Physic 11 Solution
Physic 11 Solution
Physic 11 Solution
1:
Fill in the blanks
(a) The volume of a cube of side 1 cm is equal to.....m 3
(b) The surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 2.0 cm and height 10.0 cm is equal to ... (mm) 2
(c) A vehicle moving with a speed of 18 km h1covers....m in 1 s
(d) The relative density of lead is 11.3. Its density is ....g cm3or . ...kg m3.
Answer :
(a) 1 cm =
Volume of the cube = 1 cm3
But, 1 cm3 = 1 cm 1 cm 1 cm =
1 cm3 = 106 m3
Hence, the volume of a cube of side 1 cm is equal to 10 6 m3.
(b) The total surface area of a cylinder of radius r and height h is
S = 2r (r + h).
Given that,
r = 2 cm = 2 1 cm = 2 10 mm = 20 mm
h = 10 cm = 10 10 mm = 100 mm
1 km/h =
Relative density =
Density of water = 1 g/cm3
Again, 1g =
1 cm3 = 106 m3
1 g/cm3 =
11.3 g/cm3 = 11.3 103 kg/m3
Question 2.2:
Fill in the blanks by suitable conversion of units:
(a) 1 kg m2s2= ....g cm2 s2
(b) 1 m =..... ly
(c) 3.0 m s2=.... km h2
(d) G= 6.67 1011 N m2 (kg)2=.... (cm)3s2 g1.
Answer :
(a) 1 kg = 103 g
1 m2 = 104 cm2
1 kg m2 s2 = 1 kg 1 m2 1 s2
=103 g 104 cm2 1 s2 = 107 g cm2 s2
(b) Light year is the total distance travelled by light in one year.
1 ly = Speed of light One year
= (3 108 m/s) (365 24 60 60 s)
= 9.46 1015 m
(c) 1 m = 103 km
Again, 1 s =
1 s1 = 3600 h1
1 s2 = (3600)2 h2
3 m s2 = (3 103 km) ((3600)2 h2) = 3.88 104 km h2
(d) 1 N = 1 kg m s2
1 kg = 103 g1
1 m3 = 106 cm3
6.67 1011 N m2 kg2 = 6.67 1011 (1 kg m s2) (1 m2) (1 s2)
= 6.67 1011 (1 kg 1 m3 1 s2)
= 6.67 1011 (103 g1) (106 cm3) (1 s2)
= 6.67 108 cm3 s2 g1
Question 2.3:
A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 J where 1J = 1 kg m 2s2. Suppose we
employ a system of units in which the unit of mass equals kg, the unit of length equals m, the
unit of time is s. Show that a calorie has a magnitude 4.2 1 2 2 in terms of the new units.
Answer :
Given that,
1 calorie = 4.2 (1 kg) (1 m2) (1 s2)
New unit of mass = kg
Question 2.4:
Explain this statement clearly:
To call a dimensional quantity large or small is meaningless without specifying a standard for
comparison. In view of this, reframe the following statements wherever necessary:
(a) atoms are very small objects
(b) a jet plane moves with great speed
(c) the mass of Jupiter is very large
(d) the air inside this room contains a large number of molecules
(e) a proton is much more massive than an electron
(f) the speed of sound is much smaller than the speed of light.
Answer :
The given statement is true because a dimensionless quantity may be large or small in comparision
to some standard reference. For example, the coefficient of friction is dimensionless. The coefficient
of sliding friction is greater than the coefficient of rolling friction, but less than static friction.
(a) An atom is a very small object in comparison to a soccer ball.
(b) A jet plane moves with a speed greater than that of a bicycle.
(c) Mass of Jupiter is very large as compared to the mass of a cricket ball.
(d) The air inside this room contains a large number of molecules as compared to that present in a
geometry box.
(e) A proton is more massive than an electron.
(f) Speed of sound is less than the speed of light.
Question 2.5:
A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuum is unity. What is the distance
between the Sun and the Earth in terms of the new unit if light takes 8 min and 20 s to cover this
distance?
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
(a) Wrap the thread on a uniform smooth rod in such a way that the coils thus formed are very close
to each other. Measure the length of the thread using a metre scale. The diameter of the thread is
given by the relation,
(b) It is not possible to increase the accuracy of a screw gauge by increasing the number of divisions
of the circular scale. Increasing the number divisions of the circular scale will increase its accuracy to
a certain extent only.
(c) A set of 100 measurements is more reliable than a set of 5 measurements because random
errors involved in the former are very less as compared to the latter.
Question 2.9:
The photograph of a house occupies an area of 1.75 cm2on a 35 mm slide. The slide is projected on
to a screen, and the area of the house on the screen is 1.55 m2. What is the linear magnification of
the projector-screen arrangement?
Answer :
Arial magnification, ma =
Linear magnifications, ml =
Question 2.10:
State the number of significant figures in the following:
(a) 0.007 m2
(b) 2.64 1024 kg
(c) 0.2370 g cm3
(d) 6.320 J
(e) 6.032 N m2
(f) 0.0006032 m2
Answer :
(a) Answer: 1
The given quantity is 0.007 m2.
If the number is less than one, then all zeros on the right of the decimal point (but left to the first non-
zero) are insignificant. This means that here, two zeros after the decimal are not significant. Hence,
only 7 is a significant figure in this quantity.
(b) Answer: 3
The given quantity is 2.64 1024 kg.
Here, the power of 10 is irrelevant for the determination of significant figures. Hence, all digits i.e., 2,
6 and 4 are significant figures.
(c) Answer: 4
The given quantity is 0.2370 g cm3.
For a number with decimals, the trailing zeroes are significant. Hence, besides digits 2, 3 and 7, 0
that appears after the decimal point is also a significant figure.
(d) Answer: 4
The given quantity is 6.320 J.
For a number with decimals, the trailing zeroes are significant. Hence, all four digits appearing in the
given quantity are significant figures.
(e) Answer: 4
The given quantity is 6.032 Nm2.
All zeroes between two non-zero digits are always significant.
(f) Answer: 4
The given quantity is 0.0006032 m2.
If the number is less than one, then the zeroes on the right of the decimal point (but left to the first
non-zero) are insignificant. Hence, all three zeroes appearing before 6 are not significant figures. All
zeros between two non-zero digits are always significant. Hence, the remaining four digits are
significant figures.
Question 2.11:
The length, breadth and thickness of a rectangular sheet of metal are 4.234 m, 1.005 m, and 2.01
cm respectively. Give the area and volume of the sheet to correct significant figures.
Answer :
l 4.234 4
b 1.005 4
h 0.0201 3
Hence, area and volume both must have least significant figures i.e., 3.
Surface area of the sheet = 2 (l b + b h + h l)
= 2(4.234 1.005 + 1.005 0.0201 + 0.0201 4.234)
= 2(4.25517 + 0.0202005 + 0.0851034)
= 2 4.36
= 8.72 m2
Volume of the sheet = l b h
= 4.234 1.005 0.0201
= 0.0855 m3
This number has only 3 significant figures i.e., 8, 5, and 5.
Question 2.12:
The mass of a box measured by a grocers balance is 2.300 kg. Two gold pieces of masses 20.15 g
and 20.17 g are added to the box. What is (a) the total mass of the box, (b) the difference in the
masses of the pieces to correct significant figures?
Answer :
The percentage errors of measurement in a, b, c and d are 1%, 3%, 4% and 2%, respectively. What
is the percentage error in the quantity P? If the value of P calculated using the above relation turns
out to be 3.763, to what value should you round off the result?
Answer :
Percentage error in P = 13 %
Value of P is given as 3.763.
By rounding off the given value to the first decimal place, we get P = 3.8.
Question 2.14:
A book with many printing errors contains four different formulas for the displacement y of a particle
undergoing a certain periodic motion:
(a)
(b) y = a sin vt
(c)
(d)
(a = maximum displacement of the particle, v = speed of the particle. T = time-period of motion).
Rule out the wrong formulas on dimensional grounds.
Answer :
Dimension of = M0 L0 T0
Dimension of L.H.S = Dimension of R.H.S
Hence, the given formula is dimensionally correct.
(b) Answer: Incorrect
y = a sin vt
Dimension of y = M0 L1 T0
Dimension of a = M0 L1 T0
Dimension of vt = M0 L1 T1 M0 L0 T1 = M0 L1 T0
But the argument of the trigonometric function must be dimensionless, which is not so in the given
case. Hence, the given formula is dimensionally incorrect.
(c) Answer: Incorrect
Dimension of y = M0L1T0
Dimension of = M0L1T1
Dimension of = M0 L1 T1
But the argument of the trigonometric function must be dimensionless, which is not so in the given
case. Hence, the formula is dimensionally incorrect.
(d) Answer: Correct
Dimension of y = M0 L1 T0
Dimension of a = M0 L1 T0
Dimension of = M0 L0 T0
Since the argument of the trigonometric function must be dimensionless (which is true in the given
case), the dimensions of y and a are the same. Hence, the given formula is dimensionally correct.
Question 2.15:
A famous relation in physics relates moving mass m to the rest mass m0 of a particle in terms of its
speed v and the speed of light, c. (This relation first arose as a consequence of special relativity due
to Albert Einstein). A boy recalls the relation almost correctly but forgets where to put the constant c.
He writes:
Answer :
Dimension of m = M1 L0 T0
Dimension of = M1 L0 T0
Dimension of v = M0 L1 T1
Dimension of v2 = M0 L2 T2
Dimension of c = M0 L1 T1
The given formula will be dimensionally correct only when the dimension of L.H.S is the same as
that of R.H.S. This is only possible when the factor, is dimensionless i.e., (1 v2) is
dimensionless. This is only possible if v2 is divided by c2. Hence, the correct relation is
.
Question 2.16:
The unit of length convenient on the atomic scale is known as an angstrom and is denoted by
. The size of a hydrogen atom is about what is the total atomic volume in
m3 of a mole of hydrogen atoms?
Answer :
Answer :
Hence, the molar volume is 7.08 104 times higher than the atomic volume. For this reason, the
inter-atomic separation in hydrogen gas is much larger than the size of a hydrogen atom.
Question 2.18:
Explain this common observation clearly : If you look out of the window of a fast moving train, the
nearby trees, houses etc. seem to move rapidly in a direction opposite to the trains motion, but the
distant objects (hill tops, the Moon, the stars etc.) seem to be stationary. (In fact, since you are
aware that you are moving, these distant objects seem to move with you).
Answer :
Line of sight is defined as an imaginary line joining an object and an observers eye. When we
observe nearby stationary objects such as trees, houses, etc. while sitting in a moving train, they
appear to move rapidly in the opposite direction because the line of sight changes very rapidly.
On the other hand, distant objects such as trees, stars, etc. appear stationary because of the large
distance. As a result, the line of sight does not change its direction rapidly.
Question 2.19:
The principle of parallax in section 2.3.1 is used in the determination of distances of very distant
stars. The baseline AB is the line joining the Earths two locations six months apart in its orbit around
the Sun. That is, the baseline is about the diameter of the Earths orbit 3 10 11m. However, even
the nearest stars are so distant that with such a long baseline, they show parallax only of the order
of 1 (second) of arc or so. A parsec is a convenient unit of length on the astronomical scale. It is the
distance of an object that will show a parallax of 1 (second) of arc from opposite ends of a baseline
equal to the distance from the Earth to the Sun. How much is a parsec in terms of meters?
Answer :
We have
Answer :
Question 2.21:
Precise measurements of physical quantities are a need of science. For example, to ascertain the
speed of an aircraft, one must have an accurate method to find its positions at closely separated
instants of time. This was the actual motivation behind the discovery of radar in World War II. Think
of different examples in modern science where precise measurements of length, time, mass etc. are
needed. Also, wherever you can, give a quantitative idea of the precision needed.
Answer :
It is indeed very true that precise measurements of physical quantities are essential for the
development of science. For example, ultra-shot laser pulses (time interval 1015 s) are used to
measure time intervals in several physical and chemical processes.
X-ray spectroscopy is used to determine the inter-atomic separation or inter-planer spacing.
The development of mass spectrometer makes it possible to measure the mass of atoms precisely.
Question 2.22:
Just as precise measurements are necessary in science, it is equally important to be able to make
rough estimates of quantities using rudimentary ideas and common observations. Think of ways by
which you can estimate the following (where an estimate is difficult to obtain, try to get an upper
bound on the quantity):
(a) the total mass of rain-bearing clouds over India during the Monsoon
(b) the mass of an elephant
(c) the wind speed during a storm
(d) the number of strands of hair on your head
(e) the number of air molecules in your classroom.
Answer :
(a) During monsoons, a metrologist records about 215 cm of rainfall in India i.e., the height of water
column, h = 215 cm = 2.15 m
Area of country, A = 3.3 1012 m2
Hence, volume of rain water, V = A h = 7.09 1012 m3
Density of water, = 1 103 kg m3
Hence, mass of rain water = V = 7.09 1015 kg
Hence, the total mass of rain-bearing clouds over India is approximately 7.09 10 15 kg.
(b) Consider a ship of known base area floating in the sea. Measure its depth in sea (say d1).
Volume of water displaced by the ship, Vb = A d1
Now, move an elephant on the ship and measure the depth of the ship (d2) in this case.
Volume of water displaced by the ship with the elephant on board, Vbe= Ad2
Volume of water displaced by the elephant = Ad2 Ad1
Density of water = D
Mass of elephant = AD (d2 d1)
(c) Wind speed during a storm can be measured by an anemometer. As wind blows, it rotates. The
rotation made by the anemometer in one second gives the value of wind speed.
(d) Area of the head surface carrying hair = A
With the help of a screw gauge, the diameter and hence, the radius of a hair can be determined. Let
it be r.
Area of one hair = r2
= = 134.915 1026 V
= 1.35 1028 V
Question 2.23:
The Sun is a hot plasma (ionized matter) with its inner core at a temperature exceeding 10 7 K, and
its outer surface at a temperature of about 6000 K. At these high temperatures, no substance
remains in a solid or liquid phase. In what range do you expect the mass density of the Sun to be, in
the range of densities of solids and liquids or gases? Check if your guess is correct from the
following data: mass of the Sun = 2.0 1030 kg, radius of the Sun = 7.0 108 m.
Answer :
Answer :
Question 2.25:
A man walking briskly in rain with speed v must slant his umbrella forward making an angle with
the vertical. A student derives the following relation between and v: tan = v and checks that the
relation has a correct limit: as v 0, 0, as expected. (We are assuming there is no strong wind
and that the rain falls vertically for a stationary man). Do you think this relation can be correct? If not,
guess the correct relation.
Answer :
Answer :
.
Question 2.27:
Estimate the average mass density of a sodium atom assuming its size to be about 2.5 . (Use the
known values of Avogadros number and the atomic mass of sodium). Compare it with the density of
sodium in its crystalline phase: 970 kg m3. Are the two densities of the same order of magnitude? If
so, why?
Answer :
According to the Avogadro hypothesis, one mole of sodium contains 6.023 1023 atoms and has a
mass of 23 g or 23 103 kg.
Answer :
(i)
= 1.2 f = 1.2 1015 m
Volume of nucleus, V =
This relation shows that nuclear mass depends only on constant . Hence, the nuclear mass
densities of all nuclei are nearly the same.
Density of sodium nucleus is given by,
Question 2.29:
A LASER is a source of very intense, monochromatic, and unidirectional beam of light. These
properties of a laser light can be exploited to measure long distances. The distance of the Moon from
the Earth has been already determined very precisely using a laser as a source of light. A laser light
beamed at the Moon takes 2.56 s to return after reflection at the Moons surface. How much is the
radius of the lunar orbit around the Earth?
Answer :
Time taken by the laser beam to return to Earth after reflection from the Moon = 2.56 s
Speed of light = 3 108 m/s
Answer :
Let the distance between the ship and the enemy submarine be S.
Speed of sound in water = 1450 m/s
Time lag between transmission and reception of Sonar waves = 77 s
In this time lag, sound waves travel a distance which is twice the distance between the ship and the
submarine (2S).
Answer :
The position of the Sun, Moon, and Earth during a lunar eclipse is shown in the given figure.
Answer :
One relation consists of some fundamental constants that give the age of the Universe by:
Where,
t = Age of Universe
e = Charge of electrons = 1.6 1019 C
= Absolute permittivity
Also, Nm2/C2
Substituting these values in the equation, we get
Question 3.1:
In which of the following examples of motion, can the body be considered approximately a point
object:
(a) a railway carriage moving without jerks between two stations.
(b) a monkey sitting on top of a man cycling smoothly on a circular track.
(c) a spinning cricket ball that turns sharply on hitting the ground.
(d) a tumbling beaker that has slipped off the edge of a table.
Answer :
Answer :
Answer:
(a) A lives closer to school than B.
(b) A starts from school earlier than B.
(c) B walks faster than A.
(d) A and B reach home at the same time.
(e) B overtakes A once on the road.
Explanation:
(a) In the given xt graph, it can be observed that distance OP < OQ. Hence, the distance of school
from the As home is less than that from Bs home.
(b) In the given graph, it can be observed that for x = 0, t = 0 for A, whereas for x = 0, t has some
finite value for B. Thus, A starts his journey from school earlier than B.
(c) In the given xt graph, it can be observed that the slope of B is greater than that of A. Since the
slope of the xt graph gives the speed, a greater slope means that the speed of B is greater than the
speed A.
(d) It is clear from the given graph that both A and B reach their respective homes at the same time.
(e) B moves later than A and his/her speed is greater than that of A. From the graph, it is clear
that Bovertakes A only once on the road.
Question 3.3:
A woman starts from her home at 9.00 am, walks with a speed of 5 km h1 on a straight road up to
her office 2.5 km away, stays at the office up to 5.00 pm, and returns home by an auto with a speed
of 25 km h1. Choose suitable scales and plot the x-t graph of her motion.
Answer :
It is given that she covers the same distance in the evening by an auto.
Now, speed of the auto = 25 km/h
The suitable x-t graph of the motion of the woman is shown in the given figure.
Question 3.4:
A drunkard walking in a narrow lane takes 5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, followed again by
5 steps forward and 3 steps backward, and so on. Each step is 1 m long and requires 1 s. Plot the x-
tgraph of his motion. Determine graphically and otherwise how long the drunkard takes to fall in a pit
13 m away from the start.
Answer :
Question 3.5:
A jet airplane travelling at the speed of 500 km h1 ejects its products of combustion at the speed of
1500 km h1 relative to the jet plane. What is the speed of the latter with respect to an observer on
ground?
Answer :
Answer :
From first equation of motion, time (t) taken by the car to stop can be obtained as:
Question 3.7:
Two trains A and B of length 400 m each are moving on two parallel tracks with a uniform speed of
72 km h1 in the same direction, with A ahead of B. The driver of B decides to overtake A and
accelerates by 1 m/s2. If after 50 s, the guard of B just brushes past the driver of A, what was the
original distance between them?
Answer :
For train A:
Initial velocity, u = 72 km/h = 20 m/s
Time, t = 50 s
Acceleration, aI = 0 (Since it is moving with a uniform velocity)
From second equation of motion, distance (sI)covered by train A can be obtained as:
= 20 50 + 0 = 1000 m
For train B:
Initial velocity, u = 72 km/h = 20 m/s
Acceleration, a = 1 m/s2
Time, t = 50 s
From second equation of motion, distance (sII)covered by train A can be obtained as:
Length of both trains = 2*400m = 800m
Hence, the original distance between the driver of train A and the guard of train B is 2250 1000 -
800 = 450m.
Question 3.8:
On a two-lane road, car A is travelling with a speed of 36 km h1. Two cars B and C approach car A in
opposite directions with a speed of 54 km h1 each. At a certain instant, when the distance AB is
equal to AC, both being 1 km, B decides to overtake A before C does. What minimum acceleration of
car B is required to avoid an accident?
Answer :
Question 3.9:
Two towns A and B are connected by a regular bus service with a bus leaving in either direction
everyT minutes. A man cycling with a speed of 20 km h1 in the direction A to B notices that a bus
goes past him every 18 min in the direction of his motion, and every 6 min in the opposite direction.
What is the period T of the bus service and with what speed (assumed constant) do the buses ply on
the road?
Answer :
The bus went past the cyclist every 18 min i.e., (when he moves in the direction of the bus).
Relative speed of the bus moving in the opposite direction of the cyclist
= (V + 20) km/h
Question 3.10:
A player throws a ball upwards with an initial speed of 29.4 m s1.
(a) What is the direction of acceleration during the upward motion of the ball?
(b) What are the velocity and acceleration of the ball at the highest point of its motion?
(c) Choose the x = 0 m and t = 0 s to be the location and time of the ball at its highest point, vertically
downward direction to be the positive direction of x-axis, and give the signs of position, velocity and
acceleration of the ball during its upward, and downward motion.
(d) To what height does the ball rise and after how long does the ball return to the players hands?
(Take g = 9.8 m s2 and neglect air resistance).
Answer :
Answer:
(a) Downward
(b) Velocity = 0, acceleration = 9.8 m/s2
(c) x > 0 for both up and down motions, v < 0 for up and v > 0 for down motion, a > 0 throughout the
motion
(d) 44.1 m, 6 s
Explanation:
(a) Irrespective of the direction of the motion of the ball, acceleration (which is actually acceleration
due to gravity) always acts in the downward direction towards the centre of the Earth.
(b) At maximum height, velocity of the ball becomes zero. Acceleration due to gravity at a given
place is constant and acts on the ball at all points (including the highest point) with a constant value
i.e., 9.8 m/s2.
(c) During upward motion, the sign of position is positive, sign of velocity is negative, and sign of
acceleration is positive. During downward motion, the signs of position, velocity, and acceleration are
all positive.
(d) Initial velocity of the ball, u = 29.4 m/s
Final velocity of the ball, v = 0 (At maximum height, the velocity of the ball becomes zero)
Acceleration, a = g = 9.8 m/s2
From third equation of motion, height (s) can be calculated as:
Answer :
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False
Explanation:
(a) When an object is thrown vertically up in the air, its speed becomes zero at maximum height.
However, it has acceleration equal to the acceleration due to gravity (g) that acts in the downward
direction at that point.
(b) Speed is the magnitude of velocity. When speed is zero, the magnitude of velocity along with the
velocity is zero.
(c) A car moving on a straight highway with constant speed will have constant velocity. Since
acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, acceleration of the car is also zero.
(d) This statement is false in the situation when acceleration is positive and velocity is negative at
the instant time taken as origin. Then, for all the time before velocity becomes zero, there is slowing
down of the particle. Such a case happens when a particle is projected upwards.
