.1
The majority of cost savings are due to a rig time reduction associated with
wireline operations,
Conventional slick-line directional surveys and setup charges (particularly for
offshore wells).
Improved rates of penetration (ROP) when better survey accuracy and real-time
toolface data can be obtained
Reduced risk of a lost well or BHA due to borehole instability
High-profile exploratory wells where lwd is used for correlation, pressure
detection, to pick casing points, identify potential pay intervals for early
evaluation, or for insurance logging in the event that a wellbore may be lost.
Highly deviated and horizontal wells where obtaining pipe-conveyed (tlc) or
conventional wireline logs is extremely difficult or risky.
In situations where alternatives to MWD are risky or do not exist, LWD should
easily be justified when weighed against the potential risks of not using LWD
13.1.2
Onshore Planning
Due to the peculiarity and complexity of MWD/LWD operations, a very high degree of
collaboration is required between the Drilling & Completion Department specialist,
Subsurface Geologist Department specialist and Service Company Representative, in the
pre-job meeting for the operation to determine:
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13.1.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Rig Planning
The drillers depth measurement should be of the utmost accuracy as is possible.
The ROP should allow the LWD data sampling as planned in the basis of the pre-job
meeting, in order to reach the LWD objectives.
It is important to highlight that the peculiarity and complexity of MWD/LWD operations
require a very high degree of liaison and collaboration among the Subsurface geologist,
Drilling & Completion supervisor and LWD Service Operator present at the wellsite during
the operations (during the rig site pre-job meeting) to verify/confirm:
13.1.4
13.1.5
Drilling mud characteristics (if oil or water basis mud, mud salinity, presence of
solids, etc..).
Drilling section interval.
ROP, deviation, type of BHA and bits.
Occurrence of overpressured levels or fractured intervals
The accurate measurement of the BHA length made by the drilling crew
The accurate measurement of the distance from the rotary table to the sea floor
on offshore rigs.
13.1.6
Bit bounce (particularly in vertical holes, with tricone bits and in hard rock
environments);
Torsional shocks and stick-slip (commonly found in high angle wells and with
aggressive PDC bits run with too much weight).
Thinly bedded formation changes (bit and stabiliser in different lithologies)
Reaming (sudden releases of energy)
Drilling cement (unstabilised BHA in casing)
Under-gauge bit (stabiliser digging)
Stabilisers hanging on ledges or dog legs
Buckling of the BHA (through incorrect application of weight on bit).
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13.1.7
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Change the weight on bit (in some cases briefly stopping the rotation),
Use downhole motors,
Adjust the flow rate,
Change the mud system/hydraulics,
Adopt the use of shock subs,
Add thrusters and roller reamers.
13.2
WIRELINE LOGGING
13.2.1
General Guidelines
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
Prior to logging, the hole shall be circulated clean and the mud conditioned.
After logging and prior to running casing, a wiper trip shall be carried out to condition
the hole.
If there is a long logging period or before a RFT, an intermediate wiper trip shall be run
if deemed necessary by the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor.
During wireline operations, the mud level shall be continuously monitored with the trip
tank, particularly, while pulling out logging tools.
Extreme caution shall be taken when the tools are run or pulled through casing shoes,
mudline suspension systems, wellheads, BOPs and rotary tables.
The Company Well site Geologist is responsible for log quality. The Company Drilling
and Completion Supervisor still retain overall responsibility particularly related to
operating efficiency and safety and shall support the Company Well Site Geologist to
ensure overall log quality.
The Logging Engineer shall immediately inform the Company Drilling and Completion
Supervisor of any obstacle or difficulty encountered while running or pulling out of the
hole.
When running the gas boomer for velocity surveys, ensure that an adequate amount of
safety slings are used to prevent disengagement of the boomer from the crane wiggle
weight.
The weak point in the logging string shall be checked and changed regularly to avoid
its premature breaking when running tools under normal hole conditions.
The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisors must be sure the Logging Engineer
has dimensional drawings of all tools run in hole, has appropriate overshot for all tools
and appropriate crossovers are available on the rig floor for a possible fishing
operation of logging tools.
Under normal circumstances, all logging equipment transported to the rig site by
helicopter, should be returned to shore by helicopter also. If logging equipment has to
be returned by sea, the Company shore base should dispatch the proper racking
facilities and boxes to the rig. When logging equipment is shipped to the rig, there is
no objection against a return trip by sea, since the equipment is prepared for such
transport.
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G R O U P
13.2.2
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Preparations
1)
2)
3)
4)
13.2.3
Reconfirm the Logging Programme with Company Office (Exploration and Reservoir
Departments) and determine the details which may have been omitted from the initial
programme, such as logging intervals, vertical scales, etc.
Notify the Logging Contractor of the required logs, specifying special logging tools to
be delivered when required. Also provide them with hole information such as high
bottom hole temperature, high pressure, tight hole, deviation records, etc.
Check that the mud samples have been collected, properly labelled and given to the
Logging Engineer for resistivity measurements.
Extreme care shall be taken in collecting mud samples as well as measuring mud
resistivity and temperature. Mud samples shall be taken from the mud outlet of the
shale shaker immediately before stopping circulation and pulling drill pipe in
preparation for logging. Mud samples obtained from the active pits are not
representative of the mud in the well and are not a suitable substitute.
Quality Control
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
All logging tools must be correctly calibrated before each logging run. To facilitate the
calibration, the Logging Engineer will need a mud sample (Refer to previous point
above).
All logs should be run at the correct logging speed.
Correlate the casing shoe depth and total depth by driller measurements versus
electric line measurement. Consistent differences should be resolved and explained in
the remarks of the log heading.
Check that on every long run, three thermometers are used to record the bottom hole
temperature and that they are changed after every two successive runs. Also record
the time of the end of the last circulation and the time when thermometers in the
logging tools have reached TD.
Mechanical and electrical zeros, repeat section, overlaps sections and special checks
should be printed on the final copies of the logs. Overlap sections should be run over
any anomalous reading. Field reports should be prepared during logging operations.
On second and subsequent runs, overlap the last 150ft (45m) of the log as a logger
overlap may occasionally be required for interpretation purposes. Overlap sections and
final prints of the logs should be reproduced in the field.
Request the Logging Engineer to include any information of interest in the remarks in
the log headings.
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G R O U P
13.2.4
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Handling Explosives
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
The Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor is the person in overall charge
throughout all perforating operations.
The Logging Engineer is responsible for the storage, transport, handling, loading,
arming and firing of perforating guns.
Utmost care shall be taken during transportation, loading and back-loading of
explosives, (explosives and detonators shall always be transported and stored in
separate containers.) Local legislation may dictate storage and transporting
procedures.
The quantity of explosives stored must be kept to a minimum.
Explosives shall be kept on the rig for the minimum time required for operations and
during such time they shall be stored in a designated locked container. The handling of
the explosives must be carried out only by authorised personnel. Explosives should
never be stored in vicinity of hazardous materials, e.g. flammable or combustible
liquids, compressed gases and welding equipment.
The wellhead, derrick and logging unit must be electrically grounded together.
A precise record must be kept of all explosives received, stowed or off loaded.
Only authorised personnel shall handle explosives. When handling explosives,
everybody not directly involved in the operation shall stay away from the area, while
those involved shall stay out of the line of fire of the charges. The area should be
marked off with barrier tape.
As an electrical potential could trigger the detonators, any source of such potential
shall be switched off to avoid premature detonation. Such sources include any radio
transmitter (include crane radius) and welding equipment. The Company Drilling and
Completion Supervisor shall collect all portable radios inside the Company Office in
order to avoid any possibility of untimely use. Radio silence conditions shall be
observed while guns are being primed and while primed guns are above sea bed.
Off shore the following services shall be advised prior to radio silence being in force:
Stand-by vessel
Helicopter operations
Shore base
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Iran B.V.
G R O U P
13.2.5
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2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
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G R O U P
13.2.6
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
The normal procedure to attempt to free a stuck tool is to pull tension on the wire up to just
below the breaking strain of the weak point, or as advised by the Logging Engineer.
Sometimes, pulling on the cable does not free the tool and on the contrary it may trap the
tool further.
When the wireline is still intact it is best to use a cable guide technique where the wireline
will hold the fish in a centralised position and serve as a guide for the overshot.
The following is the suggested procedure for the stripping-over (reverse cut and thread)
technique:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
A cable hanger is clamped on the cable and landed on the rotary table maintaining
tensions of 1,000lbs over the cable weight. The cable is then cut 5 to 7ft (1.5 - 2m)
above the hanger.
A spearhead rope socket is made up on the end of the cable remaining in the well. A
rope socket, sinker bar and spearhead overshot are made up on the end of the cable
hanging in the derrick.
Assemble the overshot on the rig floor and verify the connection between the
spearhead and the overshot.
Pick up and hang a stand of drill pipe over the rotary table. The spear head overshot is
drawn up to the derrick mans board and the derrick man lowers the cable with the
spear overshot down the pipe.
The spear head overshot is attached to the spear head, the cable is tensioned and the
overshot is made up to the pipe. Spot weld the overshot guide to the bowl and make
sure that at least two circulating ports are open.
A little strain is taken on the cable and the cable hanger is removed. The drill pipe is
then lowered through the rotary table and set on the slips.
The C plate is placed on top of the drill pipe tool joint in the rotary table to hold the
section of cable in the well.
The spear head overshot is released and pulled up to the derrick man so that he can
send it down the next stand of pipe. The operation is repeated until the overshot is at a
short distance from the fish.
A circulating sub is made up on the top of the drill pipe. The lower section of the cable
is landed on the circulating sub and the spear head overshot is released.
The kelly (or circulating head) is then installed and the mud is circulated to remove all
the cuttings and debris in the overshot and from the top of the fish.
Upon completion of the circulation the kelly is removed, the spear head overshot is
connected to the spear head and a tension of approximately 2,000lbs (1t) is applied.
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12)
The string is lowered and the overshot latched on to the fish. A tension increase when
lowering the string after latching on to the fish, or a decrease when pulling up, is a
good indication that the fish is engaged.
If a T sub and stuffing box are available on the rig, the string can be lowered while
circulating. This will ensure that the overshot and the fish are clear from the cuttings
and a pressure increase is another indication that the fish is engaged.
13)
The cable hanger is then clamped on the cable below the rope sockets and the hanger
is set in the elevator. The weak point is broken by pulling on the cable with the
travelling block.
The cable is pulled out of the drill pipe and the string is pulled out of the hole.
14)
Note:
While running in the overshot with DP, a decrease in cable tension may
occur indicating that the tool has become free. In this case the tool is
pulled until it latches inside the overshot. The procedure is then the same
as stated above.
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G R O U P
14.
WELL ABANDONMENT
14.1
GENERALS
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There are a number or reasons that may lead to the decision to abandon a well.
