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    Mechanical Properties of Fluids

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    SteveMathewKuruvilla
    This document discusses several key mechanical properties of fluids. It begins by defining pressure as the force per unit area and introduces Pascal's law, which states that pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions in a fluid. It then discusses hydrostatic pressure, which causes pressure to increase with depth due to gravity. Bernoulli's theorem and the equation of continuity relate pressure, velocity, and flow. Surface tension causes liquids to minimize their surface area and depends on factors like temperature, impurities, and the angle of contact between a liquid and solid surface.

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    Mechanical Properties of Fluids

    Uploaded by

    SteveMathewKuruvilla
    323 views5 pages
    This document discusses several key mechanical properties of fluids. It begins by defining pressure as the force per unit area and introduces Pascal's law, which states that pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions in a fluid. It then discusses hydrostatic pressure, which causes pressure to increase with depth due to gravity. Bernoulli's theorem and the equation of continuity relate pressure, velocity, and flow. Surface tension causes liquids to minimize their surface area and depends on factors like temperature, impurities, and the angle of contact between a liquid and solid surface.

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    Class 11 CBSE Notes

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    This document discusses several key mechanical properties of fluids. It begins by defining pressure as the force per unit area and introduces Pascal's law, which states that pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions in a fluid. It then discusses hydrostatic pressure, which causes pressure to increase with depth due to gravity. Bernoulli's theorem and the equation of continuity relate pressure, velocity, and flow. Surface tension causes liquids to minimize their surface area and depends on factors like temperature, impurities, and the angle of contact between a liquid and solid surface.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    323 views5 pages

    Mechanical Properties of Fluids

    Uploaded by

    SteveMathewKuruvilla
    This document discusses several key mechanical properties of fluids. It begins by defining pressure as the force per unit area and introduces Pascal's law, which states that pressure is transmitted undiminished in all directions in a fluid. It then discusses hydrostatic pressure, which causes pressure to increase with depth due to gravity. Bernoulli's theorem and the equation of continuity relate pressure, velocity, and flow. Surface tension causes liquids to minimize their surface area and depends on factors like temperature, impurities, and the angle of contact between a liquid and solid surface.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    Some of the key concepts discussed are pressure, Pascal's law, density, viscosity, surface tension, and their relationships.

    Pascal's law states that pressure exerted at any point on a liquid in a container is transmitted undiminished in all directions. Some applications mentioned are hydraulic brakes and lifts.

    The viscous force directly depends on the area of the layer and the velocity gradient, and is proportional to the coefficient of viscosity according to Stokes' formula.

    Mechanical Properties Of Fluids

    Pressure: Average pressure (Pav ) is normal force (F) acting per unit area (A)

    (Scalar quantity)

    Pascals law : Pressure exerted at any point on a liquid in a container is transmitted


    undiminished in all directions.
    Applications of Pascal's law
    Hydraulic brakes
    Hydraulic lift

    Effect of gravity on pressure P = Pa+ h g .

    Here,

    P Absolute pressure at any depth h of a liquid

    Pa Atmospheric pressure

    Density of the liquid

    The liquid pressure at a point in a liquid depends upon the depth of the point below the
    liquid surface. This is known as hydrostatic paradox.

    Hydraulic system It works on Pascals Law, according to which, ratio of force


    exerted to area will be same at all cross-sections.
    Therefore, a large force is experienced in the larger cross-section if a smaller
    force is applied in the smaller cross-section.

    Stream-lined flow An orderly flow of liquid in which tangents at any point give the
    direction of flow is called streamlined flow.
    Equation of continuity av = Constant

    Where,

    a = Area of cross-section

    v = Velocity of flow

    Bernoullis theorem
    Torricellis law Speed of efflux from an open tank is given by a formula
    identical to that of a freely falling body.

    Magnus effect When a ball is given a spin in a streamline of air molecules, it will follow
    a curved path forming a convex towards the greater pressure side.

    Viscosity The viscous force directly depends on the area of the layer and the velocity
    gradient.

    Where, refers to coefficient of viscosity

    Stokes formula F = 6 r v,

    Where,

    r Radius of the ball

    v Terminal velocity attained by the ball

    Critical velocity Maximum velocity of flow up to which a liquid can have streamlined
    flow in a tube

    Where, R e is Reynoldss number

    If R e < 1000, then the flow is streamline.


    If R e > 2000, then the flow is turbulent.
    If 1000<R e<2000, then the flow is unstable.

    Surface tension : Surface tension is the force acting per unit length on either side of an
    imaginary line on the water surface.

    Surface tension decreases the surface area to minimum.


    Surface energy : Change in surface energy is the product of surface tension and change
    in surface area under constant temperature.

    To increase the surface area of liquid, work is done against the force of surface
    tension.

    The work done is stored in a form of potential energy in liquid surface film.
    Potential energy per unit area is called the surface energy of the surface film.

    Angle of Contact

    The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact and the solid
    surface inside the liquid is called the angle of contact.
    Case I

    If Ssa < Ssl, then the angle of contact is obtuse and the molecules of the liquid are
    strongly attracted to themselves and weakly attracted to those of the solid.
    A lot of energy is used in creating the liquidsolid interface.
    Case II

    If Ssa > Ssl, then the angle of contact is acute and the molecules of the liquid are
    strongly attached to those of the solid.
    Not enough energy is required to create the liquidsolid interface.

    Excess Pressure

    For a curved surface in equilibrium, the concave side will have more pressure than the
    convex side.

    Excess pressure inside a liquid drop


    Excess pressure inside a soap bubble

    Capillary Rise

    Effect of Impurities on Surface Tension of Liquid

    When a liquid consists of soluble impurities, the surface tension of the liquid increases.
    When a sparingly soluble impurity like phenol is dissolved in water, the surface tension
    decreases.

    Effect of Temperature on Surface Tension of Liquid

    The surface tension of liquid decreases with increase in the temperature of the liquid.

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