Coast Artillery Journal - Dec 1943
Coast Artillery Journal - Dec 1943
Coast Artillery Journal - Dec 1943
FOUR ACES
IN .L\NYSOLDIER~S HAND
I~FA~TRY DRILL REGLLATIO~S -1943 CAC Edition
COMPLETE IDR (contains all drills applicable to CAC), PLUS Rill
Cal. .30 Ml and 1903; U. S. Carbine Cal. .30 Ml; Military courte
and Discipline; Interior Guard Duty; and Equipment, Clothing, and Te
Pitching.
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50~ 1
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CONTENTS
ER. Night
ERAL McNAIR'S
Scme, Orall. (Sigllal Corps Photo.)
TTISPIECE. Infiltration
MESSAGE
Course, Fort Eustis.
* _ ' 4
ERAL GREEN'S MESSAGE .. , _ , 5
INE CORPS ANTIAIRCRAFT. By Lieutmallt Colonel H. R. Paige 6
AND GUNS IN MADAGASCAR. By Lieutmant Colonel HI'. Odli1lg , 11
bi-monthly by the United Stat ... Coaot Artillery Auociation. Editorial and eJ[ecutive offices, 631 Pennaylvania Avenue, ?'.W .•
n 4. D. C. Terma: $4.00 per year. (Coa.t Artillery A.sociation member .. 13.00 per year.) Single eopie•. 75c. Entered a•
.. matter at WashingtOn. D. C.; additional entry at Richmond •• a .• under the Act of :March 3. 1879. Copyright. 1943, by the
"Slat.. Coa.t Artillery Auocia.ion.
~ltlistedjUelt
* 01 tlte Arfl1V grollltd 10rees:
,h-' d ~ar-Christmas is here. Our first one plunged us into a grim defensive
e a fronts. \\lith our meagre shipping we rushed our partly trained troops
e and"rc in a desperate effort to close the gaps as best we could. \Ve hung on.
man ~marines were sinking our ships within sight of our Atlantic Coast.
Our second \\Tar-Christmas found us invading Africa and striking back in New
uinea and Guadalcanal. vVe had the measure of the Japanese Navy, but German
submarines still were inflicting heavy losses on Allied shipping. The worm was be-
ginning to turn, but not too fast nor too fully.
This Christmas we really have much to cheer us. \Ve are conducting successful
naval operations in both the Atlantic and the Pacific. vVe have the mightiest battl~
fleet ever known, and it is growing. Military operations are in progress in nine the-
aters all over the world. Africa is rid of the enemy. We can strike on land and sea
wherever we elect. We have the initiative. The enemy in on the defensive every-
where. Our superiority is becoming more decisive month by month. One third of our
army is overseas, and shipments are being speeded. Victory may not be in sight, but
it is certain.
The soldier's Christmas during war perhaps cannot be too merry in the usual sense,
but everyone can be proud of America's war effort, and proud of being a fighter in the
biggest and finest Army we have ever had.
I have watched our war Army in training for over three years. Nly admiration for
the American soldier increases all the time. I believe in him, and am certain that, led
properly, he is invincible in battle.
My best wishes to you all, and my gratitude for your devotion and fine accomplish-
ments.
L. J. McNAIR,
Lt. Gen., U.S.A.,
Commanding.
ro .Members 01tlte
Cuos! Ar!ilferfl
As President of the Coast Artillerv Association I extenfth -
good wishes and Christnlas greetings of the Association to a
Artillerynlen wherever they are serving throughout the w*d.
Since last Christluas nlan)' of you have been in action ag,Hnst ~e
enenlY. The year now ending has been l1lost significant in this tota
war in which we unite with our allies to destroy forever the enemies
of Christianity and to establish again Peace On Earth, Good Will
Toward ~len. Our foes are now on the defensive and we know that
they, too, realize the inescapable doom that is surely theirs, as our
attacks continually increase in weight and effectiveness.
The important part that Coast ArtillerYluen have already had in
luany theaters of operation in successfully forcing the united will of
allied arms upon our desperate eneluies, is worthy of the finest tra-
ditions of the Coast Artillery Corps.
At this Christmas season we reafhnn our detenuination to devote
all our skill and effort, in training and in action, to the sole purpose
of complete and final Victory.
{~
J. A.GREEN,
~lajor General, U. S. ArlllY,
President.
Marine Corps AA protecting
a fighter strip at Guadalcanal.
By
LIEUTENANT COLONEL H. R. PAIG
Uuiled Stales Marine Corps
~
's Marine AA battery brought
own twelve Jap bombers from
flight of eighteen, with eighty-
eight rounds.
the end of \Vake Island will, unfortunatelv, be delaved Then he proceeded to tell of how some Jap Zeros
until after the war, when those who were th~re at the ~nd to strafe Henderson Field. Three started in, but none
will be able to tell what happened when the little garrison Antiaircraft machine guns knocked down all three.
was overwhelmed by a superior force. cording to his report, the heavy antiaircraft guns
Harassing attacks by submarines were endured by De- doing very well even at the exceptionally high altitud
fense Battalions on the various island outposts for the next which the Japs stayed. Antiaircraft units were offi
five or six months. It is reasonable to believe that had these credited with the destruction of several scores of Jap
islands not been occupied, the Japs would have moved in. Antiaircraft units accompanied the task force in t
The cost of taking \\Take likely caused the Japs to be much tack on Rendova Island. One of the AA gun batteries
more cautious in approaching these other defended islands. on a Jap squadron of bombers accompanied by a fig
The Jap attack on i\Iidway was the next occasion which escort of Zeros. According to a combat correspondent,
brought the Defense Battalion into the limelight. The re- battery opened up right on the formation with phen
sults of that battle are too well known to bear repetition. results; namely, twelve bombers and one Zero knocked
On Tulagi and Guadalcanal, the Defense Battalion got with a total expenditure of eighty-eight rounds of
its first real test in combined operations. Here, in conjunc- nition.
tion with aviation forces, they made a remarkable record in OFFICER TRAINIl"C
downing Jap planes. Guadalcanal was a shining example of \Vith the expansion of the Fleet ~Iarine Force
teamwork between antiaircraft units and aviation units. necessity for training more officers in antiaircraft and
Antiaircraft furnished the close-in defense, while the avi- coast artillery became apparent. Because the quota o~
ation units took care of the Jap planes beyond gun range. dents allotted to the Marine Corps by the Coast ArU
One aviation officer, upon his return from Guadalcanal, School was insufficient to furnish the number of trS
remarked, "I didn't think antiaircraft was worth a damn officers reguired, some other means had to be devised.
before I went to Guadalcanal. I take it all back now. Those As a result of this need, the Base Defense Wea
boys down there are O. K." Course was started at Quantico, \' a., in 1934.
~lARl0:E CORPS A~Tlr\IRCRt\FT 9
course of nine months duration covered an amazing background when they arrive at Camp Lejeune.
( of territory. During this nine months period, the Students are selected primarily for their suitability for
officer was taught the technique and tacties of artillery duty, with much stress being laid on previous
craft machine guns, antiaircraft artillery. seacoast preparation in mathematics. particularly trigonometry.
, and field artillery. The course opens by showing the student the organiza-
Iy before war was declared, the requirement for tion of the Defense Battalion and its various smaller units.
output caused the Base Defense \\'eapons course This is followed by a two-day course in artillery mathe
shortened and diyided into two sections. These sec- maties to refresh those students who ha,'e been away from
re known as the Field Artillery Section and the mathematics for some time. From then on, the course in
fense Section. The former wa~ confined to field general is as follows:
onlY. while the latter covered the antiaircraft and
artifl~ry weapons. The length of the course was ten Orientation 54 hours
eight wceks of which were devoted to theory and Surveying
I work. The last two weeks were devoted to field Seacoast Artillerv 116 hours
$ and target practice at posts remote from Quantico. Firing Data -
it was not feasible to conduct antiaircraft and sea- Position Finding
'ng at Quantico, it was deemcd desirable to move Spotting and Adjustment of Fire
Defense Section to a post where classroom work 155mm Gun Materiel
'ng could be combined. Accordingly. early in 1943, Calibration
Defense Section was mm'ed to Camp Lejeune at Drills and Firing
iver, N. C., where a firing area was available. Tactics
advent of the 20mm and 40mnt antiaircraft guns Field Problem and Firing
~necessary to increase the length of the course to 12 Special (Automatic) \Veapons 140 hours
in order that the fundamentals of these additional 20mm AA l\lachine Gun l\Iateriel
s could be taught . .50 caliber M Machine Gun Materiel
present principal source of officers for the Base De- 40mm AA l\Iachine Gun l'vlateriel
ection is graduates of the Reserye Officers' Class at Fire Control Svstems
o. These officers have been indoctrinated chieHv in Tactics -
and infantry tactics and have a general se~'ice Field Problem and Firing
Antiaircraft Artillery 239 hours In order to eliminate part of this loss of time, a trai
Director unit was formed, whose. function was to provide basic
Guns and Mounts aircraft training for enlisted men.
Searchlights Prior to joining the antiaircraft training unit, these
Preparatory fire are put through a rigorous course of recruit training at
Orientation and Synchronization of the Marine Corps recruit depots for a seven-week per
Command Procedure Here, they receive their basic training in infantry drill
Aircraft Identification fantry weapons, tactics, field sanitation, personal hygi
Tactics and discipline.