Whatever the reason for the well abandoning, its basic scope is to ensure that fluids in the
different strata are prevented to migrate so that, possibly, the originally conditions of fluids
segregation is maintained. This is achieved through the most appropriate use of:
Cement plugs
Mechanical plugs
Weighted fluids (mud/brine)
Kill string
Furthermore, the general term abandon is to be further detailed to indicate those
operations that, although finalised to secure a well for a period of time, may have different
objectives, e.g.:
Suspension. Means halting a well, that may or may not have reached its planned T.D.;
generally suspension is for a limited period of time, then operations are resumed from the
point they were suspended once the cause that dictated suspension is over.
Temporary abandon a well, that in almost all cases has reached its T.D. and may or may
not be tested or completed. Temporary abandonment usually implies that the well will be reentered (e.g. for testing purposes, completion, etc.) within a reasonable and often preplanned period of time.
Permanent abandon a well is usually requested in case of exploration/appraisal dry wells,
or development wells at the end of their producing life. Permanently abandoned wells
generally imply that those wells will not be recoverable and will not allow any further
operation on them.
In all cases, it is necessary that a suitable abandonment program is prepared and
implemented; general guidelines as to plan and perform well abandonment operations are
set forth herein. These guidelines may be adapted accounting for specific rules and
regulations that may locally apply, contingent situations, etc. Flexibility in this sense is to be
ensured whenever required and necessary, provided that deviation from the concepts
expressed herein are duly authorised by the proper Responsible Position.
14.2
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Revision: 0
Page 195 of 271
General concepts that will drive the suspension/temporary abandonment or the permanent
abandonment of wells are expressed herein.
14.2.1
Suspension/Temporary Abandonment
Local authorities may dictate specific rules for this matter; in this case these rules prevail on
the following general guidelines.
14.2.2
For land wells and off-shore wells, casings and wellhead are to be cut and removed and
the wellhead location (either at surface or at mudline) restored at the original or at
agreed conditions.
Cement plug is extended up to surface or mudline, also covering sections where the
casing were cut.
For land wells, a blind cover or flange shall be installed on casing facing up at the
surface; it must be possible to allow for pressure monitoring through properly installed
valve.
Un-cemented casings shall be cut at the most appropriate depth considering top of
cement (it is suggested that casing are cut some 200 m above the recorded T.O.C.),
economics tied with recovering casings, outer casing conditions, etc.
In any case, casings shall be cut within the next outer casing shoe. Attention is to be paid
in order to equalise fluid weight inside and outside the casing, prior to carry out casing
cutting operations.
Following the casing cutting, mud shall be circulated, through choke if required, to
ensure uniform weight and no contamination.
Cement plug shall be set across the cut edge of the casing, extending some 30-50 m
below and above it. Height of plug will depend also on casing size.
Cement plugs to be weight tested shall be decided during the preparation of the
abandonment program, duly authorised by the Responsible position.
Agip
Iran B.V.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Revision: 0
G R O U P
14.3
14.3.1
Cement plugs
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
Cement plugs should be possibly made up of neat cement slurries and set using the
balanced method. Attention is to be paid to in case of high temperature environment,
e.g. exceeding 110C (use of silica recommended).
Spacers should be pumped ahead and behind slurry. Special consideration should be
given to the composition and volume of the spacers when the mud is oil based,
calcium chloride or lignosulphonate treated.
The hydrostatic head reduction due to the spacer volume and density should be
calculated. The spacers should have a volume corresponding to a length of at least
100m.
For open hole plugs, the slurry volume should be calculated using a calliper log, if
available. When a calliper log is not available, use a slurry volume excess based on
local experience. Plugs exceeding 200m in length should not be set in one stage.
If the hole is badly washed out or when potential losses are expected; it is preferable to
set two short plugs instead of one long one.
All cement plugs shall be placed using a tubing stinger (see above paragraph).
Displacement should be calculated in order to spot a balanced cement plug
(hydrostatic heads inside the string and outside in the annulus shall be the same).
An under displacement of 1 or 2bbl is suggested to help draining the slurry off the pipe
when pulling out of hole.
As soon as the plug is set, pull out slowly 30 - 50m above the theoretical top of the
plug and direct circulate (reverse circulation can also be considered if conditions allow
for it).
Monitor and record spacer and slurry returns.
Never stab the stinger back into the plug to avoid plugging of the stinger.
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
12)
13)
14.3.3
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The position and efficiency of pre defined cement plugs shall be verified after cement
setting by locating the top of the plug and by applying bit weight, usually 10-20 t,
depending on hole size.
Record shall be kept of all plugs set and the results of tests shall be available for
inspection. Position and main characteristics of all plugs shall be reported in the final
well sketch.
Mechanical plugs
Mechanical plugs may be used as follows:
stand alone, usually when suspension or temporary abandonment are concerned
in combination with a cement plug, usually when permanent abandonment is concerned.
In the first case they should be configured as Cement Retainers, i.e. allow assessment of
well (pressure) conditions below the C.R.
In the second case they should be configured as Bridge Plugs, i.e. completely seal the
wellbore below them.
If a bridge plug is used in combination with cement plug, it should be set before (below) the
cement plug.
Setting of mechanical plugs can be performed either with the electrical wire line or with the
drill pipes. Selection of the most appropriate setting method will depend on the scope of
work and the planned operational sequence, aiming at minimising rig time.
The following basic rules shall be followed setting B.P.s C.R.s:
If there is any suspect that casing is not properly gauged and clean, a run with a gauce
cutter (on wireline) or with a scraper should be planned prior to run mechanical plugs.
Ensure that plugs are of the proper size considering weight (i.d.) of the casing in hole; this
is particularly important should different casing weight be involved.
Ensure that mechanical plugs are properly dressed for the scope, e.g. that permanent
plug is not set should it be used as cement retainer or vice-versa. Ensure that proper
mechanical running tool (stinger) are available in case squeeze job are planned.
Make sure that the plug is set in the proper position, avoiding its placement on casing
collar; if mechanical plugs are run on electric line, CCl will help in setting the plug
properly.
Position and main characteristics of all B.P.s and C.Rs shall be reported in the final well
sketch.
14.3.4
Weighted Fluids
Fluids featuring the same maximum density requested while drilling shall be left in hole
performing the abandonment operations. Should exposed weak zones prevent doing so,
weighted fluid shall be circulated following the isolation of these zones, above the relevant
plug/s.
Type and weight of fluids left in hole shall be reported in the final well sketch.
Agip
Iran B.V.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Revision: 0
G R O U P
14.3.5
Kill String
In some cases, specially when Suspension or temporary abandonment is requested, it may
be useful for operational and safety reason to run in hole a killing string. Running a kill string,
that is usually made up of tubings, will ensure that when the well is re-entered, pressure
control and circulation is possible down to the defined depth.
To be effective, a kill string should be run as deep as possible, just above the uppermost
plug. It will require that a suitable hanger and/or flange, featuring back-pressure control
valve, is set at the wellhead allowing for re-establishing circulation and, in case, performing
killing operation while re-entering the well.
Use of kill string rather than setting plugs will be dictated by contingent situations and
decided locally by the position in charge. Kill string is usually used when short term
suspension
or
temporary
abandonment
are
involved.
For
long
term
suspension/abandonment, or in case of difficult wells (e.g. sour gas environment, HP-HT,
etc.), setting plugs is usually preferred.
Schematic of the killing string shall be reported in the final well sketch.
14.4
14.4.1
Beyond pipes hydrocarbon bearing level/s that may allow migration of formation fluids
through casing connection or leaks; in this case plugs (combination of cement and
mechanical plug suggested) are to be set at the top of each identified level. This is
particularly recommended whenever deep and/or HP-HT wells are concerned.
Beyond pipes corrosive fluids bearing levels that may migrate through casing connection
or leaks, or because of pitting; also in this case plugs (combination of cement and
mechanical plug suggested) are to be set at the top of each identified level. This is
particularly recommended whenever deep and/or HP-HT wells are concerned.
Pressure transition zones, including salt or highly active shale formations. Abandon plug
should be set at the top of a pressure transition zone whenever this was identified while
drilling the well.
In any case, it will be mandatory to set an abandoning plug as close as possible to surface
or to the mudline (spacing below surface or mudline in the range of 50 m; combination of
cement and mechanical plug suggested).
Fluid (mud or brine) left between plugs shall feature the same maximum density requested
while drilling. Should exposed weak zones (e.g. perforated casing sections) prevent doing
so, weighted fluid shall be circulated following the isolation of these zones, above the
relevant plug/s.
Relevant cement plug/s shall be weight and pressure tested for integrity.
Agip
Iran B.V.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Revision: 0
G R O U P
14.4.2
In case thief formations alternate with competent ones, cement plugs should be set in
order to separate the different formations.
Cement plugs should be set in front of all hydrocarbon bearing or permeable strata.
Depending on actual situation, cement plugs may be also set between permeable strata,
should these be separated by competent/impermeable formations.
Cement plug should also be set in the transition between permeable and cap-rock
formation, if any.
It is mandatory in any case that abandonment plug is set in the lowermost casing shoe
above an open hole section. Plug may be cement only, in such a case it shall extend a
minimum of 50 m below the shoe and 50 m above it. On the other hand, abandon plug
may be set inside the casing shoe, in such a case it is suggested that a bridge plug is
set before the cement plug is performed.
This cement plug shall be weight and pressure tested for integrity.
14.4.3
Perforations shall be cement squeezed-off through a cement retainer set at the top of
the perforations. Cement is to be left below the C.R. If allowed by spacing between
different series of perforations, a cement plug should be set on top of the C.R.
For other abandonment plugs and fluid density to be left in hole, they should be in
accordance with what stated in Cased Hole Section paragraph herein.
Relevant cement plug/s shall be weight and pressure tested for integrity.
Agip
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G R O U P
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Perforations may not be cement squeezed-off, but a suitable mechanical plug (bridge
plug, permanent retrievable plug, cement retainer, etc.) will set at the top of each
perforated level.
Effort shall be paid in order to ease the recovery of mechanical plugs, should the well be
recovered as producer. Suitable sand/carbonate plug, followed by a cement plug shall be
set above the mechanical plug set on top of the uppermost perforated level. This cement
plug shall be weight and pressure tested for integrity.
Should the formation damage issue be a matter of concern, perforated section may be
temporary abandoned leaving the formation fluid or un-weighted (solid free) fluid below
the mechanical plug. In any case, fluid above the uppermost plug shall be weighted in
order to withstand the formation pressure at the depth the uppermost plug is set.
The uppermost and other relevant cement plug/s shall be weight and pressure tested for
integrity.
14.4.4
Top of Liner
If a liner is present, depending whether the well shall be recovered of permanently
abandoned, the following concepts will apply:
For wells to be recovered, a cement plug shall be set above the topmost liner equipment
(either the liner hanger, packer, PBR, tie-back receptacle, etc.), ensuring that the liner
equipment head is not damaged. A sand/carbonate plug, spotted before the cement plug is
performed, may help in avoiding cement setting in the top liner equipment.
For wells to be permanently abandoned, a cement plug shall be set across the liner hanging
section, roughly 50 m below and 50-100 m above the liner hanger. Depending upon
contingent situations, setting mechanical plug in the liner section may be considered.
