Slide Partial Discharge

TRANSIENT EARTH VOLTAGE (TEV) &
ULTRA SOUND TESTING
Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Switchgear Condition Monitoring Techniques
Maintenance Tests/Condition (Tier 1)
Thermography
Ultrasonic Scanning
SF6 Gas Leakage Emission
Partial Discharge (TEV)
Breaker Wear Out (not implemented yet)
Operation and Maintenance Performance
Age
Maintenance Tests ( Tier 2) Maintenance Tests (Tier

Contact Resistance Interrupter 3)
Contact Resistance Busbar
Partial Discharge (HFCT)
Cable Insulation Resistance
Insulation Resistance (Main Circuit) SF6 Gas Monitoring (SF6
Insulation Resistance (Auxiliary Circuit) Breaker)
Insulation Resistance (Busbar)
Bushing Tan
Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current)
Interrupter
Dielectric/Pressure Test (leakage current) Busbar
Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian January 14
Circuit Breaker
Unit Senggaraan
TimingPencawang
and Travel
What is Partial Discharge(PD)?
Per IEC 60270:

A partial discharge is an electric discharge
that only partially bridges the insulation
between conductors.
Such discharges may, or may not, occur
adjacent to the conductor.

What is Partial Discharge(PD)?
Internal Discharge 3 80MHz

Measured by TEV method
Surface Discharge 20 100kHz

Measured by the
Ultrasound method

INTERNAL DISCHAGE/TEV

Internal Partial Discharge
Switchgear side sheet
Break in metalwork / louvers, joints etc
Void - i.e. air bubble

Copper busbar
Cast resin insulation

Internal Partial Discharge
Transient Earth Voltage - TEV
Electromagnetic pulses
Electrical discharge when void cannot stand electrical stress

Basic Principle of TEV
Joint Metal Enclosure
HV Busbar
EM Wave EM Wave
Discharge
PDL1 or PDM3
EM Wave
PD activity within HV equipment, generates EM waves

EM waves transfer capacitively to metal enclosure
EM waves propagate inside metal enclosure & escape through openings
(such as air gaps around covers, gaskets)

Basic Principle of TEV
When EM waves propagate outside, it impinges on

outside of metal enclosure by skin effect
Transient in the earth potential of metal enclosure is
produced
This TEV (Transient Earth Voltage) is only a few milivolts
& lasts only a short time with a risetime of a few nano-
seconds

SURFACE DISCHARGES/ ULTRA
SOUND

Surface Discharge
Discharge noise can be picked up with
Ultrasonic detector through opening
Cracks / contaminated surface Carbonised tracking

Ultrasonic Measurements
The instrument also measures Ultrasound at the 40kHz
(optimum for electrical discharges)
Applicable to air insulated cable boxes
Direct air passage preferable
Contact probe to be used only when no air passage is
present. Contact probe is prone to interference.
Low surface discharges measurement is not detected by
the TEV method.
Complements Transient Earth Voltage (TEV)
measurements.

Ultra Sound Samples
Sound Samples
Corona
Tracking
Arcing

Where to apply TEV/Ultra Sound Testing
Rated Voltage : 6.6kV to 33kV
Metal-clad switchgear and ring main unit

- busbar compartment
- breaker/switch compartment
- cable termination compartment
Oil-filled distribution transformer

- cable termination box

Where to detect TEV/Ultra Sound?
Air Path
Air Path

Analysis of PD (TEV/Ultra Sound)
statistics by component
Component %age of Sources
Cable Box 36%
Circuit Breaker 25%
Voltage Transformer 20%
Busbar 10%
CT Chamber 9%
General figures based on large database of results

primarily on 11kV switchgear (EA, UK database)

What are emitted by TEV/Ultra Sound?
Electromagnetic
Radio waves 3MHz up to 80 MHz
(measured using TEV method)
Acoustic
Ultrasonic 20 - 100kHz (measured
using airborne Ultrasound method)
Light & Heat (Eventually)
Gases
Ozone
Nitrous Oxide
Defects that cause TEV/Ultra Sound
Small protrusion & sharp edges at surface of
conductor
Aging, surface contamination, cracks in
insulation
Air-filled voids in insulation
Due to:
Manufacturing defect
Poor workmanship
Insulation deteriorations due to aging
Why the defects can cause TEV/Ultra Sound
Sharp edges cause high electrical field
Air void has lower electrical breakdown
compared to solid insulation:
* Notes from Cable unit on EF on cable

Why defects cause TEV/Ultra Sound
A. sharp edges at surface of conductor will
produce surface discharge
r = radius
Electrical Stress, E = 2V d = distance
r log n 4d
r n=
r X 100
magnification
d
Panel Surface
Busbar