This statement is true when both velocity and acceleration are positive, at the instant time taken as
origin. Such a case happens when a particle is moving with positive acceleration or falling vertically
downwards from a height.
Question 3.12:
A ball is dropped from a height of 90 m on a floor. At each collision with the floor, the ball loses one
tenth of its speed. Plot the speed-time graph of its motion between t = 0 to 12 s.
Answer :
The velocity with which the ball rebounds from the floor
Total time taken by the ball for second rebound = 8.15 + 3.86 = 12.01 s
The speed-time graph of the ball is represented in the given figure as:
Question 3.13:
Explain clearly, with examples, the distinction between:
(a) magnitude of displacement (sometimes called distance) over an interval of time, and the total
length of path covered by a particle over the same interval;
(b) magnitude of average velocity over an interval of time, and the average speed over the same
interval. [Average speed of a particle over an interval of time is defined as the total path length
divided by the time interval]. Show in both (a) and (b) that the second quantity is either greater than
or equal to the first.
When is the equality sign true? [For simplicity, consider one-dimensional motion only].
Answer :
(a) The magnitude of displacement over an interval of time is the shortest distance (which is a
straight line) between the initial and final positions of the particle.
The total path length of a particle is the actual path length covered by the particle in a given interval
of time.
For example, suppose a particle moves from point A to point B and then, comes back to a point, C
taking a total time t, as shown below. Then, the magnitude of displacement of the particle = AC.
Since (AB + BC) > AC, average speed is greater than the magnitude of average velocity. The two
quantities will be equal if the particle continues to move along a straight line.
Question 3.14:
A man walks on a straight road from his home to a market 2.5 km away with a speed of 5 km h 1.
Finding the market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a speed of 7.5 km h 1. What
is the
(a) magnitude of average velocity, and
(b) average speed of the man over the interval of time (i) 0 to 30 min, (ii) 0 to 50 min, (iii) 0 to 40
min? [Note: You will appreciate from this exercise why it is better to define average speed as total
path length divided by time, and not as magnitude of average velocity. You would not like to tell the
tired man on his return home that his average speed was zero!]
Answer :
Time = 50 min =
Net displacement = 0
Total distance = 2.5 + 2.5 = 5 km
=
Net displacement = 2.5 1.25 = 1.25 km
Total distance travelled = 2.5 + 1.25 = 3.75 km
Question 3.15:
In Exercises 3.13 and 3.14, we have carefully distinguished between average speed and magnitude
ofaverage velocity. No such distinction is necessary when we consider instantaneous speed and
magnitude of velocity. The instantaneous speed is always equal to the magnitude of instantaneous
velocity. Why?
Answer :
Instantaneous velocity is given by the first derivative of distance with respect to time i.e.,
Here, the time interval dt is so small that it is assumed that the particle does not change its direction
of motion. As a result, both the total path length and magnitude of displacement become equal is this
interval of time.
Therefore, instantaneous speed is always equal to instantaneous velocity.
Question 3.16:
Look at the graphs (a) to (d) (Fig. 3.20) carefully and state, with reasons, which of these can not
possibly represent one-dimensional motion of a particle.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Answer :
(a) The given x-t graph, shown in (a), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the particle.
This is because a particle cannot have two positions at the same instant of time.
(b) The given v-t graph, shown in (b), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the particle.
This is because a particle can never have two values of velocity at the same instant of time.
(c) The given v-t graph, shown in (c), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the particle. This
is because speed being a scalar quantity cannot be negative.
(d) The given v-t graph, shown in (d), does not represent one-dimensional motion of the particle.
This is because the total path length travelled by the particle cannot decrease with time.
Question 3.17:
Figure 3.21 shows the x-t plot of one-dimensional motion of a particle. Is it correct to say from the
graph that the particle moves in a straight line for t < 0 and on a parabolic path for t > 0? If not,
suggest a suitable physical context for this graph.
(Fig 3.21)
Answer :
Answer: No
The x-t graph of a particle moving in a straight line for t < 0 and on a parabolic path for t > 0 cannot
be shown as the given graph. This is because, the given particle does not follow the trajectory of
path followed by the particle as t = 0, x = 0. A physical situation that resembles the above graph is of
a freely falling body held for sometime at a height
Question 3.18:
A police van moving on a highway with a speed of 30 km h1 fires a bullet at a thiefs car speeding
away in the same direction with a speed of 192 km h1. If the muzzle speed of the bullet is 150 m s1,
with what speed does the bullet hit the thiefs car ? (Note: Obtain that speed which is relevant for
damaging the thiefs car).
Answer :
(b)
(c)
(Fig: 3.22)
Answer :
(a)The given x-t graph shows that initially a body was at rest. Then, its velocity increases with time
and attains an instantaneous constant value. The velocity then reduces to zero with an increase in
time. Then, its velocity increases with time in the opposite direction and acquires a constant value. A
similar physical situation arises when a football (initially kept at rest) is kicked and gets rebound from
a rigid wall so that its speed gets reduced. Then, it passes from the player who has kicked it and
ultimately gets stopped after sometime.
(b)In the given v-tgraph, the sign of velocity changes and its magnitude decreases with a passage of
time. A similar situation arises when a ball is dropped on the hard floor from a height. It strikes the
floor with some velocity and upon rebound, its velocity decreases by a factor. This continues till the
velocity of the ball eventually becomes zero.
(c)The given a-t graph reveals that initially the body is moving with a certain uniform velocity. Its
acceleration increases for a short interval of time, which again drops to zero. This indicates that the
body again starts moving with the same constant velocity. A similar physical situation arises when a
hammer moving with a uniform velocity strikes a nail.
Question 3.20:
Figure 3.23 gives the x-t plot of a particle executing one-dimensional simple harmonic motion. (You
will learn about this motion in more detail in Chapter14). Give the signs of position, velocity and
acceleration variables of the particle at t = 0.3 s, 1.2 s, 1.2 s.
(Fig: 3.23)
Answer :
Answer :
(Fig: 3.25)
Answer :
Answer :
Straight line
Distance covered by a body in nth second is given by the relation
Where,
u = Initial velocity
a = Acceleration
n = Time = 1, 2, 3, ..... ,n
In the given case,
u = 0 and a = 1 m/s2
Dn 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5
Answer :
(Fig: 3.26)
Answer :
3.25
(a) Speed of the belt, vB = 4 km/h
Speed of the boy, vb = 9 km/h
Since the boy is running in the same direction of the motion of the belt, his speed (as observed by
the stationary observer) can be obtained as:
vbB = vb + vB = 9 + 4 = 13 km/h
(b) Since the boy is running in the direction opposite to the direction of the motion of the belt, his
speed (as observed by the stationary observer) can be obtained as:
vbB = vb + ( vB) = 9 4 = 5 km/h
(c) Distance between the childs parents = 50 m
As both parents are standing on the moving belt, the speed of the child in either direction as
observed by the parents will remain the same i.e., 9 km/h = 2.5 m/s.
Hence, the time taken by the child to move towards one of his parents is .
(d) If the motion is viewed by any one of the parents, answers obtained in (a) and (b) get altered.
This is because the child and his parents are standing on the same belt and hence, are equally
affected by the motion of the belt. Therefore, for both parents (irrespective of the direction of motion)
the speed of the child remains the same i.e., 9 km/h.
For this reason, it can be concluded that the time taken by the child to reach any one of his parents
remains unaltered.
Question 3.26:
Two stones are thrown up simultaneously from the edge of a cliff 200 m high with initial speeds of 15
m/s and 30 m/s. Verify that the graph shown in Fig. 3.27 correctly represents the time variation of the
relative position of the second stone with respect to the first. Neglect air resistance and assume that
the stones do not rebound after hitting the ground. Take g = 10 m/s2. Give the equations for the
linear and curved parts of the plot.
Answer :
Equation (iii) represents the linear path of both stones. Due to this linear relation between (x2 x1)
and t, the path remains a straight line till 8 s.
Maximum separation between the two stones is at t = 8 s.
(x2 x1)max = 15 8 = 120 m
This is in accordance with the given graph.
After 8 s, only second stone is in motion whose variation with time is given by the quadratic
equation:
x2 x1 = 200 + 30t 5t2
Hence, the equation of linear and curved path is given by
x2 x1 = 15t (Linear path)
x2 x1 = 200 + 30t 5t2 (Curved path)
Question 3.27:
The speed-time graph of a particle moving along a fixed direction is shown in Fig. 3.28. Obtain the
distance traversed by the particle between (a) t = 0 s to 10 s, (b) t = 2 s to 6 s.
(Fig. 3.28)
What is the average speed of the particle over the intervals in (a) and (b)?
Answer :
(a) Distance travelled by the particle = Area under the given graph
Average speed =
(b) Let s1 and s2 be the distances covered by the particle between time
t = 2 s to 5 s and t = 5 s to 6 s respectively.
Total distance (s) covered by the particle in time t = 2 s to 6 s
s = s1 + s2 (i)
For distance s1:
Let u be the velocity of the particle after 2 s and a be the acceleration of the particle in t = 0 to t = 5
s.
Since the particle undergoes uniform acceleration in the interval t = 0 to t = 5 s, from first equation of
motion, acceleration can be obtained as:
v = u + at
Where,
v = Final velocity of the particle
12 = 0 + a 5
Which of the following formulae are correct for describing the motion of the particle over the time-
interval t2 to t1?
Answer :
The correct formulae describing the motion of the particle are (c), (d) and, (f)
The given graph has a non-uniform slope. Hence, the formulae given in (a), (b), and (e) cannot
describe the motion of the particle. Only relations given in (c), (d), and (f) are correct equations of
motion.
Question 4.1:
State, for each of the following physical quantities, if it is a scalar or a vector:
volume, mass, speed, acceleration, density, number of moles, velocity, angular frequency,
displacement, angular velocity.
Answer :
Scalar: Volume, mass, speed, density, number of moles, angular frequency
Vector: Acceleration, velocity, displacement, angular velocity
A scalar quantity is specified by its magnitude only. It does not have any direction associated with it.
Volume, mass, speed, density, number of moles, and angular frequency are some of the scalar
physical quantities.
A vector quantity is specified by its magnitude as well as the direction associated with it.
Acceleration, velocity, displacement, and angular velocity belong to this category.
Question 4.2:
Pick out the two scalar quantities in the following list:
force, angular momentum, work, current, linear momentum, electric field, average velocity, magnetic
moment, relative velocity.
Answer :
Question 4.3:
Pick out the only vector quantity in the following list:
Temperature, pressure, impulse, time, power, total path length, energy, gravitational potential,
coefficient of friction, charge.
Answer :
Impulse
Impulse is given by the product of force and time. Since force is a vector quantity, its product with
time (a scalar quantity) gives a vector quantity.
Question 4.4:
State with reasons, whether the following algebraic operations with scalar and vector physical
quantities are meaningful:
(a) adding any two scalars, (b) adding a scalar to a vector of the same dimensions, (c) multiplying
any vector by any scalar, (d) multiplying any two scalars, (e) adding any two vectors, (f) adding a
component of a vector to the same vector.
Answer :
Answer:
(a) Meaningful
(b) Not Meaningful
(c) Meaningful
(d) Meaningful
(e) Meaningful
(f) Meaningful
Explanation:
(a)The addition of two scalar quantities is meaningful only if they both represent the same physical
quantity.
(b)The addition of a vector quantity with a scalar quantity is not meaningful.
(c) A scalar can be multiplied with a vector. For example, force is multiplied with time to give impulse.
(d) A scalar, irrespective of the physical quantity it represents, can be multiplied with another scalar
having the same or different dimensions.
(e) The addition of two vector quantities is meaningful only if they both represent the same physical
quantity.
(f) A component of a vector can be added to the same vector as they both have the same
dimensions.
Question 4.5:
Read each statement below carefully and state with reasons, if it is true or false:
(a) The magnitude of a vector is always a scalar, (b) each component of a vector is always a scalar,
(c) the total path length is always equal to the magnitude of the displacement vector of a particle. (d)
the average speed of a particle (defined as total path length divided by the time taken to cover the
path) is either greater or equal to the magnitude of average velocity of the particle over the same
interval of time, (e) Three vectors not lying in a plane can never add up to give a null vector.
Answer :
Answer:
(a) True
(b) False
(c) False
(d) True
(e) True
Explanation:
(a) The magnitude of a vector is a number. Hence, it is a scalar.
(b) Each component of a vector is also a vector.
(c) Total path length is a scalar quantity, whereas displacement is a vector quantity. Hence, the total
path length is always greater than the magnitude of displacement. It becomes equal to the
magnitude of displacement only when a particle is moving in a straight line.
(d) It is because of the fact that the total path length is always greater than or equal to the magnitude
of displacement of a particle.
(e) Three vectors, which do not lie in a plane, cannot be represented by the sides of a triangle taken
in the same order.
Question 4.6:
Establish the following vector inequalities geometrically or otherwise:
(a) |a + b| |a| + |b|
(b) |a + b| ||a| |b||
(c) |a b| |a| + |b|
(d) |a b| ||a| |b||
When does the equality sign above apply?
Answer :
(a) Let two vectors and be represented by the adjacent sides of a parallelogram OMNP, as
shown in the given figure.
In a triangle, each side is smaller than the sum of the other two sides.
Therefore, in OMN, we have:
ON < (OM + MN)
If the two vectors and act along a straight line in the same direction, then we can write:
Here, we have:
In a triangle, each side is smaller than the sum of the other two sides.
Therefore, in OMN, we have:
(iv)
If the two vectors and act along a straight line in the same direction, then we can write:
(v)
Combining equations (iv) and (v), we get:
(c) Let two vectors and be represented by the adjacent sides of a parallelogram PORS, as
shown in the given figure.
Here we have:
In a triangle, each side is smaller than the sum of the other two sides. Therefore, in OPS, we have:
If the two vectors act in a straight line but in opposite directions, then we can write:
(iv)
Combining equations (iii) and (iv), we get:
(d) Let two vectors and be represented by the adjacent sides of a parallelogram PORS, as
shown in the given figure.
The quantity on the LHS is always positive and that on the RHS can be positive or negative. To
make both quantities positive, we take modulus on both sides as:
If the two vectors act in a straight line but in the opposite directions, then we can write:
Question 4.7:
Given a + b + c + d = 0, which of the following statements are correct:
(a) a, b, c, and d must each be a null vector,
(b) The magnitude of (a + c) equals the magnitude of (b+ d),
(c) The magnitude of a can never be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of b, c, and d,
(d) b + c must lie in the plane of a and d if a and d are not collinear, and in the line of a and d, if they
are collinear?
Answer :
(i)
Equation (i) shows that the magnitude of a is equal to or less than the sum of the magnitudes of b, c,
and d.
Hence, the magnitude of vector a can never be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of b, c,
and d.
Answer: (d) Correct
For a + b + c + d = 0
a + (b + c) + d = 0
The resultant sum of the three vectors a, (b + c), and d can be zero only if (b + c) lie in a plane
containing a and d, assuming that these three vectors are represented by the three sides of a
triangle.
If a and d are collinear, then it implies that the vector (b + c) is in the line of a and d. This implication
holds only then the vector sum of all the vectors will be zero.
Question 4.8:
Three girls skating on a circular ice ground of radius 200 m start from a point Pon the edge of the
ground and reach a point Qdiametrically opposite to Pfollowing different paths as shown in Fig. 4.20.
What is the magnitude of the displacement vector for each? For which girl is this equal to the actual
length of the path skated?
Answer :
Displacement is given by the minimum distance between the initial and final positions of a particle. In
the given case, all the girls start from point P and reach point Q. The magnitudes of their
displacements will be equal to the diameter of the ground.
Radius of the ground = 200 m
Diameter of the ground = 2 200 = 400 m
Hence, the magnitude of the displacement for each girl is 400 m. This is equal to the actual length of
the path skated by girl B.
Question 4.9:
A cyclist starts from the centre Oof a circular park of radius 1 km, reaches the edge Pof the park,
then cycles along the circumference, and returns to the centre along QO as shown in Fig. 4.21. If the
round trip takes 10 min, what is the (a) net displacement, (b) average velocity, and (c) average
speed of the cyclist?
Answer :
(a) Displacement is given by the minimum distance between the initial and final positions of a body.
In the given case, the cyclist comes to the starting point after cycling for 10 minutes. Hence, his net
displacement is zero.
(b) Average velocity is given by the relation:
Average velocity
Since the net displacement of the cyclist is zero, his average velocity will also be zero.
(c) Average speed of the cyclist is given by the relation:
Average speed
Total path length = OP + PQ + QO
Average speed
Question 4.10:
On an open ground, a motorist follows a track that turns to his left by an angle of 60 after every 500
m. Starting from a given turn, specify the displacement of the motorist at the third, sixth and eighth
turn. Compare the magnitude of the displacement with the total path length covered by the motorist
in each case.
Answer :
The path followed by the motorist is a regular hexagon with side 500 m, as shown in the given figure
Sixth 0 3000
Question 4.11:
A passenger arriving in a new town wishes to go from the station to a hotel located 10 km away on a
straight road from the station. A dishonest cabman takes him along a circuitous path 23 km long and
reaches the hotel in 28 min. What is (a) the average speed of the taxi, (b) the magnitude of average
velocity? Are the two equal?
Answer :
(b) Distance between the hotel and the station = 10 km = Displacement of the car
Average velocity
Therefore, the two physical quantities (averge speed and average velocity) are not equal.
Question 4.12:
Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 30 m s1. A woman rides a bicycle with a speed of 10 m s1 in
the north to south direction. What is the direction in which she should hold her umbrella?
Answer :
Here,
vc = Velocity of the cyclist
vr = Velocity of falling rain
In order to protect herself from the rain, the woman must hold her umbrella in the direction of the
relative velocity (v) of the rain with respect to the woman.
Hence, the woman must hold the umbrella toward the south, at an angle of nearly 18 with the
vertical.
Question 4.13:
A man can swim with a speed of 4.0 km/h in still water. How long does he take to cross a river 1.0
km wide if the river flows steadily at 3.0 km/h and he makes his strokes normal to the river current?
How far down the river does he go when he reaches the other bank?
Answer :
Question 4.14:
In a harbour, wind is blowing at the speed of 72 km/h and the flag on the mast of a boat anchored in
the harbour flutters along the N-E direction. If the boat starts moving at a speed of 51 km/h to the
north, what is the direction of the flag on the mast of the boat?
Answer :
Answer :
sin2 = 0.30625
sin = 0.5534
= sin1(0.5534) = 33.60
Horizontal range, R
Question 4.16:
A cricketer can throw a ball to a maximum horizontal distance of 100 m. How much high above the
ground can the cricketer throw the same ball?
Answer :
The ball will achieve the maximum height when it is thrown vertically upward. For such motion, the
final velocity v is zero at the maximum height H.
Acceleration, a = g
Using the third equation of motion:
Question 4.17:
A stone tied to the end of a string 80 cm long is whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If
the stone makes 14 revolutions in 25 s, what is the magnitude and direction of acceleration of the
stone?
Answer :
Length of the string, l = 80 cm = 0.8 m
Number of revolutions = 14
Time taken = 25 s
Frequency,
Angular frequency, = 2
Centripetal acceleration,
The direction of centripetal acceleration is always directed along the string, toward the centre, at all
points.
Question 4.18:
An aircraft executes a horizontal loop of radius 1.00 km with a steady speed of 900 km/h. Compare
its centripetal acceleration with the acceleration due to gravity.
Answer :
Centripetal acceleration,
Question 4.19:
Read each statement below carefully and state, with reasons, if it is true or false:
(a) The net acceleration of a particle in circular motion is always along the radius of the circle
towards the centre
(b) The velocity vector of a particle at a point is always along the tangent to the path of the particle at
that point
(c) The acceleration vector of a particle in uniform circular motion averaged over one cycle is a null
vector
Answer :
(a) False
The net acceleration of a particle in circular motion is not always directed along the radius of the
circle toward the centre. It happens only in the case of uniform circular motion.
(b) True
At a point on a circular path, a particle appears to move tangentially to the circular path. Hence, the
velocity vector of the particle is always along the tangent at a point.
(c) True
In uniform circular motion (UCM), the direction of the acceleration vector points toward the centre of
the circle. However, it constantly changes with time. The average of these vectors over one cycle is
a null vector.
Question 4.20:
The position of a particle is given by
Where t is in seconds and the coefficients have the proper units for r to be in metres.
(a) Find the v and a of the particle?
(b) What is the magnitude and direction of velocity of the particle at t = 2.0 s?
Answer :
(a)
The position of the particle is given by:
The negative sign indicates that the direction of velocity is below the x-axis.
Question 4.21:
A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 s with a velocity of and moves in the x-y plane
Answer :
But,
Where,
= Velocity vector of the particle at t = 0
= Velocity vector of the particle at time t
(a) When x = 16 m:
y = 10 2 + (2)2 = 24 m
(b) Velocity of the particle is given by:
Question 4.22:
are unit vectors along x- and y-axis respectively. What is the magnitude and direction of the
vectors and ? What are the components of a vector along the directions of
Answer :
Let be the angle made by the vector , with the x- axis, as shown in the following figure.
It is given that:
Let make an angle with the x-axis, as shown in the following figure.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(The average stands for average of the quantity over the time interval t1 to t2)
Answer :
Answer :
(a) False
Despite being a scalar quantity, energy is not conserved in inelastic collisions.
(b) False
Despite being a scalar quantity, temperature can take negative values.
(c) False
Total path length is a scalar quantity. Yet it has the dimension of length.
(d) False
A scalar quantity such as gravitational potential can vary from one point to another in space.
(e) True
The value of a scalar does not vary for observers with different orientations of axes.
Question 4.25:
An aircraft is flying at a height of 3400 m above the ground. If the angle subtended at a ground
observation point by the aircraft positions 10.0 s apart is 30, what is the speed of the aircraft?
Answer :
The positions of the observer and the aircraft are shown in the given figure.
Answer :
Answer :
Answer: No; No
A physical quantity having both magnitude and direction need not be considered a vector. For
example, despite having magnitude and direction, current is a scalar quantity. The essential
requirement for a physical quantity to be considered a vector is that it should follow the law of vector
addition.
Generally speaking, the rotation of a body about an axis is not a vector quantity as it does not follow
the law of vector addition. However, a rotation by a certain small angle follows the law of vector
addition and is therefore considered a vector.
Question 4.28:
Can you associate vectors with (a) the length of a wire bent into a loop, (b) a plane area, (c) a
sphere? Explain.