In case small size liner is concerned, abandonment may be performed setting a bridge plug
just above the top of liner, followed by the setting of a cement plug.
14.4.5
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
14.5
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Open hole: By means of a pulling unit retrieve both, packer and completion string.
Following the removal of completion, by means of a coiled tubing unit perform a cement
plug to plug the casing string at the shoe just above the open hole section. Such cement
plug shall extend at least 50 meters above and below the shoe depth. If it is impossible
to retrieve the packer, a cement squeeze will be performed in the formation below the
packer and afterwards the completion string above the packer will be cut and retrieved.
If the squeeze is not allowed, a bridge plug will be set in the completion string below the
packer, then the completion string above the packer will be retrieved and a cement plug
will be set above the.
Perforated casing: Each zone producing from casing perforations shall be squeezecemented through packer/cement retainer. Before setting the mechanical plugs, the
casing shall be internally cleaned using taper mill. The cement retainer will be set as
close as possible to the top of perforations (usually 10-15m; avoid setting it on a casing
collar). Feeding test with water shall determine squeezing injection pressure and flow
rate. The cement slurry volume will be calculated in order to fill volume from the bottom
of perforations up to the cement retainer plus a minimum of 100 litres per metre of
perforated zone. At the end of the squeeze job, a 50 m cement plug shall be set above
the cement retainer. The length of such plug may be reduced to avoid interference with
any eventual upper perforated intervals. If use of mechanical plug is not possible, a
cement plug shall be placed with upper and lower ends located at least 50 m above and
below the perforated zone. This alternative must be considered as a contingency option.
In both cases, subsequent abandoning operations shall be in line with concepts and criteria
set forth in the previous parts herein, accounting for annulus pressure when casing cutting
and cement plug setting are concerned.
14.5.1
Agip
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G R O U P
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Revision: 0
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Fast pressure build up: it is suggested that holes are punched in the casing some 100 m
above the recorded T.O.C. Heavy mud weight, capable to withstand the annulus
pressure may be circulated through holes to control annulus pressure. As an alternative,
cement could be circulated/squeezed (depending upon actual conditions) through holes
for the same scope.
Slow or no pressure build up: Casing can be carefully cut some 100-200 m above the
recorded T.O.C. Operations shall be in accordance with criteria stated in part 14.2.2.
It is to be considered that, most likely, these operations will be performed with a work-over
rig will, so attention must be paid to issues related to work-over rig capabilities and safety
issue.
Top of cement up to surface.
Should a well feature annul pressure with casing cemented up to wellhead, the following
abandonment criteria should apply.
Attention will to be paid to the annulus pressure behaviour. Annulus pressure shall be bleed
off and subsequent pressure build up monitored.
Being the casing/casing annulus fully cemented, circulation and casing cutting do no apply.
In order to ensure that annulus pressure will not extend up to surface in the abandoned well,
it is required that sealing is set somewhere in the annulus. To achieve this, a window will be
cut in the casing choosing the lowermost possible interval. Length of the window shall be
such to allow for the setting of one or more cement inflatable packer/s plus some 30-50 m
above them. Packers will be inflated with cement and, subsequently, one or more cement
plug/s shall be set in accordance with concepts and criteria set forth in parts 14.1 through
14.4 herein.
14.5.2
14.6
14.7
SKETCHES
The following sketches have the sole scope of illustrating concepts and criteria expressed in
this procedure.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Pore Gradient
1.1
Mud
Mud
Mud
1.2
1.3
Pore Gradient
1.4
1.1
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
1.3
1.5
1.7
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Pliocene
Squeezed
Perfs.
Mud
Squeezed
Perfs.
Mud
Eocene
Squeezed
Persf.
Mud
Mud
Miocene
Squeezed
Persf.
Mud
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G R O U P
Mud
Mud
Mud
Sand/carb.
Plug
Mud
Mud
Sand/carb.
Plug
Brine
Brine
Mud
Mud
Mud
Sand/carb.
Plug
Squeezed
Perfs.
Mud
Sand/carb.
Plug
Mud
Mud
Brine
Brine
Squeezed
Perfs.
Brine
Mud
XX
XX
XX
0
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
XX
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
XX
Mud
Permanent abandonment:
Un-cemented annulus pressure
Permanent abandonment:
cemented annulus pressure
Agip
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G R O U P
Mud
Mud
Mud
Mud
Welded Plate
Permanent abandonment at
surface (land)
Temporary abandonment at
mudline (off-shore)
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
15.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Revision: 0
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SURFACE WELLHEAD
All the following information relates to the most common type of wellhead used by Agip-Iran
B.V. in drilling activities (Refer to table 15-1 through table 15-2).
15.1.1
PRELIMINARY CHECKS
1)
2)
3)
Preliminary checks should be carried out when equipment is delivered to rig site.
One spare set of casing slips and rubber elements shall be available on rig site.
Identify all equipment by the part numbers stamped on each item.
Check that the bolts are of the same length, diameter and part number as stated in the
specification.
3)
Ring joints
Packing
4)
5)
Check the correct fitting of the slips and the support rings in the seats.
Rubber parts shall be carefully identified and inspected upon arrival or upon removal
from storage. Particular attention must be paid to looking for surface cracks and/or
discoloration.
15.2
15.2.1
Welding Procedure
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Cut the 30 CP at cellar deck level (Jack-up) or at cellar bottom (land rig).
Cut the 20 casing at about 50cm above the cellar deck or cellar bottom
Empty the casing of mud bringing the fluid level down to 50 cm below the cellar deck
or cellar bottom.
Pre-heat the casing in the proximity of the final cut line up to the same temperature
required for welding.
Cut the casing at about 200-400mm from cellar deck or cellar bottom according to the
Drilling Programme, with a 30-35o internal bevel, using a guide frame to ensure the cut
is horizontal.
Thoroughly clean the surfaces to be welded and ensure they are free from paint,
grease, rust or dirt.
Install the base flange, checking it is horizontal and that the lateral outlets are aligned
according to Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor s requirements.
During welding operations ensure that all parts are protected against rain, wind, oil,
mud or water.
Heat the outside of the base flange and the inside of the casing with an oxyacetylene
torch until the surface reach the required pre-heated temperature. For carbon steels,
refer to Table, for chromium molybdenum steels refer to table 15-2.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
During this operation care shall be given to ensure the uniform expansion of the parts
to be welded, as there may be significant differences in their wall thickness.
Perform internal welding first. Start welding two sections of 5-10cm length diametrically
0.
opposite. Continue and repeat this step at 90 Continue and repeat for subsequent
sections until the first weld bead is completed.
Subsequent passes should be performed continuously to complete the fill up the joint.
Care should be given to avoid overlapping or causing any discontinuity of the weld
bead during the same pass.
The external weld should be performed using the same procedure.
Once started, welding should be finished without interruption. Slow cooling should be
carried out by using appropriate insulating systems.
Pressure test the welding after complete cooling of the base flange.
Check the base flange horizontal alignment and the inside alignment of the welded
area.
Seal the CP-casing annulus with two semicircular steel plates, leaving a test port for
pressure checking.
% Carbon
Thickness (mm)
8
12
25
40 and more
0.2 C
20C
50C
100C
150C
0.3 C
50C
70C
150C
200C
0.4 C
100C
200C
250C
300C
0.5 C
200C
300C
300C
300C
0.6 C
300C
350C
350C
350C
0.7 C
300C
400C
400C
400C
Chemical Analysis
Preheating
% Cr
% Mo
Temperature
0.5
0.5
100 - 150C
1.0
0.5
100 - 150C
2.0
0.5
150 - 200 C
2.25
1.0
200 - 280C
5.0
0.5
200 - 280C
Agip
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G R O U P
15.2.2
15.2.3
15.2.4
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Safety
a)
During the time of operation to prepare and carry out the welding of the base flange, it
is absolutely forbidden to work on the drilling floor or in proximity of the wellhead.
b)
Make sure that the welder has efficient ground and safety switches conforming to CEI
standards or other international/local regulations.
c)
d)
e)
The work area must be protected from any falling objects. For this reason a protective
system with scaffolding must be built in order to guarantee safety during the base
flange welding operations.
Pressure Testing
a)
A pressure test must be carried out using hydraulic oil after cooling of the base flange.
Do not exceed 70% of API casing collapse pressure rating although the pressure
values should be stated in the Drilling Programme.
b)
During this test, no sweating should occur. Upon completion of the test, install a
wellhead protection cap to prevent objects accidentally falling into the wellbore.
c)
Slips Installation
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
All slips, packing elements and ring joints and their seats should be thoroughly cleaned
and lubricated.
Make sure the hinged slips and spring retaining rings are unlatched.
Pick-up the BOP
Be sure that the correct tension is applied to the casing string.
Clean and inspect the ID of the base flange, polishing out any burrs or scratchers.
Place two wooden boards of equal thickness across the base flange so that they
straddle the casing.
Wrap the casing slips around the casing. Latch the hinged slips and spring retaining
ring.
Lower the slips into the base flange bowl until they shoulder on the casing-spool,
checking the correct alignment of the slip segments and the correct position.
Slowly release the casing tension permitting the slips to set. Slippage between slips
and casing must be prevented.
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G R O U P
15.2.5
Casing Preparation
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
15.2.6
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Cut a drain hole in the casing approximately 12 (30cm) from the top of the base
flange.
Allow the casing to drain and cut it off at 12 (30cm) above the base flange.
Remove the casing reminant and prepare for the final cut.
Remove the fluid inside the casing to below the top of the base flange using a cup or a
bucket.
Cut the casing again at 4 (101.6mm) to 41/4 (108mm) from the top of the base flange.
Make sure the cut surface is level.
4)
c)
Insert a clean welding rod (with the flux removed) or screw driver between the ID
of the base flange and the OD of the packing. This will facilitate installation of the
primary packing.
Tap around the packing with a hammer until the packing is completely installed on the
casing.
Caution:
5)
Note:
6)
Note:
7)
Make sure that the packing is not cut or gouged during the installation.
Continue to tap the packing down until it is flush with the body flange and the outer lips
have fully entered the bevel of the counterbore. Drive the packing down until it contacts
the first primary support.
If the body outlet valve is open, entrapped gas will not hinder seating of
packing.
Install the second primary support by placing the upper packing support, with the lip
receiving face down, over the casing and dropping it into place.
When properly installed, the back face of the second primary support
shall not protrude past the base flange face.
Install the first secondary support by placing the secondary support over the casing
with bevelled side up. Lower the support until it rests on top of primary packing group.
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G R O U P
8)
15.2.7
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Thoroughly grease the packing and fit one side of the packing lip over the
casing.
b)
c)
Drive the packing down until it contacts the first secondary support.
d)
Install the second secondary support by: placing the secondary support over the
casing with bevel facing down. Lower support until it contacts the secondary
packing.
7)
Clean the ring grooves on the bottom flange of casing spool and on the base flange,
as well as the restricted packing bore of the casing spool.
Oil the secondary packing and the restricted packing bore of the casing spool.