Field Problem and Firing lIpon completion of the recruit training, a certain I)
ber are sent to New River for training in Base De.l1
As each weapon is taught, it is followed by the firing \Veapons. This course lasts four weeks and ends with
of that weapon. The field problems are made as realistic as student firing the particular weapon he has studied.
possible. Students are required to install guns in field p0- At present, the following basic courses are available
sitions and firing is conducted from these positions. Students enlisted men:
live in the field on canned field rations part of the time. , AA Machine Gunners Course (2Omm and .50
Fresh water allowance is kept to a minimum. Only salt AAMG's)
water is available for bathing. 40mm AA Gun Course
lIpon graduation, students are ordered to combat units 90mm AA Gunners Course
where their education continues under the supervision of 90mm Fire Control Course
the officers of those units. Searchlight Course
Close liaison is maintained by the Base Defense School I55mm Seacoast Gun Course
with the Army Antiaircraft School at Camp Davis and the I55mm Fire Control Course
Coast Artillery School at Fort Monroe. Needless to say,
this liaison has proved most valuable to the Marine Corps. In addition, advanced courses in fire control are pro'
for experienced personnel.
ENLISTED TRAINING All the courses stress operation, firing, and field ma'
In earlier days, enlisted -training took place in' the com- nance. They do not include major repairs. This is the
bat unit after it was organized. A few enlisted men were of the Ordnance personnel-each Defense Battalion ha
sent to special schools for training on some particular piece an adequate quota of these specialists within its orga
of equipment. tion.
Early procedure was to form a combat unit, train it, and lIpon completion of the course, the enlisted
conduct service firings. When it was considered trained, are absorbed as replacements in combat units al
the unit was split into two parts, both parts filled with re- organized. A certain number of experienced men ~Ie
cruits, and the process repeated. Thus, it was necessary to released from field units and form a valuable n~leus
train each unit twice, with a consequent loss of time. the formation of new combat units.
The landing at Tamatave.
,i_.
Some of the FTench coast defense positions. The vehicle is a Bren carrier. Note the limited traverseand elevation of the
FUN A.'\D GUNS Ii\' MADAGASCAR 13
was written embracing all defense matters and duly translate peculiar French words, with the result that the
England. \ Vhile waiting for its approval we set about combination of a certain slight knowledge of gunnery prin-
the recommendations into effect by employing ciples, with a complete disregard for safety precautions and
equipment and any men I could get hold of. It is an insatiable curiosity would produce not only the expected
nt to realize the shortage of men; I have already bang, but also a splash-at times as surprising to spectators
upon the strength of my headquarters, so that bor- as ourselves. Secondly, a lot was to be learned about the
men for captured equipment needed an enormous principles of destroying guns. i\lany fortresses of about this
t of charm and persuasion. One coast battery we cap- size have changed hands this war cTobruk, Hong Kong,
intact and it was reasonably serviceable for bow and Sebastopol), and many more I expect will be captured by
shooting, after the telescopes of the sights had been one side or the other before it ends. As Coast Defense guns
; this was manned at once by half a troop of a Heavy take ages to mount it seems most important to profit by the
ttery. That accounted for one coast. On the other side mistakes of others in this, our observations and conclusions
modern battery of four guns usable for counter bom- for what they are worth, are therefore tabulated as an ap-
ent or close defense. It had been effectively used by pendix.
rench, but had been badly sabotaged. There was a \Ve manned one other C.D. battery, which had an anti-
elaborate control tower, underground galleries and an M.T.B. role, with the usual mixed crew of all arms. Its
ous deep magazine. A most complicated "buzz-box" armament was also a little diverse consisting in the end of
ying a crew of eighteen men was beneath the control two 75mm, one 47mm, two Bofors 4Omm, two 2" mortars,
and knocked about a certain amount. None of the one Bren gun and a searchlight made out of a French
es of the guns was serviceable and the greater part was reflector, an electric bulb and a twelve-volt battery. How-
istent. I put the navy on to solving the workings of ever they all worked, and were scarcely more Heath Rob-
Fernalmachine and a squad of gunnery experts settled inson5 than the French arrangements for the same job,
set about it. They were given strict instructions to which consisted of four 1870 model 132mm guns, each
down each bit as they learnt it, so that in the event weighing eighty tons, standing cheek by jowl, with muzzles
'r sudden recall to sea no knowledge would be lost. pointing through embrasures in the wall of a concrete house
s lot of bluff and self-cover that it was a similar system built over them. These embrasures were so small that the
t used in pre-1914 battleships and therefore quite im- guns could not be trained or elevated more than a degree or
e for them to understand- arguments requiring little so, and shooting was therefore a question of bringing the
ring-they got down to it, and nightly I heard from target to the guns. The French employed lID men on this
that they were making progress and that it was nearly battery, which we could not afford, but we did seriously
g. Then came the final report in the form of a signal consider keeping them loaded with a string to each firing
by lamp as their ship left harbor: "Regret recalled mechanism and on alarm detailing one hardy soul to: "Take
-machine nearly serviceable-drill unfortunately not all four reins in the left hand." Standing as they did in
." I was wiser next time and a B.L.O. stood over their house I used to call them "the Elephant stable" and as
ext naval party and wrote down everything they did. it took a considerable time to get to them, I was always
apparatus was the most elaborate bit of "hooey" that detailed to take vagrant generals, admirals and even occa-
possibly be imagined; it was incredibly complicated sional air marshals to see them, as it kept them amused and
\\as designed to digest the range to the target, as read away from asking awkward questions for a few hours.
8 range-finder and then add to it all the other unknown Perhaps this was the real value of the battery to the French.
, which could only be guessed at Cas there was no There were no French antiaircraft guns to take over.
s of finding them) and serving the answer on a plate The two that there were, and their predictor had been shot
guns. This could of course be done equally well by up by the fleet air arm and further damaged by sabotage.
ng off" the control officer's periscope the appropriate They were useful pieces, not unlike our 3.7 inch, set in
nt for line and ordering a false range by telephone. the most elaborate concrete fastness. It was interesting to
ever, the real advantage to the machine was as in many see the effect of our dive machine gunning on these em-
ancient and modern military devices; the extra eight- placements, which were sunken wells about ten feet deep
en allowed an extra officer to the establishment and with concrete walls. Bullets had ricocheted round and
her rank to the battery commander. We economized, round off the concrete and must have been most unpleas-
ver the machine and the eighteen men. ant. From this lesson we lined all concrete pits with wood
manning of this battery was the biggest problem of or sand bags. Armor piercing bullets had also achieved
its detachments included in the first two months, astonishing penetration into the metal. One bullet had hit
jous times naval ratings, field artillery drivers; in- the piece a glancing blow but nevertheless was embedded
, light antiaircraft gunners and South African Cape half its own length. The ammunition boxes were brass
. Needless to say there were no drill books, so that and beautifully made to hold two complete rounds side by
ucceeding party had to be taught afresh, and each side. One bullet had hit a box and going through hit the
fire a practice. primer of a cartridge setting it off. The shell was not moved
. coast defense business was interesting in many but the case split the whole length. The neighboring round
In the first place there was not a British soul on the was unharmed. I heard that this caused a most unpleasant
who had ever served a dav in a coast defense unit, so fire, and only mention it as a tip that it may be worth while
as nobody to give advic~ or argue; nor had we any
a drill book or a sufficientlv technical dictionarv to "Heath Robinson has been described as the British "Rube Goldberg,"
n-IE COi\S I AR"I ILLER) JOUR:\AL
keeping the primer end of cartridge cases stowed in gun pits camp life amenities, sanitation, and so forth was also I
so that they cannot be hit direct from the air. ing. They were all young soldiers and I feel they ro
vVe were lucky in our heavy antiaircraft arriving with have taken their place adequately in Air Defense G
more guns than was their due, and enough men to be fully Britain, but they were not on arrival suitea to the dis
mobile, but no vehicles, so that the units were able to man fort and improvisations of that comer of Purgatory caJ
a good deal more than a normal share, as well as Coast Diego Suarez.
Defense guns. After a few weeks of improvised manning There was a lot of difficulty over practice, the Air
of Bofors, light antiaircraft units also arrived and we soon had no "sleeves" and we could not improvise a sui
had a tolerably large AA armament. Siting of them all sleeve with attachment. I found out the correct nom
took time as we determined to dig permanent positions and ture of what was wanted and as the Air Force was u
these of course had to be inside the perimeters which would Army Command and there had been one "Rocket". al
be protected 'however small the garrison became. Luckily for cabling the Air ~linistry direct, I cabled the \Var 0
I had served just long enough in AA to be able to draw the A reply was vouchsafed to the effect that sleeves bein
correct sorts of cabalistic circles on maps that would con- Air l\Iinistry store should be obtained from there. I
vince anyone. vVe even had an enterprising barrage-safely frained from replying that the Air 1\ linistry was 900
over water. The trouble about these AA boys was that from the \Var Office and 9,000 miles from me, nor
although generally they knew enough about AA drill, they attention to this, that and the other, but cabled the
appeared to know little else, and to be perplexed by their 1\ Iinistry, who replied that demands should be put thr
strange conditions and surroundings. It took a lot of time the local R.A.F. Squadron. Then continued -an ex
to convince them that if confronted with an enemv tank exchange of cables, which did not in the least assist ~
and a plane both within range, a proportion at least ~f their the war effort, and I never got my sleeves. \Vhat a p
bricks should go towards the tank-this they might even hit. is that cables cannot be signed. for then perhaps some
Training in the use of small arms and the production of '''Blister:' "Blast:' "Skin," or "Gi~."
