Exp PR Di010 en r0 - 1 Diagrams
Exp PR Di010 en r0 - 1 Diagrams
Exp PR Di010 en r0 - 1 Diagrams
DIAGRAMS
TRAINING MANUAL
Course EXP-PR-DI010
Revision 0.1
Exploration & Production
Miscellaneous Courses
Diagrams
MISCELLANEOUS COURSES
DIAGRAMS
CONTENTS
1. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................4
2. DRAWINGS .....................................................................................................................5
2.1. WHAT ARE DIAGRAMS USED FOR?......................................................................5
2.2. EXAMPLE .................................................................................................................7
2.3. EXERCISES..............................................................................................................8
3. THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF DIAGRAMS......................................................................9
3.1. BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM .........................................................................................9
3.2. PLOT PLAN ............................................................................................................10
3.3. PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM (PFD) .......................................................................11
3.4. PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM (PID or P&ID)................................12
3.5. ISOMETRIC DIAGRAM...........................................................................................13
3.6. SAFETY LOGIC DIAGRAM ....................................................................................14
3.7. DATASHEET...........................................................................................................15
3.8. EXERCISES............................................................................................................16
4. CODING PRINCIPLE.....................................................................................................18
4.1. EQUIPMENT ...........................................................................................................18
4.1.1. Facility ..............................................................................................................18
4.1.2. Equipment class ...............................................................................................19
4.1.3. Section number.................................................................................................26
4.1.4. Order number ...................................................................................................26
4.1.5. Serial letter .......................................................................................................26
4.2. PIPING ....................................................................................................................27
4.2.1. Size...................................................................................................................27
4.2.2. Fluid symbol......................................................................................................27
4.2.3. Section number.................................................................................................29
4.2.4. Order number ...................................................................................................29
4.2.5. Series ...............................................................................................................30
4.2.6. Effluent classes.................................................................................................30
4.3. INSTRUMENTATION..............................................................................................34
4.3.1. Unit ...................................................................................................................34
4.3.2. Function coding ................................................................................................34
4.3.3. Section..............................................................................................................36
4.3.4. Order number ...................................................................................................37
4.3.5. Index.................................................................................................................37
4.3.6. Analyser identification.......................................................................................37
4.3.7. Symbols ............................................................................................................38
4.4. EXERCISES............................................................................................................42
5. HOW DO WE READ A PID?..........................................................................................49
5.1. LEGENDS AND ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................................50
5.2. MARGINS ...............................................................................................................51
1. OBJECTIVES
The objective of this course is to allow future operators to understand the theoretical bases
required for reading plans and diagrams that he or she will encounter when performing
routine tasks on a facility used essentially in the oil industry.
List the different types of plans and diagrams seen by production operators
Explain the role and function of each of the plans and diagrams
After having acquired a minimum amount of experience on the site, the course
participant/operator should be able to:
2. DRAWINGS
Aim:
Diagrams are used to represent all or part of a production unit and to make it easier to
understand to obtain a general view or details.
Principle:
piping,
Three main types of diagrams have been defined for the different types of diagrams used.
Their definitions are given below, in English, as they are based on International Standard
Organisation (ISO) standards used in all Total sites for uniformity:
The Plot Plan: This document defines the location of equipment on the
installations
It is also a Lay-out diagram which determines the geographic positioning of
equipment on a site. It also defines the locations in a horizontal and vertical plane
The Block Flow Diagram: which defines the logical progression of the different
production phases. It does not use symbols.
Isomeric Drawings: drawn up when designing an installation (in the study phase)
and to understand the routing of the different pipes on a site.
An isomeric drawing is a document (or folder, a series of plans) showing the pipe
routing in three dimensions, in a single figure.
The Safety Diagram: it defines the logical sequence of the different phases in an
emergency triggering sequence. It does not use symbolic representation.
It is the representation of shutdown sequences, with their different levels (from zero to
four) and the actions of the Fire & Gas system
Representation:
General symbols: They define an equipment family. They are used on the PFDs
when the exact type of the equipment has not been defined.
Specific symbols: They specify a type of equipment in each family. They are
used on PIDs.
The PFDs are drawn on paper of standardised width and sufficient length.
The PIDs are drawn on standardised formats and generally limited to A0 (840 x
1188).
