IGCSE chemistry SET X (Ionic Bonding)

A7 The structures of two ionic lattices are shown below.

O2 Mg2+ Cl
Na+

Mg2+ O2 Na+ Cl

Mg2+ O2 Na+ Cl

O2 Mg2+ Cl Na+

magnesium oxide sodium chloride

(a) Explain why

a magnesium ion and of an oxide ion. magnesium ion

oxide ion

[2]
Total / 5
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Ionic Bonding)

A6 The structure of sodium chloride is drawn below.

Na+ Cl

Cl Na+

Cl Na+

Na+ Cl

(a) Sodium chloride is an ionic solid.

Draw the electronic structure of both a sodium ion and a chloride ion.

sodium ion chloride ion

[2]

(b) Sodium chloride has a melting point of about 800 C.

(i) Explain why sodium chloride has a high melting point.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Magnesium oxide, MgO, has a similar structure to sodium chloride. Suggest why
the melting point of magnesium oxide is higher than that of sodium chloride.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[3]

(c) Explain why solid sodium chloride will not conduct electricity but molten sodium chloride will.
these two solids do not conduct electricity.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) Explain why magnesium oxide has a very high melting point.

...................................................................................................................................
 ...................................................................................................................................

(ii) Suggest why the melting point of magnesium oxide is much higher than that of
sodium chloride.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
[2]

(c) Draw the electronic structure of

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

Total / 6
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure)

A5 The structures of diamond, graphite and silicon carbide are shown below.

= carbon atom

= silicon atom

diamond graphite

Silicon carbide
(a) Suggest the formula for silicon carbide.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Explain why graphite conducts electricity but silicon carbide does not.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Silicon carbide has a very high melting point.

(i) Explain why silicon carbide has a very high melting point.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Suggest why the melting point of diamond is higher than that of silicon carbide.

...................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) When a 1.20 g sample of graphite is

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Suggest why boron nitride with structure B can be used in cutting tools and drill bits.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 5]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)

A5 Chlorine forms some compounds that are covalent and others that are ionic.

(a) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram for carbon tetrachloride, CCl4.

You only need to draw the outer electrons of the carbon and chlorine atoms.
 [2]

(b) Calcium reacts with chlorine to form calcium chloride.

Draw diagrams to show the electronic structures and charges of both ions present in
calcium chloride.

[2]

[Total: 4]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)

A6 Sodium is stored under oil because it rapidly oxidises to form sodium oxide, Na2O.

(a) Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in sodium oxide, Na2O. You need only show
outer shell electrons.

[2]

Sodium oxide reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide.

(b) Write an equation for this reaction.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) 62 g of sodium oxide are used to make 2 dm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide.
What is the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution?

Answer ............................................. mol/dm3 [2]

Total / 5
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding & Diffusion)

A6 Methane, CH4, is the major constituent of natural gas.

(a) Draw a dot-and cross-diagram to show how the outer shell electrons are arranged in methane.

show hydrogen electrons as

show carbon electrons as x
 completely burnt in oxygen, 4.40 g of carbon dioxide are produced. What mass of carbon dioxide is
made when a 1.20 g sample of diamond is completely burnt in oxygen?

mass of carbon dioxide g [1]

Total / 6

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure)

A2 Boron nitride, BN, exists in two physical forms. The structures of these forms are shown below.

Structure A Structure B

These two forms of boron nitride resemble two allotropes of carbon.

(a) Suggest why boron nitride with structure A can be used as a lubricant.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Suggest why boron nitride with structure B does not conduct electricity.

..........................................................................................................................................

[1]

(b) At a temperature of 5 C and a pressure of 26 atmospheres, methane combines with water and
forms an ice-like structure called methane hydrate.
Large quantities of methane hydrate have been found underground.

(i) Describe the arrangement and motion of the particles in solid methane hydrate.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) The methane hydrate underground has not yet been extracted in large amounts.
When it is extracted, large volumes of methane are released.
 Suggest two reasons why methane hydrate decomposes when it is extracted.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii) Describe how the presence of methane in the atmosphere may affect the
environment.