Fill the void area with oil around the primary and secondary packing group.
Place the metal ring joint in its groove.
Align the bolt holes on the casing spool with the bolt holes on the base flange.
Lower the casing spool over the secondary packing assembly (being careful not to roll
or tear the secondary packing), until the casing spool comes to rest on the ring gasket.
The use of a torque wrench is recommended.
Assemble nuts to bolts and tighten. Wherever possible use a hydraulic studs
tensioning system. This system allows tightening of all studs together at once with a
reduced make-up time.
Otherwise tighten them conventionally with the correct torque (Refer to 0) to ensure a
proper seal, tighten the bolts using the following method:
8)
Tighten the first bolt.
9)
Tighten the bolt at 180 from the 1st bolt.
10) Tighten the bolt 90 from the 1st bolt.
11) Tighten the bolt 180 from the 3rd bolt.
12) Continue this alternating procedure until all bolts have been tightened.
Checking the torque of the stud bolts must be done during drilling and after each BOP test
due to the vibration and weight that they have to bear.
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Revision: 0
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G R O U P
15.2.8
Slips Installation
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
15.2.9
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
All slips, packing elements and ring joints and their seats should be thoroughly cleaned
and lubricated.
Make sure the hinged slips and spring retaining rings are unlatched.
Pick-up the BOP.
Be sure that the correct tension in the casing string is applied.
Clean and inspect the ID of the casing spool, polish out any burrs or scratcher.
Place two wooden boards of equal thickness across the casing spool so that they
straddle the casing.
Wrap the casing slips around the casing. Latch the hinged slips and spring retaining
ring.
Lower the slips into the casing spool bowl until they shoulder in the casing head
checking the alignment of the slip segments for correct positioning.
The casing tension shall be slowly released, permitting the slips to set. Slippage
between slips and casing should not be allowed.
Casing Preparation
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Cut a drain hole in the casing approximately 12 (30cm) from the top of the casing
spool.
Allow the casing to drain and cut it off at 12 (30cm) above the spool flange.
Remove the casing remnant and prepare for the final cut.
Remove the fluid inside of the casing to below the top of the casing spool using a cup
or a bucket.
Cut the casing again at 5 (127mm) to 51/2 (140mm) from the top of the casing spool.
Make sure the cut surface is level.
4)
c)
Insert a clean welding rod (with the flux removed) or a screw driver between the
ID of the casing spool and the OD of the packing. This will facilitate installation of
the primary packing.
Tap around the packing with a hammer until the packing is completely installed on the
casing.
Caution:
Make sure that the packing is not cut or gouged during the installation.
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G R O U P
5)
Continue to tap the packing down until it is flush with the body and after the outer lips
have fully entered the bevel of the counterbore. Drive the packing down until it contacts
the first primary support.
Note:
6)
7)
If the body outlet valve is open, entrapped gas will not hinder seating of
packing.
Install the second primary support by (refer to Section 15.2.6).
Placing the upper packing support, with the lip receiving face down, over the casing
and dropping it into place.
Note:
8)
9)
10)
11)
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
When properly installed, the back face of the second primary support
shall not protrude past the casing spool face.
Install the first secondary support by placing the secondary support over the casing
with bevelled side up. Lower support until it rests on top of the primary packing group.
Install the secondary packing by:
a)
Thoroughly oil the packing and start one side of the packing lip over the casing.
b)
c)
Drive the packing down until it contacts the first secondary support.
Clean the ring grooves on the bottom flange of tubing spool and on the casing spool,
as well as the restricted packing bore of the tubing spool.
Oil the secondary packing and the restricted packing bore of the tubing spool.
Fill the void area with oil around the primary and secondary packing group.
Install the metal ring gasket in the ring groove on the casing spool.
Install the bolts in the bottom flange of the tubing spool.
Align the bolt holes on the tubing spool with the bolt holes on the casing spool.
Lower the tubing spool over the secondary packing assembly (being careful not to roll
or tear the secondary packing), until the tubing spool comes to rest on the ring gasket.
Assemble nuts to bolts and tighten. wherever possible use a hydraulic studs
tensioning system. This system allows tightening of all studs at once together with a
reduced make-up time.
Otherwise the flange stud bolts must be tightened conventionally with the correct
torque (Refer to 0).To ensure a proper seal, tighten the bolts using the following
method:
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G R O U P
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Continue this alternating procedure until all bolts have been tightened.
st
st
rd
After completion of the casing spool and packing assembly, proceed to testing the packing
groups with hydraulic oil as follows:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Remove the 3/4 NPT plug from the test port and screw on the 3/4 x 1/2 NPT bushing.
Leave the check valve on seat.
Install the test equipment.
The test pressure is given in the Drilling Programme. Take care not to exceed 70% of
the casing collapse rating.
All test pressures should be kept on for at least 15 mins.
During the seal test the annulus space valve of the previous casing must be kept open
with the 2 LP plug disassembled, as a leak in the primary packing group could put the
annulus space under pressure.
Upon completion of the test, bleed off all pressure and unscrew the relief needle valve
so as to avoid it breaking during the BOP stack movement.
Test the BOP with a cup tester. The needle valve must be replaced in its relative test
port with the needle completely open.
The annulus space valve of the previous casing must be also kept open.
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G R O U P
15.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
0.13 approximates the friction with threads and nut bearing surface being bare
metal well lubricated with API Bull 5A2 thread compound.
0.07 approximates threads and nut face coated with fluoropolymer material.
The table shows material properties equivalent to A193 grades B7 and B7M which are the
most commonly used.
Values of torque for materials having other strength levels may be obtained by multiplying
the tabulated torque value by the ratio of the new material's yield strength to the tabulated
material's yield strength.
The following equations are used to calculate the values in table 15-4
AS =
[D (0.9743P)]2
4
F = A s
T=
FE(P + fES )
H+D +K
+ Ff
2(E PfS )
4
where:
As
D
E
F
f
H
K
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
S
T
=
=
=
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G R O U P
Flange
Bolt Stress
13 /8
16 /4
21 /4
13 /8
The flange stud bolts must be tightened with the requested torque using a torque wrench.
Use of a hydraulic stud tensioning system is preferable to reduce make-up time of flanges.
A check of the tightening torque of the stud bolts must be done during drilling and after each
BOP test.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
Stud
Diameter
D
Thread
per in
Tension
Torque
Torque
Tension
Torque
Torque
Tension
Torque
Torque
f = 0.07
f = 0.13
f = 0.07
f = 0.13
f = 0.07
f = 0.13
(in.)
(lbf)
(ft-lbf)
(ft-lbf)
(lbf)
(ft-lbf)
(ft-lbf)
(lbf)
(ft-lbf)
(ft-lbf)
(l/in.)
0.500
13
5676
27
45
7450
35
59
0.625
11
9040
52
88
11865
68
115
0.750
10
13378
90
153
17559
118
200
0.875
18469
143
243
24241
188
319
1.000
24230
213
361
31802
279
474
1.125
31618
305
523
41499
401
686
1.250
39988
421
726
52484
553
953
1.375
49340
563
976
64579
739
1281
1.500
59674
733
1278
78322
962
1677
1.625
70989
934
1635
93173
1226
2146
1.750
83286
1169
2054
109313
1534
2696
1.875
96565
1440
2539
126741
1890
3332
2.000
110825
1750
3094
145458
2297
4061
2.250
142292
2496
4436
186758
3276
5822
2.500
177685
3429
6118
233212
4500
8030
2.625
233.765
4716
8430
2.750
257694
5424
9712
3.000
309050
7047
12654
3.250
365070
8965
16136
3.750
491099
13782
24905
3.875
525521
15208
27506
4.000
561108
16730
30282
Table 15-4 - Recommended Bolt Torque for API Flanges in ft/lbf for
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G R O U P
20"
13 3/8"
9 5/8"
7"
WP (psi)
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
3K (A)
470
620
472
-
3K (B)
470
620
472
-
5K (C)
470
625
472
-
5K (D)
470
690
670
581
-
10K (E)
470
690
660
700
-
10K (F)
510
850
700
700
--
15K (G)
510
850
700
750
15K (H)
510
850
700
750
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G R O U P
BREDA
P/N BREDA
Q.tY
42580-003
42573-066
42572-027
60739-001
STUDS 1 3/8"*260 mm
39925-007
20
49623-020
42572-009
42573-017
SLIPS 7"
59215-066
16
Csg 13 3/8"
Csg 9 5/8"
Csg 7"
42580-010
42573-041
42572-022
59203-001
39925-007
20
49623-020
42572-023
42573-044
SLIPS 9 5/8"
59215-069
16
59215-001
16
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G R O U P
BREDA
P/N BREDA
Q.tY
42580-005
42573-081
42572-042
60649-001
39925-007
20
49623-020
42572-009
42573-017
SLIPS 7"
59215-066
16
Csg 13 3/8"
Csg 9 5/8"
Csg 7"
42580-010
42573-041
42572-022
59203-001
39925-007
20
49623-020
42572-023
42573-044
SLIPS 9 5/8"
59215-069
16
59179-001
16
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G R O U P
BREDA
Q.tY
42580-003
42573-066
42572-027
60410-001
39925-017
12
49623-019
42572-021
42573-062
SLIPS 7"
59215-046
DESCRPTION
16
Csg 13 3/8"
Csg 9 5/8"
Csg 7"
42580-010
42573-041
42572-022
59714-001
39925-007
20
49623-020
42572-023
42573-044
SLIPS 9 5/8"
59215-069
16
59179-001
16
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G R O U P
BREDA
P/N
Q.tY
42580-003
42573-066
42572-027
60410-001
39925-017
12
42623-019
42572-021
42573-062
SLIPS 7"
59215-046
42580-010
47844-050
42572-051
61496-001
47641-004
16
42555-060
42572-023
42573-044
SLIPS 9 5/8"
59215-069
42573-059
42572-026
60965-001
47641-018
20
49623-027
42572-025
42573-060
SLIPS 13 3/8"
59215-113
60496-001
BIT PILOT
ACCESSORIES
Description
Csg 20"
Csg 13 3/8"
Csg 9 5/8"
Q.ty
14
64
Csg 7"
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G R O U P
BREDA
P/N
Q.tY
42580-003
42573-066
42572-027
60655-001
STUDS 1 3/4"*380 mm
47641-005
16
42555-058
42572-021
42573-062
SLIPS 7"
59215-046
42580-010
47844-050
42572-051
58501-001
47641-004
16
42555-060
42572-023
42573-044
SLIPS 9 5/8"
59215-069
42573-059
42572-026
60965-001
47641-018
20
49623-027
42572-025
42573-060
SLIPS 13 3/8"
59215-113
60496-001
BIT PILOT
ACCESSORIES
Description
Csg 20"
Csg 13 3/8"
Csg 9 5/8"
Csg 7"
Q.ty
32
2
32
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G R O U P
BREDA
P/N
Q.tY
42580-003
42573-066
42572-027
60655-001
STUDS 1 3/4"*380 mm
47641-005
16
42555-058
42572-021
42573-062
SLIPS 7"
59215-046
42580-010
47844-050
42572-051
61505-001
47641-071
20
42555-059
42572-023
42573-044
SLIPS 9 5/8"
59215-069
42573-059
42572-026
61117-001
47641-061
24
42555-065
42572-025
42573-060
SLIPS 13 3/8"
59215-113
55990-001
ACCESSORIES
Description
Csg 20"
Csg 13 3/8"
Csg 9 5/8"
Csg 7"
Q.ty
16
12
48
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G R O U P
BREDA
P/N
Q.tY
42580-003
to be defined
to be defined
59893-001
STUDS 1 3/4"*380 mm
47641-005
16
42555-058
42572-021
42573-062
SLIPS 7"
59215-046
42580-010
47844-050
42572-051
64505-001
47641-004
16
42555-059
42572-023
42573-044
SLIPS 9 5/8"
59215-069
BIT PILOT
SECONDARY RINGS 13 3/8"
42573-059
42572-026
61117-001
47641-061
20
49623-027
42572-025
42573-060
SLIPS 13 3/8"
59215-113
55990-001
ACCESSORIES
Description
Csg 20"
Csg 13 3/8"
Csg 9 5/8"
Csg 7"
Q.ty
32
2
12
32
1
1
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G R O U P
BREDA
42580-003
1
1
47641-005
16
42555-058
1
1
BX-158
11" 10000
42573-062
SLIPS 7"
49215-046
42580-010
47844-050
42572-051
61505-001
STUDS 1 7/8"*440 mm
47641-071
20
42555-059
42572-023
42573-044
SLIPS 9 5/8"
59215-069
BX-159
13 5/8" 10000
BX-165
21 1/4" 5000
2
1
BX-186
61117-001
47641-061
24
42555-065
SLIPS 13 1/2"
26 3/4" 3000
BIT PILOT
SECONDARY RINGS 18 5/8"
63526-030
63526-010
63551-001
Csg 24 1/2"
Csg 18 5/8"
Csg 13 1/2"
Csg 9 5/8"
Csg 7")
1
24
63526-001
63526-020
SLIPS 18 5/8"
63537-003
63519-001
BRADEN HEAD
BRADEN HEAD 26"3/4 x 3K
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G R O U P
15.4
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
COMPACT WELLHEAD
The solution to the need of less space with shorter installation times offering a greater
degree of safety, was met by the introduction of the unitised or compact wellhead which
incorporates a casing flange, casing spools and possibly a tubing spool in a single offshore
composite wellhead body.