The symbols have no scale. In each case, the size of each symbol is chosen to
make it easy to read. In PIDs it is sometimes preferable to define a scale to
respect the equipment levels and relative positions, where possible.
In split diagrams, the incoming and outgoing lines of the common pipes must be
placed on the same levels so that they can be placed side by side.
2.2. EXAMPLE
The PID is a typical example of the drawings found on the site. As we will see later, this
type of drawing provides a great deal of information about the installation.
2.3. EXERCISES
True
False
2. Name several types of diagrams AFNOR has defined. What do they represent?
This diagram explains the operating principle of the whole installation in just a few boxes.
The schematic diagram of the NKossa site in the Congo is given below.
Plot Plan: This plan defines the layout (location) of the equipment in the installations. The
following drawing shows the locations of the three separators and two desalters which are
part of the Girassol FPSO treatment system in Angola.
Figure 3: Layout drawing (Plot Plan) of the Girassol separators and desalters
This diagram issued during the project phase shows in a simplified format the main
process lines and tanks and their main operating parameters.
These diagrams show the process operating parameters in the following form:
The Piping and Instrumentation Diagram is issued during the project phase. It shows all
the pipelines and tanks and their operating parameters in a much more detailed manner
than the PFD.
It shows:
The pipelines
The valves
The equipment
This diagram show all the safety actions carried out following a process anomaly
XXX
115
OR function To safety logic diagram 115
XXX
Action ON "xxx" Pulse signal
3.7. DATASHEET
This type of document provides a great deal of information about an item of equipment.
The following example shows the datasheet for a compressor suction scrubber.
3.8. EXERCISES
Isometric diagram
Datasheet
Isometric diagram
Datasheet
5. It allows us to read the process logic. This diagram issued during the project phase
shows in a simplified format the main process lines and tanks and their main
operating parameters.
Isometric diagram
Datasheet
6. This diagram issued during the project phase shows all the pipelines and tanks and
their operating parameters in a much more complex manner than the PFD.
Isometric diagram
Datasheet
Isometric diagram
Datasheet
8. This type of document provides a great deal of information about the equipment.
Isometric diagram
Datasheet
4. CODING PRINCIPLE
To correctly understand the identification markings used there is a coding system which
defines the equipment, the pipelines and the instrumentation.
4.1. EQUIPMENT
4.1.1. Facility
Example:
AMENAM 40
COBO 8F
N KOSSA D
B Civil works
DC Tubular reactors
DD Lamp reactors
DE Precoat filters
DG Pig trap
vvvvv
Horizontal tank Diffuser
EA Cooling tower
FA Furnaces, heater
FD Incinerators
GA Pumps
GB Injectors, ejectors
HA Boilers
IA Stirrers, mixers
IC Centrifuges
ID Settling tanks
IF Filters, sieves
Hydrocyclone Stirrer
KA Fans, Blowers
Reciprocating
Centrifugal compressor
compressor
Blade compressor
M Metal structures
N Instrumentation
P Electricity
PA Electricity generator
PC Rectifier, Inverter
PD Switchboard
PH Buried lines
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PY Turbogenerator
Q Remote transmission
S Buildings
TB Silos
TC Sump caissons
UB Small standard construction assemblies such as: air compressor unit and
tank, air dryers, chillers, gas dryers, etc.
UC Offloading buoys
UD Various assemblies
XA Asynchronous motors
XB Synchronous motors
XC Various motors
M Electric motor
YA Diesel engines
YB Petrol engines
YC Gas engines
YD Gas turbines
YF Steam turbines
YG Hydraulic turbines
Z Transmissions
ZA Coupling
ZB Clutch
Two or three digit number for the chronological identification of equipment of a same type.
One letter for the parallel numbering of equipment of the same type.
4.2. PIPING
4.2.1. Size
1, 2 or 3 digits for the line diameter in inches (") OR in nominal diameter (ND).