Answer :
Answer :
Answer: No
Range, R = 3 km
Angle of projection, = 30
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
Horizontal range for the projection velocity u0, is given by the relation:
The maximum range (Rmax) is achieved by the bullet when it is fired at an angle of 45 with the
horizontal, that is,
Answer :
Height of the fighter plane = 1.5 km = 1500 m
Speed of the fighter plane, v = 720 km/h = 200 m/s
Let be the angle with the vertical so that the shell hits the plane. The situation is shown in the given
figure.
In order to avoid being hit by the shell, the pilot must fly the plane at an altitude (H) higher than the
maximum height achieved by the shell.
Question 4.31:
A cyclist is riding with a speed of 27 km/h. As he approaches a circular turn on the road of radius 80
m, he applies brakes and reduces his speed at the constant rate of 0.50 m/s every second. What is
the magnitude and direction of the net acceleration of the cyclist on the circular turn?
Answer :
Suppose the cyclist begins cycling from point P and moves toward point Q. At point Q, he applies the
breaks and decelerates the speed of the bicycle by 0.5 m/s 2.
This acceleration is along the tangent at Q and opposite to the direction of motion of the cyclist.
Since the angle between is 90, the resultant acceleration a is given by:
Question 4.32:
(a) Show that for a projectile the angle between the velocity and the x-axis as a function of time is
given by
(b) Show that the projection angle for a projectile launched from the origin is given by
Answer :
(a) Let and respectively be the initial components of the velocity of the projectile along
horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directions.
Let and respectively be the horizontal and vertical components of velocity at a point P.
hmR=sin22sin2=sin24sincos=sin4coshmR=Tan4=Tan1(4hmR)
Question 5.1:
Give the magnitude and direction of the net force acting on
(a) a drop of rain falling down with a constant speed,
(b) a cork of mass 10 g floating on water,
(c) a kite skillfully held stationary in the sky,
(d) a car moving with a constant velocity of 30 km/h on a rough road,
(e) a high-speed electron in space far from all material objects, and free of electric and magnetic
fields.
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
Answer: (i)
When a particle connected to a string revolves in a circular path around a centre, the centripetal
force is provided by the tension produced in the string. Hence, in the given case, the net force on the
particle is the tension T, i.e.,
F=T=
Where F is the net force acting on the particle.
Question 5.5:
A constant retarding force of 50 N is applied to a body of mass 20 kg moving initially with a speed of
15 ms1. How long does the body take to stop?
Answer :
Retarding force, F = 50 N
Mass of the body, m = 20 kg
Initial velocity of the body, u = 15 m/s
Final velocity of the body, v = 0
Using Newtons second law of motion, the acceleration (a) produced in the body can be calculated
as:
F = ma
50 = 20 a
Using the first equation of motion, the time (t) taken by the body to come to rest can be calculated
as:
v = u + at
=6s
Question 5.6:
A constant force acting on a body of mass 3.0 kg changes its speed from 2.0 m s1 to 3.5 m s1 in 25
s. The direction of the motion of the body remains unchanged. What is the magnitude and direction
of the force?
Answer :
Answer :
Question 5.8:
The driver of a three-wheeler moving with a speed of 36 km/h sees a child standing in the middle of
the road and brings his vehicle to rest in 4.0 s just in time to save the child. What is the average
retarding force on the vehicle? The mass of the three-wheeler is 400 kg and the mass of the driver is
65 kg.
Answer :
The negative sign indicates that the velocity of the three-wheeler is decreasing with time.
Using Newtons second law of motion, the net force acting on the three-wheeler can be calculated
as:
F = Ma
= 465 (2.5) = 1162.5 N
The negative sign indicates that the force is acting against the direction of motion of the three-
wheeler.
Question 5.9:
A rocket with a lift-off mass 20,000 kg is blasted upwards with an initial acceleration of 5.0 m s2.
Calculate the initial thrust (force) of the blast.
Answer :
Answer :
= 10 (5) = 50 m
(ii) At t = 25 s
Acceleration, a'' = 20 m/s2 and u = 10 m/s
(iii) At t = 100 s
For
a = 20 m/s2
u = 10 m/s
= 8700 m
For
As per the first equation of motion, for t = 30 s, final velocity is given as:
v = u + at
= 10 + (20) 30 = 590 m/s
Velocity of the body after 30 s = 590 m/s
For motion between 30 s to 100 s, i.e., in 70 s:
= 590 70 = 41300 m
Total distance, = 50000 m
Question 5.11:
A truck starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at 2.0 m s2. At t = 10 s, a stone is dropped by a
person standing on the top of the truck (6 m high from the ground). What are the (a) velocity, and (b)
acceleration of the stone at t = 11 s? (Neglect air resistance.)
Answer :
Answer: (a) 22.36 m/s, at an angle of 26.57 with the motion of the truck
(b) 10 m/s2
(a) Initial velocity of the truck, u = 0
Acceleration, a = 2 m/s2
Time, t = 10 s
As per the first equation of motion, final velocity is given as:
v = u + at
= 0 + 2 10 = 20 m/s
The final velocity of the truck and hence, of the stone is 20 m/s.
At t = 11 s, the horizontal component (vx) of velocity, in the absence of air resistance, remains
unchanged, i.e.,
vx = 20 m/s
The vertical component (vy) of velocity of the stone is given by the first equation of motion as:
vy = u + ayt
Where, t = 11 10 = 1 s and ay = g = 10 m/s2
vy = 0 + 10 1 = 10 m/s
The resultant velocity (v) of the stone is given as:
Let be the angle made by the resultant velocity with the horizontal component of velocity, vx
= 26.57
(b) When the stone is dropped from the truck, the horizontal force acting on it becomes zero.
However, the stone continues to move under the influence of gravity. Hence, the acceleration of the
stone is 10 m/s2 and it acts vertically downward.
Question 5.12:
A bob of mass 0.1 kg hung from the ceiling of a room by a string 2 m long is set into oscillation. The
speed of the bob at its mean position is 1 m s1. What is the trajectory of the bob if the string is cut
when the bob is (a) at one of its extreme positions, (b) at its mean position.
Answer :
Answer :
Figure 5.16
Answer :
Impulse
At t = 4 s
Answer :
Answer :
The given system of two masses and a pulley can be represented as shown in the following figure:
Smaller mass, m1 = 8 kg
Larger mass, m2 = 12 kg
Tension in the string = T
Mass m2, owing to its weight, moves downward with acceleration a,and mass m1 moves upward.
Applying Newtons second law of motion to the system of each mass:
For mass m1:
The equation of motion can be written as:
T m1g = ma (i)
For mass m2:
The equation of motion can be written as:
m2g T = m2a (ii)
Adding equations (i) and (ii), we get:
(iii)
Answer :
Let m, m1, and m2 be the respective masses of the parent nucleus and the two daughter nuclei. The
parent nucleus is at rest.
Initial momentum of the system (parent nucleus) = 0
Let v1 and v2 be the respective velocities of the daughter nuclei having masses m1 and m2.
Total linear momentum of the system after disintegration =
According to the law of conservation of momentum:
Total initial momentum = Total final momentum
Here, the negative sign indicates that the fragments of the parent nucleus move in directions
opposite to each other.
Question 5.17:
A nucleus is at rest in the laboratory frame of reference. Show that if it disintegrates into two smaller
nuclei the products must move in opposite directions.
Answer :
Let m, m1, and m2 be the respective masses of the parent nucleus and the two daughter nuclei. The
parent nucleus is at rest.
Initial momentum of the system (parent nucleus) = 0
Let v1 and v2 be the respective velocities of the daughter nuclei having masses m1 and m2.
Total linear momentum of the system after disintegration =
According to the law of conservation of momentum:
Total initial momentum = Total final momentum
Here, the negative sign indicates that the fragments of the parent nucleus move in directions
opposite to each other.
Question 5.18:
Two billiard balls each of mass 0.05 kg moving in opposite directions with speed 6 m s1 collide and
rebound with the same speed. What is the impulse imparted to each ball due to the other?
Answer :
Answer :
Question 5.20:
A batsman deflects a ball by an angle of 45 without changing its initial speed which is equal to 54
km/h. What is the impulse imparted to the ball? (Mass of the ball is 0.15 kg.)
Answer :
Where,
AO = Incident path of the ball
OB = Path followed by the ball after deflection
AOB = Angle between the incident and deflected paths of the ball = 45
AOP = BOP = 22.5 =
Initial and final velocities of the ball = v
Horizontal component of the initial velocity = vcos along RO
Vertical component of the initial velocity = vsin along PO
Horizontal component of the final velocity = vcos along OS
Vertical component of the final velocity = vsin along OP
The horizontal components of velocities suffer no change. The vertical components of velocities are
in the opposite directions.
Impulse imparted to the ball = Change in the linear momentum of the ball
Mass of the ball, m = 0.15 kg
Velocity of the ball, v = 54 km/h = 15 m/s
Impulse = 2 0.15 15 cos 22.5 = 4.16 kg m/s
Question 5.21:
A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round in a circle of radius 1.5 m with a
speed of 40 rev./min in a horizontal plane. What is the tension in the string? What is the maximum
speed with which the stone can be whirled around if the string can withstand a maximum tension of
200 N?
Answer :
Angular velocity, =
The centripetal force for the stone is provided by the tension T, in the string, i.e.,
Answer :
Answer: (b)
When the string breaks, the stone will move in the direction of the velocity at that instant. According
to the first law of motion, the direction of velocity vector is tangential to the path of the stone at that
instant. Hence, the stone will fly off tangentially from the instant the string breaks.
Question 5.23:
Explain why
(a) a horse cannot pull a cart and run in empty space,
(b) passengers are thrown forward from their seats when a speeding bus stops suddenly,
(c) it is easier to pull a lawn mower than to push it,
(d) a cricketer moves his hands backwards while holding a catch.
Answer :
(a) In order to pull a cart, a horse pushes the ground backward with some force. The ground in turn
exerts an equal and opposite reaction force upon the feet of the horse. This reaction force causes
the horse to move forward.
An empty space is devoid of any such reaction force. Therefore, a horse cannot pull a cart and run in
empty space.
(b) When a speeding bus stops suddenly, the lower portion of a passengers body, which is in
contact with the seat, suddenly comes to rest. However, the upper portion tends to remain in motion
(as per the first law of motion). As a result, the passengers upper body is thrown forward in the
direction in which the bus was moving.
(c) While pulling a lawn mower, a force at an angle is applied on it, as shown in the following
figure.
The vertical component of this applied force acts upward. This reduces the effective weight of the
mower.
On the other hand, while pushing a lawn mower, a force at an angle is applied on it, as shown in
the following figure.
In this case, the vertical component of the applied force acts in the direction of the weight of the
mower. This increases the effective weight of the mower.
Since the effective weight of the lawn mower is lesser in the first case, pulling the lawn mower is
easier than pushing it.
(d) According to Newtons second law of motion, we have the equation of motion:
Where,
F = Stopping force experienced by the cricketer as he catches the ball
m = Mass of the ball
t = Time of impact of the ball with the hand
It can be inferred from equation (i) that the impact force is inversely proportional to the impact time,
i.e.,
Equation (ii) shows that the force experienced by the cricketer decreases if the time of impact
increases and vice versa.
While taking a catch, a cricketer moves his hand backward so as to increase the time of impact (t).
This is turn results in the decrease in the stopping force, thereby preventing the hands of the
cricketer from getting hurt.
Question 5.24:
Figure 5.17 shows the position-time graph of a body of mass 0.04 kg. Suggest a suitable physical
context for this motion. What is the time between two consecutive impulses received by the body?
What is the magnitude of each impulse?
Figure 5.17
Answer :
A ball rebounding between two walls located between at x = 0 and x = 2 cm; after every 2 s, the ball
receives an impulse of magnitude 0.08 102 kg m/s from the walls
The given graph shows that a body changes its direction of motion after every 2 s. Physically, this
situation can be visualized as a ball rebounding to and fro between two stationary walls situated
between positions x = 0 and x = 2 cm. Since the slope of the x-t graph reverses after every 2 s, the
ball collides with a wall after every 2 s. Therefore, ball receives an impulse after every 2 s.
Mass of the ball, m = 0.04 kg
The slope of the graph gives the velocity of the ball. Using the graph, we can calculate initial velocity
(u) as:
Figure 5.18
Answer :
(c)
mg + T1 /R mg T2 + /R
(d)
mg T1 /R mg + T2 + /R
T1 and v1 denote the tension and speed at the lowest point. T2 and v2 denote corresponding values
at the highest point.
Answer :
(a)The free body diagram of the stone at the lowest point is shown in the following figure.
According to Newtons second law of motion, the net force acting on the stone at this point is equal
to the centripetal force, i.e.,
(i)
Where, v1 = Velocity at the lowest point
The free body diagram of the stone at the highest point is shown in the following figure.
(ii)
Where, v2 = Velocity at the highest point
It is clear from equations (i) and (ii) that the net force acting at the lowest and the highest points are
respectively (T mg) and (T + mg).
Question 5.27:
A helicopter of mass 1000 kg rises with a vertical acceleration of 15 m s2. The crew and the
passengers weigh 300 kg. Give the magnitude and direction of the
(a) force on the floor by the crew and passengers,
(b) action of the rotor of the helicopter on the surrounding air,
(c) force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air.
Answer :
= m(g + a)
= 1300 (10 + 15) = 1300 25
= 32500 N
The reaction force experienced by the helicopter from the surrounding air is acting upward. Hence,
as per Newtons third law of motion, the action of the rotor on the surrounding air will be 32500 N,
directed downward.
(c) The force on the helicopter due to the surrounding air is 32500 N, directed upward.
Question 5.28:
A stream of water flowing horizontally with a speed of 15 m s1 gushes out of a tube of cross-
sectional area 102 m2, and hits a vertical wall nearby. What is the force exerted on the wall by the
impact of water, assuming it does not rebound?
Answer :
Question 5.29:
Ten one-rupee coins are put on top of each other on a table. Each coin has a mass m. Give the
magnitude and direction of
(a) the force on the 7th coin (counted from the bottom) due to all the coins on its top,
(b) the force on the 7th coin by the eighth coin,
(c) the reaction of the 6th coin on the 7th coin.
Answer :
(a) Force on the seventh coin is exerted by the weight of the three coins on its top.
Weight of one coin = mg
Weight of three coins = 3mg
Hence, the force exerted on the 7th coin by the three coins on its top is 3mg. This force acts vertically
downward.
(b) Force on the seventh coin by the eighth coin is because of the weight of the eighth coin and the
other two coins (ninth and tenth) on its top.
Weight of the eighth coin = mg
Weight of the ninth coin = mg
Weight of the tenth coin = mg
Total weight of these three coins = 3mg
Hence, the force exerted on the 7th coin by the eighth coin is 3mg. This force acts vertically
downward.
(c) The 6th coin experiences a downward force because of the weight of the four coins (7 th, 8th, 9th,
and 10th) on its top.
Therefore, the total downward force experienced by the 6th coin is 4mg.
As per Newtons third law of motion, the 6th coin will produce an equal reaction force on the 7th coin,
but in the opposite direction. Hence, the reaction force of the 6th coin on the 7th coin is of magnitude
4mg. This force acts in the upward direction.
Question 5.30:
An aircraft executes a horizontal loop at a speed of 720 km/h with its wings banked at 15. What is
the radius of the loop?
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
Case (a)
Mass of the monkey, m = 40 kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m/s
Maximum tension that the rope can bear, Tmax = 600 N
Acceleration of the monkey, a = 6 m/s2 upward
Using Newtons second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
T mg = ma
T = m(g + a)
= 40 (10 + 6)
= 640 N
Since T > Tmax, the rope will break in this case.
Case (b)
Acceleration of the monkey, a = 4 m/s2 downward
Using Newtons second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
mg T = ma
T = m (g a)
= 40(10 4)
= 240 N
Since T < Tmax, the rope will not break in this case.
Case (c)
The monkey is climbing with a uniform speed of 5 m/s. Therefore, its acceleration is zero, i.e., a = 0.
Using Newtons second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
T mg = ma
T mg = 0
T = mg
= 40 10
= 400 N
Since T < Tmax, the rope will not break in this case.
Case (d)
When the monkey falls freely under gravity, its will acceleration become equal to the acceleration
due to gravity, i.e., a = g
Using Newtons second law of motion, we can write the equation of motion as:
mg T = mg
T = m(g g) = 0
Since T < Tmax, the rope will not break in this case.
Question 5.34:
Two bodies A and B of masses 5 kg and 10 kg in contact with each other rest on a table against a
rigid wall (Fig. 5.21). The coefficient of friction between the bodies and the table is 0.15. A force of
200 N is applied horizontally to A. What are (a) the reaction of the partition (b) the action-reaction
forces between A and B?What happens when the wall is removed? Does the answer to (b) change,
when the bodies are in motion? Ignore the difference between s and k.
Fig. 5.21
Answer :
Answer :
Question 5.36:
The rear side of a truck is open and a box of 40 kg mass is placed 5 m away from the open end as
shown in Fig. 5.22. The coefficient of friction between the box and the surface below it is 0.15. On a
straight road, the truck starts from rest and accelerates with 2 m s2. At what distance from the
starting point does the box fall off the truck? (Ignore the size of the box).
Fig. 5.22
Answer :
aback
Using the second equation of motion, time t can be calculated as:
Hence, the box will fall from the truck after from start.
= 20 m
Question 5.37:
A disc revolves with a speed of rev/min, and has a radius of 15 cm. Two coins are placed at 4
cm and 14 cm away from the centre of the record. If the co-efficient of friction between the coins and
the record is 0.15, which of the coins will revolve with the record?
Answer :
Angular frequency, = 2
Frictional force, f = mg = 0.15 m 10 = 1.5m N
Centripetal force on the coin:
Fcent.
= 0.49m N
Since f > Fcent, the coin will revolve along with the record.
Coin placed at 14 cm:
Radius, = 14 cm = 0.14 m
Angular frequency, = 3.49 s1
Frictional force, f' = 1.5m N
Centripetal force is given as:
Fcent.
= m 0.14 (3.49)2
= 1.7m N
Since f < Fcent., the coin will slip from the surface of the record.
Question 5.38:
You may have seen in a circus a motorcyclist driving in vertical loops inside a death-well (a hollow
spherical chamber with holes, so the spectators can watch from outside). Explain clearly why the
motorcyclist does not drop down when he is at the uppermost point, with no support from below.
What is the minimum speed required at the uppermost position to perform a vertical loop if the radius
of the chamber is 25 m?
Answer :
In a death-well, a motorcyclist does not fall at the top point of a vertical loop because both the force
of normal reaction and the weight of the motorcyclist act downward and are balanced by the
centripetal force. This situation is shown in the following figure.
The net force acting on the motorcyclist is the sum of the normal force (FN) and the force due to
gravity (Fg = mg).
The equation of motion for the centripetal acceleration ac, can be written as:
Fnet = mac
Normal reaction is provided by the speed of the motorcyclist. At the minimum speed (vmin), FN = 0
Question 5.39:
A 70 kg man stands in contact against the inner wall of a hollow cylindrical drum of radius 3 m
rotating about its vertical axis with 200 rev/min. The coefficient of friction between the wall and his
clothing is 0.15. What is the minimum rotational speed of the cylinder to enable the man to remain
stuck to the wall (without falling) when the floor is suddenly removed?
Answer :
Question 5.40:
A thin circular loop of radius R rotates about its vertical diameter with an angular frequency . Show
that a small bead on the wire loop remains at its lowermost point for .What is the angle
made by the radius vector joining the centre to the bead with the vertical downward direction for
?Neglect friction.
Answer :
Let the radius vector joining the bead with the centre make an angle , with the vertical downward
direction.
l = Rsin (iii)
Substituting equation (iii) in equation (ii), we get:
m(Rsin) 2 = Nsin
mR 2 = N ... (iv)
Substituting equation (iv) in equation (i), we get:
mg = mR 2 cos
... (v)
Since cos 1, the bead will remain at its lowermost point for , i.e., for
For or
On equating equations (v) and (vi), we get:
Question 6.1:
The sign of work done by a force on a body is important to understand. State carefully if the following
quantities are positive or negative:
(a) work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of a well by means of a rope tied to the bucket.
(b) work done by gravitational force in the above case,
(c) work done by friction on a body sliding down an inclined plane,
(d) work done by an applied force on a body moving on a rough horizontal plane with uniform
velocity,
(e) work done by the resistive force of air on a vibrating pendulum in bringing it to rest.
Answer :
(a) Positive
In the given case, force and displacement are in the same direction. Hence, the sign of work done is
positive. In this case, the work is done on the bucket.
(b) Negative
In the given case, the direction of force (vertically downward) and displacement (vertically upward)
are opposite to each other. Hence, the sign of work done is negative.
(c) Negative
Since the direction of frictional force is opposite to the direction of motion, the work done by frictional
force is negative in this case.
(d) Positive
Here the body is moving on a rough horizontal plane. Frictional force opposes the motion of the
body. Therefore, in order to maintain a uniform velocity, a uniform force must be applied to the body.
Since the applied force acts in the direction of motion of the body, the work done is positive.
(e) Negative
The resistive force of air acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of the pendulum.
Hence, the work done is negative in this case.
Question 6.2:
A body of mass 2 kg initially at rest moves under the action of an applied horizontal force of 7 N on a
table with coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.1.
Compute the
(a) work done by the applied force in 10 s,
(b) work done by friction in 10 s,
(c) work done by the net force on the body in 10 s,
(d) change in kinetic energy of the body in 10 s,
and interpret your results.
Answer :
Answer :
(a) x > a; 0
Total energy of a system is given by the relation:
E = P.E. + K. E.
K.E. = E P.E.
Kinetic energy of a body is a positive quantity. It cannot be negative. Therefore, the particle will not
exist in a region where K.E. becomes negative.
In the given case, the potential energy (V0) of the particle becomes greater than total energy (E) for x
> a. Hence, kinetic energy becomes negative in this region. Therefore, the particle will not exist is
this region. The minimum total energy of the particle is zero.
(b) All regions
In the given case, the potential energy (V0) is greater than total energy (E) in all regions. Hence, the
particle will not exist in this region.
(c) x > a and x < b; V1
In the given case, the condition regarding the positivity of K.E. is satisfied only in the region
between x> a and x < b.
The minimum potential energy in this case is V1. Therfore, K.E. = E (V1) = E + V1. Therefore, for
the positivity of the kinetic energy, the totaol energy of the particle must be greater than V1. So, the
minimum total energy the particle must have is V1.
(d)
In the given case, the potential energy (V0) of the particle becomes greater than the total energy (E)
Answer :
Fig. 6.13
Answer :
(a) Rocket
The burning of the casing of a rocket in flight (due to friction) results in the reduction of the mass of
the rocket.