...................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................[1]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure & Metals)

A4 In recent years scientists have made tube-shaped structures of carbon called nanotubes.

carbon atom

(a) State two differences between the structure of a carbon nanotube and the structure of
diamond.

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b)
(i) Explain why argon is unreactive.

..............................................................................................................................[1]
38
(ii) One isotope of argon is 18 Ar.

Calculate the number of neutrons in this isotope of argon.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(e) Recently, chemists have been trying to attach atoms of transition elements to
buckminsterfullerene to make more efficient catalysts.
State two properties, other than catalysis, which distinguish transition elements from
other metals.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 9]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding, Acids & Electrolysis)

7 Hydrogen chloride can be made by burning hydrogen in chlorine.

(a) Complete the equation for this reaction.

H2 + ... ...... HCl

[2]

(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
Show all the electrons.

use o for an electron from a hydrogen atom

use x for an electron from a chlorine atom

[2]

(c) Hydrochloric acid is formed when hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water. Carbon nanotubes are
fifty times stronger than steel.
Use ideas about structure and bonding to suggest why these nanotubes are so strong.

..........................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) Carbon nanotubes are good electrical conductors.

(i) State the name of another form of carbon which can conduct electricity.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Carbon nanotubes conduct electricity nearly as well as copper.

Explain why copper is a good conductor of electricity.

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(d) Another form of carbon is buckminsterfullerene.

 carbon atom

Argon can be trapped inside the cage-like structure of buckminsterfullerene.

Suggest the pH of hydrochloric acid.

Put a ring around the correct answer.

pH 1 pH7 pH9 pH 13
[1]

(d) Complete the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with zinc.

zinc + hydrochloric acid zinc chloride + [1]

(e) Describe how dry crystals of zinc chloride can be obtained from a solution of zinc
chloride.

[2]

(f) A student electrolysed molten zinc chloride.

State the name of the product formed at
 (i) the anode, [1]

(ii) the cathode. [1]

[Total: 10]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure)

2 The list describes five types of chemical structures.

giant covalent
giant ionic
metallic
simple atomic
simple molecular

(a) The diagrams below show four types of chemical structures.

A B C D

K+ I K+ I Ar Cl Cl Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
Ar
I K+ I K+ Cl Cl Cl
Zn Zn Zn Zn
Ar
Cl Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
K+ I K+ Ar
I
Ar Cl Cl
I K+ I K+

(i) Use the list to match these structures with the diagrams.

structure A is ........................................................................................................ [1]

structure B is ........................................................................................................ [1]

structure C is ........................................................................................................ [1]

structure D is ........................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) Which two of the structures A, B, C or D have low melting points?

.......................................................... and ......................................................... [1]

(b) Sodium chloride is an ionic solid.

Complete the following sentences using words from the list.

electrons ionic molecular molten solid

Sodium chloride does not conduct electricity when it is a .........................................

because the ions cannot move. When it is ................................... sodium chloride does

conduct electricity because the ions are free to move. [2]

[Total: 7]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure, Bonding & Crude Oil)

7 Three forms of carbon are diamond, graphite and Buckminsterfullerene.

(a) (i) State one difference in structure between Buckminsterfullerene and diamond.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]
carbon
(ii) State two differences in structure between graphite and diamond. atom

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
diamond graphite Buckminsterfullerene

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) State the type of bonding between the carbon atoms in diamond.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Suggest why graphite is used as a lubricant.

Refer to the layers in your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) State one use for diamond.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Coal is a fuel containing carbon.
When coal is burnt, carbon dioxide is produced.
Explain how the increase in carbon dioxide
[1]
(ii) Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of the electrons in a molecule of methane, CH
4
.
Nam
Use e
for an electron from a carbon atom one
for an electron from a hydrogen atom othe
alka
ne.