FUN fu~D GUNS 1;\1MADAGASCAR 15
ht be fortunate enough to meet one of these arch- 6. A few breeches had been thrown in the sea, this
'onists and learn to recognize the type and even method also seems infallible.
tease him a little. 7. Only one hidden part foxed us completely. The
eking the place 1 had feared that the French might breech screw carrier of a six inch gun. It was an enormous
. Coast Defense batteries inland as static medium chunk of brass. Of course there was no spare, nor could a
. Luckily they did not think of this even though piece of metal be found large enough from which to make
s had no overhead cover and all had an all round a substitute or a lathe large enough to do the work. A sub-
. Actually the archi\'es made it clear that the stitute was nevertheless nearly completed from built up
had no coordinated artillery fire plan, which is pieces of metal shaped by hand, when the missing part was
in a first class fortress. \;Ve did a lot of experiment- found.
this matter. The first difficulty was to make sights 8. Only one battery had undone the nut securing the
for indirect fire, this was overcome by a bit of survey gun and allowed the pieces to run-back, even so no damage
ing got the guns parallel and oriented to the local was done to the exposed piston rods. I believe that this
arking off degrees around the gun pit and fixing a would have been the most difficult thing to rectify with our
to the carriage; for elevation a field clinometer or facili ties.
marked on the shield worked admirably. For com- 9. Searchlights generally were dealt with well-an easy
ion each battery was given an armored O.P. and job. Other instruments such as predictors had all their dials
, and after a certain amount of pretty dangerous smashed making them look a sorry sight but causing little
ion and calibration had been carried out, the outfit damage.
plete. It seems to me that all C.D. batteries with- 10. Only one cam was removed. The handbook de-
head cover should be provided with a mobile O.P. scribed it as irreplaceable except from the makers in Paris.
purpose and a proportion of suitable shell. The This nearly bluffed us. However the Ordnance workshop
n of the H.A.A.1 batteries in the artillery ground was keen to try to make a substitute and succeeded in two
was not so easy. To begin with, range tables were days! This was a two dimensional cam-three dimensional
urable and the whole idea went counter to trade cams would be nearly impossible without a pattern.
rinciples. These objections were easy to overcome, Conclmions.
t clearance was a far more difficult obstacle and 1. Any fortress must be prepared to be assailed by an
targets had to be selected with care. Again I feel ovenvhelming force and be captured. A unified weapon
pity that more thought has not been given to destruction plan must therefore be made in advance to cater
g some sort of reducible charge. The effect of for this contingency. The minimum number of people
ty rounds a minute per troop of air burst H.E. over must know this plan and there seems to be no useful reason
bas to be seen to be believed. for it to be written.
2. Particular attention must be paid to the Coast Defense
APPENDIX
Artillery as that is likely to be required most urgently by
ethods of destroying guns, with comments thereon. the enemy.
o actual blowing up of pieces was attempted any- 3. Parts of the fortress may be overrun quickly, parts
there was probably little time for this in most cases. slowly and for other reasons already mentioned no reliance
s that this expedient can seldom be relied upon as can be put upon the physical destruction of pieces. It fol-
are kept firing until the last minute, then it will be lows that to prevent the enemy making use of the bits of
Ie to clear the danger area of gunners and possibly one gun to make up the deficiencies of another, certain
, who have used the gun position as a rallying point. pieces must be removed from all weapons, whatever are the
hts had in many cases been removed. This was not chances of recapture. The removal of these bits must be
uch a hindrance as might be expected, as one tends looked upon as essential and as the first string of the
t a sight that one does not understand, cannot test destructive racket.
fidence, and with which one's own instruments 4. The selection of the pieces to be removed requires
directors will not play and to prefer an improvised careful thought and as many as possible of the following
one's own design. characteristics should be considered in their selection:
e vitally important bits of the breech were often (a) They should be easily removable and transportable.
such as the striker. This did not matter in the (b) They should be most difficult to make anywhere and
here were well over 100% spares of all vitally im- impossible to make locally.
its in the Ordnance Depot as well as about 100% (c) They should be parts not normally requiring spares
guns that had not been tampered with. This rule i.e. parts unlikely to be found superabundant
led to sights. amongst similar captured equipment in another
ches had in some cases been buried complete corn- theater of war.
y close to the gun position. In every case they 5. Once selected all spare parts must be collected from
d-sometimes three feet deep. The less people units and from Ordnance stores and dealt with suitably, also
of the whereabouts of missing bits the better. all drawings and pictures of the parts in handbooks, etc.,
ch blocks had in some cases been knocked about, must be destroyed.
easily repairable, in one battery the breech screws 6. \Vhen this ha~ been arranged a secondary plan may
aged, this we could not rectify.
be made for the destruction of pieces and range tables and
the removal of sights, etc.
Those 88's By Lieutenant Colonel G. B. Ja
Ordnance Department
Should anyone think that the German 88 is a "secret" serve to point a pattern we may follow in laying the g
and vastly superior weapon, he needs but reRect on the work now for further advancement of deSign, and fur
performance of the British 3.7 inch AA guns that de- seeing and checkmating the enemy.
fended London in the dark days of the Battle of England.'" As early as 1915 the need for ground troops to
(The British 3.7 caliber is slightly larger than the German themselves against enemy aircraft became a reautv.
8.8cm). The 3.7 inch performance is outstanding, both as time these ground troops resorted to such elem~
to actual enemy planes shot down, and as to the aerial pedients as using a field piece for aerial fire, pIa .
spaces denied the enemy over industrial targets because of wheels as high as possible and digging a circular
intensi\'e barrage work. The same is true of the American mitting a 360 traverse of the trail. Such a mod'
0
90mm AA gun. This is a 100% product of American Ord- rarely gave 75 elevation. Later, the artillery wheels
0
nance engineering paralleling German post-vVorld \Var I removed and the axle shortened to lighten the whole
effort, and in the final analysis came out superior to the Ammunition was only normal powder-train time-
German product. shrapnel, and the possibility of such a unit hitting
At this time it is most assuring to know that we have plane in Right was quite remote.
battle-tested proof that American developments in AA guns As events progressed in \Vorld \Var I, the need for
and fire control have surpassed all the highly efficient creased velocities in AA weapons became par
lethal developments in AA weapons achieved by the Ger- Planes Rew higher and faster. AA guns had to get
mans in their years of massed war preparations. projectiles up into the blue with less time l06s, else
The 88 has a number of unsatisfactory features, but lest target was well out of range.
we fail to give the devil his due let it be emphasized it is It is uncontestably true that the Germans realized
a powerful weapon and does fire deadly ammunition. A need long before the 'War ended in 1918. They were
large part of its tremendously successful results lies mainly aware of some of the basic principles involved, and
in the clever employment of the weapon by the com- made a definite step towards solving the problems.
manders-Rommel for one. Otherwise it is definitely just a The Germans, also before 1918, grasped the fact
very good gun, not a secret weapon. fire control of an AA gun was quite a critical matter,
Some consideration of the factors which through the that it was similar to a Coast Artillery fire problem
years blended into the performance of the present German another big dimension. Also, study revealed that the roll
8.8cm Flak (Flak is an abbreviation for Flugzeugabwehr- of velocity played a very important role. Further, the bi
k.mwlle), may throw enough light on the subject to indi- the shell the greater was the danger area. Following tb'
cate the nature and growth of the development; and may was realized that I-I.E. was far more destructive th
mere pattern of balls from a shrapnel shell. Before
*According to an Associated Press dispatch from London, dated 21 Armistice of 1918 these problems faced Ordnance
September, Sir James Grigg, Secretary of State for War, disclosed that signers of all nations. History discloses that the Ge
AA shot down 739 enemy aircraft over Britain between 3 September, 1939
and 31 July, 1943. had done more active research than their enemies, in
The original German 8cm Flak, built by Krupp in 1917. Its basic features are retained in the present-day 8.8cm guns.
THOSE 88's 17
The photograph of the 1917 Krupp 8em AA gun does
reveal it as the progenitor of the 8.8em of today. One can-
not help but note how the basic carriage design is carried
through the present day mounts. Obviously modem refine-
ments make the carriage of today more mobile and efficient.
The biggest advances in the o\'erall tactical advantages of
this \Vorld \Var II 88 lie in the fire control, the rammer,
the muzzle velocity, and newer shell designs with the latest
fuze patterns. One must not forget that, with all the bril-
liant design for gun and fire control, the fuze must be re-
liable to a very high degree, else all the rest goes for
naught. The German mechanical time fuzes are quite re-
liable, and doubtless are very expensive to produce.
The Flak 18, 36, and 38 are percussion fired, whereas
the Flak 41 has an electric primer system. This system of
electric firing is perhaps open to discussion: since many
of the operations of any AA gun are governed by electricity,
lly a French 75mm gun, M1896, this piece has had the firing of the piece by means of an electrical contact,
Is removed and has been emplaced on a special AA
It is being used in this war (presumably in an occupied too, is logical. However, if the current fails, then any hand
country), as evidenced by the Nazi gun crew. operations are utterly impossible. These electric primers
cannot be fired by percussion.
chamber and diameter in the quest for greater The primer in such German cartridge cases is inter-
nd danger areas, before November, 1918.
e 1918 German guns appeared on special mobile
nnts. These pieces had four trails which when set
good ground support, for a higher velocity gun
a good carriage. Early fire control instruments ap-
to help direct fire and reduce the human effort in-
thus realizing less error and time lag.
were developed which were more accurate. The
train fuze, with its variable burning time in the
altitudes, gradually gave way to the mechanical
B C D
A
!