The concept is quite different from that already described in section 15 and is similar to
subsea wellhead systems from which the compact head was developed.
Each manufacturer has its own particular product which differs from other manufacturers.
Considering the number of different varieties available, it is not possible to provide a unique
assembling procedure for all the existing unitised or compact wellhead types in this manual.
figure 15-j and figure 15-k show a typical examples of compact systems. For specific running
procedures reference should always be made to the well specific Drilling Programme and
manufacturer's instructions.
Technical advantages of the compact wellhead are:
Elimination of the rig time lost in nippling-up or down the BOPs, which is normally
associated with conventional wellhead spools.
Once the pack-off is set, the BOP can be tested.
No crossover adapters are required.
The stack-up height is greatly reduced by the elimination of the casing and
tubing spools.
3
The Well is under BOP control from the time the 13 /8 BOP stack is installed on
the Compact Wellhead to the time the Xmas tree is installed.
5)
6)
Cut all of the conductor pipe of the platform at the same level, in order to be able to
use the same landing string throughout.
Prior to running each casing size, run the appropriate hanger and landing string in
order to measure and mark by painting the landing string, at the drill floor level.
Prior to running the wellhead, remove all lateral studs (if present), avoiding any
damage during the handling and running operations.
If the compact wellhead system has some anchor screws to energise the pack off (e.g.
the Breda type), remove the anchor screws after each cement job and visually check
the hanger position.
If the surface casing is cemented using plugs and not with an inner string, the running
tool must be equipped with an extension sleeve (bore protector), covering the entire
internal body and allowing the running of the plugs. If a bore protector is not available,
consider the possibility of welding a wear bushing (or similar) below the running tool.
Before running the casing, it is recommended to clean the hanger seat using an
appropriate washing tool.
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G R O U P
7)
8)
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Always clean the inside of the wellhead after each cement job, opening all the ports
and flushing with water. If the wellhead system utilises a pack off installed after the
casing cementation, run an appropriate washing tool to clean the pack off seat
immediately after the cement job.
A compact emergency slip suspension system and emergency sealing assembly (with
appropriate running procedures) must be available on the rig prior to starting
operations. A back-up set of O ring and sealing elements to re-dress all testing tools,
running and retrieving tools, etc. must be available on the rig before operations start.
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15.5
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
MUDLINE SUSPENSION
The Mudline Suspension system is a method for supporting the weight of casing at the sea
bed (mudline) while drilling from a jack-up (Refer to figure 15-l and figure 15-l).
It offers a method of disconnection for all casing strings, allowing the temporary
abandonment of the well in the minimum of time and without having to cut the casings.
The casing strings extend from the mudline back to the drilling unit. Conventional land type
wellhead and BOPs are installed for well control during drilling operations.
The system utilises simple fluted landing rings or expanding collets in which the hangers are
landed. Each casing string is supported at the mudline by a mudline casing hanger. The
running tools or the tieback tools connect the mudline casing hangers with the casing string
above (landing string).
Running tools used in the mudline system, include a square bottom thread, to install it into
the hangers and seal, to maintain the pressure integrity of the running tool mudline hangers.
The connection of the running tools is the casing thread as per the users requirement.
Washout ports, located in the mudline hanger or in the running tool, ensure thorough
flushing of the annulus. The Washout ports are exposed by a partial rotation of the running
tool. When the washout ports are closed the pressure integrity of the casing is provided by
the seals of the running tool.
When temporarily abandoning a well, the casing landing string is retrieved by disconnecting
the running tools. Corrosion caps used in temporary well abandonment may be installed at
this time.
Any, or all, of the casing strings can be re-installed back to a conventional land type
production tree, installed on a production platform wellhead deck, by means of tie-back tools.
3
Metal to metal seals between the tieback tool of 13 /8 or smaller mudline casing hangers
provide a permanent pressure seal for the producing life of the well.
By using mudline completion system it is possible to drill of the well by means of Jack-up
drilling equipment and afterwards to complete it with subsea production system.
Each mudline suspension manufacturer produces its own product different from those of
competitors. Considering the great number of different features, it is not possible to provide
a unique assembling procedure for all the existing mudline suspension system in this
manual. For the installation procedure, refer to the Drilling Programme and manufacturers
operating procedures.
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G R O U P
15.5.1
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General Guidelines
1)
The Well programme will define the 30 casing string assembly including the type of
connections, mudline landing ring space out and mudline landing ring final position.
It is recommended to weld the 30 landing ring in such a way that its final position is at
least 5m below the seabed with the squnch joint releasable connection at least 2m
above the seabed (Refer to figure 15-n).
A driveable Remote Releasable Connection may be installed on the landing joint which
avoids sending divers to the sea floor to release the connector for abandonment (Refer
to figure 15-o).
2)
3)
4)
5)
The 30 landing ring depth will be checked, after running the 30 CP, using a special
26 skirted bit. Ensure tools are adjusted to the ID of the mudline landing ring.
Prior to the commencing the operation, ensure that all necessary equipment and tools
required are onboard. Check part numbers, condition, dimensions, general
compatibility with of the tools and equipment the casing and well requirements, tested
and in good serviceable condition.
A complete back up set of seals and O rings and adequate casing pup joints, needed
to space-out the running tools, must be available onboard.
All running tools or tieback tools should be assembled to the respective hangers to
confirm that there is no damage due to previous use or improper handling. Ensure all
seals and O rings are removed from the running/tieback tools before making them up.
Running tools should then be removed and new seals fitted. The threads should then
lubricated and protected by storing in the proper handling case.
Before running the casing it is recommended that the mudline casing hanger and the
running tool be made up to the casing joints or casing pup joint, and laid out on the
pipe rack. Alternatively they may be joined together and racked back in the derrick.
Before making up the running tool to the mudline casing hanger reconfirm that both
seal and O rings are intact and undamaged. Thread and seal areas should be
greased following the manufacturers requirements (avoid the use of pipe or thread
compound).
Ensure that the hanger is correctly and fully made up to the running tool.
Care must be taken in handling all equipment so that the rig tongs are not placed on
any threaded area, seal area, collet or dog ring.
6)
7)
8)
9)
The Casing landing string should be spaced with the wellhead to ensure that any
coupling are be a min of 2m away from the casing hanging point. Casing pup joints,
will be used if necessary.
Prior to running the casing, make a wiper trip to TD, reaming any tight spots and
cleaning out any hole fill.
5
When pulling out of the hole prior to running 9 /8 or smaller casing, pull the bit to the
mudline suspension point and wash with the maximum flow rate possible at the casing
hanger suspension point, to ensure that the landing or suspension profile is flushed.
If available, the proper hanger landing profile clean-out tool should be used. This tool
ensures the full cleaning of the landing profile.
The correct casing torque must be applied to the casing landing string, as the string
may have to be rotated in both directions during subsequent operations.
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G R O U P
10)
11)
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Operation of mud line running, cementing, flushing through washing ports, mud line
testing, well abandonment or tie back procedures must be strictly conducted as per
manufacturers instructions.
Ensure that there is no cement in the 30-20 annulus above the running tool after the
cement job, flushing the annulus through the mudline washing ports is essential.
3
In addition two tubing strings of 2 /8 OD should be run down to the 20 mudline hanger
during the cement job to wash out the annulus in case the mudline washout ports have
not opened. This system has a disadvantage of impeding the closure of the diverter, so
precautions have to be adopted.
It is recommended that five to ten barrels of flushing fluid are spotted in the hanger
with cement retarder after washing, to help in avoiding early setting of any cement
contamination.
12)
13)
14)
After tightening up of the running tool the integrity of the casing must be verified by
pressure testing to the required pressure value as per the Well Programme.
Measurement of the mud line position (hanger land-off point and top of casing hanger)
must be recorded on the well report for landing subsequent casing strings and for
future corrosion cap/tieback operations.
The well report should specifically include full details of operation, number of turns,
torque, etc. also for future installations of a corrosion cap/tieback operations.
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G R O U P
15.5.2
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G R O U P
16.
DRILLING PROBLEMS
16.1
STUCK PIPE
The following is a list of the different types of pipe sticking which can occur due to:
Differential pressure.
Hole restriction.
Caved in hole.
Hole irregularities and/or change in BHA.
It is impossible to lay down hard rules which will successfully cover all cases. however, for
each situation, indications about the possible causes of the problem, preventive measures
and remedial actions are listed in the following subsections.
Detailed procedure should be based on each particular case, evaluating every aspect of the
problem and applying any past experience gained in the area concerned.