...........................................................................................................................

[1]

[1]

(iii) Methane belongs to the alkane homologous series.

[Total: 13]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Structure, Electrolysis and Separating & Analysis)

7 The diagram shows the structures of calcium chloride, calcium and chlorine.

Cl

Cl Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Ca2+ 2+ Ca Ca Ca Ca
Ca Cl
Ca Ca Ca
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Ca Ca Ca Ca Cl Cl
Cl
Ca2+ Ca2+
Cl

calcium chloride calcium chlorine

(a) Use ideas about structure and bonding to explain the following:

(i) Calcium chloride conducts electricity when molten but not when solid.

[2]

(ii) At room temperature, calcium is a solid but chlorine is a gas.

..

[2]

(b) Calcium is manufactured by the electrolysis of molten calcium chloride.

water-cooled
steel cathode

calcium
+

molten calcium
chloride
p

o
(i) State the
d
 ucts formed Tick
one
at the box.

anode, was

at the cathode. [2] from

(ii) Suggest a non-metal that can be used as an anode in this electrolysis. resp

[1] plan

(iii) A stream of inert gas is blown over the calcium as it is removed from gase
the molten calcium chloride.
Suggest why a stream of inert gas is blown over the hot calcium. dige

[1] anim

from
(iv) State the name of a gas which is inert.
phot
[1]
concentration in the atmopshere affects the worlds climate. s in

........................................................................................................................................... gase

........................................................................................................................................... fore

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(f) Coal also contains small amounts of sulfur.

Explain how burning coal leads to acid rain.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(g) Methane is a fuel.

(i) Which one of the following is a natural source of methane?

(c) Aqueous sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia can be used to test for calcium ions in
solution.
Describe the results of these tests

with aqueous sodium hydroxide,

[2]

with aqueous ammonia.

[1]

[Total: 12]
 IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)
2 Complete the following table. electrical electrical
type of
particles present conductivity conductivity of example
structure
of solid liquid

positive and negative

ionic poor
ions

atoms of two different

macro
elements in a giant poor poor
molecular
covalent structure

metallic and good copper

[Total: 6]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding) electric

5 Strontium and sulphur chlorides both have a formula of the type XCl 2 but they have electric
different properties.

property strontium chloride sulphur chloride

(a)
appearance white crystalline solid red liquid The
for
o
melting point / C 873 -80 mul
ae
particles present ions molecules of
the

electrical
electrical conductor
o o conductor of
substance melting point / C boiling point / C at room
substance
temperature
dissolved in water
 A 961 2193 good does not dissolve

B 113 444 does not conduct does not dissolve

C 0 100 very poor very poor

D 803 1465 does not conduct good

E 5 to -10 102 to 105 good good

F -85 -60 does not conduct does not dissolve

(i) Which three substances are solids at room temperature?

[1]

(ii) Which one is an ionic compound?

[1]

(iii) Which one is a gas at room temperature?

[1]

(iv) Which two substances are liquids at room temperature?

[1]

(v) Which substance is a metal?

(vi) Which one is an impure substance?

chlorides are similar because both elements have a valency of 2.
Explain why Group II and Group VI elements both have a valency of 2.

[2]

(b) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one covalent
molecule of sulphur chloride.
Use x to represent an electron from a sulphur atom.
Use o to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
 [3]

(c) Explain the difference in electrical conductivity between the following.

(i) solid and liquid strontium chloride

[1]

(ii) liquid strontium chloride and liquid sulphur chloride

[1]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)

2 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical properties of the six substances
A to F.

[1]
 [1]

IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)

3 Magnesium reacts with bromine to form magnesium bromide.

(a) Magnesium bromide is an ionic compound. Draw a diagram that shows the formula of
the compound, the charges on the ions and the arrangement of outer electrons around
the negative ion.
The electron distribution of a bromine atom is 2, 8, 18, 7.

Use x to represent an electron from a magnesium atom.