1 \ '
\ \ \\ "\. \\ \
/.
sition ten miles northeast of the town. Very little enemy Trains and in protection of the bivouac. Assigned to the
activity was encountered in this sector. \Ve next moved to Battalion - Infantry (- Armored Division) we In
Bir El Hari with the - Field Artillery. From here we to a position south of La Calle. Here we joined the
proceeded to a position five rriiles west of Lessouda Ivloun- Field Artillery east of Beja. The morale had been very 0
tain. The next move was to La Calle and from there we throughout except for the times when the platoon had 0
moved to a position twenty miles east of Beja. From here on split.
it was one quick move after another for the platoons of this \\'rIll TIlE 5TH PLATOON
battery until they ended upon the T unis-Bizerte road and This platoon landed at Safi, French Morocco, in the afle
the cease firing order was given on i'vlay 9th at 1113 hour. noon of November 8th. \Vhile tied up at the dock, prior
All in all it was a great ex-perience-many times very unloading, gun crews No. 2 and 4 fired upon and brouo
close to the enemy when escorting the Armored Infan.try. down a low-Hying French bomber which came ove/'
Officers and men alike have learned much about a combat about 1700. During the nights of November 8 and 9 t J
anny, having operated with Armored Field Artillery, vehicles were unloaded and moved into position On Ih
Armored Infantry, foot Infantry and in rear area defense ridges to the north and east of the docks. At about 0600
of important ports. Things never to be forgotten include November 9, our guns No. 2 and 4 fired upon anOlh
those terrible convoys on dark rainy nights when our trucks French bomber which came in from the south to bomb Ih
and drivers gave their all to keep up in the mud, the cold, docks. 111is plane crashed within 500 yards of the first On
the rain, the dust, and the dark trackless wilderness of On November 9, gun crew No.2 assisted in the capture
central Tunisia. \Ve will remember the 88's and Stukas, the twelve enemy snipers by using the 37mm gun to destroy
sniping, the mines and booby traps. , stone block house. The platoon moved out of positions i
EXPERIENCES IN BATrERY B
Safi November 11 to take up protection of bivouac area ou
side of the city. \Ve moved to the Cork Forest near Ra
\Vn'H TIlE 1ST PLATOON
protecting the -- Armored Regiment (- Armored
We first arrived in Tunisia in mid-January. After several vision) bivouac. \Ve then took over the defense of 1
weeks of guarding a concealed bivouac we were attached to bridges outside of Rabat. From here we entrained for Krou
the -- TD Battalion. \Vith the Combat Command to where our half-tracks were unloaded. At Qued Seguin \I
which we were attached we attacked Sened about February joined a perimeter defense of the -- Armored Division hi
1. A night convoy in pitch black darkness and cold took us ouac. Next we moved with the -- Annored Engineers p
through ~Gafsa to the assembly area. In convoying infantry tecting tl~eir march to Bou Chebka. Later we moved 1 .
vehicles the next day we were attacked by fifteen JU-88's Sbeitla attached to the j\1\aintenance Battalion. From the .
and ME-I09's coming from out of the sun. Our guns shot we went to Hadjeb El Aioun to protect the bivouac of 1
down two of the planes. Later in the day our guns dispersed -- Armored Infantry. Next we went to Lessouda in d
another twelve-plane raid causing the attackers to drop their fense of a Combat Command Headquarters. Then \
bombs far from their objective. The third and last raid of moved to Sidi Bou Zid to protect the supply trains of the
twenty-four planes came after we had reached the infantry Combat Team (--Corps). During- the withdrawal fr
detrucking area and were in tactical position. Two of these this area, the platoon lost two half-tracks, two 2;.2-1
planes were destroyed and others damaged. Through this trucks and four I-ton trailers. All personnel, howeI'
day's harrowing experiences the men emerged with a new reached safety. Enemy artillery and tank fire were respo
confidence in their weapons. \Ve were complimented for sible for these losses. After resting around T ebessa for
our work by the Colonel. The next morning, in the half- while, we joined a combat command on the march
hour from 8: 00 to 8: 30 we destroyed seven enemy planes Maknassy. After Maknassy we protected the -- .
as they raided our positions. The result of our heavy firing mored Infantry on the move to Sidi Bou Zid protecli
was to put three of our four guns out of action. The .50 the new bivouac area. Next we moved to Qued Zar
caliber guns were warped from the heat and the 37mm guns with the same unit, and then to a position ten miles ea
had jammed tightly, making it impossible even to cock of Beja to protect the vehicles of the -- Battalion,
them. Armored Infantry. Morale was very good, but the counl
A short while afterward we were assigned to Division battery artillery fire bothered the men a lot.
\Ve must press forward with all our energy to the winning of the
war. Here at home we must produce the munitions essential to vic-
tory. \Ne must push on with the building of escort vessels to protect
our convoys. 'VVemust win our objectives on production of airplanes
for the Army and the Navy and for our Allies, for no victory will be
won without overwhelming superiority in the air.-HoN. ROBERT
P. PA'ITERSON.
irst Aid for AW Training
By lieutenant Cameron Brown, Coast Artillery Corps
RGET! tracers silhouetted against, passing through or eclipsed by
40mm fire unit snaps into action. The director crew the target. If he has been properly prepared by lectures and
up the target and the gun crew mans the gun. The explanations of his job, he can apply the rules of range ad-
it is a smooth working team, a perfect example of justment to cause apparent explosions on the target. After
ond pick-up, steady tracking and perfect timing. the range setter has become accomplished in the range
the team is not effective in combat unless the range setting process, the transition from the trainer to the M5
can set proper ranges. During weeks of practice, the can easily be effected.
it received the training necessary for coordinated Now for a description of the M8 trainer. It consists of a
o But how about the range setter? He controls the mock-up director, sound equipment, and a target box.
he regulates the director prediction, \Vill his judg- The mock-up director produces gun sound and selects a
be sure? \Vill he instinctively set ranges of the proper tracer corresponding to the range setting. As the range
Will he think clearly amid the distractions of actual handwheel is turned, an electric contact or wiper moves
Too often the only test of his training has been at \'ertically across the face of a brass plate. Curves of maximum
'ng point. Obviously the best available man should and minimum hitting ranges for a fifteen yard target have
cted for this vital position; the need for a yardstick been drawn upon the plate, and the area between the
sure comparative capabilities has long been recog- curves has been removed. The plate, mounted on fiber
board, is moved mechanically at a constant speed from one
now each Automatic \Veapons Battalion will be side of the director to the other. If the range setting is
d with the Director Trainer M8, a training device short, contact will be made through the lower portion of
ed solely for the purpose of selecting and making the plate and the tracer will be seen to silhouette. Con-
t, dependable range setters. versely, a range setting that is too great will cause contact
prospective range setter takes his position at the through the upper portion of the plate and the tracer will
a mock-up director equipped with a range dial and be seen to eclipse. If the range is properly set, causing the
handwheel. Turn for turn, this range dial will pro- wiper contact to come between the curves, a hit will be
range settings corresponding to those on the M5 di- scored. Eight control plates are supplied with each trainer,
o He sets in a range, turns on the control switch and furnishing a variety of courses and a choice of either low
n fires the first "round"; each succeeding "round" is (I20 m.p.h.) or high (300 m.p.h.) speed targets. The in-
automatically at one second intervals. He watches structor may check range settings by observing the move-
rget, in a box some fifteen feet away, and observes ment of both plate and wiper through a window on the
front of the director. Through this medium, it is possible to tively operate the range hand wheel in the proper direct
determine whether a man has grasped the idea of range ad- in the proper amount, and at the proper time.
justment and, also, whether he reacts rapidly enough to l'vleanwhile, the training of machine gunners need
observed tracers. If he is selected for further training, battle be neglected. Another device has been developed, the
sounds and high speed courses may be used to simulate com- aircraft l\'lachine Gun Trainer l\19, which affords an
bat conditions. portunity to train machine gunners in individual IT
The battle sounds are provided by the sound equipment control and fire discipline regardless of weather condi .
which consists of a standard phonograph pick-up, turn table and without expenditure of ammunition. The gunner 6
and amplifier. Two speakers are mounted above the range a compressed air gun, similar in appearance to the
setter; one, immediately overhead, transmits gun sound only, cooled caliber .50 machine gun, and brings the tracer s
the other carries the recorded battle sounds. A panel on the
side provides a volume control and various control switches.
The target assembly furnishes a 1: 135 scale model plane
rotated to simulate a target flying a crossing course at con-
stant altitude. The illusion of speed is imparted to the target
by the rotation of a drum carrying a sky panorama behind it.
The speed of the drum may be varied to coincide with the
type of control plate being used. The simulated tracers
consist of small "pen light" bulbs mounted on each end of
three brass rods. When contact is made through the control
plate, the proper light is released and swings past the target.
The illusion of change in apparent size of the target can
be produced only by using the Director Trainer M8 in
combination with the Hunt Miniature Range. The director
and target units may be installed side by side facing a
movable mirror-the sound equipment may be set up outside
of the Range. The illusion of changing range may be ob-
tained by moving the mirror backward or forward, enabling
the range setter to adjust ranges by changes in the apparent
size of the target as well as by observation of tracers.
After continued practice on the M8 Trainer, the range
setter will learn to watch the tracers. He will realize the
changing aspect of the target, and, above all, will instinc- Director Trainer M8 Target Box.