16.1.1
Differential Sticking
Causes
This phenomenon can occur, where there is case of high differential pressure between the
mud hydrostatic pressure and the formation pore pressure. Some indications of pipe
becoming differentially stuck may be:
Preventive Measures
When conditions for a potential differential sticking are encountered, the risk can be
minimised by applying the following procedure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Reduce the mud weight as much as possible, maintaining the minimum differential
pressure necessary for a safe trip margin.
Reduce the contact surface by using spiral type drill collars also called NWS (No Wall
Stick) and using a properly stabilised bottom hole assembly. A shorter BHA with a
greater number of HWDP could be considered.
Use mud with minimum solids content and low filtrate in order to obtain a thinner wall
cake.
Reduce the friction factor by adding lubricants to the mud.
Keep the pipe moving and in rotation as much as possible.
Consider the use of a drilling jar/bumper.
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G R O U P
Work the pipe applying cyclic slack-off and overpull combined with torque. Always
check the reduction in the pipe yield stress due to the application of the torque.
Spot oil-base mud, or oil containing a surfactant around the drill collars.
Reduce the mud weight, if possible.
Use a drilling jar/bumper.
Conduct a DST procedure.
Note:
16.2
Quick actions are fundamental in freeing the wall of stuck drill pipe, since
the problem gets worse with time.
Too thick a wall cake due to the use of high solids /high filtrate mud in front of
porous and permeable formations.
Swelling of formations containing clay.
Extrusion of gumbo shale into the wellbore in underbalance situations.
Preventive Measures
Problems are usually suspected by increase in drag during connections. Once the cause
is recognised to be any of the three previously listed, the following actions should be
undertaken:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
In all situations, frequent wiper trips can reduce the problem and provide information on the
severity.
Methods of Freeing Pipe
1)
2)
3)
4)
Work the pipe applying slack-off if the string has become stuck pulling out, and
overpull if it stuck while running in.
Spot a cushion to break and remove the mud cake around the drill collars.
Increase the mud weight, if possible.
Use a drilling jar/bumper.
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16.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Hydration and swelling of clay minerals when in contact with fresh mud filtrate.
Insufficient supporting action of the mud hydrostatic column.
Mechanical action of the drill string.
Preventive Measures
Depending on the various causes, there are different prevention possibilities, to reduce the
severity of the problem and to avoid the consequences of sticking the string.
Possible mud changes are:
Note:
Increase the YP/PV ratio to create laminar flow on the wall after pipe.
Increase the gel value to obtain a good cutting suspension when circulation is
stopped.
Use bits without nozzles, particularly when reaming, to avoid scouring the well.
Use the minimum acceptable number of stabilisers.
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Note:
It is good practice to spot high viscosity pills from time to time to keep the hole clean.
The methods of getting pipe free in this situation are the same as listed above.
16.3.1
Dog legs.
Key seats.
New bit is run following a dulled bit which was undersize.
New stabilisers run to replace previous worn stabilisers.
String is stiffer than the previous one.
Rock bit run after a diamond or a core bit.
Preventive Measures
The formation of dog legs can be prevented by the use of packed bottom hole
assemblies.
Dog legs can be eliminated by using very stiff BHA's and reamers.
A key seat can be eliminated by reaming it with a key seat wiper or an undergauge stabiliser installed on the top of the drill collars.
Always ream a whole interval drilled with the previous bit.
Always ream the cored section, even if a full gauge core bit was used.
2)
3)
Work the pipe applying slack-off if dog leg or key seat (the string becomes stuck
pulling out) and overpull if running a new BHA (the string becomes stuck while running
in the hole).
Spot an oil-based mud or oil containing a surfactant around the stuck point.
If the stuck point is in a calcareous section, spot an acid pill.
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16.4
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
OIL PILLS
Depending on the specific gravity of the mud in the hole, two different types of oil pill can be
used.
16.4.1
16.4.2
The pill volume shall be at least twice the volume of DC-open hole annulus (take into
account excess for compensating hole enlargement).
Pump at the maximum practical rate.
In order to have a pill volume in the annulus displace 1.3 times the volume of the DCopen hole.
At 30 to 60 minutes intervals circulate out of the string batches, as a balanced plug.
Work the string at the same time.
Repeat the procedure if the pill does not succeed (the pill may be active for 4 to 16
hours).
Fresh water
Calcium chloride
Diesel oil (maximum 200l/minute)
Emulsifier (maximum 1 sack/minute) to be added at the same time as the diesel
Viscosifier (heavy stirring for at least 15 minutes is required)
Barite.
The pill volume will be at least twice the volume between the drill collars and the open
hole (take into account excess for compensating hole enlargement).
Pump a cushion of diesel oil with 5% Free Pipe, or similar, ahead and behind of pill.
Pump at the maximum practical rate.
In order to have a pill volume in the annulus displace 1.3 times the volume of DC-open
hole.
At 2 to 3 hr intervals, circulate batches of 300 to 600l out of the string.
Work the string at the same time.
Repeat the procedure if the pill results are ineffective (the pill may be active for 20 to
48 hours).
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Note:
16.5
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
When the oil pill is circulated out of the hole it shall be recovered and
stored separately. Take into account the influence of the pill on the
hydrostatic pressure.
ACID PILLS
The use of acid pills can be successful if the string gets stuck across of a carbonate
formation. Considering the risks related to this operation, this should be carried out only if
other methods prove to be ineffective.
16.6
Wear gloves and protective clothing and have eyes protected with goggles.
Ensure there are safety showers available for any personnel who come into
contact with acid.
Have water sprays ready to wash spilled acid.
Ensure proper ventilation if the pill is mixed in a closed area.
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16.6.1
L=
26.374 x Wdp x E
P
where:
L=
735,294 x Wdp x E
P
where:
Wdp
Differential stretch in mm
API UNITS
Differential pull in kN
Wdp
The value obtained is less reliable as deviation increases due to downhole friction.
Another minor inaccuracy is introduced by neglecting the changing cross section of the
string at the tool joints.
16.6.2
b)
Free Point Indicators are essentially accurate strain gauges which measure
molecular rearrangement between drag springs, setting dogs or electromagnets.
c)
The tool is run on a logging cable through which measurements of torque and
stretch are sent to surface read-out instruments.
d)
The Free Point Indicator is lowered to various depths and, at each depth, tension
and torque are applied to the string at the surface. The strain gauge indicates
whether the pipe reacts at that depth to the applied tension and applied torque.
e)
f)
Pipe which appears to be free in tension does not always react to applied torque.
There is a greater chance of succeeding with the back-off if the pipe is free
under both tension and torque.
g)
Separate slim acoustic logs are designed to indicate intervals of stuck, partially
stuck or free pipe, which may exist below the upper stuck point.
h)
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G R O U P
16.6.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Back-Off Procedure
Drill pipe or drill collars can be unscrewed downhole by exploding a charge inside a selected
tool joint connection, close to the stuck point.
Requisites for a successful back-off are the following:
As a general rule, the first attempt to back-off should be made at the first connection above
Free Point. If there is a failure, the second attempt should be performed on the first stand
above the Free Point. Subsequent attempts should be made moving upward one stand at a
time.
To ensure a safe operation, the Company Drilling and Completion Supervisor shall carry out
the following checks:
a)
Ensure that tong and slips dies are clean, sharp and the proper size for the string
above the rotary table.
b)
c)
The slip handles are tied together with strong line, to prevent the slips being
kicked out of the table when the pipe break out.
d)
The elevators are latched around the pipe and loose under a tool joint with the
hook locked when torque is being applied to the string.
e)
Ensure that no resilient torque remains in the string when it is picked up out of
the slips, unless the pipe is properly held with a back-up tong.
f)
A wireline cutter must be on the rig floor during the entire operation.
A detailed standard back-off procedure cannot be used as there are too many variables.
The following is a typical generic procedure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
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8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
The maximum amount of left hand torque should be 80% of the maximum value used
for the right hand torque.
Once the right amount of left hand torque is applied, run the Back-off tool to the Backoff point.
Pull the drill string out of the hole. Fire the charge when across of the selected joint
connection and retrieve the tool.
Pull The string out of the hole.
After the firing of the charge, if the connection has failed to back-off, continue to work
the torque down the string before trying another string shot.
If the operation is unsuccessful, release the left hand torque, circulate to clean the
string from back-off debris and start again from step 4 and attempt a new back-off.
Note:
Note:
16.7
FISHING
16.7.1
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G R O U P
16.7.2
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Preparation
Before fishing operations begin, the following preparations shall be carried out:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
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2 /8
7
2 /8
1
Tubing
3 /2
1
4 to 4 /2
3
2 /8 to /8
1
3 /2 to 4
1
Drillpipe
4 /2 to 6 /16
5
6 /8
1
3 /2 to 4
1
4 /8 to 5 /5
Drill Collar
5 /4 to 7
1
7 /4 to 8 /2
0 to 3,000
3,000 to
6,000
6,000 to
9,000
9,000 to
12,000
Over
12,000
2-3
3-4
4-6
3-4
4-6
5-8
3-4
4-6
5-9
6-12
4-5
5-7
6-10
7-14
2-4
2-5
3-7
3-8
4-9
2-4
3-6
4-8
4-10
5-12
3-6
4-8
5-10
6-12
7-15
4-6
5-9
6-12
7-15
8-18
6-12
8-12
8-15
8-18
7 /4 to 9 /4
Casing
4 /2 to 5 /2
6 to 7
7 /8
7 /8
9 /8
10 /4
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16.7.3
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Fishing Assembly
The standard fishing assembly consists of the following:
16.7.4
Fishing tool + Jar and Bumper Sub + Drill Collars + Heavy Weight Drill Pipe +
Drill Pipe.
Use as many drill collars as is in the fish. If the required number of drill collars is
not available on the rig, use a jar accelerator.
A Safety Joint should not be run. Since the Safety Joint will not transmit left hand
torque, it would not be possible to back-off below it using a string shot.
However, a Safety Joint could be run between the catching tool and the jar when
a non releasing tool such as taper tap is being employed.
Avoid any restrictions in the bore of tools run above the catching tool, which
would prevent the use of a cutting tool or the back-off shot within the fish.
Where losses are expected the use of a Circulation Sub in the fishing assembly
should be considered.
FISHING PROCEDURES
16.7.4.1 OVERSHOT
1)
The catching action of the tool will stress the fish neck in words.
A regular, smooth shape of the fish neck is necessary for a successful operation.
Jarring is only possible only using type SFS, FS and XFS overshots.
If the fish diameter is near the maximum catch or size, a spiral grapple is
recommended. On the other hand, if the fish diameter is considerably below the
maximum catch size, a basket grapple is preferable.
If the hole is enlarged, use an oversize guide or run a bent drill pipe just above
the overshot.
When the fish has been milled over, if possible, run an overshot extension to
avoid catching the fish by the milled part.
2)
3)
Run the fishing assembly, space out as required, and make up the kelly.
Lower the overshot to just above the fish and circulate for a few minutes to clean the
top of the fish. Do not circulate excessively to as this may enlarge the hole.
