Properties of Gases: Rapidly and Collide With Each Other Often
Properties of Gases: Rapidly and Collide With Each Other Often
Properties of Gases: Rapidly and Collide With Each Other Often
PROPERTIESOFGASES
Gasesaretheleastdenseandmostmobile ofthethreephasesofmatter.
Particlesofmatterinthegasphasearespacedfarapartfromoneanotherandmove
rapidlyandcollidewitheachotheroften.
Gasesoccupymuchgreaterspace thanthesameamountofliquidorsolid.This
isbecausethegasparticlesarespacedapartfromoneanotherandaretherefore
compressible.Solidorliquidparticlesarespacedmuchcloserandcannotbe
compressedfurther.
Gasesarecharacterizedbyfourproperties.Theseare:
1. Pressure(P).
2. Volume(V)
3. Temperature(T)
4. Amount(n)
KineticMolecularTheoryofGases
Scientistsusethekineticmoleculartheory(KMT) todescribethebehaviorofgases.
TheKMTconsistsofseveralpostulates:
1. Gasesconsistof smallparticles(atomsormolecules)thatmoverandomly
with rapidvelocities.
2. Gasparticleshavelittleattractionforoneanother. Therefore,attractive
forcesbetweengasmoleculescanbeignored.
3. Thedistancebetweentheparticlesislargecomparedtotheirsize.Therefore
thevolume occupiedby gasmoleculesissmallcomparedtothevolumeofthe
gas.
4. Gasparticlesmovein straightlinesandcollidewitheachotherandthe
containerfrequently. Theforceof collisionsofthegasparticleswiththe
wallsofthecontainercausespressure.
5. Theaveragekineticenergyofgasmoleculesisdirectlyproportionaltothe
absolutetemperature(Kelvin).
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
PRESSUREANDITSMEASUREMENT
Pressureistheresultof collisionofgasparticleswiththesidesofthe
container.Pressureisdefinedastheforceperunitarea.
1atm =760mmHg
1mmHg=1torr
1atm=101.325kPa
Atmosphericpressurecanbemeasuredwiththeuseofa
barometer. Mercuryisusedinabarometerduetoitshigh
density. Atsealevel,themercurystandsat760mmaboveits
base.
Thepressureofagasisdirectlyproportional tothenumberofparticles(moles)present.
Examples:
1. TheatmosphericpressureatWalnut,CAis740.mmHg.Calculatethispressureintorrand
atm.
740.mmHgx =atm
2.Thebarometeratalocationreads1.12atm.CalculatethepressureinmmHgandtorr.
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
RELATIONSHIPBETWEENPRESSURE&VOLUME
BOYLESLAW
Atconstanttemperature,thevolumeofafixed
amount ofgasisinverselyproportional toits
pressure.
P1V1 =P2V2
Examples:
1. AsampleofH2 gashasavolumeof5.0Landapressureof1.0atm.Whatisthenew
pressureifthevolumeisdecreasedto2.0Latconstanttemperature?
P1V1 (1.0atm)(5.0L)
P1 =1.0atmP2 =???P2= = =2.5atm
V2 2.0L
V1 =5.0LV2=2.0L
2. Asampleofgashasavolumeof12Landapressureof4500mmHg.Whatisthevolume
ofthegaswhenthepressureisreducedto750mmHg?
P1 =P2=
V1 =V2=???
3. Asampleofhydrogengasoccupies4.0Lat650mmHg.Whatvolumewoulditoccupyat
2.0atm?
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
RELATIONSHIPBETWEENTEMP.&VOLUME
CHARLESSLAW
Atconstantpressure,thevolumeofafixedamount
ofgasisdirectlyproportionaltoitsabsolute
temperature.
V1 V
= 2
T1 T2
Note:TmustbeinunitofK
Examples:
1. A2.0Lsampleofagasiscooledfrom298Kto278K,atconstantpressure.Whatisthe
newvolumeofthegas?