Use o to represent an electron from a bromine atom. [3]

(b) In the lattice of magnesium bromide, the ratio of magnesium ions to bromide ions is
1:2.

(i) Explain the term lattice.

[2]

(ii) Explain why the ratio of ions is 1:2.

[1]

(iii) The reaction between magnesium and bromine is redox. Complete the sentences.

Magnesium is the agent because it has

electrons.

Bromine has been because it has

electrons. [4]
[Total: 10]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)

10 The physical properties of a substance are related to its structure and bonding.

Magnesium oxide has a high melting point.

Carbon dioxide has a low melting point.

(a) Look at this diagram. It shows part of the giant ionic lattice of magnesium oxide.

Mg2+ O2

O2 Mg2+

O2 Mg2+

Mg2+ O2

Magnesium oxide has a high melting point.

Explain why.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Look at this diagram. It shows the displayed formula of carbon dioxide.

O C O

Draw a dot and cross diagram for carbon dioxide.

The electronic structure for carbon is 2, 4 and for oxygen is 2, 6.

[2]

(c)
Carbon dioxide has a low melting point.

Explain why.

Use ideas about

structure
 intermolecular forces.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)

11 This question is about different types of bonding.

(a) One type of bonding is ionic bonding.

Describe ionic bonding.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The bonding in ammonia is covalent.

Look at the dot and cross diagram for ammonia, NH3.

xx

H N H
x

Draw a dot and cross diagram for water,

H2O. The electronic structure for oxygen is

2.6.

You only need to show the electrons in the outer shell for oxygen.

[2]

(c) Sodium chloride solution conducts electricity.

Pure water does not.

Explain why pure water does not conduct electricity.

 ...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 5]
IGCSE chemistry SET X (Bonding)

10 Sodium chloride, NaCl, and magnesium oxide, MgO, are both ionic compounds.

(a) Look at the diagram. It shows the giant ionic structure of sodium chloride.

Na+ Cl

Cl Na+

Cl Na+

Na+ Cl

Sodium chloride contains sodium ions, Na+, and chloride ions, Cl .

(i) Sodium ions are made from sodium atoms.

Describe how.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity.

Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Sodium chloride solution does conduct electricity.

Explain why.

.................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram for magnesium oxide.

The electronic structure for magnesium is 2.8.2 and for oxygen is 2.6.

Include in your answer

the electronic structure of the ions formed

the charges on the ions.

 [2]

[Total: 5]
Structured questions:

11.Classify the following compounds as either ionic or covalent, giving a reason for your
choice:

Pure water (H2O) 2

Potassium chloride (KCl) 2

Methane (CH4); 2

Lithium fluoride (LiF); 2

Sand (SiO2); 2

Iodine (I2); 2

Sulphur (S8). 2

12 Show by using dot and cross diagram the bonding in these ionic substances. The proton
numbers of some elements are :

Ca 20, Cl 17, Na 11, O 8, K 19, Mg 12 S 16, F 9.

Calcium chloride; 2

Potassium sulphide; 2

Calcium oxide; 2

Magnesium fluoride; 2

Sodium sulphide. 2

13. Show by using dot and cross diagrams the bonding in these covalent substances, given
the proton numbers:

C = 6, Cl = 17, N = 7, F = 9, H = 1

Hydrogen fluoride gas(HF); 2

Fluorine gas(F2) 2

Tetrachloromethane (ClCl4); 2

Hydrogen chloride gas (HCl); 2

Carbon dioxide gas(CO2) 2

14. Choose from the elements, sodium, oxygen, potassium, carbon, magnesium, chlorine,

One pair that forms a covalent compound; 2

Four pairs that forms ionic compounds; 2

Two elements that exist naturally as diatomic molecules; 2

Two gaseous elements; 2

The element with the highest melting point; 2

 One pair that does not form a compound with each other. 2

15.Cesium (Cs) is an element in Group I of the Periodic Table.