FIRST AID FOR A\V TRAINI~G
ten both in the brain of the actual gunner. How training for a mental act. It is simpler than all system,
will he be secure in ignorance of the Bying killer be- suffers from artificial complication, and is standard human
of the remote existence of heavy truck-loads of radio equipment. It is always there for use. It might as well be
ent? trees or butterBies as planes.
ially pernicious in the matter of identification of The integrating power of the human mind is matchless.
aircraft is the attitude of mind which says: "If a The following is a quotation from a work concerning color
comes near me I'm going to let it have it, no matter photography, which will help to illustrate this power:
t is." Such a credo can and has done damage to our
"Another frequent variation in subject color is caused by
It is symptomatic of the untrained recruit, and the color of the surroundings. For example, a person stand-
r crude insight will probably be found in other phases ing beside a sunlighted red brick building is lighted partly
fighting. Belligerence does not win battles of itself, by reBected red light, and his color therefore takes on a
and craft are absent. Morale is not based on bravado reddish cast. Likewise, a person standing among sun-
deadly competence and lethal ability. The antiair- lighted green leaves appears to have a much cooler color.
artilleryman needs his Bying support perhaps more Indoors, subjects' faces sometimes pick up color of adjacent
hat support needs fear such selfish attack. He must walls, drapes, or furniture.
his planes to cooperate with them.
"The average person does not notice these color varia-
ods of instruction which are haphazard and un-
tions in the actual subjects because the menw part of his
will find their character mirrored in the results
vision adjmts mltomntically for those changes. One's mind
. They must be chosen to fit the ends required,
adjusts even to the extent of giving somewhat the same
d with pace and judgment.
impression of subjects under artificial light as in daylight.
well to keep in mind the nature of the skill it is
Kokachrome cannot automatically adjust itself to variations
to develop in the soldier. Target recognition is not
in color of the lighting."
of classification or a method of research. It is a
act of the mind-of the intellect and senses working In any act of recognition, this integrating power is work-
hole. ing, "automatically adjusting" as a camera manufacturer
n visual perception we "see" more than is present to would put it. The mind does not bury the golden coin it
e. To look at an orange on a table before one is to receives from the senses, but remembers it, to use it again
ence more than the eye can bring. The roundness, and again in recognition.
s, weight, taste, etc., very often are qualities of that This is the power we must put to work. Although the
nitary act. The magic of the human brain makes one final recognition is a single, unitary act involving the whole
ated response from many stimuli discretely and structure of the plane, yet the learning process may involve
sly received, in the act and prior to it. thousands of slight accumulating impressions. It is ob-
gnition implies that the object seen is actually pres- viously incorrect, for example, to say that because we de-
nd thus differs from recall when the absent object is sire, finally, to recognize the B-1? as a unit structure, that
t back into consciousness). It also includes much we should not point out the unusual prominence of its
experience in the present act. In addition, it carries huge tail fin. What the individual learns by seeing, even
of familiarity, which is unique and characteristic. feeling, a model, what he sees in a silhouette or a picture
seless to attempt to describe familiarity-we know it -even what is seen in the memory and imagination when
bjective experience-the difference between what is reading or hearing a story of Fortress exploits-all these
or neutral, and that which is "familiar." It is ex- are added to and reenforce the act of recognition. The
ced every time someone says: "Have you met Lieu- error is in using a part-by-part analysis as a method of
So-and-So?" recognition in the field. As a training method, it is of value
understanding of this is important in teaching recog- when it goes forward Simultaneously with training in recog-
of aircraft. The soldier's visual perception of a plane nition of the whole plane.
battle, you hope, will be an act of recognition. It This does not imply that systematic method is unimpor-
y be such if his previous visual experience has been tant. But the recognition, and not the system, is the goal
ough, and clear enough, for him to have become of the instructor. Unless you work with the minds and
r with that plane and to have retained that familiar- eyes of the soldiers, you are merely going through the
must know the plane he sees is that plane and motions.
In general, it is well to accept the variety and beware the
fundamental significance here is the fact that any system. By and large, it is a mistake to become the disciple
ition is specific and not general. Any categories such of any system, as if it were a creed, becoming intolerant of
y," "German, " "BntIs,
.. h" "L'19 ht Bom be"r, etc., all other, competing systems. Each has something of value
actions, and cannot be the first act of recognition, to offer, none has an exclusive key to success. To concen-
Hawed by more specific particulars. Any number of trate on one alone, is to lose all the value of the others. Svs-
judgments may be made after recognition, but that tematic methods should be used with a view to providi~g
30 THE COAST ARTILLERY ]OURl'1AL
interest and varietv, rather than in an effort to find a the miracle of Right. And when it is known what a
"system" that will bring recognition with magical ease. does, the identity of that part is much better remem
In all of this, the mental factor of attention or interest Understanding and association with the other compo
must go hand in hand. The concern with this idea that has in the functioning machine will sen'e to reenforce r
given birth to America's million dollar advertising budgets, lection.
is equally important in training. \Ve must hold the trainee's Variety is a source of interest, and all methods should
attention. Novelty, variety, colored pictures, battle shots, used to achieve it. It would be pointless to belabor t
anecdotes, brevity, pointed and arresting facts-all the introduction with a detailed description of the man
things which make good "copy," make good training. methods or of the class routine. Individual judgment m
The average American soldier is "ery much interested prevail in any case to merge the chances of the situaf
in aircraft. For him, air warfare is the most adventur- and the available time. l\lobilization training time is e
ous type of fighting'. He reads the magazines, devours the ing, but excellent results may be obtained if one k
newspapers. \\Then he becomes disgruntled with his job, Rexible and aims for interest.
he wants to join the Air Corps. It is a tribute to the wooden The original state of mind of the men cannot be over.
nature of our instruction that we can so successfully, and looked. Harmful attitudes cannot be supplanted bv
with such scientific method-bore him to distraction. nouncing them. You must convince by the interes; a
It is therefore sine qua non that the students interest be enthusiasm which brings results. With attention and
aroused. A vivid and varied presentation is necessary. peal the men will teach themselves. \Vhen recognition
Many ideas for teaching recognition have been advanced. been mastered, complaints vanish.
They can all be used. The only important thing is that the There is a great deal more to recognition training th
soldier see the plane often enough, with consuming interest. proper attitudes and the right state of mind. \\!hat of
so that he will recognize it when he sees it again. practical machinery of putting across the informatiODI
It is established that repetition reenforces memory and This has not been left to chance; is not to be approach
aids recognition. But this refers to a repetition in the mind haphazardly.
of the student, rather than a repetition of business going on A careful study of current training memoranda publish
before him, of which he mayor may not be very much by the \Var Department and the Antiaircraft Command on
aware. It is very difficult to maintain interest for a long this subject will provide you with the essential informa .
time at one stretch. It is further true, that if considerable on recognition training.
time separates the experiences, they will not commingle in The Antiaircraft Artillery School has been given defini
the mind; they will not be mutually strengthening. One responsibilities in this program. A sufficient number
will have been too well forgotten before the next is experi- OCS graduates will be placed in the recognition COll
enced. Repetition, as a consequence, should be in the after graduation to provide five officers for each A\V a
form of short periods of instruction, frequently repeated. Gun battalion and four for each searchlight battalion, a
Plane nomenclature is a logical starting point. It provides one officer for each Group and Brigade Headquarters.
a set of mutually intelligible terms for future discussion. It These officers are given a full two weeks of instructi
also provides a framework of plane structure in which all at the Target Recognition Section. The methods used a
future discussion may lodge. A clear "pattern" in the mind, those that will be available at the training centers. Th
drawn early, will save much later confusion. This nomen- potential instructors are, however, taught a variety of a
clature can include a delineation of the bomber and in- proach and progressive techniques to make the issued ma-
terceptor, etc., as well as general plane characteristics. terials effective. Plans should early be crystallized to ma
In teaching nomenclature, do it functionally. \\!hen a immediate, frequent, ~nd continuing use of their abiliti
plane part is mentioned (for example, the wing), its con- However, as Training Memorandum No. 12 points ou,l
tribution to the plane's Right (its lift), should be brought this is not the be-all and the end-all of target recognitio
out. Every part can be linked to action. What might be- The study is continuing in nature, and the initiative
come a dry catalogue of labeled sections of sheet aluminum inventiveness of the individual will continue to add va)
may very well be enlivened into a graphic presentation of able innovation and interesting variety.
ing capacity. No doubt the ideal would be to By balloons at Balloons rise because they are filled with hydrogen which
such a height that enemy aircraft could never By over them, is many times lighter than air. Now if one cubic foot of hy-
but this would mean a balloon so large that it would be drogen gas rises, the ever diminishing atmospheric pressure
extr~mely difficult to handle on the ground, particularly in will cause it to expand. In fact if it reached a height of
a bUIlt-up area. It was therefore decided to operate balloons 19,000 feet it would expand to two cubic feet. Increases in
at medium heights, preventing accurate aimino and dive- temperature also cause expansion, Allowance must therefo~
bombing and at the same time leaving the uppe~ air free for be made for gas expansion at operational Bying levels.
fighter interception. The French made their balloons with elastic sides, bu
It would have been uneconomical in peace-time to main- this did not work well in practice. The envelopes of Britis
tain a permanent strength of operators for the full London balloons have "false bottoms" filled with air which is ex
barrage. Moreover, the presence of so many balloons in and pelled as soon as .the gas chamber expands. This "false bot-
around London would have been too great a menace to tom" is known as the ballonet, and the Hexible wall which
peace-time air traffic. An auxiliary organization on the separates it from the gas chamber is the diaphragm. \Vhen I
same lines as that of the Territorial army was therefore balloon is inHated at ground level, the upper compartment
introduced. ' , is not filled to capacity with gas and the ballonet is fill
The Balloon Squadrons were to be manned principally with air through its wind scoop. The balloon goes up, th
by auxiliaries able to do part-time or week-end training in atmospheric pressure decreases, and the expanding gas
association with a small nucleus of regular personnel and presses the air out of the ballonet. As the balloon descends
concentrated in four main depots in the metropolitan area the ballonet scoops back air when the gas contracts. So th
to be defended. These centers were the first meeting grounds shape of the balloon remains constant and the three air-in
of the many who volunteered their services and who still Rated stabilizers, like two huge fins and a rudder, enabl
maintain protective barrages throughout the country at the the balloon to ride head-to-wind always on an even keel.
present day. They were used both as storage depots and
for training the squadrons which would be deployed to their
own war sites in the event of war. Today the centers are
used as maintenance and supply depots for squadrons in
the field.