According to the conservation of energy:
The reduction in the rockets mass causes a drop in the total energy. Therefore, the heat energy
required for the burning is obtained from the rocket.
(b) Gravitational force is a conservative force. Since the work done by a conservative force over a
closed path is zero, the work done by the gravitational force over every complete orbit of a comet is
zero.
(c) When an artificial satellite, orbiting around earth, moves closer to earth, its potential energy
decreases because of the reduction in the height. Since the total energy of the system remains
constant, the reduction in P.E. results in an increase in K.E. Hence, the velocity of the satellite
increases. However, due to atmospheric friction, the total energy of the satellite decreases by a
small amount.
(d) In the second case
Case (i)
Mass, m = 15 kg
Displacement, s = 2 m
Case (ii)
Mass, m = 15 kg
Displacement, s = 2 m
Here, the direction of the force applied on the rope and the direction of the displacement of the rope
are same.
Therefore, the angle between them, = 0
Since cos 0 = 1
Work done, W = Fs cos = mgs
= 15 9.8 2 = 294 J
Hence, more work is done in the second case.
Question 6.6:
Underline the correct alternative:
(a) When a conservative force does positive work on a body, the potential energy of the body
increases/decreases/remains unaltered.
(b) Work done by a body against friction always results in a loss of its kinetic/potential energy.
(c) The rate of change of total momentum of a many-particle system is proportional to the external
force/sum of the internal forces on the system.
(d) In an inelastic collision of two bodies, the quantities which do not change after the collision are
the total kinetic energy/total linear momentum/total energy of the system of two bodies.
Answer :
Answer:
(a) Decreases
(b) Kinetic energy
(c) External force
(d) Total linear momentum
Explanation:
(a) A conservative force does a positive work on a body when it displaces the body in the direction of
force. As a result, the body advances toward the centre of force. It decreases the separation
between the two, thereby decreasing the potential energy of the body.
(b) The work done against the direction of friction reduces the velocity of a body. Hence, there is a
loss of kinetic energy of the body.
(c) Internal forces, irrespective of their direction, cannot produce any change in the total momentum
of a body. Hence, the total momentum of a many- particle system is proportional to the external
forces acting on the system.
(d) The total linear momentum always remains conserved whether it is an elastic collision or an
inelastic collision.
Question 6.7:
State if each of the following statements is true or false. Give reasons for your answer.
(a) In an elastic collision of two bodies, the momentum and energy of each body is conserved.
(b) Total energy of a system is always conserved, no matter what internal and external forces on the
body are present.
(c) Work done in the motion of a body over a closed loop is zero for every force in nature.
(d) In an inelastic collision, the final kinetic energy is always less than the initial kinetic energy of the
system.
Answer :
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) False
(d) True
Explanation:
(a) In an elastic collision, the total energy and momentum of both the bodies, and not of each
individual body, is conserved.
(b) Although internal forces are balanced, they cause no work to be done on a body. It is the external
forces that have the ability to do work. Hence, external forces are able to change the energy of a
system.
(c) The work done in the motion of a body over a closed loop is zero for a conservation force only.
(d) In an inelastic collision, the final kinetic energy is always less than the initial kinetic energy of the
system. This is because in such collisions, there is always a loss of energy in the form of heat,
sound, etc.
Question 6.8:
Answer carefully, with reasons:
(a) In an elastic collision of two billiard balls, is the total kinetic energy conserved during the short
time of collision of the balls (i.e. when they are in contact)?
(b) Is the total linear momentum conserved during the short time of an elastic collision of two balls?
(c) What are the answers to (a) and (b) for an inelastic collision?
(d) If the potential energy of two billiard balls depends only on the separation distance between their
centres, is the collision elastic or inelastic? (Note, we are talking here of potential energy
corresponding to the force during collision, not gravitational potential energy).
Answer :
(a) No
In an elastic collision, the total initial kinetic energy of the balls will be equal to the total final kinetic
energy of the balls. This kinetic energy is not conserved at the instant the two balls are in contact
with each other. In fact, at the time of collision, the kinetic energy of the balls will get converted into
potential energy.
(b) Yes
In an elastic collision, the total linear momentum of the system always remains conserved.
(c) No; Yes
In an inelastic collision, there is always a loss of kinetic energy, i.e., the total kinetic energy of the
billiard balls before collision will always be greater than that after collision.
The total linear momentum of the system of billiards balls will remain conserved even in the case of
an inelastic collision.
(d) Elastic
In the given case, the forces involved are conservation. This is because they depend on the
separation between the centres of the billiard balls. Hence, the collision is elastic.
Question 6.9:
A body is initially at rest. It undergoes one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration. The power
delivered to it at time t is proportional to
Answer :
Answer: (ii) t
Mass of the body = m
Acceleration of the body = a
Using Newtons second law of motion, the force experienced by the body is given by the equation:
F = ma
Both m and a are constants. Hence, force F will also be a constant.
F = ma = Constant (i)
For velocity v, acceleration is given as,
Power is given by the relation:
P = F.v
Using equations (i) and (iii), we have:
Pt
Hence, power is directly proportional to time.
Question 6.10:
A body is moving unidirectionally under the influence of a source of constant power. Its displacement
in time t is proportional to
Answer :
Answer: (iii)
Power is given by the relation:
P = Fv
Question 6.11:
A body constrained to move along the z-axis of a coordinate system is subject to a constant
force Fgiven by
Where are unit vectors along the x-, y- and z-axis of the system respectively. What is the
work done by this force in moving the body a distance of 4 m along the z-axis?
Answer :
Displacement, s = m
Work done, W = F.s
Answer :
Question 6.13:
A rain drop of radius 2 mm falls from a height of 500 m above the ground. It falls with decreasing
acceleration (due to viscous resistance of the air) until at half its original height, it attains its
maximum (terminal) speed, and moves with uniform speed thereafter. What is the work done by the
gravitational force on the drop in the first and second half of its journey? What is the work done by
the resistive force in the entire journey if its speed on reaching the ground is 10 m s1?
Answer :
=
Gravitational force, F = mg
=
The work done by the gravitational force on the drop in the first half of its journey:
WI = Fs
= 250
= 0.082 J
This amount of work is equal to the work done by the gravitational force on the drop in the second
half of its journey, i.e., WII, = 0.082 J
As per the law of conservation of energy, if no resistive force is present, then the total energy of the
rain drop will remain the same.
Total energy at the top:
ET = mgh + 0
= 500 105
= 0.164 J
Due to the presence of a resistive force, the drop hits the ground with a velocity of 10 m/s.
Total energy at the ground:
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
Case (i)
Total kinetic energy of the system after collision:
Hence, the kinetic energy of the system is not conserved in case (i).
Case (ii)
Total kinetic energy of the system after collision:
Hence, the kinetic energy of the system is not conserved in case (iii).
Question 6.17:
The bob A of a pendulum released from 30 to the vertical hits another bob B of the same mass at
rest on a table as shown in Fig. 6.15. How high does the bob A rise after the collision? Neglect the
size of the bobs and assume the collision to be elastic.
Answer :
Answer :
Question 6.19:
A trolley of mass 300 kg carrying a sandbag of 25 kg is moving uniformly with a speed of 27 km/h on
a frictionless track. After a while, sand starts leaking out of a hole on the floor of the trolley at the rate
of 0.05 kg s1. What is the speed of the trolley after the entire sand bag is empty?
Answer :
The sand bag is placed on a trolley that is moving with a uniform speed of 27 km/h. The external
forces acting on the system of the sandbag and the trolley is zero. When the sand starts leaking
from the bag, there will be no change in the velocity of the trolley. This is because the leaking action
does not produce any external force on the system. This is in accordance with Newtons first law
of motion. Hence, the speed of the trolley will remain 27 km/h.
Question 6.20:
A body of mass 0.5 kg travels in a straight line with velocity where . What is
the work done by the net force during its displacement from x = 0 to x = 2 m?
Answer :
Question 6.21:
The blades of a windmill sweep out a circle of area A. (a) If the wind flows at a
velocity v perpendicular to the circle, what is the mass of the air passing through it in time t?(b) What
is the kinetic energy of the air? (c) Assume that the windmill converts 25% of the winds energy into
electrical energy, and thatA = 30 m2, v = 36 km/h and the density of air is 1.2 kg m3. What is the
electrical power produced?
Answer :
Question 6.22:
A person trying to lose weight (dieter) lifts a 10 kg mass, one thousand times, to a height of 0.5 m
each time. Assume that the potential energy lost each time she lowers the mass is dissipated. (a)
How much work does she do against the gravitational force? (b) Fat supplies 3.8 10 7 J of energy
per kilogram which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20% efficiency rate. How much fat will
the dieter use up?
Answer :
Question 6.23:
A family uses 8 kW of power. (a) Direct solar energy is incident on the horizontal surface at an
average rate of 200 W per square meter. If 20% of this energy can be converted to useful electrical
energy, how large an area is needed to supply 8 kW? (b) Compare this area to that of the roof of a
typical house.
Answer :
Answer :
= 0.2123 m
The wooden block will rise to a height of 0.2123 m.
Heat produced = Kinetic energy of the bullet Kinetic energy of the system
= 29.4 0.857 = 28.54 J
Question 6.25:
Two inclined frictionless tracks, one gradual and the other steep meet at A from where two stones
are allowed to slide down from rest, one on each track (Fig. 6.16). Will the stones reach the bottom
at the same time? Will they reach there with the same speed? Explain. Given 1 = 30, 2 = 60,
and h = 10 m, what are the speeds and times taken by the two stones?
Answer :
No; the stone moving down the steep plane will reach the bottom first
Yes; the stones will reach the bottom with the same speed
vB = vC = 14 m/s
t1 = 2.86 s; t2 = 1.65 s
The given situation can be shown as in the following figure:
Here, the initial height (AD) for both the stones is the same (h). Hence, both will have the same
potential energy at point A.
As per the law of conservation of energy, the kinetic energy of the stones at points B and C will also
be the same, i. e.,
v1 = v2 = v, say
Where,
m = Mass of each stone
v = Speed of each stone at points B and C
Hence, both stones will reach the bottom with the same speed, v.
For stone I:
Net force acting on this stone is given by:
Using the first equation of motion, the time of slide can be obtained as:
For stone I:
Hence, the stone moving down the steep plane will reach the bottom first.
The speed (v) of each stone at points B and C is given by the relation obtained from the law of
conservation of energy.
Answer :
At equilibrium:
Normal reaction, R = mg cos 37
Frictional force, f R = mg sin 37
Where, is the coefficient of friction
Net force acting on the block = mg sin 37 f
= mgsin 37 mgcos 37
= mg(sin 37 cos 37)
At equilibrium, the work done by the block is equal to the potential energy of the spring, i.e.,
Question 6.27:
A bolt of mass 0.3 kg falls from the ceiling of an elevator moving down with an uniform speed of 7 m
s1. It hits the floor of the elevator (length of the elevator = 3 m) and does not rebound. What is the
heat produced by the impact? Would your answer be different if the elevator were stationary?
Answer :
Answer :
Final momentum
= 200v' + 20v' 80
= 220v' 80
As per the law of conservation of momentum:
Initial momentum = Final momentum
2200 = 220v' 80
Answer :
[Note: The simple result of this exercise was one among the several arguments advanced by W.
Pauli to predict the existence of a third particle in the decay products of -decay. This particle is
known as neutrino. We now know that it is a particle of intrinsic spin (like e, p or n), but is neutral,
and either massless or having an extremely small mass (compared to the mass of electron) and
which interacts very weakly with matter. The correct decay process of neutron is: n p + e+ ]
Answer :
Question 7.1:
Give the location of the centre of mass of a (i) sphere, (ii) cylinder, (iii) ring, and (iv) cube, each of
uniform mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body necessarily lie inside the body?
Answer :
Geometric centre; No
The centre of mass (C.M.) is a point where the mass of a body is supposed to be concentrated. For
the given geometric shapes having a uniform mass density, the C.M. lies at their respective
geometric centres.
The centre of mass of a body need not necessarily lie within it. For example, the C.M. of bodies such
as a ring, a hollow sphere, etc., lies outside the body.
Question 7.2:
In the HCl molecule, the separation between the nuclei of the two atoms is about 1.27 (1 = 10
10
m). Find the approximate location of the CM of the molecule, given that a chlorine atom is about
35.5 times as massive as a hydrogen atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is concentrated in its
nucleus.
Answer :
Answer :
No change
The child is running arbitrarily on a trolley moving with velocity v. However, the running of the child
will produce no effect on the velocity of the centre of mass of the trolley. This is because the force
due to the boys motion is purely internal. Internal forces produce no effect on the motion of the
bodies on which they act. Since no external force is involved in the boytrolley system, the boys
motion will produce no change in the velocity of the centre of mass of the trolley.
Question 7.4:
Show that the area of the triangle contained between the vectors a and b is one half of the
magnitude of a b.
Answer :
= 2 Area of OMK
Area of OMK
Question 7.5:
Show that a. (b c) is equal in magnitude to the volume of the parallelepiped formed on the three
vectors, a, b and c.
Answer :
A parallelepiped with origin O and sides a, b, and c is shown in the following figure.
Let be a unit vector perpendicular to both b and c. Hence, and a have the same direction.
= abc cos
= abc cos 0
= abc
= Volume of the parallelepiped
Question 7.6:
Find the components along the x, y, z axes of the angular momentum l of a particle, whose position
vector is r with components x, y, z and momentum is p with components px, py and pz. Show that if
the particle moves only in the x-y plane the angular momentum has only a z-component.
Answer :
lx = ypz zpy
ly = zpx xpz
lz = xpy ypx
Angular momentum,
Comparing the coefficients of we get:
The particle moves in the x-y plane. Hence, the z-component of the position vector and linear
momentum vector becomes zero, i.e.,
z = pz = 0
Thus, equation (i) reduces to:
Therefore, when the particle is confined to move in the x-y plane, the direction of angular momentum
is along the z-direction.
Question 7.7:
Two particles, each of mass m and speed v, travel in opposite directions along parallel lines
separated by a distance d. Show that the vector angular momentum of the two particle system is the
same whatever be the point about which the angular momentum is taken.
Answer :
Let at a certain instant two particles be at points P and Q, as shown in the following figure.
We infer from equation (iv) that the angular momentum of a system does not depend on the point
about which it is taken.
Question 7.8:
A non-uniform bar of weight W is suspended at rest by two strings of negligible weight as shown in
Fig.7.39. The angles made by the strings with the vertical are 36.9 and 53.1 respectively. The bar
is 2 m long. Calculate the distance d of the centre of gravity of the bar from its left end.
Answer :
The free body diagram of the bar is shown in the following figure.
Length of the bar, l = 2 m
T1 and T2 are the tensions produced in the left and right strings respectively.
At translational equilibrium, we have:
For rotational equilibrium, on taking the torque about the centre of gravity, we have:
Hence, the C.G. (centre of gravity) of the given bar lies 0.72 m from its left end.
Question 7.9:
A car weighs 1800 kg. The distance between its front and back axles is 1.8 m. Its centre of gravity is
1.05 m behind the front axle. Determine the force exerted by the level ground on each front wheel
and each back wheel.
Answer :
Answer :
(a)
According to the theorem of parallel axes, the moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to
the sum of the moment of inertia of the body about a parallel axis passing through its centre of mass
and the product of its mass and the square of the distance between the two parallel axes.
(b)
Question 7.11:
Torques of equal magnitude are applied to a hollow cylinder and a solid sphere, both having the
same mass and radius. The cylinder is free to rotate about its standard axis of symmetry, and the
sphere is free to rotate about an axis passing through its centre. Which of the two will acquire a
greater angular speed after a given time?
Answer :
Let m and r be the respective masses of the hollow cylinder and the solid sphere.
The moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder about its standard axis,
The moment of inertia of the solid sphere about an axis passing through its centre,
We have the relation:
Where,
= Angular acceleration
= Torque
I = Moment of inertia
For the hollow cylinder,
For the solid sphere,
As an equal torque is applied to both the bodies,
Now, using the relation:
Where,
0 = Initial angular velocity
t = Time of rotation
= Final angular velocity
For equal 0 and t, we have:
(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii), we can write:
II > I
Hence, the angular velocity of the solid sphere will be greater than that of the hollow cylinder.
Question 7.12:
A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with angular speed 100 rad s 1. The radius of the
cylinder is 0.25 m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the rotation of the cylinder? What is the
magnitude of angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
Answer :
Kinetic energy
Angular momentum, L = I
= 6.25 100
= 62.5 Js
Question 7.13:
(a) A child stands at the centre of a turntable with his two arms outstretched. The turntable is set
rotating with an angular speed of 40 rev/min. How much is the angular speed of the child if he folds
his hands back and thereby reduces his moment of inertia to 2/5 times the initial value? Assume that
the turntable rotates without friction.
(b) Show that the childs new kinetic energy of rotation is more than the initial kinetic energy of
rotation. How do you account for this increase in kinetic energy?
Answer :
Since no external force acts on the boy, the angular momentum L is a constant.
Hence, for the two situations, we can write:
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
R/6; from the original centre of the body and opposite to the centre of the cut portion.
Mass per unit area of the original disc =
Radius of the original disc = R
Mass of the original disc, M = R2
The disc with the cut portion is shown in the following figure:
M concentrated at O
(The negative sign indicates that this portion has been removed from the original disc.)
Let x be the distance through which the centre of mass of the remaining portion shifts from point O.
The relation between the centres of masses of two masses is given as:
(The negative sign indicates that the centre of mass gets shifted toward the left of point O.)
Question 7.17:
A metre stick is balanced on a knife edge at its centre. When two coins, each of mass 5 g are put
one on top of the other at the 12.0 cm mark, the stick is found to be balanced at 45.0 cm. What is the
mass of the metre stick?
Answer :
Let W and W be the respective weights of the metre stick and the coin.
The mass of the metre stick is concentrated at its mid-point, i.e., at the 50 cm mark.
Mass of the meter stick = m
Mass of each coin, m = 5 g
When the coins are placed 12 cm away from the end P, the centre of mass gets shifted by 5 cm from
point R toward the end P. The centre of mass is located at a distance of 45 cm from point P.
The net torque will be conserved for rotational equilibrium about point R.
Hence, the mass of the metre stick is 66 g.
Question 7.18:
A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined planes of the same heights but different angles of
inclination. (a) Will it reach the bottom with the same speed in each case? (b) Will it take longer to
roll down one plane than the other? (c) If so, which one and why?
Answer :
Question 7.19:
A hoop of radius 2 m weighs 100 kg. It rolls along a horizontal floor so that its centre of mass has a
speed of 20 cm/s. How much work has to be done to stop it?
Answer :
Answer :
It is given that:
Question 7.21:
A solid cylinder rolls up an inclined plane of angle of inclination 30. At the bottom of the inclined
plane the centre of mass of the cylinder has a speed of 5 m/s.
(a) How far will the cylinder go up the plane?
(b) How long will it take to return to the bottom?
Answer :
In ABC:
Therefore, the total time taken by the cylinder to return to the bottom is (2 0.764) 1.53 s.
Question 7.22:
As shown in Fig.7.40, the two sides of a step ladder BA and CA are 1.6 m long and hinged at A. A
rope DE, 0.5 m is tied half way up. A weight 40 kg is suspended from a point F, 1.2 m from B along
the ladder BA. Assuming the floor to be frictionless and neglecting the weight of the ladder, find the
tension in the rope and forces exerted by the floor on the ladder. (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)
(Hint: Consider the equilibrium of each side of the ladder separately.)
Answer :
In ADH:
For translational equilibrium of the ladder, the upward force should be equal to the downward force.
Nc + NB = mg = 392 (iii)
For rotational equilibrium of the ladder, the net moment about A is:
For rotational equilibrium of the side AB, consider the moment about A.
Question 7.23:
A man stands on a rotating platform, with his arms stretched horizontally holding a 5 kg weight in
each hand. The angular speed of the platform is 30 revolutions per minute. The man then brings his
arms close to his body with the distance of each weight from the axis changing from 90cm to 20cm.
The moment of inertia of the man together with the platform may be taken to be constant and equal
to 7.6 kg m2.
(a) What is his new angular speed? (Neglect friction.)
(b) Is kinetic energy conserved in the process? If not, from where does the change come about?
Answer :
Angular momentum,
Moment of inertia when the man folds his hands to a distance of 20 cm:
2 mr2
= 2 5 (0.2)2 = 0.4 kg m2
(b)Kinetic energy is not conserved in the given process. In fact, with the decrease in the moment of
inertia, kinetic energy increases. The additional kinetic energy comes from the work done by the
man to fold his hands toward himself.
Question 7.24:
A bullet of mass 10 g and speed 500 m/s is fired into a door and gets embedded exactly at the
centre of the door. The door is 1.0 m wide and weighs 12 kg. It is hinged at one end and rotates
about a vertical axis practically without friction. Find the angular speed of the door just after the bullet
embeds into it.
(Hint: The moment of inertia of the door about the vertical axis at one end is ML2/3.)
Answer :
Question 7.25:
Two discs of moments of inertia I1 and I2 about their respective axes (normal to the disc and passing
through the centre), and rotating with angular speeds 1 and 2 are brought into contact face to face
with their axes of rotation coincident. (a) What is the angular speed of the two-disc system? (b)
Show that the kinetic energy of the combined system is less than the sum of the initial kinetic
energies of the two discs. How do you account for this loss in energy? Take 1 2.
Answer :
(a)
When the two discs are joined together, their moments of inertia get added up.
Moment of inertia of the system of two discs,
Let be the angular speed of the system.
Answer :
(a)The theorem of perpendicular axes states that the moment of inertia of a planar body (lamina)
about an axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of its moments of inertia about two
perpendicular axes concurrent with perpendicular axis and lying in the plane of the body.
A physical body with centre O and a point mass m,in the xy plane at (x, y) is shown in the following
figure.
Moment of inertia about x-axis, Ix = mx2
Moment of inertia about y-axis, Iy = my2
(b)The theorem of parallel axes states that the moment of inertia of a body about any axis is equal to
the sum of the moment of inertia of the body about a parallel axis passing through its centre of mass
and the product of its mass and the square of the distance between the two parallel axes.
Suppose a rigid body is made up of n particles, having masses m1, m2, m3, , mn, at perpendicular
distances r1, r2, r3, , rn respectively from the centre of mass O of the rigid body.