How many electrons have it in its outermost shell? 1

Write the formula of its ion. 2

Write the formula of its chloride. 1

Write the formula of its oxide. 1

Comment on its reactivity. 1

16. a)
Complete the sodium fluoride lattice by inserting as sodium ion and x for a fluoride ion. 4

(b) Sodium fluoride (NaF) and magnesium oxide (MgO) have the same crystal shape and
structure with similar distances between their ions. However, the melting point of sodium
fluoride is 992oC but that of magnesium oxide is 2640oC. Can you explain why? 4

17.(a) complete the table below which shows the properties of various crystals. 10

Types of Particles Melting

point Electrical conductivity
crystal lattice present (oC) Of solid Of molten
liquid
Simple Atoms Poor
covalent .. ..
Ions High Poor
..
Positive ions in Good
.. sea of ..
electrons
macromolecula poor
r ..

(b) The relative molecular mass of sodium chloride (NaCl) and the relative molecular mass
of butane (C4H10) is approximately the same. However, the boiling point of sodium
chloride is more than 1000oC higher than butanes boiling point. Can you explain? 3

18.Complete all of the clues Across, so that you can find 1 Down which is a type of bonding.
8

Across:
1. Ionic compounds must be this to conduct electricity.

2. All are solids except mercury.

3. Describes liquids which conduct electricity.

4. This packing of atoms in metals is six-sided.

5. The boiling points of covalent gases are usually this.

6. Such groups of atoms are usually covalent.

7. Describes a crystal structure.

 8. Graphite, and not diamond, is one of these.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Questions:

1. a) What is meant by a covalent bond? How does this bond hold two atoms together? 4

b) Draw dots-and crosses diagrams to show the covalent bonding in: (i) methane, CH 4; (ii)
hydrogen sulphide, H2S; (iii) phosphine, PH3; (iv) silicon tetrachloride, SiCl4. 8

2. Draw dot-and-cross diagrams to show the covalent bonding in

a) Ethane, C2H6 2

b) Ethene, C2H4 2

c) Ethanol, C2H5OH 2

3. a) What is meant by
i. An ions? 2
ii. An ionic bond? 2

b) In each of the following cases, write down the electronic structure of the original atoms
and then
explain (in words of diagrams) what happens when:

i. Sodium bonds with chlorine to make sodium chloride; 4

ii. Lithium bonds with oxygen to make lithium oxide; 4

iii. Magnesium bonds with fluorine to make magnesium 4

4.
a) A solid metal is often described as having an array of positive ions in a sea of
electrons. Write down the electronic structure of a magnesium atom and use it to
explain what this phrase means.

..

..

..

.. [4]

b) Metallic bonds are not fully broken until the metal has first melted and then boiled. The
boiling points of sodium, magnesium and aluminium are 890 oC, 1110oC and 2470oC,
respectively. What does this suggest about the strengths of the metallic bonds in these
three elements?

..

..

..
 .. [4]

c) Find these three metals in the Periodic Table, and suggest why the boiling points show
this pattern.

..

..

..

.. [4]

d) Assuming that an electric current is simply a flow of electrons, suggest why all these
elements are good conductors of electricity.

..

..

.. [3]

5. The table bellow gives details of the boiling temperatures of some substances made up of
covalent molecules. Arrange these substances in increasing order of the strength of their
intermolecular attractions.

Boiling point(oC)
Ammonia -33
Ethanamide 221
Ethanol 78.5
Hydrogen -253
Phosphorus trifluoride -101
water 100

6. Boron and Aluminium both are in Group 3 of the periodic Table. Both form compounds with
fluorine (BF3 and AlF3). Usually for elements found in the same group of the Periodic Table,
their compounds are bonded differently. BF 3 is covalent, whereas AlF3 is a straightforward
ionic compound.
a) Draw a diagram to show the covalent bonding in BF 3. 2

b) Explain, using diagrams or otherwise, the origin of the ionic boding in AlF 3. 4

c) BF3 is described as an electron-deficient compound. What do you think that might

mean? 3