AG acid gas
AM methanol
BC butane
BV LP steam (4 bar)
BW distilled water
CG condensate gas
CV steam condensates
CW cooling water
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DG sulphur-free gas
EC ethane
FS flare
FW fire-fighting seawater
GC gasoline cut
GH oily effluent
GN nitrogen
HC oil cut
HD hydrocarbon drain
IA instrument air
LC LPG mixture
NC raw condensates
NH crude oil
NW formation water
PC propane
PW process water
SA service air
SG treated gas
4.2.5. Series
54 Fire-fighting seawater
61 Bleach. Antifouling.
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Jacketed or double
Main pipes
containment
Heat insulated
Future piping routes
equipment
X% X%
Screw plug Sloping line
Air overpressure /
Corrosion sleeve
Vacuum tank
v Funnel Spacer
Temporary filter
In-line mixer
(between flanges)
4.3. INSTRUMENTATION
4.3.1. Unit
The instrument functions are coded by a group of letters as shown in the following table.
The first letter represents the controlled parameter. The following letters indicate the exact
function, in the order defined in the table.
A Analysis Alarm
Burner: flame
B
detector
C Conductivity Regulator
Differential, Ratio
D Density
Interface
F Flow rate
Gas explosiveness
G Local indicator
Toxicity
J Power
K Programmer
M User's choice
N Fire detection
Operator
O User's choice
Orifice
Pressure or
P
vacuum
Counter
Q Quantity
Integrator
S Speed Safety
T Temperature Transmitter
U Multivariable Multifunction
Vibration
Stepped
V Control valve
displacement
Accelerometer
X Unclassified
Function relay
Y User's choice
Converter
Position switch
Z
Axial position
Example:
4.3.3. Section
List of sections:
4.3.5. Index
Index number where several instruments with the same function belong to a same loop.
Index letter for instruments with the same function on identical production lines installed in
parallel.
AS Sampler
C Conductivity
CHL Chlorometer
CHR Chromatograph
CO CO analyser
DU Water hardness
H Hydrogen
HC Hydrocarbon
HY Hydrazine meter
M Humidity
O2 Oxygen meter
OP Opacimeter
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PH pH meter
RE Refractometer
SG Density
TU Turbidimeter
V Viscosity
VP Vapour pressure
Example:
CO
CO2
ARC Recorded and regulated CO2 analyser
4.3.7. Symbols
Analogue or logic
Instrument line
electronic signal
By liquid or gas
L L L Hydraulic signal X X X
expansion capillary
Instrument in Control
Instrument on rear local
Room or front of
panel
equipment room cubicle
Instrument in Control
Room or on back of
equipment room cubicle
Process control
(inaccessible to the Safety system input
operator)
Safety process
(accessible to the Safety system output
operator)
Manually operated
Control valve (manual
diaphragm pneumatic
operation only)
servomotor control valve
Diaphragm pneumatic Diaphragm pneumatic
servomotor control valve servomotor control valve
without positioner with positioner
On-off valve with piston
servomotor or pneumatic M Valve with electric motor
or hydraulic cylinder
Rotameter Electromagnetic
Venturi Vortex
4.4. EXERCISES
To interpret the PID, see the legends and abbreviations given with it. As shown below,
certain symbols might not be official ones, but this happens and in that case, just think,
compare and everything will be all right.
5.2. MARGINS
The margins of the PID give information on the the PID's history, unique PID number,
revision history, descriptions and notes.
The PID number is a unique number which identifies the PID. It is located in the bottom
right-hand corner of the margin, along with the title, name of the issuer (engineering firm),
revision stamp and revision number (or letter). It is very important to always check you
have the latest revision.
The changes made to the PID since the last revision are shown in the revision table in the
bottom margin.
5.3. EQUIPMENT
The main items of equipment required to carry out the treatment process are shown in the
PID by an icon representing the equipment in a simplified manner. They are normally
identified by their name and equipment number.
The process flows are indicated by the flowlines. Where possible, the incoming flowline is
placed on the left and the outgoing flowline on the right. Labels or title boxes at the ends of
the lines provide information on the sources and destinations of the flows.
The flows are routed by normally-open valves. The bodies of these valves are normally not
filled, whereas the bodies of the normally-closed valves are filled.
The following table shows the typical instrument symbols and the parts accessible and
inaccessible to the operator.
The most significant feature of the instrument symbols is the difference in their positions.
The operator must know the positions of the main local equipment.
An instrument shown in a circle indicates that the instrument is mounted directly on the
equipment.
A circle with a horizontal line through it indicates that the instrument is mounted on a local
configuration panel. This panel is installed in an accessible location close to the equipment
it operates.