T2 278K
V1 =2.0LV2 =???V2 =V1x =2.0Lx =1.9L
T1 298K
T1 =298KT2=278K
2. Asampleofgashasavolumeof5.0Landatemperatureof20C.Whatisthevolumeof
thegaswhenthetemperatureisincreasedto50C,atconstantpressure?
V1 =V2=
T1 =T2 =
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
RELATIONSHIPBETWEENTEMP.&PRESSURE
GAYLUSSACSLAW
Atconstantvolume,thepressureofafixed
amount ofgasisdirectlyproportionaltoits
absolutetemperature.
P1 P
= 2
T1 T2
Examples:
1. Anaerosolspraycanhasapressureof4.0atmat25C.Whatpressurewillthecanhave
ifitisplacedinafireandreachestemperatureof400C?
T2 673K
P1 =4.0atmP2 =???P2 =P1x =4.0atmx =9.0atm
T1 298K
T1 =298KT2=673K
2. Acylinderofgaswithavolumeof15.0Landapressureof965mmHgisstoredata
temperatureof55C.Towhattemperaturemustthecylinderbecooledtoreacha
pressureof850mmHg?
P1 =P2=
T1 =T2=???
3. Thepressureofacontainerofheliumis650mmHgat25 C.Ifthecontaineriscooledto
0 C,whatwillthepressurebe?
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
VAPORPRESSURE&BOILINGPOINT
Inanopencontainer,liquidmoleculesatthesurfacethatpossesssufficientenergy,can
breakawayfromsurfaceandbecomegasparticlesorvapor.Inaclosedcontainer,these
gasparticlescanaccumulateandcreatepressurecalledvaporpressure.
Aliquidreachesitsboilingpointwhenitsvaporpressurebecomesequaltotheexternal
pressure(atmosphericpressure).Forexample,atsealevel,waterreachesitsboilingpoint
at100Csinceitsvaporpressureis760mmHgatthistemperature.
Athigheraltitudes,whereatmosphericpressureislower,waterreachesboilingpointat
temperatureslowerthan100C.ForexampleinDenver,whereatmosphericpressureis
630mmHg,waterboilsat95C,sinceitsvaporpressureis630mmHgatthistemperature.
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
RELATIONSHIPBETWEENPRESSURE,VOL.&TEMP.
COMBINEDGASLAW
All pressurevolumetemperaturerelationshipscanbecombinedintoasinglerelationship
calledthecombinedgaslaw.Thislawisusefulforstudyingtheeffectof changesintwo
variables.
P1 V1 P V
= 2 2
T1 T2
Theindividualgaslawsstudiedpreviouslyareembodiedinthecombinedgaslaw.
P1 V1 P V
= 2 2 Boyle'sLaw
T1 T2
P1 V1 P V
= 2 2 Charles'sLaw
T1 T2
P1 V1 P V
= 2 2 GayLussac'sLaw
T1 T2
Examples:
1. A25.0mLsampleofgashasapressureof4.00atmatatemperatureof10C.Whatisthe
volumeofthegasatapressureof1.00atmandatemperatureof18C?
P1 T2
P1 = P2 = V2 =V1x x
P2 T1
V1 = V2 =
4.00atm 291K
T1 = T2 = V2=25.0mLx x =103mL
1.00atm 283K
2. Asampleofammoniahasavolumeof20.0mLat5 Cand700mmHg.Whatisthe
volumeofthegasat50Cand850torr?
P1 = P2 =
V1 = V2 =
T1 = T2 =
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
RELATIONSHIPBETWEENVOLUME&MOLES
AVOGADROSLAW
Atconstanttemperatureandpressure,thevolume
ofafixedamount ofgasisdirectlyproportionalto
thenumberofmoles.
AsaresultofAvogadrosLaw,equalvolumes of
differentgasesatthesametemperatureand
pressurecontain equalnumberofmoles
(molecules).
Thisrelationshipalsoallowschemiststorelatevolumesandmolesofagasinachemical
reaction.Forexample:
2molecules1molecule2molecules
2moles1mole2moles
2Liters1Liter 2Liters
Examples:
1. Asampleofheliumgaswithamassof18.0g occupies1.6Litersataparticular
temperatureandpressure.Whatmassofoxygenwouldoccupy1.6L atthesame
temperatureandpressure?