Early in 1938 the recruiting of the first balloon squadrons
commenced. A balloon training school was opened, and a
nucleus of regular personnel was given an intensive course
of training before being posted to the various centers. A
balloon group headquarters under Fighter Command was
formed to control and administer the barrage as a whole.
At the time of the international crisis in September,
1938 the organization was sufficiently developed to permit
a partial mobilization of the barrage and some squadrons
were deployed fully equipped to their war sites. They re-
mained on a war footing for about ten days, but were
eventually withdrawn after a useful exercise had been
carried out. Height finder in operation.
AA IN THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN 37
'Jkse are the rudiments of a barrage balloon. But there which the original officers and airmen of Balloon Command
highly specialized and constantly improving technique are responsible, that has made the substitution at all pos-
light-manipulation, close-hauling, bedding down, and sible. Skill and intelligence will still be required, but the
vs.day and night, getting the best of the weather. constant physical strain which was present in the past has
the middle of January, 1941, the Air Officer Com- been verv much reduced.
ing, Balloon Command, was asked to consider a sug- The Balloon Operators of the \\l.A.A.F. will still have
n that the flying of balloons could be completely car- to endure the weather as well as attack from the air, but
out by the \V.A.A.F. At first this suggestion was re- they have already shown that they can take it. Theirs is
with some dismay. The fact that the manning of undoubtedly one of the hardest jobs undertaken by women
ns for twenty-four hours a day, frequently in the in this war, but they have tackled it and succeeded at it.
appalling weather conditions, required physical To complete th~ circle of protection of harbors and
th not generally possessed by women, was considered estuaries, balloons are sometimes flown from surface craft
If sufficient reason for rejecting it. moored on the water. \\later-bome barrages not only afford
erertheless, the Air Officer Commanding examined the protection to vulnerable areas and to shipping, but they
m with the utmost care. Every aspect of the sugges- also have the greatest value as a deterrent to mine-laying
was explored, from the physical suitability of women by the enemy.
Iloon operators to the accommodation that they would Balloons in this war are not only scarecrows; they have
. e; from the amount of food to be issued to them to the been scientifically distributed and devised as part of the de-
of clothes they would have to wear; from the strength fensive roof over the country. v\lhile they fly the enemy is
AA.F. crews to the question of whether or not they not only denied the possibility of accurate bombing, but is
Id use lethal weapons. also placed in a position of the greatest vulnerability to at-
e substitution of W.A.A.F. for airmen on balloon tack by antiaircraft and fighter defenses.
doesnot imply that the airmen, who have operated in
eathers and under aerial bombardment, have in any
been doing a "woman's job." In the first place, it re- There has, then, been no lull in the effort devoted to the
a crew of sixteen airwomen to replace ten airmen. improvement of our defenses. If the Luftwaffe, baffied in
dIy, it must be borne in mind that R.A.F. crews are the East, turns again to the West, it will find the opposition
rated in military defense schemes, whereas vV.A.A.F. even stronger than that which baffied it here before. Mean-
t. Thus, in a number of areas it is not practicable for while every part of the Air Defense of Great Britain can
.A.F. to take over sites. Lastly, it is only the great fairly claim its share in what history will undoubtedly pro-
essin and simplification of balloon manipulation, for nounce to have been a victory.
Ballistic orrection
By Captain Wellington Yaple, Coast Artillery Corps
ue
Although the Firing Tables offer a rapid and simple Scale G, d%H, is read through a window, 5.2 inc
method of calculating ballisticcorrections, their use in the from the center of the middle scale. A reading isgiven f
fieldis at least inconvenient and troublesome. each combination of range and altitude. This altitude
Based on the firing tables,this'rule has the necessary ac- rection setting in per cent compensates for I fls change .
curacy for trialshot fire,as well as extreme precision.in fire muzzle velocity as given in Part 2 table XVa.
for effect.Only a few figures need to be carried in the mind Scale H, d9, is read through a window 5 inches f
during the calculation. Corrections in drift,quadrant ele- the center of the middle disk. Every combination of ran
vation, and altitude are taken directly from the Ballistic and altitude gives a d4> reading. Figures on scales r
Correction Rule. It isan all-weather method. through windows were entered on the large disk aftert
CONSTRUCTION windows had been cut in the middle disk. All combinati
All figures are from the Firing Tables for 90mm Guns, of range and altitude on scales A and B were matched
AA, 1\1-1Shell HE M71, with fuze M43A3, as published figures were written through the windows. This correcti
by the Antiaircraft Artillery School, Camp Davis, North in quadrant elevation in mils compensates for 1 fls chan
Carolina, December, 1942. in muzzle velOCity as found in Part 2 table XVa.
The rule is quite simply constructed of almost any stiff, Scale I, Density, is a logarithmic scale, graduated on
light material. Celluloid is the most desirable. Three disks 100 degree sector, (the same as used for C scale) on
are needed, the largest being 14.2 inches in diameter, the large disk and read through a slot in the middle disk.4
middle disk 12.66 inches in diameter and the smallest disk inches from the center on the bottom edge of this slotis
7.6 inches in diameter. matching logarithmic scale (Scale J) on which is enter
On the perimeter of the back or largest disk are two the Density Factor and on which is read the AMV due
scales.Scale A is Range graduated in thousands of yards, density. Since these two scales serve only for simple mul
from 1,000 to 11,000, in steps of 1,000 yards. This scale plication, they may be omitted.
occupie~ 200 degrees of the perimeter, the gradtlations be- Around the perimeter of the small disk, on the midd
ing equiangular. disk, is Scale X, a logarithmic scale occupying a 180 deg
Scale C is evenly spaced in the remaining 160 degrees sector,evenly spaced with Scale J. Decimals equal to d%
and occupies 100 degrees of the perimeter. This scale, rep- and d4> are entered on this scale. Above these figuresa
resenting Powder Temperature in degrees E, is graduated decimals equal to d%H corrections.
from a to 100 in steps ot 5 degrees E This scale is in direct On the entire perimeter of the small disk isa 10garith
proportion to the angular displacement. scale,graduated from 10 to 800 on the firstouter scale,I
On the perimeter of the middle disk is scale B, repre- to 1,000 on the middle scale and 1,000 to 10,000 on
senting Altitude in thousands of yards, graduated in steps inner scale.
of 1,000 yards, from 2,000 to 10,000 yards. A 1,000 yard On four concentric circles inside this scale may be
step on Scale A isdivided into 9 equal parts, each part rep- decimal changes to expedite the finding of correct answ
resenting a division of 1,000 yards on Scale B. For example, the logarithmic scales of the small disk \ .
read as follows:
Scale D, MV due to powder temperature, isread through
a window on the middle disk. The center of this window is 20 (in black) (total MV)
5.9 inches from the center of the disk. The index above the 200 (total MV)
window ispositioned at the observed Powder Temperature 2000 (red) (altitude)
(Scale C). Red figures indicate minus AMV. This scale is 0.2 (black) (d%H or d4> corrections)
based on the assumption that a 10° increase in Powder 2.0 (blue) (d%H or d4> corrections)
Temperature resultsin 11.7 fls increase in muzzle velocity. 20 (red) dH
Scale E, Density Factor, isread through a window on the 200 (green) (d%H or d.p corrections)
middle Disk 5.7 inches from the center of the disk. The
scale isread after matching the proper Range (Scale A) and MANIPULATION
Altitude (Scale B). Red figures are minus. The density The Ballistic Correction Rule is best explained
factor is change in muzzle velocity in fls approximately demonstrating itsuse on a practical example. The prob
equivalent to a 1% change in density (Part 2 table will be to find dA, d.p,and dH for a trialshot at 5,000 ya
XIV a). altitude and 5,000 yards range. The powder temperature
Scale F, Drift Correction, is read through a window, 5.4 75 degrees Fahrenheit, the battery developed muzzle
inches from the center of the middle disk. The -7 mils locity is 2,750 ft/sec., anq the ballisticdensity for
already in the M7 director has been taken into account and eighth zone is 96.
this correction may be directly applied. Red figures are (I) M 1lzzle Velocity Correction.
minus. The drift correction is read after the proper match- First match 5,000 yards Altitude (Scale B) to 5,000 .
ing of the Range and Altitude scales. These corrections Range (Scale A). On Scale E read Density Factor. ItIS
are taken from Part 2 table IV. plus 10.