Prior to engaging the fish, record the weight of fishing string (up, down and rotating)
with and without circulation.
To engage a fish, the fishing string is lowered and rotated to the right very slowly,
pumping at minimum rate. During the engaging operation, continuously monitor the
weight indicator and stand pipe pressure.
As the fish is engaged, allow the right hand torque to slack out and pull on the fish
picking up rapidly the fishing string 5 to 8ft (2 to 3m). Drop the string 2 to 4ft
(approximately 1m) and catch it in the brake to make sure that there is a firm grip.
If possible, it should be considered to circulate bottoms up through the fish before
pulling out of hole, particularly if potential reservoirs are exposed or penetration rates
were high.
4)
5)
6)
7)
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G R O U P
8)
9)
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When tripping out of the hole with the fish, the string must not be rotated, a chain or
Kelly Spinner should be used.
If pulling out of the hole wet, flow checks shall be carried out frequently.
The fish will be stressed outwards due to the catching action of the tool.
Install a pack-off on the tool, if circulation is required after latching the fish.
Use the fishing jar If jarring is required. In this case the use of a Spear Stop is
required. Check the Spear Stop OD when it is used in open hole and use the
stop only if hole condition permits.
2)
The size of the taper tool should be selected in order to engage the fish with the
middle of the tapered point.
The taper taps do not allow free passage to the back-off tool.
Excessive torque can damage the tapered thread and swell the top of the fish.
It is impossible to release the tool once engaged. For this reason its use has to
be considered the last resort and only utilised after consultation with Shore Base
(Drilling Manager/Superintendent).
2)
Run the fishing assembly, complete with safety joint, space out as required and make
up the Kelly.
Lower the catching tool to just above the fish and circulate a few minutes to clean the
top of the fish. Do not circulate excessively as this may enlarge the hole.
To engage the fish, apply right hand torque. A gradual increase of back torque is an
indication of successful operation.
Chain or spin the pipe out of hole with the fish.
3)
4)
5)
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G R O U P
3)
4)
5)
6)
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
WOB = 2 to 4t
Rotary = 45rpms
Low Pump Rate (1/2 pump rate while drilling).
Core approximately 20cm. Pick up to allow the junk on the side of the basket to fall into
the pilot hole, then proceed coring a further +/-50cm.
Pull the junk basket out of the hole
After use, careful inspection and refurbishment is necessary.
16.8
MILLING PROCEDURE
There is a wide variety of mills specifically designed for various applications. Mills are
available in two basic categories: hydraulically activated mills and fixed milling tools.
A Section Mill is a hydraulically actuated tool and is used to mill out a complete section of
casing. Downhole section milling of casing, is generally done for the following reasons:
Used to mill all type of junk, including rock bit cones, reamers
cutters, items dropped through the rotary, drill pipe cemented
inside and outside, etc.
Pilot Mills
Taper Mills
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Washover Shoes
The following are general guidelines for the use of milling tools:
a)
Milled cuttings are much heavier than drilling cuttings. Therefore, mud viscosity
should be increased or high viscosity pills should be pumped to help in carrying
the steel cuttings out of the hole.
b)
Oil based mud has poor carrying capabilities and should be avoided whenever
possible. Polymer muds are most suitable for milling.
c)
d)
Magnets placed in the flow line will help in removing metal particles from drilling
mud. Removal of mill cuttings and debris reduces the wear on mud pumps and
other equipment.
e)
A junk sub placed in the string above the mill can aid in catching the larger
cuttings.
f)
g)
h)
Always start rotating, with low rpm about 3ft (1m) above the fish. Lower onto the
fish and adjust the weight and the rotary speed to obtain satisfactory penetration.
i)
Generally the most efficient milling rates are obtained by running the rotary at 80
to 100rpm. Milling with washover shoes is an exception and are usually more
efficient at speeds of 60 to 80rpm. Continuously monitor the torque indicator
during milling operations.
j)
Reading the cuttings is essential to evaluate the performance of the mill. The
1
1
ideal cuttings are usually /32" to /16" thick and 1" to 2" long. If cuttings are thin
long stringers, penetration rates are probably too low and weight on the mill
should be increased. If fish-scale type cuttings are being returned, penetration
rate will improve by decreasing weight and increasing rpm.
k)
The type and stability of the fish (cemented or not) together with the hardness of
the fish and/or cement are factors that affect milling rates.
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
16.9
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JARRING PROCEDURE
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
The pre-set value of mechanical jars must be checked prior to running in the hole, to
verify if the margin of overpull is sufficient to operate the jar.
When a drilling jar is used, do not drill to Kelly down but leave enough room to cock the
jar in case of stuck pipe.
Jarring should be done with a Kelly or Top Drive. If the use of a Kelly is not possible,
secure the elevator latch by using a piece of rope or chain.
Prior to jarring check the drill line sensor. Ensure the weight indicator readings are
accurate and that the Dead Line Anchor is secure and free of debris. Check the derrick
and all equipment for any loose items.
When jarring, the drill floor must be cleared of all non-essential personnel.
Prior to jarring, mark the drill string at the rotary table.
Check the drill line usage, slip and cut if necessary. When sustained jarring is carried
out, the drill line should be slipped at regular intervals, depending on the particular
situation. Also check the derrick, lifting equipment and travelling block attachment
bolts.
Always allow the jars to trip within their safe working load. Wait until the jars have
tripped before pulling the string further. Never exceed the safe working limit without
confirmation that the jars have tripped.
If a top drive system is used, after jarring, check the TDS as per the maintenance and
operating specification.
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G R O U P
17.
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LOST CIRCULATION
When lost circulation is encountered, some specific information regarding the situation is
required prior to initiating corrective procedures.
First, it is necessary to determine the magnitude of the losses. These may vary from minor
seepage losses to partial and complete loss of returns.
Second, the condition at the time of losses may proved an indication of the reasons for the
lost of circulation. Losses during tripping are usually due to running pipe too quickly. During
drilling, a change in drilling rate or change in Ethnology from cuttings indicates either a
weaker, porous formation or a fault had been encountered. Mud weight and viscosity have
also have increased.
Third, it is necessary to locate the zone where the losses are occurring. If the losses are not
on the bottom, at the casing shoe or at the last previous zone (if any), a temperature survey
or gamma ray log may be run to accurately locate the zone.
17.1
17.2
Keep the mud weight as low as possible but still providing an adequate overbalance.
Control the ROP to prevent overloading the annulus with cuttings which could result in
increased mud densities and/or constrict the annulus.
Maintain a low yield point and gel strength of mud.
Avoid excessive circulation rates.
Run the pipe slowly to minimise pressure surges.
Break circulation by first rotating away and reciprocating the pipe, then starting the
pump slowly.
Avoid pump surge.
Do not use diamond bits.
14
Use bit nozzles larger than /32" ID.
Have an adequate stock of LCM on the rig.
3)
4)
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can withstand, measuring the volume of water required and calculating the new mud
gradient. Circulation may be restarted by any or combination of the following means:
The choice of the various possibilities listed above shall be submitted for evaluation of the
well conditions on a case by case situation.
17.3
4)
5)
Note:
If the tripping is considered safe (i.e. the hole stands full of mud), run open ended drill
pipe to 10 to 30m above the thief zone.
Pump the pill and displace it with mud to the bottom of the string.
Close the BOP and squeeze pump down the annulus and the pipe at the same time.
The flow rate shall be the same in both the annulus and in the drill pipe if DOB pills are
being used. In case of DOBC pills, the flow rate in the annulus shall be half the flow
rate in the drill pipe being used
Beware of fracturing the formation, do not exceed 500psi (35 kg/cm2).
Open the BOP and pull out of hole. Do not reverse out.
During this operation, reciprocate the string from time to time. If drag
occurs, pull out the string is free before proceeding with a squeeze.
Flush the mixing tank, cementing unit and lines with diesel oil in order to
remove the presence of any water before mixing and pumping DOB or
DOBC pills.
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
17.4
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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3)
4)
5)
17.5
If tripping is considered safe (i.e. the hole stands full of mud), run open ended drill pipe
to immediately above the thief zone.
3
Pump the LCM pill and displace half of it in the hole (minimum pill volume: 10m for a
1
3
1
8 /2" hole; 20m for a 12 /4" hole) and pull the pipe above the pill.
Continue pumping the rest of the pill using the Hesitation Technique and visually
check the fluid level all the time.
Repeat the procedure, if the previous was unsuccessful, change the type of LCM, if
necessary.
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
INITIAL ACTIVITY
REPORT
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
FIELD NAME
ARPO 01
Permit/Concession N
Cost center
Well Code
General Data
On shore
WELL NAME
Off shore
Joint venture
Ground Level[m]
AGIP:
Latitude:
Longitude
Reference
First Flange[m]
Rig Name
Type of Operation
Reference Rig
Rig Type
Contractor
Program TD (Measured)
[m]
Program TD (Vertical)
[m]
Cellar Pit
Rig Heading []
Offset FROM the proposed location
Rig Pump
Depth [m]
Manufacturer
Distance [m]
Length [m]
Type
Direction []
Width [m]:
Type of Service
Company
Contract N
Type of Service
Company
Contract N
Mud Logging
D. & C. Fluids
Cementation
Waste treatment
Operating Time
Moving
[gg:hh]
Leg
Air gap
Penetration
Positioning
[hh:min]
[m]
[m]
Anchorage
[hh:min]
Rig-up
[hh:min]
Delay
[hh:min]
Lost-time Accidents
[hh:min]
Name
Horse
Bollard pull
Power
[t]
Rig Anchorage
Anchor
Bow
N
Angle
Mooring Line
Weight
[t]
Piggy Back
Length
Cable
Chain
[m]
[m]
Weight
N
[t]
Mooring Line
Chain
Cable
Length
Length
[m]
[mm]
[m]
[mm]
Tension Operative
Total
[Tested]
Tension
Time
[t]
[t]
[hh:min]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Note:
Supervisor
Superintendent
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
A.2
DAILY REPORT
WELL NAME
Drilling
FIELD NAME
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
ARPO 02
Cost center
Rig Name
RT Elevation
[m]
Type of Rig
[m]
Report N
Contractor
[m]
Permit / Concession N
st
Well
Last casing
BOP
Next Casing
Type
w.p. [psi]
Well Code
of
M.D. (24:00)
[m]
nom.[in]
Stack
T.V.D. (24:00)
[m]
Top [m]
Diverter
Total Drilled
[m]
Bottom [m]
Annular
Rotating Hrs
[hh:mm]
Annular
R.O.P.
[m / h]
Upper Rams
[hh:mm]
Middle Rams
Middle Rams
Personnel
Last Survey []
at m
at m
Pump N
[hh:mm]
Injured
Middle Rams
Agip
Agip
Liner [in]
Lower Rams
Rig
Rig
Strokes
Press. [psi]
Last Test
Others
Total
Other
Total
Lithology
Shows
From (hr)
To (hr)
Operation at 07:00
Mud type
Density
Viscosity
P.V.
Y.P.