1mol
molofHe=18.0 g x =4.50molHe
4.00 g
molofO 2=molHe=4.50mol(sinceatsameT&P)
32.0g
massofO 2=4.50 mol x =144g
1 mol
2LNH3
1.8 LH2 x =1.2LNH 3
3 LH2
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
STP&MOLARVOLUME
Tobetterunderstandthefactorsthataffectgasbehavior,asetof standardconditionshave
beenchosenforuse,andarereferredtoasStandardTemperatureandPressure(STP).
STP:0C(273K)and1atm(760mmHg)
AtSTPconditions,onemoleofanygasisobservedtooccupyavolumeof22.4L.This
quantityisreferredtoasMolarVolume.
MolarVolumeofagasatSTP=22.4L
Examples:
1.If2.00LofagasatSTPhasamassof3.23g,whatisthemolarmassofthegas?
1mol
molofgas=2.00 L x =0.0893mol
22.4 L
g 3.23g
molarmass= = =36.2g/mol
mol 0.0893mol
2. Asampleofgashasavolumeof2.50Lat730mmHgand20C.Whatisthevolumeof
thisgasatSTP?
P1 = P2 =
V1 = V2 =
T1 = T2 =
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
IDEALGASLAW
Combiningallthelawsthatdescribethebehaviorofgases,onecan obtainauseful
relationshipthatrelatesthevolumeofagastothetemperature,pressureandnumberof
moles.
nRT
V=
P
Latm
R=UniversalGasConstant=0.0821
molK
ThisrelationshipiscalledtheIdealGasLaw,andcommonlywrittenas:
P V = nR T
- - - -
atm L mol K
Examples:
1. AsampleofH2 gashasavolumeof8.56Latatemperatureof0Candpressureof1.5atm.
Calculatethemolesofgaspresent.
PV
P=1.5atm n=??? n=
RT
(1.5atm)(8.56L)
V=8.56L T=273K n= =0.57mol
(0.0821Latm/molK)(273K)
2. Whatvolumedoes40.0gofN2 gasoccupyat10Cand750mmHg?
P= n=
nRT
V=??? T= V= =
P
3. A23.8Lcylinderofcontainsoxygenat20.0 Cand732mmHg.Howmanymolesof
oxygendoesitcontain?
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
PARTIALPRESSURES
DALTONSLAW
Manygassamplesaremixtureofgases.Forexample,theairwebreatheisamixtureof
mostlyoxygenandnitrogen gases.
Sincegasparticleshavenoattractionstowardsoneanother,eachgasinamixturebehaves
asifitispresentbyitself,andisnotaffectedbytheothergasespresentinthemixture.
Inamixture,eachgasexertsapressureasifitwastheonly gaspresentinthecontainer.
Thispressureiscalledpartialpressureofthegas.
Inamixture,thesumofallthepartialpressuresofgasesinthemixtureisequaltothetotal
pressureofthegasmixture.ThisiscalledDaltonslawofpartialpressures.
Thepartialpressureofeachgasinamixtureisproportionaltotheamount(mol)ofgas
presentinthemixture.Forexample,inamixtureofgasesconsistingof1moleofnitrogen
and1molofhydrogengas,thepartialpressureofeachgasisonehalfofthetotalpressure
inthecontainer.
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Chemistry51 Chapter7
PARTIALPRESSURES
Examples:
1. Two10Ltanks,onecontainingpropanegasat300torrandtheothercontainingmethaneat
500torr,arecombinedina10Ltankatthesametemperature.Whatisthetotalpressureof
thegasmixture?
2. Ascubatankcontainsamixtureofoxygenandheliumgaseswithtotalpressureof7.00atm.
Ifthepartialpressureofoxygeninthetankis1140mmHg,whatisthepartialpressureof
heliuminthetank?
Poxygen (inatm)=1140mmHgx =
Phelium =
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