Why defects cause TEV/Ultra Sound
B. Air voids within insulation will produce partial
discharge detectable by Transient Earth
Voltage (TEV)
Air Void
Electrical Stress, E = v kv/mm (0.5mm )
d
conductor Conductor
Cin
5mm
Vo
Ca Va Insulation
armour Armour

Va Cin Vo
=
Ca + Vin
r = 1 for air
Ca = A o r A
r = 4 for insulation
=
da da
orVo= 11000 = 6351V

3
Va = 4/4.5 X 6351V = 1953 Volts

4/4.5+1/0.5
E = 1953 = 3906 > 3000v/mm; hence, TEV/Ultra Sound occurs

0.5

Why bother to detect TEV/Ultra Sound ?
EPRI (Electrical Power Research

Institute, US) research reveals
that most HV insulation failures
are linked to partial discharge
activity.
Per 2001 UK CIRED Paper, 44% of

MV Circuit Breaker faults are
related to Partial Discharge
causes.
Analysis of MV Switchgear Faults
6% 1% 8% Maloperation
30% 38%
11% Mechanical
Discharge
6% VT
30% 26% 44%
3% CT
Cable Box
9%
Vacuum
Lightning
26%
Water

Analysis of MV Switchgear Faults
6% 1% 8% Maloperation
30% 38%
11% Mechanical
Up to 44% of all faultsDischarge
can be detected by
6% partial dischargeVT techniques
30% 26% 44%
3% CT
Cable Box
9%
Vacuum
75% of all disruptiveLightning
failures are partial
26% dischargeWater
related

TNB DISTRIBUTION MV
SWITCHGEAR PERFORMANCE

Outages due to MV
Switchgear
Total Nos Of Outages due MV Switchgear Fault
667
700
600 544
500 455
400
Total Nos Of Fault
273
300
194
200
100
0
2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013

MV Switchgear Faults
80 350
70 300
11 16
60
250
159
50 218
31 25 200
20
40 7 CB Fuse
15
Busbar 150 81 Busbar
8 20
30 35
Cable Cable
18 7
16 14 10
100
20
32 130 15
28 27 6
22 50 92 93 98
10 15 56
0 0

Evidence of TEV/Ultra Sound
Strong odor of Ozone ( O3)
Presence of whitish, bluish green powder
caused by Nitrous Oxide & Nitrous Acid
(O3)+ (free N molecule)+(H2O,moisture)
Colour fading & dark carbonised treelike
pattern tracks on insulation near to
conductors
Rusting on metal surfaces due to acid
Blackening or pitting on metal surfaces
Initiation of PD Activity
e.g. due to cavities, moisture,

contamination, sharp points,
uneven stresses
Production of Production of
Production of Degradation
water to Nitrogen
Nitric Acid of polymeric
initiate Oxides,
and Verdigris surfaces
tracking sites Ozone
Tracking
Corrosion and
Bulk erosion of chemical attack
Large production Fast growth of
polymer in tracks with large
of ozone and tracks from HV
near high stress production of
nitrogen oxides to earth
conductors nitric acid &
contaminants
Flashover &
Disruptive
Failure
Benefits of TEV/Ultra Sound Testing
1. Non-intrusive detection technique
2. No shut down of equipment. Detection can be made on
live equipment
3. Early warning of abnormalities in equipment
4. Locates potential sources of failure of insulation
5. Time to get backup equipment and schedule repairs
6. Reduce unexpected outages due to faults/failures of
equipment
7. Increase reliability and ensure safety of equipment and
system
8. Preventive maintenance is condition based (only
performed when needed) instead of time based
9. Asset manager to have confidence in how his assets are
performing January 14
Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang
The UltraTEV+

The UltraTEV Plus+
TEV Ultrasonic
Sensor
Sensor
Colour
Display
On/Off External Sensor

Button Socket
Key
Pad
Headphone
Socket
Charger
Socket Charging LED

TEV Measurements
Measurement of internal TEV
activity in range
0 60dBmV
Two measurement modes

Continuous
Single Shot
User adjustable alarm

thresholds
Preset to UltraTEV
Detector levels
System frequency adjustable

to 50 / 60Hz for pulses per
cycle and severity
calculations

Ultrasonic Measurements
Measurement of surface
discharge activity in range
-7dBV to 68dBV
Frequency shifted audible

output with high quality
headphones
External ultrasonic sensor

port
User adjustable alarm

threshold
Preset to UltraTEV
Detector levels

Ultrasonic Features
Separately adjustable
Gain and Volume settings
Immediate Red / Green

indication based on user
adjustable alarm
threshold

MAIN MENU
TEV Mode
Ultra Mode
Settings Allows
user to change or
view settings and
system
information.