The control loops are one of the most important parts of a PID. "Control loop" is a general
term for all the elements involved in controlling a process parameter, like tank levels or
vapour flows. This includes all the hardware and software associated with this control
function.
the controller
A good understanding of a basic control loop will help you to understand more complicated
control loops.
The measurement element produces a signal which represents the process variable being
controlled. The commonly used process variables are: coherence, pressure, flow and
temperature. The measurement element is connected to a transmitter which sends a
signal to the controller. The control signal can take the form of an overhead pneumatic
signal, an electric signal (milliamps) or even a remote radio signal, depending on the case.
The controller determines the control adjustments needed. This is done by comparing the
measured value to a setpoint (SP), which is the required setting for a process variable.
The controller adapts the system until the value of the process variable is equal to the
setpoint.
They can also take the form of switches, pumps, fans, or electric heating devices and
other control devices. Motor speed controllers are also control systems.
It is important to remember that the adjustments made to the control point will modify the
variable measured.
Each control loop is given a unique number for differentiate it from other control loops.
A control loop may consist of a single element (e.g. a local pressure gauge), or it may
have many different elements (e.g. an automatic flow controller).
A control loop may include detectors, transmitters, controllers, converter I/P, valves, etc.
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The above diagram shows a simple control loop and indicates the site equipment in the
process and the controller placed in the DCS.
6. GLOSSARY
7. FIGURES
Figure 1: Example of a PID..................................................................................................7
Figure 2: Block flow diagram of the N'Kossa site .................................................................9
Figure 3: Layout drawing (Plot Plan) of the Girassol separators and desalters .................10
Figure 4: Girassol separation system PFD ........................................................................11
Figure 5: Girassol 1st stage separator PID.........................................................................12
Figure 6 : Isometric drawing...............................................................................................13
Figure 7: Safety diagram....................................................................................................14
Figure 8: Scrubber datasheet ............................................................................................15
Figure 9: Coding principle - equipment ..............................................................................18
Figure 10: Coding principle - piping ...................................................................................27
Figure 11: Example of a PID..............................................................................................49
Figure 12: Example of legends ..........................................................................................50
Figure 13: Margins of a PID ...............................................................................................51
Figure 14: Equipment on a PID..........................................................................................52
Figure 15: Fluid routes on the PID .....................................................................................53
Figure 16: Instrument locations on the PID........................................................................54
Figure 17: Control loop on PID ..........................................................................................56
8. TABLES
Table 1: Presentation of the operating parameters............................................................11
Table 2: Safety logic diagram symbols ..............................................................................14
Table 3: Column symbols ..................................................................................................19
Table 4: Tank symbols.......................................................................................................20
Table 5: Thermal exchange equipment symbols ...............................................................20
Table 6: Pump, drive and ejector symbols .........................................................................21
Table 7: Various equipment symbols .................................................................................22
Table 8: Compressor, booster and fan symbols ................................................................23
Table 9: Electric motor symbols.........................................................................................25
Table 10: Drive engine and motor symbols........................................................................25
Table 11: Piping symbols...................................................................................................31
Table 12: Pipe accessory symbols ....................................................................................32
Table 13: Valve symbols....................................................................................................32
Table 14: Various accessories symbols.............................................................................33
Table 15: Instrument function coding .................................................................................36
Table 16: Instrument link symbol .......................................................................................38
Table 17: Instrument symbols............................................................................................39
Table 18: Symbols for instruments connected to the SNCC ..............................................39
Table 19: Self-adjusting equipment symbols .....................................................................39
Table 20: Actuator symbols ...............................................................................................40
Table 21: Fluid measurement symbols ..............................................................................41
9. SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
1. Drawings provide a general view or details to make all or part of a production
installation easy to understand.
; True
Schematic diagram
3. It explains the operating principle of the whole installation in just a few blocks.
; Schematic diagram
; Layout drawing
5. It allows us to read the process logic. This diagram issued during the project phase
shows in a simplified format the main process lines and tanks and their main
operating parameters.
6. This diagram issued during the project phase shows all the pipelines and tanks and
their operating parameters in a much more complex manner than the PFD.
; Isometric diagram
8. This type of document provides a great deal of information about the equipment.
; Datasheet