Gel 10"/10'
Water Loss
HP/HT
Press.
Temp.
ClSalt
pH/ES
MBT
Solid
Oil/water Ratio.
Sand
pm/pom
pf
mf
Daily Losses
Progr. Losses
[kg/l]
[s/l]
[cP]
2
[g/100cm ]
/
[cc/30"]
[cc/30"]
2
[kg/cm ]
[C]
[g/l]
[g/l]
3
[kg/m ]
[%]
[%]
Bit
Data
Manuf.
Type
Serial No.
IADC
Diam.
Nozzle/TFA
From [m]
To [m]
Drilled [m]
Rot. Hrs.
R.P.M.
W.O.B.[t]
Flow Rate
Pressure
Ann. vel.
Jet vel.
HHP Bit
HSI
3
I
[m ]
3
[m ]
B
Run N
Run N
Description
Part. L
Progr.L Partial Progr.
Stock
Total Cost
O
G
D
O
L
R
I
B
O
G
D
O
L
R
Daily
Progr.
Quantity
UM
Supervisor:
Supply vessel
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
A.3
RUNNING CASING
REPORT
District/Affiliate Company
ARPO 03 / B
DATE:
Casing type
Operation type
WELL NAME
FIELD NAME
Cost center
Top [m]
[in]
Bottom [m]
Joint
Length
Progress.
centr.
Joint
Length
Progress.
centr.
Joint
Length
Progress.
centr.
[m]
[m]
(N)
[m]
[m]
(N)
[m]
[m]
(N)
Remarks:
Supervisor
Superintendent
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Agip
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Revision: 0
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G R O U P
A.4
CEMENTING JOB
REPORT
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
WELL NAME
FIELD NAME
ARPO-04 / B
Operation type
Cost center
Stage / No.:
[in]
SQUEEZE / PLUG
Type
Length [m]
Cap.[ l/m]
Bottom [m]
Cement retainer
Manufacturer
Model / Type
[inch]
Pump Rate
[l/min]
[kg/cm 2]
Test
De
Squeeze packer
Testing Pr.
Tot. Vol.
2
[kg/cm ]
pumped [l]
[kg/cm 2]
[m
Returns V
[l]
[mins]
Operation (y/n)
Casing Reciprocation
Bump Plug
Casing Rotation
Valve holding
Annulus pressurization
[mins]
Inner string
GENERAL DATA
Slurry Displacement
With
Losses [m 3]
To Surface
pumps
Density
Fluid type:
[kg/l]
pH
Dumped
[m 3]
Volume
[m 3]
Mud
Mix/Pump Slurry
Density:
[kg/l]
Spacer
Displacement
[mins]
Slurry
Duration:
Final pressure:
Opening DV
[kg/cm 2]
Circ. through DV
Total
Circulation / Displacement / Squeeze
Time [mins.]
Partial
Supervisor
Progr.
Flow Rate
Pressure
Total Volume
[l/min]
[kg/cm 2]
[l]
Operation Description
Final Press.
2
[kg/cm ]
Superintendent
Retur
Vol.
Agip
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Revision: 0
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G R O U P
A.5
BIT
RECORD
District/Affiliate Company
DATE:
WELL NAME
FIELD NAME
ARPO-05
Cost center
Run n
Bit n
Bit size [in]
Bit manufacturer
Bit type
Special features codes
Serial number
IADC code
Depth in [m]
Depth out [m]
Drilled interval [m]
Rotation hrs
Trip hrs
R.O.P. [m/h]
Average W.O.B. [t]
Average R.P.M.
D.H.M. R.P.M.
Flow rate [l/min]
2
St. pipe pressure [kg/cm ]
D.H.M. Press. drop [kg/cm2]
Bit HHP
HSI
Annulus min vel. [m/min]
[1/32 in]
1
[1/32 in]
2
[1/32 in]
3
[1/32 in]
4
[1/32 in]
5
[1/32 in]
C
2
[in ]
T.F.A.
B Inner rows [I]
I Outher rows [O]
T Dull char. [D]
Location [L]
D Bearing/Seals [B]
U Gauge 1/16 [G]
L Other chars [O]
L Reason POOH [R]
Mud type
Mud density [kg/l]
Mud visc.
Mud Y.P.
Survey depth
Survey incl.
Bit Cost
J
E
T
S
Li
Type
Stabilizer
Distance
Diameter
from bit
[in]
[m]
tho
lo
gy
B
H
A
Currency
Pag.:
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Supervisor
of:
Superintendent
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Agip
Iran B.V.
Revision: 0
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G R O U P
A.6
WASTE DISPOSAL
WELL NAME
Management Report
FIELD NAME
District/Affiliate Company
ARPO-06 Cost center
DATE:
Report[m]
N
From
Depth
Interval(m)
Drilled (m)
To [m]
Drilled Volume [m ]
Mud
Type
Density
(kg/l)
Cumulative volume [m ]
Usage
Phase /Period [m ]
Water consumption
Fresh water
Recycled
Cumulative [m ]
Total
Fresh water
Recycled
Total
Mixing Mud
Others
Total
Fresh water [m ]
Readings / Truck
Mud Volume [m ]
Phase
Cumulative
Recycled [m ]
Service
Mixed
Contract N
Company
Mud Company
Lost
Waste Disposal
Dumped
Transportation
Transported IN
Transported OUT
Waste Disposal
Period
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
[t]
Sewage water
[t]
Transported Brine
[t]
Cumulative
Remarks
Remarks
Supervisor
Superintendent
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Revision: 0
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G R O U P
A.7
WELL PROBLEM
REPORT
District/Affiliate Company
ARPO -13
DATE:
Problem
Code
Well
Situation
WELL NAME
Cost center
Top [m]
Start date
Bottom [m]
End date
Measured Depth
Top [m]
FIELD NAME
Vertical Depth
Bottom [m]
Top [m]
KOP
Bottom [m]
Open hole
Mud in hole
[m]
Max inclination []
Type
@m
Last casing
Dens.[kg/l]:
Solutions Applied:
Results Obtained:
Solutions Applied:
Results Obtained:
Solutions Applied:
Results Obtained:
Solutions Applied:
Results Obtained:
Supervisor
Supervisor
Supervisor
Superintendent
Lost Time
Remarks at HQ level
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Iran B.V.
Revision: 0
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G R O U P
A.8
Well Code:
General Information
Contract No:
Service/Supply:
Drilling
Contract Type:
Completion
Workover
Contractor:
Duration Dates of Failure:
Distributed By:
RIG SITE
Description of Failure:
Contractor Representative:
DISTRICT OR SUBSIDIARY NOTES:
Failure Classification
Status
Technical
Normal
Management/Organisation
Extreme
Safety/Quality
Innovative
Adverse
Operations Manager:
Time Lost:
Analysis Code:
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Iran B.V.
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G R O U P
A.9
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
CONTRACTOR EVALUATION
(FEED BACK REPORT 02)
District/Subsidiary
Report Date:
Well Name:
Well Code:
General Information
Contract No.:
Contract Type:
Contractor:
Service/Supply:
Distributed By:
R1 Technical Requirements
FB_01 REPORT REFERENCES
FB Report No.:
Time Lost (Hr.Min):
Economic Cost (M):
Category
Evaluation Score (0-9)
Suitability of Equipment and Materials
Compliance of Equipment and Materials to the
Adequacy of Personnel
Meeting with Operational Programme Requirements
Meeting with Contract Operation Timings
Equipment Condition/Maintenance
R2 Management and Organizational Requirements
FB_01 REPORT REFERENCES
FB Report No.:
Time Lost (Hr.Min):
Economic Cost (M):
Category
Evaluation Score (0-9)
Availability of Equipment and Materials
Technical and Operational Support to Operations
Capability and Promptness to Operational Requests
R3 Safety and Quality Assurance Requirements
FB_01 REPORT REFERENCES
FB Report No.:
Time Lost (Hr.Min):
Economic Cost (M):
Category
Evaluation Score (0-9)
Meeting with the Contract Agreement DSS
Availability and Validity of Requested Certificates
Meeting with Contract Quality Assurance Terms
Event Support Documentation
Type of
Subject:
Issued By:
Document:
Notes:
Failure Status
Normal
Extreme
Operations Manager
Drilling & Completions Manager
Adverse
Innovative
Date:
Agip
Iran B.V.
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Page 266 of 271
G R O U P
Appendix B - ABBREVIATIONS
AC/DC
AHTS
API
BG
BHA
BHP
BHT
BJ
BMT
BOP
BPD
BPM
BPV
BSW
BUR
BWOC
BWOW
C/L
CBL
CCD
CCL
CDP
CET
CGR
CMT
CP
CR
CRA
CSG
C/T
CW
DC
DE
DHM
DHSV
DIF
DLP
DLS
D&CM
DOB
DOBC
DOR
DP
DPHOT
DRLG
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
DST
DV
E/L
ECD
ECP
EMS
EMW
EOC
EP
ESD
ESP
ETA
ETU
FBHP
FBHT
FC
FINS
FPI/BO
FTHP
FTHT
GCT
GLR
GLS
GMS
GOC
GOR
GP
GPM
GPS
GR
GRA
GSS
HAZOP
HDT
HHP
HO
HP/HT
HSI
HW/HWDP
IADC
IBOP
ICGP
ID
IFR
IP
IPR
JAM
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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Iran B.V.
Revision: 0
Page 268 of 271
G R O U P
KMW
KOP
L/D
L/S
LAT
LC 50
LCDT
LCM
LCP
LEL
LMRP
LN
LOT
LQC
LTA
LTT
LWD
M/D
M/U
MAASP
MD
MLH
MLS
MMS
MODU
MOP
MPI
MSCL
MSL
MSS
MUT
MW
MWD
N/D
N/U
NACE
NB
NDT
NMDC
NSG
NTU
OBM
OD
OEDP
OH
OHGP
OIM
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
OMW
ORP
OWC
P&A
P/U
PBR
PCG
PDC
PDM
PGB
PI
PKR
PLT
POB
POOH
PPB
PPG
ppm
PTR
PV
PVT
Q
Q/A Q/C
R/D
R/U
RBP
RCP
RFT
RIH
RJ
RKB
ROE
ROP
ROU
ROV
RPM
RPSP
RT
S (HDT)
S/N
SBHP
SBHT
SCC
SD
SDE
SF
SG
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
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G R O U P
SICP
SIDPP
SIMOP
SPM
SR
SRG
SSC
ST
STG
TCP
TD
TFA
TG
TGB
TOC
TOL
TVD
TW
UAR
UGF
UR
VBR
VDL
VSP
W/L
WBM
WC
WL
WOB
WOC
WOW
WP
YP
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Agip
Iran B.V.
G R O U P
Id: AI/SP/MAN/803
Revision: 0
Page 271 of 271
Appendix C - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Document:
STAP Number
AI/SP/MAN/810
AI/SP/MAN/802
AI/SP/MAN/809
AI/SP/MAN/811
AI/SP/MAN/808
Other
API Specification 6A seventeenth edition 1999
API Specification No 811-05CT5