SETTING UP
From Main Menu select SETTINGS and
press
Main Menu return to main menu
TEV Settings TEV measurement
screen settings
Ultra Settings Ultrasonic
measurement screen settings
System settings Set the backlight
and beeper preferences
System Info View the system
information screen

TEV SETTINGS
Red Sets the red threshold

(29dB)
Amber Sets the amber threshold
(20dB)
Frequency Sets main frequency
reference (50Hz)
Mode Sets measurement mode
Continuous when is pressed. Single and
Continuous mode.
Defaults Restore the default
values for all items.
Save & Exit Returns to main
settings with saved changes.

ULTRA SETTINGS
Red Sets the red threshold
(1dB)
1dB Gain Adjusts the gain for
measurement. higher gain allows
measurements of smaller
signals. (100)
Defaults Restores the default
values for all items
Save & Exit - Returns to main
settings with saved changes

SYSTEM INFORMATION
Measurement
Mode Battery
State
TEV
Traffic Light
Reading
Display
Historic
Display for Maximum Reading
30 Seconds
Press then
press to reset the
maximum value

SWITCHING BETWEEN TEV MODES
Normal Single Shot Mode Pulse Single Shot Mode PDL Mode
Normal Continuous Mode Pulse Continuous Mode PDL Mode
PDL = Partial Discharge Locator

TEV PULSE MODE SCREEN
Pulses Shows the pulse count over

a 2 second period.
P/Cycle Shows the pulses per
cycle based on 50Hz mains
frequency.
Severity Shows the short term
severity (Calculated by TEV
magnitude (mV) x Pulses Per Cycle)
Push to exit back to the main
menu
To change between TEV mode
screens use & as described
above

TEV PDL MODE SCREEN
Use the & buttons to increase or

decrease the TEV level shown as
a large number
Triggered shows whether the
UltraTEV Plus+ is triggering at
that TEV level.
To work out the TEV level,
increase the trigger to the point
where the device stops triggering
and then decrease to the point
where the device just triggers,
with at least 1 pulse every 2
seconds
Secs Counts the seconds since
the last change to the TEV level

ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT SCREEN
The reading is displayed in dB micro volts
(V)
The traffic light indicator shows if the
reading is above the threshold set in the
Ultrasonic Settings. The default value is
the same as the UltraTEV, i.e. >1dB =
RED.
The gain is adjusted from 60 to 100 dB in
20dB steps using & .If the red
up arrow next to the gain is flashing (as
shown), increase the gain setting to
improve the accuracy of the reading. If a
down arrow is flashing, decrease the gain.
The volume of the heterodyne signal to
the supplied headphones can be adjusted
using
& . .
TEV MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
Turn on the unit ensuring the TEV
sensor is in free air away from
metalwork
Select TEV Mode. To take a
measurement hold the TEV probe
squarely in contact with the Correct
metalwork on which the measurement
is to be taken for 5 seconds
In continuous measurement mode it
will display a reading immediately,
however the reading will not stay on
screen once the TEV probe is removed
from the metalwork.
If in single shot mode push . The unit
will beep on pressing the button and
will beep again once the measurement
has been taken.
Repeat the measurement at least 3 Incorrect
times to ensure consistency

Continuous Mode or
Single Mode?
Continuous Mode Single Mode
- Less instrument - Hard to reach
handling. places.
- Intermittent PD - Measure up to 15
can be easily panels at one time
detected. to look at the PD
Profile of
Switchboard.
- Ensure OK button
is pressed
ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT
PROCEDURE
Select Ultra Mode from the menu, plug
in the supplied headphones and adjust
the volume
A measurement of the background
noise should be taken
Turn the gain to maximum to start with
and reduce the gain if the reading
becomes too high.
Find air path for microphone
i.e.switchgear, particularly breaker
spouts, air filled cable boxes, VT and
busbar chambers.
Use headphones to listen to discharge
characteristics and level.