The moment of inertia about axis RS passing through the point O:
IRS =
The perpendicular distance of mass mi, from the axis QP = a + ri
Hence, the moment of inertia about axis QP:
Now, at the centre of mass, the moment of inertia of all the particles about the axis passing through
the centre of mass is zero, that is,
Question 7.27:
Prove the result that the velocity v of translation of a rolling body (like a ring, disc, cylinder or sphere)
Answer :
A body rolling on an inclined plane of height h,is shown in the following figure:
But
Since the disc is placed on a frictionless table, it will not roll. This is because the presence of friction
is essential for the rolling of a body.
Question 7.29:
Explain why friction is necessary to make the disc in Fig. 7.41 roll in the direction indicated.
(a) Give the direction of frictional force at B, and the sense of frictional torque, before perfect rolling
begins.
(b) What is the force of friction after perfect rolling begins?
Answer :
A torque is required to roll the given disc. As per the definition of torque, the rotating force should be
tangential to the disc. Since the frictional force at point B is along the tangential force at point A, a
frictional force is required for making the disc roll.
(a) Force of friction acts opposite to the direction of velocity at point B. The direction of linear velocity
at point B is tangentially leftward. Hence, frictional force will act tangentially rightward. The sense of
frictional torque before the start of perfect rolling is perpendicular to the plane of the disc in the
outward direction.
(b) Since frictional force acts opposite to the direction of velocity at point B, perfect rolling will begin
when the velocity at that point becomes equal to zero. This will make the frictional force acting on
the disc zero.
Question 7.30:
A solid disc and a ring, both of radius 10 cm are placed on a horizontal table simultaneously, with
initial angular speed equal to 10 rad s-1. Which of the two will start to roll earlier? The co-efficient of
kinetic friction is k = 0.2.
Answer :
Disc
Radii of the ring and the disc, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Initial angular speed, 0 =10 rad s1
Coefficient of kinetic friction, k = 0.2
Initial velocity of both the objects, u = 0
Motion of the two objects is caused by frictional force. As per Newtons second law of motion, we
have frictional force, f = ma
kmg= ma
Where,
a = Acceleration produced in the objects
m = Mass
a = kg (i)
As per the first equation of motion, the final velocity of the objects can be obtained as:
v = u + at
= 0 + kgt
= kgt (ii)
The torque applied by the frictional force will act in perpendicularly outward direction and cause
reduction in the initial angular speed.
Torque, = I
= Angular acceleration
xmgr = I
Using the first equation of rotational motion to obtain the final angular speed:
Answer :
(b) During rolling, the instantaneous point of contact with the plane comes to rest. Hence, the work
done against frictional force is zero.
(c) For rolling without skid, we have the relation:
Question 7.32:
Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false;
(a) During rolling, the force of friction acts in the same direction as the direction of motion of the CM
of the body.
(b) The instantaneous speed of the point of contact during rolling is zero.
(c) The instantaneous acceleration of the point of contact during rolling is zero.
(d) For perfect rolling motion, work done against friction is zero.
(e) A wheel moving down a perfectly frictionless inclined plane will undergo slipping (not rolling)
motion.
Answer :
(a) False
Frictional force acts opposite to the direction of motion of the centre of mass of a body. In the case of
rolling, the direction of motion of the centre of mass is backward. Hence, frictional force acts in the
forward direction.
(b) True
Rolling can be considered as the rotation of a body about an axis passing through the point of
contact of the body with the ground. Hence, its instantaneous speed is zero.
(c) False
When a body is rolling, its instantaneous acceleration is not equal to zero. It has some value.
(d) True
When perfect rolling begins, the frictional force acting at the lowermost point becomes zero. Hence,
the work done against friction is also zero.
(e) True
The rolling of a body occurs when a frictional force acts between the body and the surface. This
frictional force provides the torque necessary for rolling. In the absence of a frictional force, the body
slips from the inclined plane under the effect of its own weight.
Question 7.33:
Separation of Motion of a system of particles into motion of the centre of mass and motion about the
centre of mass:
(a) Show pi = pi + miV
Where pi is the momentum of the ith particle (of mass mi) and p i = mi v i. Note v i is the velocity of
the ith particle relative to the centre of mass.
Where is the angular momentum of the system about the centre of mass with
velocities taken relative to the centre of mass. Remember ri = ri R; rest of the notation is the
standard notation used in the chapter. Note L and MR V can be said to be angular momenta,
respectively, about and of the centre of mass of the system of particles.
(d) Show
Further, show that
where ext is the sum of all external torques acting on the system about the centre of mass.
(Hint: Use the definition of centre of mass and Newtons Third Law. Assume the internal forces
between any two particles act along the line joining the particles.)
Answer :
(b) We have the relation for velocity of the ith particle as:
vi = vi + V
(2)
Taking the dot product of equation (2) with itself, we get:
Where,
K = = Total kinetic energy of the system of particles with respect to the centre of mass
Answer :
A torque is required to roll the given disc. As per the definition of torque, the rotating force should be
tangential to the disc. Since the frictional force at point B is along the tangential force at point A, a
frictional force is required for making the disc roll.
(a) Force of friction acts opposite to the direction of velocity at point B. The direction of linear velocity
at point B is tangentially leftward. Hence, frictional force will act tangentially rightward. The sense of
frictional torque before the start of perfect rolling is perpendicular to the plane of the disc in the
outward direction.
(b) Since frictional force acts opposite to the direction of velocity at point B, perfect rolling will begin
when the velocity at that point becomes equal to zero. This will make the frictional force acting on
the disc zero.
Question 7.30:
A solid disc and a ring, both of radius 10 cm are placed on a horizontal table simultaneously, with
initial angular speed equal to 10 rad s-1. Which of the two will start to roll earlier? The co-efficient of
kinetic friction is k = 0.2.
Answer :
Disc
Radii of the ring and the disc, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Initial angular speed, 0 =10 rad s1
Coefficient of kinetic friction, k = 0.2
Initial velocity of both the objects, u = 0
Motion of the two objects is caused by frictional force. As per Newtons second law of motion, we
have frictional force, f = ma
kmg= ma
Where,
a = Acceleration produced in the objects
m = Mass
a = kg (i)
As per the first equation of motion, the final velocity of the objects can be obtained as:
v = u + at
= 0 + kgt
= kgt (ii)
The torque applied by the frictional force will act in perpendicularly outward direction and cause
reduction in the initial angular speed.
Torque, = I
= Angular acceleration
xmgr = I
Using the first equation of rotational motion to obtain the final angular speed:
Answer :
(a) Using Newtons second law of motion, we can write net force as:
fnet = ma
(b) During rolling, the instantaneous point of contact with the plane comes to rest. Hence, the work
done against frictional force is zero.
(c) For rolling without skid, we have the relation:
Question 7.32:
Read each statement below carefully, and state, with reasons, if it is true or false;
(a) During rolling, the force of friction acts in the same direction as the direction of motion of the CM
of the body.
(b) The instantaneous speed of the point of contact during rolling is zero.
(c) The instantaneous acceleration of the point of contact during rolling is zero.
(d) For perfect rolling motion, work done against friction is zero.
(e) A wheel moving down a perfectly frictionless inclined plane will undergo slipping (not rolling)
motion.
Answer :
(a) False
Frictional force acts opposite to the direction of motion of the centre of mass of a body. In the case of
rolling, the direction of motion of the centre of mass is backward. Hence, frictional force acts in the
forward direction.
(b) True
Rolling can be considered as the rotation of a body about an axis passing through the point of
contact of the body with the ground. Hence, its instantaneous speed is zero.
(c) False
When a body is rolling, its instantaneous acceleration is not equal to zero. It has some value.
(d) True
When perfect rolling begins, the frictional force acting at the lowermost point becomes zero. Hence,
the work done against friction is also zero.
(e) True
The rolling of a body occurs when a frictional force acts between the body and the surface. This
frictional force provides the torque necessary for rolling. In the absence of a frictional force, the body
slips from the inclined plane under the effect of its own weight.
Question 7.33:
Separation of Motion of a system of particles into motion of the centre of mass and motion about the
centre of mass:
(a) Show pi = pi + miV
Where pi is the momentum of the ith particle (of mass mi) and p i = mi v i. Note v i is the velocity of
the ith particle relative to the centre of mass.
Also, prove using the definition of the centre of mass
(b) Show K = K + MV2
Where K is the total kinetic energy of the system of particles, K is the total kinetic energy of the
system when the particle velocities are taken with respect to the centre of mass and MV2/2 is the
kinetic energy of the translation of the system as a whole (i.e. of the centre of mass motion of the
system). The result has been used in Sec. 7.14.
(c) Show L = L + R MV
Where is the angular momentum of the system about the centre of mass with
velocities taken relative to the centre of mass. Remember ri = ri R; rest of the notation is the
standard notation used in the chapter. Note L and MR V can be said to be angular momenta,
respectively, about and of the centre of mass of the system of particles.
(d) Show
Further, show that
where ext is the sum of all external torques acting on the system about the centre of mass.
(Hint: Use the definition of centre of mass and Newtons Third Law. Assume the internal forces
between any two particles act along the line joining the particles.)
Answer :
(2)
Taking the dot product of equation (2) with itself, we get:
Where,
K= = Total kinetic energy of the system of particles
K = = Total kinetic energy of the system of particles with respect to the centre of mass
Answer :
Question 8.2:
Choose the correct alternative:
(a) Acceleration due to gravity increases/decreases with increasing altitude.
(b) Acceleration due to gravity increases/decreases with increasing depth. (assume the earth to be a
sphere of uniform density).
(c) Acceleration due to gravity is independent of mass of the earth/mass of the body.
(d) The formula G Mm(1/r2 1/r1) is more/less accurate than the formula mg(r2 r1) for the difference
of potential energy between two points r2and r1distance away from the centre of the earth.
Answer :
Answer:
(a) Decreases
(b) Decreases
(c) Mass of the body
(d) More
Explanation:
(a) Acceleration due to gravity at depth h is given by the relation:
Where,
= Radius of the Earth
g = Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth
It is clear from the given relation that acceleration due to gravity decreases with an increase in
height.
(b) Acceleration due to gravity at depth d is given by the relation:
It is clear from the given relation that acceleration due to gravity decreases with an increase in
depth.
(c) Acceleration due to gravity of body of mass m is given by the relation:
Where,
G = Universal gravitational constant
M = Mass of the Earth
R = Radius of the Earth
Hence, it can be inferred that acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the body.
(d) Gravitational potential energy of two points r2 and r1 distance away from the centre of the Earth is
respectively given by:
Hence, this formula is more accurate than the formula mg(r2 r1).
Question 8.3:
Suppose there existed a planet that went around the sun twice as fast as the earth.What would be
its orbital size as compared to that of the earth?
Answer :
Answer: Lesser by a factor of 0.63
Time taken by the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun,
Te = 1 year
Orbital radius of the Earth in its orbit, Re = 1 AU
Time taken by the planet to complete one revolution around the Sun,
Orbital radius of the planet = Rp
From Keplers third law of planetary motion, we can write:
Hence, the orbital radius of the planet will be 0.63 times smaller than that of the Earth.
Question 8.4:
Io, one of the satellites of Jupiter, has an orbital period of 1.769 days and the radius of the orbit is
4.22 108 m. Show that the mass of Jupiter is about one-thousandth that of the sun.
Answer :
Orbital period of
Orbital radius of
Satellite is revolving around the Jupiter
Mass of the latter is given by the relation:
Where,
= Mass of Jupiter
G = Universal gravitational constant
Answer :
Answer :
Answer:
(a) Kinetic energy
(b) Less
(a) Total mechanical energy of a satellite is the sum of its kinetic energy (always positive) and
potential energy (may be negative). At infinity, the gravitational potential energy of the satellite is
zero. As the Earth-satellite system is a bound system, the total energy of the satellite is negative.
Thus, the total energy of an orbiting satellite at infinity is equal to the negative of its kinetic energy.
(b) An orbiting satellite acquires a certain amount of energy that enables it to revolve around the
Earth. This energy is provided by its orbit. It requires relatively lesser energy to move out of the
influence of the Earths gravitational field than a stationary object on the Earths surface that initially
contains no energy
Question 8.7:
Does the escape speed of a body from the earth depend on
(a) the mass of the body,
(b) the location from where it is projected,
(c) the direction of projection,
(d) the height of the location from where the body is launched?
Answer :
(a) No
(b) No
(c) No
(d) Yes
Escape velocity of a body from the Earth is given by the relation:
Answer :
(a) No
(b) No
(c) Yes
(d) No
(e) No
(f) Yes
Angular momentum and total energy at all points of the orbit of a comet moving in a highly elliptical
orbit around the Sun are constant. Its linear speed, angular speed, kinetic, and potential energy
varies from point to point in the orbit.
Question 8.9:
Which of the following symptoms is likely to afflict an astronaut in space (a) swollen feet, (b) swollen
face, (c) headache, (d) orientational problem?
Answer :
Answer :
Answer: (iii)
Gravitational potential (V) is constant at all points in a spherical shell. Hence, the gravitational
potential gradient is zero everywhere inside the spherical shell. The gravitational potential
gradient is equal to the negative of gravitational intensity. Hence, intensity is also zero at all points
inside the spherical shell. This indicates that gravitational forces acting at a point in a spherical shell
are symmetric.
If the upper half of a spherical shell is cut out (as shown in the given figure), then the net
gravitational force acting on a particle located at centre O will be in the downward direction.
Since gravitational intensity at a point is defined as the gravitational force per unit mass at that point,
it will also act in the downward direction. Thus, the gravitational intensity at centre O of the given
hemispherical shell has the direction as indicated by arrow c.
Question 8.11:
Choose the correct answer from among the given ones:
For the problem 8.10, the direction of the gravitational intensity at an arbitrary point P is indicated by
the arrow (i) d, (ii) e, (iii) f, (iv) g.
Answer :
Answer: (ii)
Gravitational potential (V) is constant at all points in a spherical shell. Hence, the gravitational
potential gradient is zero everywhere inside the spherical shell. The gravitational potential
gradient is equal to the negative of gravitational intensity. Hence, intensity is also zero at all points
inside the spherical shell. This indicates that gravitational forces acting at a point in a spherical shell
are symmetric.
If the upper half of a spherical shell is cut out (as shown in the given figure), then the net
gravitational force acting on a particle at an arbitrary point P will be in the downward direction.
Since gravitational intensity at a point is defined as the gravitational force per unit mass at that point,
it will also act in the downward direction. Thus, the gravitational intensity at an arbitrary point P of the
hemispherical shell has the direction as indicated by arrow e.
Question 8.12:
A rocket is fired from the earth towards the sun. At what distance from the earths centre is the
gravitational force on the rocket zero? Mass of the sun = 2 10 30 kg, mass of the earth = 6 1024 kg.
Neglect the effect of other planets etc. (orbital radius = 1.5 10 11 m).
Answer :
Question 8.13:
How will you weigh the sun, that is estimate its mass? The mean orbital radius of the earth around
the sun is 1.5 108 km.
Answer :
Answer :
Distance of the Earth from the Sun, re = 1.5 108 km = 1.5 1011 m
Time period of the Earth = Te
Time period of Saturn, Ts = 29. 5 Te
Distance of Saturn from the Sun = rs
From Keplers third law of planetary motion, we have
Answer :
Where,
g = Acceleration due to gravity on the Earths surface
Re = Radius of the Earth
Weight of a body of mass m at height h is given as:
Question 8.16:
Assuming the earth to be a sphere of uniform mass density, how much would a body weigh half way
down to the centre of the earth if it weighed 250 N on the surface?
Answer :
Question 8.17:
A rocket is fired vertically with a speed of 5 km s1 from the earths surface. How far from the earth
does the rocket go before returning to the earth? Mass of the earth = 6.0 10 24 kg; mean radius of
the earth = 6.4 106 m; G= 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2.
Answer :
At highest point h,
Question 8.18:
The escape speed of a projectile on the earths surface is 11.2 km s1. A body is projected out with
thrice this speed. What is the speed of the body far away from the earth? Ignore the presence of the
sun and other planets.
Answer :
Question 8.19:
A satellite orbits the earth at a height of 400 km above the surface. How much energy must be
expended to rocket the satellite out of the earths gravitational influence? Mass of the satellite = 200
kg; mass of the earth = 6.0 1024 kg; radius of the earth = 6.4 106 m; G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2.
Answer :
Answer :
Now, consider the case when the stars are about to collide:
Velocity of the stars = v
Distance between the centers of the stars = 2R
Answer :
Answer:
0;
2.7 108 J /kg;
Yes;
Unstable
Explanation:
The situation is represented in the given figure:
Any object placed at point X will be in equilibrium state, but the equilibrium is unstable. This is
because any change in the position of the object will change the effective force in that direction.
Question 8.22:
As you have learnt in the text, a geostationary satellite orbits the earth at a height of nearly 36,000
km from the surface of the earth. What is the potential due to earths gravity at the site of this
satellite? (Take the potential energy at infinity to be zero). Mass of the earth = 6.0 10 24 kg, radius =
6400 km.
Answer :
Question 8.23:
A star 2.5 times the mass of the sun and collapsed to a size of 12 km rotates with a speed of 1.2 rev.
per second. (Extremely compact stars of this kind are known as neutron stars. Certain stellar objects
called pulsars belong to this category). Will an object placed on its equator remain stuck to its
surface due to gravity? (Mass of the sun = 2 1030 kg).
Answer :
Answer: Yes
A body gets stuck to the surface of a star if the inward gravitational force is greater than the outward
centrifugal force caused by the rotation of the star.
Gravitational force, fg
Where,
M = Mass of the star = 2.5 2 1030 = 5 1030 kg
m = Mass of the body
R = Radius of the star = 12 km = 1.2 104 m
Answer :
Potential energy of the spaceship due to the gravitational attraction of the Sun
Question 8.25:
A rocket is fired vertically from the surface of mars with a speed of 2 km s1. If 20% of its initial
energy is lost due to Martian atmospheric resistance, how far will the rocket go from the surface of
mars before returning to it? Mass of mars = 6.4 1023 kg; radius of mars = 3395 km; G = 6.67 10 -
11
N m2 kg2.
Answer :
Answer :
(i)
Youngs modulus of the copper wire:
Answer :
(a) It is clear from the given graph that for stress 150 106 N/m2, strain is 0.002.
Youngs modulus, Y
Hence, Youngs modulus for the given material is 7.5 1010 N/m2.
(b) The yield strength of a material is the maximum stress that the material can sustain without
crossing the elastic limit.
It is clear from the given graph that the approximate yield strength of this material is 300
106 Nm/2or 3 108 N/m2.
Question 9.3:
The stress-strain graphs for materials A and B are shown in Fig. 9.12.
Answer :
Youngs modulus
For a given strain, if the stress for a material is more, then Youngs modulus is also greater for that
material. Therefore, Youngs modulus for material A is greater than it is for material B.
(b) The amount of stress required for fracturing a material, corresponding to its fracture point, gives
the strength of that material. Fracture point is the extreme point in a stress-strain curve. It can be
observed that material A can withstand more strain than material B. Hence, material A is stronger
than material B.
Question 9.4:
Read the following two statements below carefully and state, with reasons, if it is true or false.
(a) The Youngs modulus of rubber is greater than that of steel;
(b) The stretching of a coil is determined by its shear modulus.
Answer :
Answer: (a) False (b) True
(a) For a given stress, the strain in rubber is more than it is in steel.
Youngs modulus,
Answer :
Where,
L1 = Change in the length of the steel wire
Answer :
= 3.92 107 m
The vertical deflection of this face of the cube is 3.92 10 7 m.
Question 9.7:
Four identical hollow cylindrical columns of mild steel support a big structure of mass 50,000 kg. The
inner and outer radii of each column are 30 cm and 60 cm respectively. Assuming the load
distribution to be uniform, calculate the compressional strain of each column.
Answer :
Youngs modulus, Y
Where,
Area, A = (R2 r2) = ((0.6)2 (0.3)2)
= 7.22 107
Hence, the compressional strain of each column is 7.22 10 7.
Question 9.8:
A piece of copper having a rectangular cross-section of 15.2 mm 19.1 mm is pulled in tension with
44,500 N force, producing only elastic deformation. Calculate the resulting strain?
Answer :
Modulus of elasticity,
= 3.65 103
Question 9.9:
A steel cable with a radius of 1.5 cm supports a chairlift at a ski area. If the maximum stress is not to
exceed 108 N m2, what is the maximum load the cable can support?
Answer :
Maximum stress =
Maximum force = Maximum stress Area of cross-section
= 108 (0.015)2
= 7.065 104 N
Hence, the cable can support the maximum load of 7.065 10 4 N.
Question 9.10:
A rigid bar of mass 15 kg is supported symmetrically by three wires each 2.0 m long. Those at each
end are of copper and the middle one is of iron. Determine the ratio of their diameters if each is to
have the same tension.
Answer :
The tension force acting on each wire is the same. Thus, the extension in each case is the same.
Since the wires are of the same length, the strain will also be the same.
The relation for Youngs modulus is given as:
Where,
F = Tension force
A = Area of cross-section
d = Diameter of the wire
Question 9.11:
A 14.5 kg mass, fastened to the end of a steel wire of unstretched length 1.0 m, is whirled in a
vertical circle with an angular velocity of 2 rev/s at the bottom of the circle. The cross-sectional area
of the wire is 0.065 cm2. Calculate the elongation of the wire when the mass is at the lowest point of
its path.
Answer :
Mass, m = 14.5 kg
Length of the steel wire, l = 1.0 m
Angular velocity, = 2 rev/s = 2 2 rad/s = 12.56 rad/s
Cross-sectional area of the wire, a = 0.065 cm2 = 0.065 10-4 m2
Let l be the elongation of the wire when the mass is at the lowest point of its path.
When the mass is placed at the position of the vertical circle, the total force on the mass is:
F = mg + ml2
= 14.5 9.8 + 14.5 1 (12.56) 2
= 2429.53 N
Youngs modulus for steel = 2 1011 Pa
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
Where,
Hence, the fractional change in the volume of the glass slab is 2.73 105.
Question 9.15:
Determine the volume contraction of a solid copper cube, 10 cm on an edge, when subjected to a
hydraulic pressure of 7.0 106 Pa.
Answer :
= Volumetric strain
V = Change in volume
V = Original volume.
Answer :
Volume of water, V = 1 L
It is given that water is to be compressed by 0.10%.
Therefore, the pressure on water should be 2.2 106 Nm2.
Question 9.17:
Anvils made of single crystals of diamond, with the shape as shown in Fig. 9.14, are used to
investigate behaviour of materials under very high pressures. Flat faces at the narrow end of the
anvil have a diameter of 0.50 mm, and the wide ends are subjected to a compressional force of
50,000 N. What is the pressure at the tip of the anvil?