~Q
BALLISTIC CORRECTION RULE 39
nder the index on Scale I (Density), posItIon the (2) Drift Correction.
factor (plus 10) on Scale J (Density Factor). Again match the Altitude and Range, Scale B to Scale
Onder96 (green) (Density) on Scale I read 40 (red) A. Read the Drift Correction which is a plus 3m. The
. Since density is less than 100%, AMV is plus. window at Scale G shows .034 for d%H and the window at
t set index above the window on Scale D (AMV due Scale H shows .02 for d</>.
der Temperature) to the given powder temperature, (3) Altitude roul Quadrant Elevation Corrections.
rees Fahrenheit, on Scale C. Through the window Set 196 (black) (total AMV) on Scale K under the index
'1-6 f/s. of Scale X. Under .034 (black) on Scale X read 6.8 (in
black) on Scale K. 6.7 is the d%H correction. Under .02
difference between 2600 ft/sec and the battery de-
(black) on Scale X read 4 (black) on Scale K. 4 is the
veloped MV or 2,750 ft/sec is a plus 150 ft/sec. correction, in mils, for </>.
efore the total AMV is a plus 196 ft/sec. The dH correction is obtained by setting the altitude,
'«) f/s due to decrease in Density. 5,000, (red) on Scale K under the index of Scale X. Under
_6 f!s due to increase in Powder Temperature. 6.8 (red) on Scale X read 335 (red) yards on Scale K,
~of!s difference between standard 2600 f/s. which is the dH correction. Since the total AMV was posi-
MV and battery developed MV of 2750 f/s. tive, all corrections are minus except drift.
rhis is a comparatively simple shot for the cameraman. Just the camera set upon a
ripod and focused on the crew at work aboard the Mine Planter while it is tied up
at the dock.
rying to control the action of two "actors" as big as a mine planter and
I Army L Boat is a real job. The man "on the double" in the foreground
t
Lieutenant Charles E. Skinner, Jr., director of the picture, who is trying
I keep tabs on everything. Sergeant Fred Detmers is the cameraman
)anning" the camera to keep the action centered in his view finder.
t
e shots can only be filmed from a bird's-eye perspective, so the
eraman, the director and the technical advisor climb above the
'dge of the mine planter. The director is the man with the mega-
ne striving to have his instructions heard by the crew below.
~
Even the bridge of the planter is not high enough
sometimes. So the camera and its operator are
hoisted hil?h un on the llllL'it of the ..hin_
Antiaircraft As Field Artiller
By Captain Arne W. Haaland, Coast Artillery Corps
In forward positions, at any time, AA guns must be pre- co~ection. Remember that the "c" factor is only a unit
pared to deliver fire as field artillery in support of other adjustment, and the fork \~hic~ you hav~ used may be j
arms. This is especially true in the assault of highly fortified as good. Remember that It Will be easier to train a u
positions, and in the covering of a withdrawal, where all using one set of methods and nomenclature, than usi
available fire power must be used. The ami-mechanized several, especially during the hectic days of the MTP.
mission of AA guns is separate from the field artillery mis- There are several methods of calculating firing da
sion and will not be covered here. First, you can use the 1',,17director, within the limitat"
The primary types of support fire which the AA com- imposed by its construction, setting range on the pr
mander must be prepared to deliver, are barrage fire (fixed range counter, or using the heightfinder transmitter
and moving), and fire against point targets, either counter- position the director receiver. Second, you can use s
battery or against strong points. terrestrial fire tables as are available. Third, you can mal"!
In taking up the methods of conducting support fire, it is your own terrestrial fire table, using smoothed director da
not necessary to attempt to train officers and men as field Fourth, you can construct a plain or logarithmic slide ru
artillerymen; this could be done if we had years at our dis- to give range-elevation-fuze relationships. Fifth, you Cl
posal before we would have to engage the enemy, but in the construct a logarithmic range-elevation or range-elevati
few short months of training, before we must be prepared fuze relationship tape, place it in a box, and you have
for action, we cannot take too much time from our primary range percentage corrector, which has always been a sta
mission; therefore, the antiaircraft artilleryman should be ard seacoast gadget and will work just as well for terrestri
taught how to fire his guns as field artillery, using AA fire. For a description, see Fl\'1 4-15.
nomenclature and methods of training. Spotting for AA Artillery in terrestrial fire will nonnall
Fixed barrage fire is normally anti-personnel fire, with be from an axial OP, i.e., angle OP-Target-Gun is less th
the purpose of denying access to, or movement in certain 300 mils. If the axial OP is at a distance from the ta
areas, such as road defiles, areas around anti-tank obstacles, which is appreciably different from the firing range to t
or generally in support of infantry or the other arms. Mov- target, lateral spots must be multiplied by the factor rJ
ing barrage fire is primarily used to neutralize the fire power (range OP-Target divided by Range Gun-Target), whi
of the enemy, by forcing him to seek cover ahead of an gives the correct lateral deviation to use in adjustment. Air
advance, by causing casualties, and by destroying obstacles. plane spots or spots from stations beyond axial limits
Fire at point targets is normally delivered at the request of be converted by some modification of the clock meth
the infantry or armored force commander to clear out ob- Range sensings of over or short are used in adjustment
stacles, strong points, or enemy artillery. any bracketing method. Shots with wide lateral deviatio
Because 'of the mission of barrage fire, it may be neces- are sensed as doubtful in range. What constitutes a \ .
sary to obtain bursts above the ground, in order to obtain lateral deviation varies with the size of the target and t
the greatest anti-personnel effect. This calls for adjustment conditions of visibility. A suggested limit is five mils for
in height of burst as well as range and azimuth. With AA target such as a small house when visibility is good.
guns, a d~sirable height of burst is about twenty-five yards limit must be decreased as the size of the target and t
above the ground. With H.E., this will give from 100% air visibility decreases.
bursts at short ranges to 75% at long ranges nearing the Adjustment in range is by- the bracketing method. I p
maximum fuze range. In firing a moving barrage, fire is fer a modified bracketing method involving parts of
opened on an initial point or area and moves as prescribed the seacoast and field artillery methods, since the seacoa
by higher command. method does not use a varying unit of adjustment and t
In firing at a point target, time fuzed ammunition, armor field ar:tillery method does call for a varying unit of adj
piercing, or impact detonating ammunition will be used ac- ment with which the Coast Artilleryman is not familiar.
cording to the type of target and the effect desired. In using my modified method, use a fork of 1% of ran
Adjustment of fire in range may be by either the Seacoast for accurate maps, 2% for centers of vertical aerial pho
Artillery or Field Artillery Bracketing Methods. Personally, graphs from altitudes under 15,000 feet or maps of simi
I prefer a combination of the two, as being more suited to accuracy, and 4% for all other maps or aerial photos (to t
antiaircraft artillery. This will be described in detail further nearest 20 yards). In trial fire (registration to the fie
along in this article. Remember that despite differences in artilleryman) correct by one fork until two successive
materiel, the principles of gunnery apply equally we]) in give different sensings. If a hit is obtained at any ti
shooting a slingshot or a 16-inch riRe. Use the methods verify with four rounds from the same gun. Adjust by
and nomenclature to which you are accustomed, teach your over-short rule, correction equals shorts minus overs
men terrestrial fire with AA nomenclature, don't attempt to vided by twice the number of shots used in the calculatio
become a field artillery unit in order to fulfill a secondary Hits are counted as both an over and a short and daub
or tertiary assignment. Remember that the field artillery sensings are not included in the calculations. If using a .1
"K" factor is only a means of applying a percentage range fork, and a bracket is obtained, go back ~ fork and \.
ANTIAIRCRAFf AS FIELD ARTILLERY 43
'ng a 2% fork, go back 1% and nre one round, then begin the computation of your nring data. You scale the
the bracket obtained from this shot and either the pre- range to the road denle, 11,100 yards, the range to the
shot, or the shot before that, and verify. If using a tank, 9,000 yards, the distance OP-tank, 7,(XX) yards. You
fork, go back 2%, nre one round, split the 2% bracket, measure the azimuth to the defile, 2,790 mils, and the azi-
one more round, split the 1% bracket, and nre verinca- muth to the tank, 2,612 mils, and put the photograph away.
fire;the data is corrected by the over-short rule and the You wet your nnger and hold it in the wind, and decide
, is ready to open nre for effect. The net lateral cor- that the wind is northeast, about 15 miles per hour, which
n is used to enter nre for effect. gives a 3 mph range wind and 15 mph crosswind. You
()deliver nre at any target within a reasonable distance make ballistic corrections to range and azimuth accord-
ie trial shot point, apply your trial nre corrections to ing to your rules, knowing the gun's muzzle velocity,
and azimuth and enter nre for effect, using a 1% fork arriving at a corrected range to the tank of 8,260 yards
unit of adjustment. The reasonable distance (transfer and a firing azimuth of 2,602 mils. In the meantime
) is denned by the neld artillery as within 1,500 yards you have established communication with your OP, and
ge, and within 400 mils in azimuth. This corresponds alerted gun No. 1. Taking the elevation for 8,260 yards
Trial nre, which should be conducted near the range, from your firing table, you order one round fired. The OP
e, and azimuth at which the target is expected to spots the burst as "Right 20, Over," which, converted by
the neld of nre. If it is desired to enter nre for effect r/R is used as "Right 16, Doubtful." The gun is traversed
ut trial nre, use the proper value of a fork as pre- to the corrected azimuth, and another round is nred. The
for trial fire and adjust by the over-short rule. results, as recorded, are as follows: Note-adjustment fork
e suggested rules for calculating approximate ballistic =2%.
in a hurry, are as follows: (9Omm AA Guns). Shot Range Q.E. Azimuth Lateral Spot Sensing
25f/s muzzle velocity equals 1% range 1 8260 108 2601 R 20(16) O?