Limit For TEV/Ultra Sound
Limits for TEV Limits for

Ultrasound
<20 dB
< 1 dB
20-29 dB
> 1 dB
>29 dB
Note : Ultrasound limits depends on the sound signature of tracking, corona

& arcing
Methodology of TEV/Ultra Testing
Testing

1st Stage
Detection (UltraTEV Plus+)

-to detect if PD (TEV &
Ultrasound) activity is present in
MV equipment
-to measure the magnitude of

the PD activity
- Most of the time, ability to

identify the PD activity

2nd Stage
Locating (PD Locator)
& Sequential Switching
Note : PD Locator is available at Asset Management Department

Partial Discharge Locator Ultra TEV Locator
Pic from steve

-to detect and measure the magnitude of the PD (TEV &
Ultrasound) activity
- to locate the source of the PD activity using the special 2 probe
method of the UltraTEV Locator

PARTIAL DISCHARGE
JOINT/GASKET SITE
HV HV BUSBAR
BUSBAR
EM WAVE EM WAVE
EM WAVE
PD Detector 1 PD Detector 2

Sequential Switching Method (when
PD Locator is not available)
For example
- Out of 6 panels, Panel A, B & C have high PD
readings
- To confirm the source, sequential switching
is to be done.
-Panel A is switched off, if PD readings drops
to zero, means, PD is from Panel A

Sequential Switching Method
- If readings remain, means, Panel A

is not the source
- Isolate Panel B & C sequentially to
locate the source of the PD activity
- when the Panel with the source is
isolated, the PD readings should
drop tremendously
3rd Stage
Continuous Monitoring (UltraTEV
Monitor)
Note : Equipment is not available, if service needed please refer to Asset

Management Department (AMD)

- Able to detect and measure the
magnitude of intermittent PD activity
- UltraTEV Monitor will monitor

continuously for a recommended period
of 1 week or more if necessary
-Measures each point every 2 minutes

Node (sensors of UltraTEV monitor) on the switchgear panels
UltraTEV monitor system
In cases where surrounding PD
noise affect PD readings obtained by
using the UltraTEV Plus and UltraTEV
Locator,

HV OHL
Radio
mast
Mobile
phone
mast DC Light fitting
A B C D E F
Battery
charger
Variable Switchboard
speed
drive
The UltraTEV Monitors aerials will filter off these

PD noise and give the true reading on the
equipment under test
CONTOH KEJANGGALAN
YANG DIKESAN

AIS DOUBLE
Front Panel BUSBAR Back Panel
Distribution Technical
Front Back
Panel Panel
AIS DOUBLE
BUSBAR
DEFECTS - Ultrasound on
Breaker
Defects on
breaker
(top cover
vacuum
interrupter)
Caused by dust
on narrow
space
DEFECTS - Ultrasound on
Bushing
Defects on
bushing at the
graphite area.
Caused by the
ionization
surrounding the
graphite area on
Bushing
DEFECTS - Ultrasound on 11kV
Bushing
Significant tracking
marks exist on the
bushing
Defects found at
the back panel,
ultrasound reading
was 23dB
DEFECTS - Ultrasound on VT/PT
Defects on
VT/PT
Sharp edges on VT
fuse holder support

Defects on VT
fuse (holder)
VT fuse not properly

aligned

Defects on 4T0 VT
compartment at PMU Sg
Besar, ultrasound reading 7dB
Sharp
edges on
VT fuse
contact
DEFECTS - Ultrasound on Termination Bar
Sharp
edges and
Defects on
greenish on cable
bar edges termination bar

DEFECTS - Ultrasound on VCB Contact
Defects on
Breaker Greenish
Contact
on
breaker
contact
Caused by
improper
handling of
the breaker
during
operation
DEFECTS - Ultrasound on Spout
Defects on
Spout
Surface
Crack
DEFECTS - Ultrasound on Spout
Defects on Spout
White powder
inside spout

DEFECTS - Ultrasound on GIS Cable
Plug-in
White powder -
evidence of
Corona Discharge

DEFECTS - Ultrasound on Cable Entry
(Transformer Cable Box)
Burnt mark & whitish powder

DEFECTS Ultrasound on Cable Entry
(Switchgear Cable Compartment)
Burn mark & whitish powder

DEFECTS - Ultrasound on Cable Termination
(Transformer Cable Box)
Burn mark & whitish powder

DEFECTS - Ultrasound on Cable Termination
(Switchgear Cable Compartment)
Burnt mark &

whitish powder

Arcing marks
Arcing marks
(underneath bolt
washers)
Bolt washer welded

onto the Yph lug
View of the top side of cable lugs showing signs of arcing (red circles) at the surfaces which
are normally in contact with the bolt washers. The Yph cable lug has its bolt washer welded
on the surface (red circle). The yellow ellipses show secondary arcing marks.