Answer :
Answer :
Where,
F1 = Force exerted on the steel wire
F2 = Force exerted on the aluminum wire
In order to produce an equal stress in the two wires, the mass should be suspended at a distance of
0.7 m from the end where wire A is attached.
(b)
(iii)
Using equations (iii) and (iv), we get:
In order to produce an equal strain in the two wires, the mass should be suspended at a distance of
0.432 m from the end where wire A is attached.
Question 9.19:
A mild steel wire of length 1.0 m and cross-sectional area 0.50 10 2 cm2 is stretched, well within its
elastic limit, horizontally between two pillars. A mass of 100 g is suspended from the mid-point of the
wire. Calculate the depression at the midpoint.
Answer :
XO = OZ =
Answer :
Answer :
Therefore, the change in volume of the ball on reaching the bottom of the trench is 2.2 10 4 m3.
Question 10.1:
Explain why
(a) The blood pressure in humans is greater at the feet than at the brain
(b) Atmospheric pressure at a height of about 6 km decreases to nearly half of its value at the sea
level, though the height of the atmosphere is more than 100 km
(c) Hydrostatic pressure is a scalar quantity even though pressure is force divided by area.
Answer :
Question 10.2:
Explain why
(a) The angle of contact of mercury with glass is obtuse, while that of water with glass is acute.
(b) Water on a clean glass surface tends to spread out while mercury on the same surface tends to
form drops. (Put differently, water wets glass while mercury does not.)
(c) Surface tension of a liquid is independent of the area of the surface
(d) Water with detergent dissolved in it should have small angles of contact.
(e) A drop of liquid under no external forces is always spherical in shape
Answer :
(a) The angle between the tangent to the liquid surface at the point of contact and the surface inside
the liquid is called the angle of contact (), as shown in the given figure.
Sla, Ssa, and Ssl are the respective interfacial tensions between the liquid-air, solid-air, and solid-liquid
interfaces. At the line of contact, the surface forces between the three media must be in equilibrium,
i.e.,
The angle of contact , is obtuse if Ssa < Sla (as in the case of mercury on glass). This angle is acute
if Ssl < Sla (as in the case of water on glass).
(b) Mercury molecules (which make an obtuse angle with glass) have a strong force of attraction
between themselves and a weak force of attraction toward solids. Hence, they tend to form drops.
On the other hand, water molecules make acute angles with glass. They have a weak force of
attraction between themselves and a strong force of attraction toward solids. Hence, they tend to
spread out.
(c) Surface tension is the force acting per unit length at the interface between the plane of a liquid
and any other surface. This force is independent of the area of the liquid surface. Hence, surface
tension is also independent of the area of the liquid surface.
(d) Water with detergent dissolved in it has small angles of contact (). This is because for a small ,
there is a fast capillary rise of the detergent in the cloth. The capillary rise of a liquid is directly
proportional to the cosine of the angle of contact (). If is small, then cos will be large and the rise
of the detergent water in the cloth will be fast.
(e) A liquid tends to acquire the minimum surface area because of the presence of surface tension.
The surface area of a sphere is the minimum for a given volume. Hence, under no external forces,
liquid drops always take spherical shape.
Question 10.3:
Fill in the blanks using the word(s) from the list appended with each statement:
(a) Surface tension of liquids generally . . . with temperatures (increases / decreases)
(b) Viscosity of gases. .. with temperature, whereas viscosity of liquids . . . with temperature
(increases / decreases)
(c) For solids with elastic modulus of rigidity, the shearing force is proportional to . . . , while for fluids
it is proportional to . .. (shear strain / rate of shear strain)
(d) For a fluid in a steady flow, the increase in flow speed at a constriction follows (conservation of
mass / Bernoullis principle)
(e) For the model of a plane in a wind tunnel, turbulence occurs at a ... speed for turbulence for an
actual plane (greater / smaller)
Answer :
(a) decreases
The surface tension of a liquid is inversely proportional to temperature.
(b) increases; decreases
Most fluids offer resistance to their motion. This is like internal mechanical friction, known as
viscosity. Viscosity of gases increases with temperature, while viscosity of liquids decreases with
temperature.
(c) Shear strain; Rate of shear strain
With reference to the elastic modulus of rigidity for solids, the shearing force is proportional to the
shear strain. With reference to the elastic modulus of rigidity for fluids, the shearing force is
proportional to the rate of shear strain.
(d) Conservation of mass/Bernoullis principle
For a steady-flowing fluid, an increase in its flow speed at a constriction follows the conservation of
mass/Bernoullis principle.
(e) Greater
For the model of a plane in a wind tunnel, turbulence occurs at a greater speed than it does for an
actual plane. This follows from Bernoullis principle and different Reynolds numbers are associated
with the motions of the two planes.
Question 10.4:
Explain why
(a) To keep a piece of paper horizontal, you should blow over, not under, it
(b) When we try to close a water tap with our fingers, fast jets of water gush through the openings
between our fingers
(c) The size of the needle of a syringe controls flow rate better than the thumb pressure exerted by a
doctor while administering an injection
(d) A fluid flowing out of a small hole in a vessel results in a backward thrust on the vessel
(e) A spinning cricket ball in air does not follow a parabolic trajectory
Answer :
(a) When air is blown under a paper, the velocity of air is greater under the paper than it is above it.
As per Bernoullis principle, atmospheric pressure reduces under the paper. This makes the paper
fall. To keep a piece of paper horizontal, one should blow over it. This increases the velocity of air
above the paper. As per Bernoullis principle, atmospheric pressure reduces above the paper and
the paper remains horizontal.
(b) According to the equation of continuity:
Area Velocity = Constant
For a smaller opening, the velocity of flow of a fluid is greater than it is when the opening is bigger.
When we try to close a tap of water with our fingers, fast jets of water gush through the openings
between our fingers. This is because very small openings are left for the water to flow out of the
pipe. Hence, area and velocity are inversely proportional to each other.
(c) The small opening of a syringe needle controls the velocity of the blood flowing out. This is
because of the equation of continuity. At the constriction point of the syringe system, the flow rate
suddenly increases to a high value for a constant thumb pressure applied.
(d) When a fluid flows out from a small hole in a vessel, the vessel receives a backward thrust. A
fluid flowing out from a small hole has a large velocity according to the equation of continuity:
Area Velocity = Constant
According to the law of conservation of momentum, the vessel attains a backward velocity because
there are no external forces acting on the system.
(e) A spinning cricket ball has two simultaneous motions rotatory and linear. These two types of
motion oppose the effect of each other. This decreases the velocity of air flowing below the ball.
Hence, the pressure on the upper side of the ball becomes lesser than that on the lower side. An
upward force acts upon the ball. Therefore, the ball takes a curved path. It does not follow a
parabolic path.
Question 10.5:
A 50 kg girl wearing high heel shoes balances on a single heel. The heel is circular with a diameter
1.0 cm. What is the pressure exerted by the heel on the horizontal floor?
Answer :
Answer :
10.5 m
Density of mercury, 1 = 13.6 103 kg/m3
Height of the mercury column, h1 = 0.76 m
Density of French wine, 2 = 984 kg/m3
Height of the French wine column = h2
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
The pressure in both the columns is equal, i.e.,
Pressure in the mercury column = Pressure in the French wine column
= 10.5 m
Hence, the height of the French wine column for normal atmospheric pressure is 10.5 m.
Question 10.7:
A vertical off-shore structure is built to withstand a maximum stress of 10 9 Pa. Is the structure
suitable for putting up on top of an oil well in the ocean? Take the depth of the ocean to be roughly 3
km, and ignore ocean currents.
Answer :
Answer: Yes
The maximum allowable stress for the structure, P = 109 Pa
Depth of the ocean, d = 3 km = 3 103 m
Density of water, = 103 kg/m3
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
The pressure exerted because of the sea water at depth, d = dg
= 3 103 103 9.8
= 2.94 107 Pa
The maximum allowable stress for the structure (109 Pa) is greater than the pressure of the sea
water (2.94 107 Pa). The pressure exerted by the ocean is less than the pressure that the structure
can withstand. Hence, the structure is suitable for putting up on top of an oil well in the ocean.
Question 10.8:
A hydraulic automobile lift is designed to lift cars with a maximum mass of 3000 kg. The area of
cross-section of the piston carrying the load is 425 cm2. What maximum pressure would the smaller
piston have to bear?
Answer :
= 6.917 105 Pa
Pressure is transmitted equally in all directions in a liquid. Therefore, the maximum pressure that the
smaller piston would have to bear is 6.917 105 Pa.
Question 10.9:
A U-tube contains water and methylated spirit separated by mercury. The mercury columns in the
two arms are in level with 10.0 cm of water in one arm and 12.5 cm of spirit in the other. What is the
specific gravity of spirit?
Answer :
The given system of water, mercury, and methylated spirit is shown as follows:
Height of the spirit column, h1 = 12.5 cm = 0.125 m
Height of the water column, h2 = 10 cm = 0.1 m
P0 = Atmospheric pressure
1 = Density of spirit
2 = Density of water
Pressure at point B =
Pressure at point D =
Pressure at points B and D is the same.
Answer :
Answer :
Answer: No
Bernoullis equation cannot be used to describe the flow of water through a rapid in a river because
of the turbulent flow of water. This principle can only be applied to a streamline flow.
Question 10.12:
Does it matter if one uses gauge instead of absolute pressures in applying Bernoullis equation?
Explain.
Answer :
Answer: No
It does not matter if one uses gauge pressure instead of absolute pressure while applying Bernoullis
equation. The two points where Bernoullis equation is applied should have significantly different
atmospheric pressures.
Question 10.13:
Glycerine flows steadily through a horizontal tube of length 1.5 m and radius 1.0 cm. If the amount of
glycerine collected per second at one end is 4.0 103 kg s1, what is the pressure difference
between the two ends of the tube? (Density of glycerine = 1.3 10 3 kg m3 and viscosity of glycerine
= 0.83 Pa s). [You may also like to check if the assumption of laminar flow in the tube is correct].
Answer :
= 3.08 106 m3 s1
According to Poisevilles formula, we have the relation for the rate of flow:
Where, p is the pressure difference between the two ends of the tube
= 9.8 102 Pa
Reynolds number is given by the relation:
Answer :
= 1512.87
= 1.51 103 N
Therefore, the lift on the wing of the aeroplane is 1.51 10 3 N.
Question 10.15:
Figures 10.23 (a) and (b) refer to the steady flow of a (non-viscous) liquid. Which of the two figures is
incorrect? Why?
Answer :
Answer: (a)
Take the case given in figure (b).
Where,
A1 = Area of pipe1
A2 = Area of pipe 2
V1 = Speed of the fluid in pipe1
V2 = Speed of the fluid in pipe 2
From the law of continuity, we have:
When the area of cross-section in the middle of the venturimeter is small, the speed of the flow of
liquid through this part is more. According to Bernoullis principle, if speed is more, then pressure is
less.
Pressure is directly proportional to height. Hence, the level of water in pipe 2 is less.
Therefore, figure (a) is not possible.
Question 10.16:
The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has a cross-section of 8.0 cm2 one end of which has 40 fine
holes each of diameter 1.0 mm. If the liquid flow inside the tube is 1.5 m min 1, what is the speed of
ejection of the liquid through the holes?
Answer :
= 0.633 m/s
Therefore, the speed of ejection of the liquid through the holes is 0.633 m/s.
Question 10.17:
A U-shaped wire is dipped in a soap solution, and removed. The thin soap film formed between the
wire and the light slider supports a weight of 1.5 102 N (which includes the small weight of the
slider). The length of the slider is 30 cm. What is the surface tension of the film?
Answer :
Surface tension,
=
Therefore, the surface tension of the film is 2.5 102 N m1.
Question 10.18:
Figure 10.24 (a) shows a thin liquid film supporting a small weight = 4.5 10 2 N. What is the weight
supported by a film of the same liquid at the same temperature in Fig. (b) and (c)? Explain your
answer physically.
Answer :
Surface tension
In all the three figures, the liquid is the same. Temperature is also the same for each case. Hence,
the surface tension in figure (b) and figure (c) is the same as in figure (a), i.e., 5.625 10 2 N m1.
Since the length of the film in all the cases is 40 cm, the weight supported in each case is 4.5 10
2
N.
Question 10.19:
What is the pressure inside the drop of mercury of radius 3.00 mm at room temperature? Surface
tension of mercury at that temperature (20C) is 4.65 10 1 N m1. The atmospheric pressure is 1.01
105 Pa. Also give the excess pressure inside the drop.
Answer :
Answer:
Radius of the mercury drop, r = 3.00 mm = 3 103 m
Surface tension of mercury, S = 4.65 101 N m1
Atmospheric pressure, P0 = 1.01 105 Pa
Total pressure inside the mercury drop
= Excess pressure inside mercury + Atmospheric pressure
= 1.0131 105
= 1.01 105 Pa
Excess pressure
= 310 Pa
Question 10.20:
What is the excess pressure inside a bubble of soap solution of radius 5.00 mm, given that the
surface tension of soap solution at the temperature (20 C) is 2.50 10 2 N m1? If an air bubble of
the same dimension were formed at depth of 40.0 cm inside a container containing the soap solution
(of relative density 1.20), what would be the pressure inside the bubble? (1 atmospheric pressure is
1.01 105 Pa).
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
Answer: Yes
Two vessels having the same base area have identical force and equal pressure acting on their
common base area. Since the shapes of the two vessels are different, the force exerted on the sides
of the vessels has non-zero vertical components. When these vertical components are added, the
total force on one vessel comes out to be greater than that on the other vessel. Hence, when these
vessels are filled with water to the same height, they give different readings on a weighing scale.
Question 10.24:
During blood transfusion the needle is inserted in a vein where the gauge pressure is 2000 Pa. At
what height must the blood container be placed so that blood may just enter the vein? [Use the
density of whole blood from Table 10.1].
Answer :
The blood may enter the vein if the blood container is kept at a height greater than 0.1925 m, i.e.,
about 0.2 m.
Question 10.25:
In deriving Bernoullis equation, we equated the work done on the fluid in the tube to its change in
the potential and kinetic energy. (a) What is the largest average velocity of blood flow in an artery of
diameter 2 103 m if the flow must remain laminar? (b) Do the dissipative forces become more
important as the fluid velocity increases? Discuss qualitatively.
Answer :
Answer :
R = r2
Answer :
Using Newtons force equation, we can obtain the mass (m) of the plane as:
4400 kg
Hence, the mass of the plane is about 4400 kg.
Question 10.28:
In Millikans oil drop experiment, what is the terminal speed of an uncharged drop of radius 2.0 10
5
m and density 1.2 103 kg m3? Take the viscosity of air at the temperature of the experiment to be
1.8 105 Pa s. How much is the viscous force on the drop at that speed? Neglect buoyancy of the
drop due to air.
Answer :
Answer :
Two narrow bores of diameters 3.0 mm and 6.0 mm are joined together to form a U-tube open at
both ends. If the U-tube contains water, what is the difference in its levels in the two limbs of the
tube? Surface tension of water at the temperature of the experiment is 7.3 10 2 N m1. Take the
angle of contact to be zero and density of water to be 1.0 10 3 kg m3 (g = 9.8 m s2).
Answer :
The difference between the levels of water in the two limbs of the tube can be calculated as:
Hence, the difference between levels of water in the two bores is 4.97 mm.
Question 10.31:
Answer :
(b)
Hence, the balloon will rise to a height of 8 km.
Question 11.1:
The triple points of neon and carbon dioxide are 24.57 K and 216.55 K respectively. Express these
temperatures on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.
Answer :
(ii)
For neon:
TK = 24.57 K
TC = 24.57 273.15 = 248.58C
Question 11.2:
Two absolute scales A and B have triple points of water defined to be 200 A and 350 B. What is the
relation between TA and TB?
Answer :
Answer :
It is given that:
R = R0 [1 + (T T0)] (i)
Where,
R0 and T0 are the initial resistance and temperature respectively
R and T are the final resistance and temperature respectively
is a constant
At the triple point of water, T0 = 273.15 K
Resistance of lead, R0 = 101.6
At normal melting point of lead, T = 600.5 K
Resistance of lead, R = 165.5
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get:
For resistance, R1 = 123.4
Question 11.4:
Answer the following:
(a) The triple-point of water is a standard fixed point in modern thermometry. Why? What is wrong in
taking the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water as standard fixed points (as was
originally done in the Celsius scale)?
(b) There were two fixed points in the original Celsius scale as mentioned above which were
assigned the number 0 C and 100 C respectively. On the absolute scale, one of the fixed points is
the triple-point of water, which on the Kelvin absolute scale is assigned the number 273.16 K. What
is the other fixed point on this (Kelvin) scale?
(c) The absolute temperature (Kelvin scale) T is related to the temperature tc on the Celsius scale by
tc = T 273.15
Why do we have 273.15 in this relation, and not 273.16?
(d) What is the temperature of the triple-point of water on an absolute scale whose unit interval size
is equal to that of the Fahrenheit scale?
Answer :
(a) The triple point of water has a unique value of 273.16 K. At particular values of volume and
pressure, the triple point of water is always 273.16 K. The melting point of ice and boiling point of
water do not have particular values because these points depend on pressure and temperature.
(b) The absolute zero or 0 K is the other fixed point on the Kelvin absolute scale.
(c) The temperature 273.16 K is the triple point of water. It is not the melting point of ice. The
temperature 0C on Celsius scale is the melting point of ice. Its corresponding value on Kelvin scale
is 273.15 K.
Hence, absolute temperature (Kelvin scale) T, is related to temperature tc, on Celsius scale as:
tc = T 273.15
(d) Let TF be the temperature on Fahrenheit scale and TK be the temperature on absolute scale.
Both the temperatures can be related as:
Let TF1 be the temperature on Fahrenheit scale and TK1 be the temperature on absolute scale. Both
the temperatures can be related as:
It is given that:
TK1 TK = 1 K
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get:
(a) What is the absolute temperature of normal melting point of sulphur as read by thermometers
Aand B?
(b) What do you think is the reason behind the slight difference in answers of thermometers Aand B?
(The thermometers are not faulty). What further procedure is needed in the experiment to reduce the
discrepancy between the two readings?
Answer :
(a) Triple point of water, T = 273.16 K.
At this temperature, pressure in thermometer A, PA = 1.250 105 Pa
Let T1 be the normal melting point of sulphur.
At this temperature, pressure in thermometer A, P1 = 1.797 105 Pa
According to Charles law, we have the relation:
= 392.69 K
Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by thermometer A
is 392.69 K.
At triple point 273.16 K, the pressure in thermometer B, PB = 0.200 105 Pa
At temperature T1, the pressure in thermometer B, P2 = 0.287 105 Pa
According to Charles law, we can write the relation:
Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by thermometer
B is 391.98 K.
(b) The oxygen and hydrogen gas present in thermometers A and B respectively are not perfect
ideal gases. Hence, there is a slight difference between the readings of thermometers A and B.
To reduce the discrepancy between the two readings, the experiment should be carried under low
pressure conditions. At low pressure, these gases behave as perfect ideal gases.
Question 11.6:
A steel tape 1m long is correctly calibrated for a temperature of 27.0 C. The length of a steel rod
measured by this tape is found to be 63.0 cm on a hot day when the temperature is 45.0 C. What is
the actual length of the steel rod on that day? What is the length of the same steel rod on a day
when the temperature is 27.0 C? Coefficient of linear expansion of steel = 1.20 10 5 K1.
Answer :
Hence, the actual length of the steel rod measured by the steel tape at 45C can be calculated as:
= 63.0136 cm
Therefore, the actual length of the rod at 45.0C is 63.0136 cm. Its length at 27.0C is 63.0 cm.
Question 11.7:
A large steel wheel is to be fitted on to a shaft of the same material. At 27 C, the outer diameter of
the shaft is 8.70 cm and the diameter of the central hole in the wheel is 8.69 cm. The shaft is cooled
using dry ice. At what temperature of the shaft does the wheel slip on the shaft? Assume coefficient
of linear expansion of the steel to be constant over the required temperature range: steel = 1.20 10
5
K1.
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
Where,
F = Tension developed in the wire
A = Area of cross-section of the wire.
L = Change in the length, given by the relation:
L = L(T2 T1) (ii)
Equating equations (i) and (ii), we get:
Answer :
Answer :
= Initial density at T1
= Final density at T2
Where,
Answer :
Answer :
Hence, the maximum amount of ice that can melt is 1.45 kg.
Question 11.14:
In an experiment on the specific heat of a metal, a 0.20 kg block of the metal at 150 C is dropped in
a copper calorimeter (of water equivalent 0.025 kg) containing 150 cm3 of water at 27 C. The final
temperature is 40 C. Compute the specific heat of the metal. If heat losses to the surroundings are
not negligible, is your answer greater or smaller than the actual value for specific heat of the metal?
Answer :
If some heat is lost to the surroundings, then the value of C will be smaller than the actual value.
Question 11.15:
Given below are observations on molar specific heats at room temperature of some common gases.
Hydrogen 4.87
Nitrogen 4.97
Oxygen 5.02
Chlorine 6.17
The measured molar specific heats of these gases are markedly different from those for monatomic
gases. Typically, molar specific heat of a monatomic gas is 2.92 cal/mol K. Explain this difference.
What can you infer from the somewhat larger (than the rest) value for chlorine?
Answer :
The gases listed in the given table are diatomic. Besides the translational degree of freedom, they
have other degrees of freedom (modes of motion).
Heat must be supplied to increase the temperature of these gases. This increases the average
energy of all the modes of motion. Hence, the molar specific heat of diatomic gases is more than
that of monatomic gases.
If only rotational mode of motion is considered, then the molar specific heat of a diatomic
With the exception of chlorine, all the observations in the given table agree with . This is
because at room temperature, chlorine also has vibrational modes of motion besides rotational and
translational modes of motion.
Question 11.16:
Answer the following questions based on the P-T phase diagram of carbon dioxide:
(a) At what temperature and pressure can the solid, liquid and vapour phases of CO 2 co-exist in
equilibrium?
(b) What is the effect of decrease of pressure on the fusion and boiling point of CO 2?
(c) What are the critical temperature and pressure for CO2? What is their significance?
(d) Is CO2 solid, liquid or gas at (a) 70 C under 1 atm, (b) 60 C under 10 atm, (c) 15 C under 56
atm?
Answer :
(a) The P-T phase diagram for CO2 is shown in the following figure.
C is the triple point of the CO2 phase diagram. This means that at the temperature and pressure
corresponding to this point (i.e., at 56.6C and 5.11 atm), the solid, liquid, and vaporous phases of
CO2 co-exist in equilibrium.
(b) The fusion and boiling points of CO2 decrease with a decrease in pressure.
(c) The critical temperature and critical pressure of CO2 are 31.1C and 73 atm respectively. Even if
it is compressed to a pressure greater than 73 atm, CO2 will not liquefy above the critical
temperature.
(d) It can be concluded from the P-T phase diagram of CO2 that:
(a) CO2 is gaseous at 70C, under 1 atm pressure
(b) CO2 is solid at 60C, under 10 atm pressure
(c) CO2 is liquid at 15C, under 56 atm pressure
Question 11.17:
Answer the following questions based on the PT phase diagram of CO2:
(a) CO2 at 1 atm pressure and temperature 60 C is compressed isothermally. Does it go through a
liquid phase?
(b) What happens when CO2 at 4 atm pressure is cooled from room temperature at constant
pressure?
(c) Describe qualitatively the changes in a given mass of solid CO 2 at 10 atm pressure and
temperature 65 C as it is heated up to room temperature at constant pressure.
(d) CO2 is heated to a temperature 70 C and compressed isothermally. What changes in its
properties do you expect to observe?
Answer :
Answer:
(a) No
(b) It condenses to solid directly.
(c) The fusion and boiling points are given by the intersection point where this parallel line cuts the
fusion and vaporisation curves.
(d) It departs from ideal gas behaviour as pressure increases.
Explanation:
(a) The P-T phase diagram for CO2 is shown in the following figure.
At 1 atm pressure and at 60C, CO2 lies to the left of 56.6C (triple point C). Hence, it lies in the
region of vaporous and solid phases.
Thus, CO2 condenses into the solid state directly, without going through the liquid state.
(b) At 4 atm pressure, CO2 lies below 5.11 atm (triple point C). Hence, it lies in the region of
vaporous and solid phases. Thus, it condenses into the solid state directly, without passing through
the liquid state.
(c) When the temperature of a mass of solid CO2 (at 10 atm pressure and at 65C) is increased, it
changes to the liquid phase and then to the vaporous phase. It forms a line parallel to the
temperature axis at 10 atm. The fusion and boiling points are given by the intersection point where
this parallel line cuts the fusion and vaporisation curves.
(d) If CO2 is heated to 70C and compressed isothermally, then it will not exhibit any transition to the
liquid state. This is because 70C is higher than the critical temperature of CO 2. It will remain in the
vapour state, but will depart from its ideal behaviour as pressure increases.
Question 11.18:
A child running a temperature of 101F is given an antipyrin (i.e. a medicine that lowers fever) which
causes an increase in the rate of evaporation of sweat from his body. If the fever is brought down to
98 F in 20 min, what is the average rate of extra evaporation caused, by the drug? Assume the
evaporation mechanism to be the only way by which heat is lost. The mass of the child is 30 kg. The
specific heat of human body is approximately the same as that of water, and latent heat of
evaporation of water at that temperature is about 580 cal g1.
Answer :
Change in temperature, T = C
Time taken to reduce the temperature, t = 20 min
Mass of the child, m = 30 kg = 30 103 g
Specific heat of the human body = Specific heat of water = c
= 1000 cal/kg/ C
Latent heat of evaporation of water, L = 580 cal g1
The heat lost by the child is given as:
Let m1 be the mass of the water evaporated from the childs body in 20 min.
Loss of heat through water is given by:
Average rate of extra evaporation caused by the drug
Question 11.19:
A thermacole icebox is a cheap and efficient method for storing small quantities of cooked food in
summer in particular. A cubical icebox of side 30 cm has a thickness of 5.0 cm. If 4.0 kg of ice is put
in the box, estimate the amount of ice remaining after 6 h. The outside temperature is 45 C, and co-
efficient of thermal conductivity of thermacole is 0.01 J s1 m1 K1. [Heat of fusion of water = 335
103 J kg1]
Answer :
Where,
A = Surface area of the box = 6s2 = 6 (0.3)2 = 0.54 m3
Mass of ice left = 4 0.313 = 3.687 kg
Hence, the amount of ice remaining after 6 h is 3.687 kg.
Question 11.20:
A brass boiler has a base area of 0.15 m2 and thickness 1.0 cm. It boils water at the rate of 6.0
kg/min when placed on a gas stove. Estimate the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with
the boiler. Thermal conductivity of brass = 109 J s 1 m1 K1; Heat of vaporisation of water = 2256
103 J kg1.
Answer :
Where,
T1 = Temperature of the flame in contact with the boiler
T2 = Boiling point of water = 100C
Heat required for boiling the water:
= mL (ii)
Equating equations (i) and (ii), we get:
Therefore, the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boiler is 237.98C
Question 11.21:
Explain why:
(a) a body with large reflectivity is a poor emitter
(b) a brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day
(c) an optical pyrometer (for measuring high temperatures) calibrated for an ideal black body
radiation gives too low a value for the temperature of a red hot iron piece in the open, but gives a
correct value for the temperature when the same piece is in the furnace
(d) the earth without its atmosphere would be inhospitably cold
(e) heating systems based on circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than
those based on circulation of hot water
Answer :
(a) A body with a large reflectivity is a poor absorber of light radiations. A poor absorber will in turn
be a poor emitter of radiations. Hence, a body with a large reflectivity is a poor emitter.
(b) Brass is a good conductor of heat. When one touches a brass tumbler, heat is conducted from
the body to the brass tumbler easily. Hence, the temperature of the body reduces to a lower value
and one feels cooler.
Wood is a poor conductor of heat. When one touches a wooden tray, very little heat is conducted
from the body to the wooden tray. Hence, there is only a negligible drop in the temperature of the
body and one does not feel cool.
Thus, a brass tumbler feels colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day.
(c) An optical pyrometer calibrated for an ideal black body radiation gives too low a value for
temperature of a red hot iron piece kept in the open.
Black body radiation equation is given by:
Where,
E = Energy radiation
T = Temperature of optical pyrometer
To = Temperature of open space
= Constant
Hence, an increase in the temperature of open space reduces the radiation energy.
When the same piece of iron is placed in a furnace, the radiation energy, E = T4
(d) Without its atmosphere, earth would be inhospitably cold. In the absence of atmospheric gases,
no extra heat will be trapped. All the heat would be radiated back from earths surface.
(e) A heating system based on the circulation of steam is more efficient in warming a building than
that based on the circulation of hot water. This is because steam contains surplus heat in the form of
latent heat (540 cal/g).
Question 11.22:
A body cools from 80 C to 50 C in 5 minutes. Calculate the time it takes to cool from 60 C to 30
C. The temperature of the surroundings is 20 C.
Answer :
Where,
Temperature of the body = T
Temperature of the surroundings = T0 = 20C
K is a constant
Temperature of the body falls from 80C to 50C in time, t = 5 min = 300 s
Integrating equation (i), we get:
Therefore, the time taken to cool the body from 60C to 30C is 10 minutes.
Question 12.1:
A geyser heats water flowing at the rate of 3.0 litres per minute from 27 C to 77 C. If the geyser
operates on a gas burner, what is the rate of consumption of the fuel if its heat of combustion is 4.0
104 J/g?
Answer :
Answer :
Number of moles,
Answer :
(a) When two bodies at different temperatures T1 and T2 are brought in thermal contact, heat flows
from the body at the higher temperature to the body at the lower temperature till equilibrium is
achieved, i.e., the temperatures of both the bodies become equal. The equilibrium temperature is
equal to the mean temperature (T1 + T2)/2 only when the thermal capacities of both the bodies are
equal.
(b) The coolant in a chemical or nuclear plant should have a high specific heat. This is because
higher the specific heat of the coolant, higher is its heat-absorbing capacity and vice versa. Hence, a
liquid having a high specific heat is the best coolant to be used in a nuclear or chemical plant. This
would prevent different parts of the plant from getting too hot.
(c) When a car is in motion, the air temperature inside the car increases because of the motion of
the air molecules. According to Charles law, temperature is directly proportional to pressure. Hence,
if the temperature inside a tyre increases, then the air pressure in it will also increase.
(d) A harbour town has a more temperate climate (i.e., without the extremes of heat or cold) than a
town located in a desert at the same latitude. This is because the relative humidity in a harbour town
is more than it is in a desert town.
Question 12.4:
A cylinder with a movable piston contains 3 moles of hydrogen at standard temperature and
pressure. The walls of the cylinder are made of a heat insulator, and the piston is insulated by having
a pile of sand on it. By what factor does the pressure of the gas increase if the gas is compressed to
half its original volume?
Answer :
The cylinder is completely insulated from its surroundings. As a result, no heat is exchanged
between the system (cylinder) and its surroundings. Thus, the process is adiabatic.
Initial pressure inside the cylinder = P1
Final pressure inside the cylinder = P2
Initial volume inside the cylinder = V1
Final volume inside the cylinder = V2
Ratio of specific heats, = 1.4
For an adiabatic process, we have:
Answer :
The work done (W) on the system while the gas changes from state A to state B is 22.3 J.
This is an adiabatic process. Hence, change in heat is zero.
Q = 0
W = 22.3 J (Since the work is done on the system)
From the first law of thermodynamics, we have:
Q = U + W
Where,
U = Change in the internal energy of the gas
U = Q W = ( 22.3 J)
U = + 22.3 J
When the gas goes from state A to state B via a process, the net heat absorbed by the system is:
Q = 9.35 cal = 9.35 4.19 = 39.1765 J
Heat absorbed, Q = U + Q
W = Q U
= 39.1765 22.3
= 16.8765 J
Therefore, 16.88 J of work is done by the system.
Question 12.6:
Two cylinders A and B of equal capacity are connected to each other via a stopcock. A contains a
gas at standard temperature and pressure. B is completely evacuated. The entire system is
thermally insulated. The stopcock is suddenly opened. Answer the following:
(a) What is the final pressure of the gas in A and B?
(b) What is the change in internal energy of the gas?
(c) What is the change in the temperature of the gas?
(d) Do the intermediate states of the system (before settling to the final equilibrium state) lie on its P-
V-T surface?
Answer :
Answer:
(a) 0.5 atm
(b) Zero
(c) Zero
(d) No
Explanation:
(a) The volume available to the gas is doubled as soon as the stopcock between cylinders A and B is
opened. Since volume is inversely proportional to pressure, the pressure will decrease to one-half of
the original value. Since the initial pressure of the gas is 1 atm, the pressure in each cylinder will be
0.5 atm.
(b) The internal energy of the gas can change only when work is done by or on the gas. Since in this
case no work is done by or on the gas, the internal energy of the gas will not change.
(c) Since no work is being done by the gas during the expansion of the gas, the temperature of the
gas will not change at all.
(d) The given process is a case of free expansion. It is rapid and cannot be controlled. The
intermediate states do not satisfy the gas equation and since they are in non-equilibrium states, they
do not lie on the P-V-T surface of the system.
Question 12.7:
A steam engine delivers 5.4108 J of work per minute and services 3.6 109 J of heat per minute
from its boiler. What is the efficiency of the engine? How much heat is wasted per minute?
Answer :
Answer :
Heat is supplied to the system at a rate of 100 W.
Heat supplied, Q = 100 J/s
The system performs at a rate of 75 J/s.
Work done, W = 75 J/s
From the first law of thermodynamics, we have:
Q=U+W
Where,
U = Internal energy
U = Q W
= 100 75
= 25 J/s
= 25 W
Therefore, the internal energy of the given electric heater increases at a rate of 25 W.
Question 12.9:
A thermodynamic system is taken from an original state to an intermediate state by the linear
process shown in Fig. (12.13)
Its volume is then reduced to the original value from E to F by an isobaric process. Calculate the
total work done by the gas from D to E to F
Answer :
Area of DEF =
Where,
DF = Change in pressure
= 600 N/m2 300 N/m2
= 300 N/m2
FE = Change in volume
= 5.0 m3 2.0 m3
= 3.0 m3
Area of DEF = = 450 J
Therefore, the total work done by the gas from D to E to F is 450 J.
Question 12.10:
A refrigerator is to maintain eatables kept inside at 9C. If room temperature is 36 C, calculate the
coefficient of performance.
Answer :
Coefficient of performance =
Question 13.1:
Estimate the fraction of molecular volume to the actual volume occupied by oxygen gas at STP. Take
the diameter of an oxygen molecule to be 3.
Answer :
Answer :
The ideal gas equation relating pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature (T) is given as:
PV = nRT
Where,
R is the universal gas constant = 8.314 J mol1 K1
n = Number of moles = 1
T = Standard temperature = 273 K
P = Standard pressure = 1 atm = 1.013 105 Nm2
= 0.0224 m3
= 22.4 litres
Hence, the molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 litres.
Question 13.3:
Figure 13.8 shows plot of PV/T versus Pfor 1.00103 kg of oxygen gas at two different
temperatures.
Answer :
(a) The dotted plot in the graph signifies the ideal behaviour of the gas, i.e., the ratio is
equal. R( is the number of moles and R is the universal gas constant) is a constant quality. It is not
dependent on the pressure of the gas.
(b) The dotted plot in the given graph represents an ideal gas. The curve of the gas at
temperatureT1 is closer to the dotted plot than the curve of the gas at temperature T2. A real gas
approaches the behaviour of an ideal gas when its temperature increases. Therefore, T1 > T2 is true
for the given plot.
(c) The value of the ratio PV/T, where the two curves meet, is R. This is because the ideal gas
equation is given as:
PV = RT
Where,
P is the pressure
T is the temperature
V is the volume
is the number of moles
R is the universal constant
Molecular mass of oxygen = 32.0 g
Mass of oxygen = 1 103 kg = 1 g
R = 8.314 J mole1 K1
1
= 0.26 J K
Therefore, the value of the ratio PV/T, where the curves meet on the y-axis, is
0.26 J K1.
(d) If we obtain similar plots for 1.00 103 kg of hydrogen, then we will not get the same value
ofPV/T at the point where the curves meet the y-axis. This is because the molecular mass of
hydrogen (2.02 u) is different from that of oxygen (32.0 u).
We have:
R = 8.314 J mole1 K1
Molecular mass (M) of H2 = 2.02 u
m = Mass of H2
Answer :
= 18.276
But,
Where,
m1 = Initial mass of oxygen
M = Molecular mass of oxygen = 32 g
m1 = n1M = 18.276 32 = 584.84 g
After some oxygen is withdrawn from the cylinder, the pressure and temperature reduces.
Volume, V2 = 30 litres = 30 103 m3
Gauge pressure, P2 = 11 atm = 11 1.013 105 Pa
Temperature, T2 = 17C = 290 K
Let n2 be the number of moles of oxygen left in the cylinder.
The gas equation is given as:
P2V2 = n2RT2
= 13.86
But,
Where,
m2 is the mass of oxygen remaining in the cylinder
m2 = n2M = 13.86 32 = 453.1 g
The mass of oxygen taken out of the cylinder is given by the relation:
Initial mass of oxygen in the cylinder Final mass of oxygen in the cylinder
= m1 m2
= 584.84 g 453.1 g
= 131.74 g
= 0.131 kg
Therefore, 0.131 kg of oxygen is taken out of the cylinder.
Question 13.5:
An air bubble of volume 1.0 cm3 rises from the bottom of a lake 40 m deep at a temperature of 12
C. To what volume does it grow when it reaches the surface, which is at a temperature of 35 C?
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
= 1.241 1019 J
Hence, the average thermal energy of a helium atom on the surface of the sun is 1.241 10 19 J.
(iii) At temperature, T = 107 K
= 2.07 1016 J
Hence, the average thermal energy of a helium atom at the core of a star is 2.07 1016 J.
Question 13.8:
Three vessels of equal capacity have gases at the same temperature and pressure. The first vessel
contains neon (monatomic), the second contains chlorine (diatomic), and the third contains uranium
hexafluoride (polyatomic). Do the vessels contain equal number of respective molecules? Is the root
mean square speed of molecules the same in the three cases? If not, in which case is vrms the
largest?
Answer :
Answer :
(i)
Where,
R is the universal gas constant
TAr is temperature of argon gas
The rms speed of helium is given by:
(ii)
It is given that:
(vrms)Ar = (vrms)He
Answer :
Where,
R is the universal gas constant = 8.314 J mole 1 K1
= 508.26 m/s
The mean free path (l) is given by the relation:
Where,
k is the Boltzmann constant = 1.38 1023 kg m2 s2K1
= 1.11 107 m
Collision frequency
= 4.58 109 s1
Collision time is given as:
= 3.93 1013 s
Time taken between successive collisions:
= 2.18 1010 s
Hence, the time taken between successive collisions is 500 times the time taken for a collision.
Question 13.11:
A metre long narrow bore held horizontally (and closed at one end) contains a 76 cm long mercury
thread, which traps a 15 cm column of air. What happens if the tube is held vertically with the open
end at the bottom?
Answer :
= 23.8 cm or 47.8 cm
Height cannot be negative. Hence, 23.8 cm of mercury will flow out from the bore and 52.2 cm of
mercury will remain in it. The length of the air column will be 24 + 23.8 = 47.8 cm.
Question 13.12:
From a certain apparatus, the diffusion rate of hydrogen has an average value of 28.7 cm 3 s1. The
diffusion of another gas under the same conditions is measured to have an average rate of 7.2 cm 3s
1
. Identify the gas.
[Hint: Use Grahams law of diffusion: R1/R2 = (M2/M1)1/2, where R1, R2 are diffusion rates of gases 1
and 2, and M1 and M2 their respective molecular masses. The law is a simple consequence of kinetic
theory.]
Answer :
Where,
M1 is the molecular mass of hydrogen = 2.020 g
M2 is the molecular mass of the unknown gas
= 32.09 g
32 g is the molecular mass of oxygen. Hence, the unknown gas is oxygen.
Question 13.13:
A gas in equilibrium has uniform density and pressure throughout its volume. This is strictly true only
if there are no external influences. A gas column under gravity, for example, does not have uniform
density (and pressure). As you might expect, its density decreases with height. The precise
dependence is given by the so-called law of atmospheres
n2 = n1 exp [-mg (h2 h1)/ kBT]
Where n2, n1 refer to number density at heights h2 and h1 respectively. Use this relation to derive the
equation for sedimentation equilibrium of a suspension in a liquid column:
n2 = n1 exp [-mg NA( - P) (h2 h1)/ (RT)]
Where is the density of the suspended particle, and that of surrounding medium. [NA is
Avogadros number, and R the universal gas constant.] [Hint: Use Archimedes principle to find the
apparent weight of the suspended particle.]
Answer :
(iii)
Substituting equation (ii) in place of mg in equation (i) and then using equation (iii), we get:
n2 = n1 exp [-mg (h2 h1)/ kBT]
[Hint: Assume the atoms to be tightly packed in a solid or liquid phase, and use the known value of
Avogadros number. You should, however, not take the actual numbers you obtain for various atomic
sizes too literally. Because of the crudeness of the tight packing approximation, the results only
indicate that atomic sizes are in the range of a few ].
Answer :
Substance Radius ()
N=
For carbon:
M = 12.01 103 kg,
= 2.22 103 kg m3
= 1.29
Hence, the radius of a carbon atom is 1.29 .
For gold:
M = 197.00 103 kg
= 19.32 103 kg m3
= 1.59
Hence, the radius of a gold atom is 1.59 .
For liquid nitrogen:
M = 14.01 103 kg
= 1.00 103 kg m3
= 1.77
Hence, the radius of a liquid nitrogen atom is 1.77 .
For lithium:
M = 6.94 103 kg
= 0.53 103 kg m3
= 1.73
Hence, the radius of a lithium atom is 1.73 .
For liquid fluorine:
M = 19.00 103 kg
= 1.14 103 kg m3
= 1.88
Hence, the radius of a liquid fluorine atom is 1.88 .
Question 14.1:
Which of the following examples represent periodic motion?
(a) A swimmer completing one (return) trip from one bank of a river to the other and back.
(b) A freely suspended bar magnet displaced from its N-S direction and released.
(c) A hydrogen molecule rotating about its center of mass.
(d) An arrow released from a bow.
Answer :
Answer :
(c)
(d)
Answer :
Answer :
(a) SHM
The given function is:
This function represents simple harmonic motion because it can be written in the form:
Its period is:
(d) Periodic, but not SHM
The given function is . Each individual cosine function represents SHM.
However, the superposition of three simple harmonic motions is periodic, but not simple harmonic.
(e) Non-periodic motion
Answer :
Answer:
(a) Zero, Positive, Positive
(b) Zero, Negative, Negative
(c) Negative, Zero, Zero
(d) Negative, Negative, Negative
(e) Zero, Positive, Positive
(f) Negative, Negative, Negative
Explanation:
The given situation is shown in the following figure. Points A and B are the two end points, with AB =
10 cm. O is the midpoint of the path.
The particle is executing a simple harmonic motion. O is the mean position of the particle. Its velocity
at the mean position O is the maximum. The value for velocity is negative as the particle is directed
leftward. The acceleration and force of a particle executing SHM is zero at the mean position.
(d)
The particle is moving toward point O from the end B. This direction of motion is opposite to the
conventional positive direction, which is from A to B. Hence, the particles velocity and acceleration,
and the force on it are all negative.
(e)
The particle is moving toward point O from the end A. This direction of motion is from A to B, which is
the conventional positive direction. Hence, the values for velocity, acceleration, and force are all
positive.
(f)
Answer :
(c) A motion represents simple harmonic motion if it is governed by the force law:
F = kx
ma = k
Where,
F is the force
m is the mass (a constant for a body)
x is the displacement
a is the acceleration
k is a constant
Among the given equations, only equation a = 10 x is written in the above form with
Hence, this relation represents SHM.
Question 14.7:
The motion of a particle executing simple harmonic motion is described by the displacement
function,
x (t) = A cos (t + ).
If the initial (t = 0) position of the particle is 1 cm and its initial velocity is cm/s, what are its
amplitude and initial phase angle? The angular frequency of the particle is s 1. If instead of the
cosine function, we choose the sine function to describe the SHM: x = B sin (t + ), what are the
amplitude and initial phase of the particle with the above initial conditions.
Answer :
Initially, at t = 0:
Displacement, x = 1 cm
Initial velocity, v = cm/sec.
Angular frequency, = rad/s1
It is given that:
Velocity,
Substituting the given values, we get:
Question 14.8:
A spring balance has a scale that reads from 0 to 50 kg. The length of the scale is 20 cm. A body
suspended from this balance, when displaced and released, oscillates with a period of 0.6 s. What is
the weight of the body?