Bolt washer welded
onto the Yph lug
Arcing/melting
marks
Arcing/melting
marks
A view of the Yph cable lug showing arcing/melting Another view of the Yph cable lug showing signs
marks at the bolt washer mating surface that was of arcing/melting marks at the bolt washer
welded onto the lug (red ellipses) after dislodging it mating surface (red ellipses)

Figure above shows improper cable termination for Incomer
Breaker using bare wires (Potential heating problem)
PENEMUAN DI TAPAK
Incorrect Cable termination
TNBD Engineering 86
Fig 5 . Severed bimetal termination lug
Fig 6a & 6b . Two cores of single core
cables of panel 6

Case Study Puncture of An Epoxy Resin Bushing

Case Study 1 Puncture of An Epoxy Resin Bushing

Case Study 1 Puncture of An Epoxy Resin Bushing

Cable Termination - Arcing

Internal Discharge Bushing
Failure

Internal Discharge Busbar Joint
Overview of busbar compartment
Housing CT at 1P5 panel (yellow phase)
Gasket at 1S0 panel (red phase)

Internal Discharge Busbar
Joint

Joint
Busbar blue phase was opened

Joint
Cover joint
Put Topas grease
Branching Connection from circuit breaker

Case Study

PMU History
Background
PMU Lumut Maritime
Location Lumut, Manjung
Voltage Level 132/11kV & 132/33kV
Date Commissioned Year 2000
Breaker Type EPE VJ32
Defect report The highest reading of TEV was

recorded at all RHS breaker
panel since 2009

Perak Sentiasa Bersinar
Rectification Approach

Detection & Measurement
Background
TX4
90MVA
132/33KV
2L5 4L5 6L5 8L5 10L5
PPU KG ACHEH
PPU LEKIR 2L5 SPARE SSU MFM SPARE
5L5 January 14
Investigation by Elimination Outage
Background
Procedure:
Outage will be taken feeder by feeder
For each feeder off, TEV readings will be

recorded for every panel
Reason : to monitor the decrease of levels in TEV

reading

Background
1. Off feeder 10L5
TX4
TEV reading > 25dB
90MVA
132/33KV
2L5 4L5 6L5 8L5 10L5
PPU KG ACHEH
5L5 January 14
Background
2. Off feeder 8L5, 6L5, 4L5 accordingly
TX4
TEV reading > 25dB
90MVA
132/33KV
2L5 4L5 6L5 8L5 10L5
PPU KG ACHEH
5L5 January 14
Background
3. Off feeder 2L5
TEV reading <10dB

TX4
90MVA
132/33KV
2L5 4L5 6L5 8L5 10L5
PPU KG ACHEH
5L5 January 14
Action Taken
Background
OEM EPE was appointed to do spare part replacement of 2L5 circuit
bushing (PDS)
Date : 16 July 2013

Findings

Post Mortem
Background
Post Mortem was conducted on 30th July 2013
for all three phases 2L5 circuit bushing

Findings - External
Background

Findings Blue phase
Background
Conducto
r
Earthing
Mesh
Earthing
Terminal
Findings Blue phase
Background

Findings Red phase
Background
Void

Findings Red phase
Background

Findings Red phase
Background

Findings Red phase
Background

Findings Red phase
Background

Consequences
If we are not taking this seriously

Consequences for High TEV reading
Background
One case reported at PMU Lumut Maritime on 26/9/2012 which
activated arc protection on 9L5
Serpihan Long PDS pada panel

9L5 pada fasa biru dibahagian CT

Background
Rajah 8: Kesan kerosakan pada Long PDS fasa biru

Background
Void evidence

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TRANSIENT EARTH VOLTAGE (TEV) &

ULTRA SOUND TESTING

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Maintenance Tests ( Tier 2) Maintenance Tests (Tier

Per IEC 60270:

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Internal Discharge 3 80MHz

Surface Discharge 20 100kHz

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Break in metalwork / louvers, joints etc

Void - i.e. air bubble

Cast resin insulation

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Electrical discharge when void cannot stand electrical stress

PD activity within HV equipment, generates EM waves

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

When EM waves propagate outside, it impinges on

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Cracks / contaminated surface Carbonised tracking

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Metal-clad switchgear and ring main unit

Oil-filled distribution transformer

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

General figures based on large database of results

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

* Notes from Cable unit on EF on cable

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

orVo= 11000 = 6351V

Va = 4/4.5 X 6351V = 1953 Volts

E = 1953 = 3906 > 3000v/mm; hence, TEV/Ultra Sound occurs

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

EPRI (Electrical Power Research

Per 2001 UK CIRED Paper, 44% of

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

e.g. due to cavities, moisture,

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

On/Off External Sensor

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Two measurement modes

User adjustable alarm

System frequency adjustable

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Frequency shifted audible

External ultrasonic sensor

User adjustable alarm

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Immediate Red / Green

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14

Jabatan Latihan Pembahagian Unit Senggaraan Pencawang January 14