Answer :
Spring constant,
Mass m, is suspended from the balance.
Time period,
Determine (i) the frequency of oscillations, (ii) maximum acceleration of the mass, and (iii) the
maximum speed of the mass.
Answer :
Answer :
= 20 rad s1
(a) When the mass is at the mean position, initial phase is 0.
Displacement, x = Asin t
= 2sin 20t
(b) At the maximum stretched position, the mass is toward the extreme right. Hence, the initial phase
is .
Displacement,
= 2cos 20t
(c) At the maximum compressed position, the mass is toward the extreme left. Hence, the initial
phase is .
Displacement,
= 2cos 20t
The functions have the same frequency and amplitude (2 cm), but different initial phases
.
Question 14.11:
Figures 14.29 correspond to two circular motions. The radius of the circle, the period of revolution,
the initial position, and the sense of revolution (i.e. clockwise or anti-clockwise) are indicated on
each figure.
Obtain the corresponding simple harmonic motions of the x-projection of the radius vector of the
revolving particle P, in each case.
Answer :
Therefore, the equation of simple harmonic motion for the x-projection of OP, at time t, is given by
the displacement equation:
Question 14.12:
Plot the corresponding reference circle for each of the following simple harmonic motions. Indicate
the initial (t = 0) position of the particle, the radius of the circle, and the angular speed of the rotating
particle. For simplicity, the sense of rotation may be fixed to be anticlockwise in every case: (x is in
cm and t is in s).
(a) x = 2 sin (3t + /3)
(b) x = cos (/6 t)
(c) x = 3 sin (2t + /4)
(d) x = 2 cos t
Answer :
(a)
If this equation is compared with the standard SHM equation , then we get:
The motion of the particle can be plotted as shown in the following figure.
(b)
If this equation is compared with the standard SHM equation , then we get:
The motion of the particle can be plotted as shown in the following figure.
(c)
If this equation is compared with the standard SHM equation , then we get:
Amplitude, A = 3 cm
Angular velocity,
The motion of the particle can be plotted as shown in the following figure.
(d) x = 2 cos t
If this equation is compared with the standard SHM equation , then we get:
Amplitude, A = 2 cm
Phase angle, = 0
Angular velocity, = rad/s
The motion of the particle can be plotted as shown in the following figure.
Question 14.13:
Figure 14.30 (a) shows a spring of force constant k clamped rigidly at one end and a
mass mattached to its free end. A force F applied at the free end stretches the spring. Figure 14.30
(b) shows the same spring with both ends free and attached to a mass m at either end. Each end of
the spring in Fig. 14.30(b) is stretched by the same force F.
(a) What is the maximum extension of the spring in the two cases?
(b) If the mass in Fig. (a) and the two masses in Fig. (b) are released, what is the period of
oscillation in each case?
Answer :
Net force, F = +2 kx
It is negative because the direction of elastic force is opposite to the direction of displacement.
Where,
is angular frequency of the oscillation
It is negative because the direction of elastic force is opposite to the direction of displacement.
Where,
Angular frequency,
Time period,
Question 14.14:
The piston in the cylinder head of a locomotive has a stroke (twice the amplitude) of 1.0 m. If the
piston moves with simple harmonic motion with an angular frequency of 200 rad/min, what is its
maximum speed?
Answer :
Amplitude,
The maximum speed (vmax) of the piston is give by the relation:
Question 14.15:
The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is 1.7 ms 2. What is the time period of a
simple pendulum on the surface of moon if its time period on the surface of earth is 3.5 s? (g on the
surface of earth is 9.8 ms2)
Answer :
Where,
l is the length of the pendulum
Hence, the time period of the simple pendulum on the surface of moon is 8.4 s.
Question 14.16:
Answer the following questions:
(a) Time period of a particle in SHM depends on the force constant k and mass m of the particle:
. A simple pendulum executes SHM approximately. Why then is the time period of a
pendulum independent of the mass of the pendulum?
(b) The motion of a simple pendulum is approximately simple harmonic for small angle oscillations.
For larger angles of oscillation, a more involved analysis shows that T is greater than . Think
of a qualitative argument to appreciate this result.
(c) A man with a wristwatch on his hand falls from the top of a tower. Does the watch give correct
time during the free fall?
(d) What is the frequency of oscillation of a simple pendulum mounted in a cabinthat is freely falling
under gravity?
Answer :
= Constant
Hence, the time period T, of a simple pendulum is independent of the mass of the bob.
(b) In the case of a simple pendulum, the restoring force acting on the bob of the pendulum is given
as:
F = mg sin
Where,
F = Restoring force
m = Mass of the bob
g = Acceleration due to gravity
= Angle of displacement
For small , sin
For large , sin is greater than .
This decreases the effective value of g.
Hence, the time period increases as:
Answer :
The bob of the simple pendulum will experience the acceleration due to gravity and the centripetal
acceleration provided by the circular motion of the car.
Acceleration due to gravity = g
Centripetal acceleration
Where,
v is the uniform speed of the car
R is the radius of the track
Effective acceleration (aeff) is given as:
Time period,
Where, l is the length of the pendulum
Time period, T
Question 14.18:
Cylindrical piece of cork of density of base area A and height h floats in a liquid of density . The
cork is depressed slightly and then released. Show that the cork oscillates up and down simple
harmonically with a period
where is the density of cork. (Ignore damping due to viscosity of the liquid).
Answer :
Where, k is a constant
Where,
m = Mass of the cork
= Volume of the cork Density
= Base area of the cork Height of the cork Density of the cork
= Ah
Hence, the expression for the time period becomes:
Question 14.19:
One end of a U-tube containing mercury is connected to a suction pump and the other end to
atmosphere. A small pressure difference is maintained between the two columns. Show that, when
the suction pump is removed, the column of mercury in the U-tube executes simple harmonic
motion.
Answer :
k is a constant, given by
Time period,
Where,
m is the mass of the mercury column
Let l be the length of the total mercury in the U-tube.
Mass of mercury, m = Volume of mercury Density of mercury
= Al
Hence, the mercury column executes simple harmonic motion with time period .
Question 14.20:
An air chamber of volume V has a neck area of cross section a into which a ball of mass m just fits
and can move up and down without any friction (Fig.14.33). Show that when the ball is pressed
down a little and released, it executes SHM. Obtain an expression for the time period of oscillations
assuming pressure-volume variations of air to be isothermal [see Fig. 14.33].
Answer :
Time period,
Question 14.21:
You are riding in an automobile of mass 3000 kg. Assuming that you are examining the oscillation
characteristics of its suspension system. The suspension sags 15 cm when the entire automobile is
placed on it. Also, the amplitude of oscillation decreases by 50% during one complete oscillation.
Estimate the values of (a) the spring constant k and (b) the damping constant b for the spring and
shock absorber system of one wheel, assuming that each wheel supports 750 kg.
Answer :
Time period,
Where,
= 1351.58 kg/s
Therefore, the damping constant of the spring is 1351.58 kg/s.
Question 14.22:
Show that for a particle in linear SHM the average kinetic energy over a period of oscillation equals
the average potential energy over the same period.
Answer :
Where,
A = Amplitude of oscillation
= Angular frequency
The velocity of the particle is:
For time period T, the average kinetic energy over a single cycle is given as:
Answer :
= (10) (0.15)2
= 0.1125 kg m2
Time period,
is the torsional constant.
= 1.972 Nm/rad
Hence, the torsional spring constant of the wire is 1.972 Nm rad 1.
Question 14.24:
A body describes simple harmonic motion with amplitude of 5 cm and a period of 0.2 s. Find the
acceleration and velocity of the body when the displacement is (a) 5 cm, (b) 3 cm, (c) 0 cm.
Answer :
Amplitude, A = 5 cm = 0.05 m
Time period, T = 0.2 s
(a) For displacement, x = 5 cm = 0.05 m
Acceleration is given by:
a=
=0
When the displacement of the body is 5 cm, its acceleration is
52 m/s2 and velocity is 0.
(b) For displacement, x = 3 cm = 0.03 m
Acceleration is given by:
a=
Velocity is given by:
= 0.4 m/s
When the displacement of the body is 3 cm, its acceleration is 3 m/s2 and velocity is 0.4 m/s.
(c) For displacement, x = 0
Acceleration is given by:
a =0
Velocity is given by:
When the displacement of the body is 0, its acceleration is 0 and velocity is 0.5 m/s.
Question 14.25:
A mass attached to a spring is free to oscillate, with angular velocity , in a horizontal plane without
friction or damping. It is pulled to a distance x0 and pushed towards the centre with a velocity v0 at
time t = 0. Determine the amplitude of the resulting oscillations in terms of the parameters
, x0 andv0. [Hint: Start with the equation x = a cos (t+) and note that the initial velocity is
negative.]
Answer :
x=
Where,
A is the amplitude
x is the displacement
is the phase constant
Velocity,
At t = 0, x = x0
x0 = Acos = x0 (i)
And,
(ii)
Squaring and adding equations (i) and (ii), we get:
Question 15.1:
A string of mass 2.50 kg is under a tension of 200 N. The length of the stretched string is 20.0 m. If
the transverse jerk is struck at one end of the string, how long does the disturbance take to reach the
other end?
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :
T = v2
= (343)2 0.175 = 20588.575 2.06 104 N
Question 15.4:
Answer :
For one mole of an ideal gas, the gas equation can be written as:
PV = RT
P= (ii)
Substituting equation (ii) in equation (i), we get:
Where,
Mass, M = V is a constant
and R are also constants
We conclude from equation (iv) that .
Hence, the speed of sound in a gas is directly proportional to the square root of the temperature of
the gaseous medium, i.e., the speed of the sound increases with an increase in the temperature of
the gaseous medium and vice versa.
(c) Let be the speeds of sound in moist air and dry air respectively.
Let be the densities of moist air and dry air respectively.
Take the relation:
Hence, the speed of sound in moist air is:
However, the presence of water vapour reduces the density of air, i.e.,
Hence, the speed of sound in moist air is greater than it is in dry air. Thus, in a gaseous medium, the
speed of sound increases with humidity.
Question 15.5:
You have learnt that a travelling wave in one dimension is represented by a function y = f (x,
t)where xand t must appear in the combination x v t or x + v t, i.e. y = f (x v t). Is the converse
true? Examine if the following functions for y can possibly represent a travelling wave:
(a) (x vt)2
(b)
(c)
Answer :
Answer: No;
(a) Does not represent a wave
(b) Represents a wave
(c) Does not represent a wave
The converse of the given statement is not true. The essential requirement for a function to
represent a travelling wave is that it should remain finite for all values of x and t.
Explanation:
(a) For x = 0 and t = 0, the function (x vt)2 becomes 0.
Hence, for x = 0 and t = 0, the function represents a point and not a wave.
(b) For x = 0 and t = 0, the function
Since the function does not converge to a finite value for x = 0 and t = 0, it represents a travelling
wave.
(c) For x = 0 and t = 0, the function
Since the function does not converge to a finite value for x = 0 and t = 0, it does not represent a
travelling wave.
Question 15.6:
A bat emits ultrasonic sound of frequency 1000 kHz in air. If the sound meets a water surface, what
is the wavelength of (a) the reflected sound, (b) the transmitted sound? Speed of sound in air is 340
m s1and in water 1486 m s1.
Answer :
= 1.49 103 m
Question 15.7:
A hospital uses an ultrasonic scanner to locate tumours in a tissue. What is the wavelength of sound
in the tissue in which the speed of sound is 1.7 km s1? The operating frequency of the scanner is
4.2 MHz.
Answer :
Where x and y are in cm and t in s. The positive direction of x is from left to right.
(a) Is this a travelling wave or a stationary wave?
If it is travelling, what are the speed and direction of its propagation?
(b) What are its amplitude and frequency?
(c) What is the initial phase at the origin?
(d) What is the least distance between two successive crests in the wave?
Answer :
Answer:
(a) Yes; Speed = 20 m/s, Direction = Right to left
(b) 3 cm; 5.73 Hz
(c)
(d) 3.49 m
Explanation:
(a) The equation of a progressive wave travelling from right to left is given by the displacement
function:
y (x, t) = a sin (t + kx + ) (i)
The given equation is:
On comparing both the equations, we find that equation (ii) represents a travelling wave, propagating
from right to left.
Now, using equations (i) and (ii), we can write:
= 36 rad/s and k = 0.018 m1
We know that:
and
Also,
v =
Hence, the speed of the given travelling wave is 20 m/s.
(b) Amplitude of the given wave, a = 3 cm
Frequency of the given wave:
(c) On comparing equations (i) and (ii), we find that the initial phase angle,
(d) The distance between two successive crests or troughs is equal to the wavelength of the wave.
Wavelength is given by the relation:
Question 15.9:
For the wave described in Exercise 15.8, plot the displacement (y) versus (t) graphs for x = 0, 2 and
4 cm. What are the shapes of these graphs? In which aspects does the oscillatory motion in
travelling wave differ from one point to another: amplitude, frequency or phase?
Answer :
Now, plotting y vs. t graphs using the different values of t, as listed in the given table.
t (s) 0
y (cm) 3 0 3 0
For x = 0, x = 2, and x = 4, the phases of the three waves will get changed. This is because
amplitude and frequency are invariant for any change in x. The y-t plots of the three waves are
shown in the given figure.
Question 15.10:
For the travelling harmonic wave
y (x, t) = 2.0 cos 2 (10t 0.0080x + 0.35)
Where x and y are in cm and t in s. Calculate the phase difference between oscillatory motion of two
points separated by a distance of
(a) 4 m,
(b) 0.5 m,
(c) ,
(d)
Answer :
(c) For
(d) For
Question 15.11:
The transverse displacement of a string (clamped at its both ends) is given by
Where x and y are in m and t in s. The length of the string is 1.5 m and its mass is 3.0 102 kg.
Answer the following:
(a) Does the function represent a travelling wave or a stationary wave?
(b) Interpret the wave as a superposition of two waves travelling in opposite directions. What is the
wavelength, frequency, and speed of each wave?
(c) Determine the tension in the string.
Answer :
(a) The general equation representing a stationary wave is given by the displacement function:
y (x, t) = 2a sin kx cos t
This equation is similar to the given equation:
Wavelength, = 3 m
It is given that:
120 = 2
Frequency, = 60 Hz
Wave speed, v =
= 60 3 = 180 m/s
(c) The velocity of a transverse wave travelling in a string is given by the relation:
Where,
Velocity of the transverse wave, v = 180 m/s
Mass of the string, m = 3.0 102 kg
Length of the string, l = 1.5 m
Answer:
(i)
(a) Yes, except at the nodes
(b) Yes, except at the nodes
(c) No
(ii) 0.042 m
Explanation:
(i)
(a) All the points on the string oscillate with the same frequency, except at the nodes which have
zero frequency.
(b) All the points in any vibrating loop have the same phase, except at the nodes.
(c) All the points in any vibrating loop have different amplitudes of vibration.
(ii) The given equation is:
Question 15.13:
Given below are some functions of x and t to represent the displacement (transverse or longitudinal)
of an elastic wave. State which of these represent (i) a traveling wave, (ii) a stationary wave or (iii)
none at all:
(a) y = 2 cos (3x) sin (10t)
(b)
(c) y = 3 sin (5x 0.5t) + 4 cos (5x 0.5t)
(d) y = cos x sin t + cos 2x sin 2t
Answer :
(a) The given equation represents a stationary wave because the harmonic terms kx and t appear
separately in the equation.
(b) The given equation does not contain any harmonic term. Therefore, it does not represent either a
travelling wave or a stationary wave.
(c) The given equation represents a travelling wave as the harmonic terms kx and t are in the
combination of kx t.
(d) The given equation represents a stationary wave because the harmonic terms kx and t appear
separately in the equation. This equation actually represents the superposition of two stationary
waves.
Question 15.14:
A wire stretched between two rigid supports vibrates in its fundamental mode with a frequency of 45
Hz. The mass of the wire is 3.5 102 kg and its linear mass density is 4.0 102 kg m1. What is (a)
the speed of a transverse wave on the string, and (b) the tension in the string?
Answer :
Answer :
Frequency of the turning fork, = 340 Hz
Since the given pipe is attached with a piston at one end, it will behave as a pipe with one end
closed and the other end open, as shown in the given figure.
Such a system produces odd harmonics. The fundamental note in a closed pipe is given by the
relation:
Where,
Length of the pipe,
Answer :
Answer :
Hence, the first mode of vibration frequency is resonantly excited by the given source.
In a pipe open at both ends, the nth mode of vibration frequency is given by the relation:
Since the number of the mode of vibration (n) has to be an integer, the given source does not
produce a resonant vibration in an open pipe.
Question 15.18:
Two sitar strings A and B playing the note Ga are slightly out of tune and produce beats of
frequency 6 Hz. The tension in the string A is slightly reduced and the beat frequency is found to
reduce to 3 Hz. If the original frequency of A is 324 Hz, what is the frequency of B?
Answer :
Frequency decreases with a decrease in the tension in a string. This is because frequency is directly
proportional to the square root of tension. It is given as:
Question 15.19:
Explain why (or how):
(a) In a sound wave, a displacement node is a pressure antinode and vice versa,
(b) Bats can ascertain distances, directions, nature, and sizes of the obstacles without any eyes,
(c) A violin note and sitar note may have the same frequency, yet we can distinguish between the
two notes,
(d) Solids can support both longitudinal and transverse waves, but only longitudinal waves can
propagate in gases, and
(e) The shape of a pulse gets distorted during propagation in a dispersive medium.
Answer :
(a) A node is a point where the amplitude of vibration is the minimum and pressure is the maximum.
On the other hand, an antinode is a point where the amplitude of vibration is the maximum and
pressure is the minimum.
Therefore, a displacement node is nothing but a pressure antinode, and vice versa.
(b) Bats emit very high-frequency ultrasonic sound waves. These waves get reflected back toward
them by obstacles. A bat receives a reflected wave (frequency) and estimates the distance, direction,
nature, and size of an obstacle with the help of its brain senses.
(c) The overtones produced by a sitar and a violin, and the strengths of these overtones, are
different. Hence, one can distinguish between the notes produced by a sitar and a violin even if they
have the same frequency of vibration.
(d) Solids have shear modulus. They can sustain shearing stress. Since fluids do not have any
definite shape, they yield to shearing stress. The propagation of a transverse wave is such that it
produces shearing stress in a medium. The propagation of such a wave is possible only in solids,
and not in gases.
Both solids and fluids have their respective bulk moduli. They can sustain compressive stress.
Hence, longitudinal waves can propagate through solids and fluids.
(e) A pulse is actually is a combination of waves having different wavelengths. These waves travel in
a dispersive medium with different velocities, depending on the nature of the medium. This results in
the distortion of the shape of a wave pulse.
Question 15.20:
A train, standing at the outer signal of a railway station blows a whistle of frequency 400 Hz in still
air. (i) What is the frequency of the whistle for a platform observer when the train (a) approaches the
platform with a speed of 10 m s1, (b) recedes from the platform with a speed of 10 m s1? (ii) What is
the speed of sound in each case? The speed of sound in still air can be taken as 340 m s 1.
Answer :
The apparent frequency of the whistle as the train approaches the platform is given by the
relation:
(b) The apparent frequency of the whistle as the train recedes from the platform is given by the
relation:
(ii) The apparent change in the frequency of sound is caused by the relative motions of the source
and the observer. These relative motions produce no effect on the speed of sound. Therefore, the
speed of sound in air in both the cases remains the same, i.e., 340 m/s.
Question 15.21:
A train, standing in a station-yard, blows a whistle of frequency 400 Hz in still air. The wind starts
blowing in the direction from the yard to the station with at a speed of 10 m s1. What are the
frequency, wavelength, and speed of sound for an observer standing on the stations platform? Is the
situation exactly identical to the case when the air is still and the observer runs towards the yard at a
speed of 10 m s1? The speed of sound in still air can be taken as 340 m s1.
Answer :
Since the air is still, the effective speed of sound = 340 + 0 = 340 m/s
The source is at rest. Hence, the wavelength of the sound will not change, i.e., remains 0.875 m.
Hence, the given two situations are not exactly identical.
Question 15.22:
A travelling harmonic wave on a string is described by
(a) What are the displacement and velocity of oscillation of a point at x = 1 cm, and t = 1 s? Is this
velocity equal to the velocity of wave propagation?
(b) Locate the points of the string which have the same transverse displacements and velocity as
the x = 1 cm point at t = 2 s, 5 s and 11 s.
Answer :
The velocity of the oscillation at a given point and time is given as:
Now, the equation of a propagating wave is given by:
Hence, the velocity of the wave oscillation at x = 1 cm and t = 1 s is not equal to the velocity of the
wave propagation.
(b) Propagation constant is related to wavelength as:
Answer :
Answer:
(a) (i)No
(ii)No
(iii)Yes
(b) No
Explanation:
(a) The narrow sound pulse does not have a fixed wavelength or frequency. However, the speed of
the sound pulse remains the same, which is equal to the speed of sound in that medium.
(b) The short pip produced after every 20 s does not mean that the frequency of the whistle is or
0.05 Hz. It means that 0.05 Hz is the frequency of the repetition of the pip of the whistle.
Question 15.24:
One end of a long string of linear mass density 8.0 103 kg m1 is connected to an electrically
driven tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz. The other end passes over a pulley and is tied to a pan
containing a mass of 90 kg. The pulley end absorbs all the incoming energy so that reflected waves
at this end have negligible amplitude. At t = 0, the left end (fork end) of the string x = 0 has zero
transverse displacement (y = 0) and is moving along positive y-direction. The amplitude of the wave
is 5.0 cm. Write down the transverse displacement y as function of x and t that describes the wave
on the string.
Answer :
The equation of a travelling wave propagating along the positive y-direction is given by the
displacement equation:
y (x, t) = a sin (wt kx) (i)
Linear mass density,
Frequency of the tuning fork, = 256 Hz
Amplitude of the wave, a = 5.0 cm = 0.05 m (ii)
Mass of the pan, m = 90 kg
Tension in the string, T = mg = 90 9.8 = 882 N
The velocity of the transverse wave v, is given by the relation:
Substituting the values from equations (ii), (iii), and (iv) in equation (i), we get the displacement
equation:
y (x, t) = 0.05 sin (1.6 103t 4.84 x) m
Question 15.25:
A SONAR system fixed in a submarine operates at a frequency 40.0 kHz. An enemy submarine
moves towards the SONAR with a speed of 360 km h1. What is the frequency of sound reflected by
the submarine? Take the speed of sound in water to be 1450 m s 1.
Answer :
Answer :
Answer :