10 mph range wind effect (in yards) equals ;3 quad- 2 2586 R 3(2) o
rant elevation. 3 8100 104 2584 LI o
10 mph cross wind effect equals ~ range -+- 1,000 (in 4 7940 100 Line S
mils) 5 8020 102 L 1 S
Drift equals ~ range -;- 1,000 (in mils) 6 8060 101 RI S
7 Line S
Ie Problem: 8 RI H
0800, one dull morning in the hills of North Africa, 9 L2 S
eceive a message, informing you to be prepared to de- You adjust the range at which you fired your verification
fireat a road defile within range of your battery. You fire by the over-short formula using the 1% fork, which gives
ld that the object of the mission is to trap the Germans an adjusted range of 8,090. You have obtained mixed
defile and destroy them with massed nre power on sensings in verification fire so you consider trial fire com-
and from higher headquarters. With the message, you plete.
e a vertical photograph with scale and orienting You compute the total percentage correction applied to
taken the day before from 10,000 feet altitude. Your the photo range (minus 10.1%) and the total lateral cor-
lire is near the center of the photo. rection applied to the photo azimuth (left 28 mils) which
decide to conduct trial nre and since maximum ac- corrections are the total corrections to be applied to the
is necessary to the accomplishment of the mission, photo data to the road den Ie. The guns are laid at the cor-
must be conducted at some point far enough away rected azimuth and elevation, and such closing corrections
the target, to prevent the loss of the element of sur- as are desired are applied to the guns as calibration correc-
when fire for effect is delivered. You nnd a wrecked tions; and you are ready to enter nre for effect with maxi-
"n the photograph, which seems to be the answer to mum accuracy.
rch for a trial shot point and send an OP detail to the The AA Artilleryman with range-elevation tables or
of a small hill in front of your position with instruc- tapes is prepared to deliver fast and accurate nre as neld
to find a position for observation of fire. You now artillery without power plant, director, or height finder.
r::::
--------------------------
Slant Range Estimation
By Lieutenant J. W. Mullin, Coast Artillery Corps
The quick and accurate estimation of the slant range is an Range Estimator. The methods when used together giv
important problem in automatic weapon firing using the a ,'ery accurate estimation of the slant range.
1\ 15 or 1\ 16 director. It is this initial estimation, that the The Slant Range Estimator (see figures 1 and 2) is mad
range setter sets into the director, that may determine of plywood in the shape of a Y. In use the Estimator is hel
whether or not we get a hit on the target. The two methods at a distance of 24" from the eye; the distance (24") is d.
discussed here offer a reasonable solution to this problem. termined by a knotted cord that is attached to the base c
\Ve are all familiar with the first method, that of estimat- the Estimator, the knot end of the cord being held as dOl
ing the slant range to the target with reference to the hori- to the eye as possible. The target is sighted in the proQ
zontal range to some known point. In using the Horizontal angle of the Estimator. The Estimator is moved up or dow
Range idea, you pace off or otherwise measure the distance until the wingspread or side view of the target just fits im
to every prominent point in the field of fire of your gun. If the prong angle. At this point the slant range to the target.
you select and determine the distance to enough of these read on the appropriate scale of the Estimator. See figure:
points, the range setter knows the distance to that old tree The Estimator is founded on a basic geometric relatio
stump; and, when a low Hying target passes over that point, that the sides and altitudes of similar triangles are pn
he can set the slant range into the director with a fair degree portionaI. Let us assume that a target (wingspread 13 yds
of accuracy. This method is simple and fairly accurate; it is flying towards our gun. Assume that you held an obje
should, however, be used in conjunction with the Slant one inch wide at a distance of 24" from your eyes. At sam
800
1000
800
1200
1000
800 1-100
1200
1600
1600 2000
1200
1000 1800
1400 2S00
1200 1600 2000
3000
1400 1800 2S00
1600 2000
3000
1800 2SOO
2000
2S00 3000
3000 Figure II
SLA:-'T RAI'GE
ESTIMATOR
Figur~ r
T..-o Motor TarSft
SLAl';T RANGE
Side
ESTI~IATOR
o FuJlsalc
Sinsle Moror Pbnc Side o
Full scale
43 SlAL~T RANGE ESTIi\IATION 45
read here SLANT RA:\GE SI:\GlE MOTOR PLA:\ES ""'0 MOTOR PLA:\ES
YARDS
SuJe Vie ...' '\X'ing spre.ld Sick View Wing spre.Jd
(In ,d, I
Figure 3 (Old,.) (1' )d,.) (12 yd,.)
.52
.51
.68
.Gi
.88
I inch 24 inches from the eye. I
400 .(>0 .78 1.02 1.32
e factor, 36, converting inches to yards, cancels out on the 200
left side of the equation.
1.20 1.56 Lo-I ! 2.(,j
13 yds. side view of single engine planes are plotted on the left arm
1"
of the single engine plane side of the Estimator. The ranges
1:- 24
" ---i
I
J for wingspread views of single engine planes are plotted on
the right arm of the single engine plane side of the Estima-
1
X
-I tor. The ranges for two engine planes are similarly plotted
on the reverse side of the Estimator. An Engineers Scale is
*=...!2... X
24 used to graduate the Estimator. The fiftieth of an inch side
# is used, dividing the scale readings by two to convert to
hundredths of an inch.
X = 13 X 24 X = 312 yds. The single and two motor sides and the side view and
Omversely, if we took a given slant range we could solve wingspread view arms of the Estimator must be clearly
for the apparent size of the target at that slant range, as marked to avoid confusion. The scale graduations should
000 yds. = Slant Range to target be clearly and carefully made to facilitate quick estimation.
24ins. = Distance of apparent size of the target from the A cord is threaded through a small hole in the base of the
eye
Estimator, as shown. This cord is knotted at the length of
3 yds. = Wingspread of the target 24 inches. The cord is pulled through the hole when the
=
X Apparent size of target 24" from the eye for a slant target scale used is on the reverse side of the estimator, as
range of 1000 yds.
X? 13 yd.
'j
I--- 24" -+-
1------ 1000 yd. ----~~
~=~
24 1000 The Estimator may be made to any convenient size. The
X = 13 X 24
X= .312"
Estimator design shown provides the maximum space be-
1000 tween slant range graduations of 1000 to 3000 yards. Re-
The next step is to set up a table of slant range and ap- member that this Estimator is crude. It gives an approximate
parent size of targets. Each apparent size is calculated as slant range and cannot be compared with any precision in-
shown in the second example. The apparent sizes are correct strument. The theory behind the Estimator is simple and
two places. It is impracticable to graduate the Estimator sound. It should be possible to build a precision instrument
lith greater accuracy. based on this principle that would give very accurate results.
This table is set up for the type of targets that we in EDITOR'S NOTE: The above dev=.cegives theoretically cor-
Automatic Weapons are most likely to encounter. The rect slant ranges when the target presents a head-or-tail view
~gle motor targets are assumed to have a wingspread of for a coming or going target or when it presents a side view
irteen yards and an overall length, side view, of ten yards.
for a target ~ying at right angles to the line of sight. The
l'hese figures are based on average length and wingspreads plane on all other C01tTseswould present a foreshortening
tfsingle motor pursuit and dive bombers. The two motored visual effect. It is noted that a 450 angle of approach, when
gets are assumed to have a wingspread of twenty-two this effect is greatest, would reduce the apparent length or
ds and an overall length of seventeen yards. These figures wing span by approximately 30%-th:s would result in an
lie based on average length and wingspread of two motor error of plus 30% in the range read. This must be compen-
fltrsuit, light and medium bombers.
sated for by keeping the ~at surface of the estimator parallel
We are now ready to graduate the arms of the Estimator. to the axis of the fuselage or to the line joining the ends of
One side of the Estimator is used for single engine planes,
t reverse side for two engine planes. The ranges for the
the wing tips, depending on which dimension is be:ng used
to determine slant range.
~~----------------------
--. ..
Reflecting Bore Sight for
37mm MIA2 Guns
By Major Harold O. Johnson, Coast Artillery Corps
Experience has proved that the effectiveness of director- opening at the rear of the chamber. The sight described
controlled automatic weapons fire is dependent upon the below is a workable application of this principle.
accurate orientation of the director and gun. Even though The sight seat is an expended 37mm cartridge case wh.icla
these units may be accurately oriented initially, there is no has not been bent out of shape in any way. It has beeu
assurance that they will remain so for any length of time. shortened by cutting off about five inches from its ha
Uneven settling of ground under gun or director, torsion and a one inch hole has been drilled through the center
in gear trains, slipping of clutches and other connections, of the base. Four holes each about 1/32 inch diameter have
erroneous adjustments and many other things result in been drilled at quarter points around the case about 0ll.1!
improper orientation and excessive tracking-off during firing. inch from the base.
In order to alleviate this situa.tion, it is necessary to check The handle extension and mirror seat is made from 23-
orientation several times daily, between practice firing gauge sheet iron. A slightly lighter or heavier gauge \\ould
courses and between engagements with the enemy when- be equally satisfactory. It is built from a developed surface
ever excessive tracking-off has been necessary. This is no which when bent into shape is a 1W' x 11,4"x 3112" priSIl1
problem until the time factor enters the picture such as in with one side cut along its edges and bent down into th1::
combat when the process must be completed rapidly lest prism to form an inclined seat for the mirror. This seat
the gun be out of action or ineffective when the next target should make an angle of 42° with the long axis of the prism..
presents itself. After bending into shape the edges are welded together.
In order to boresight the gun with the 1\11-5 director, the The handle is made from the same material as the c.;'{.
lockframe, backplate, and driving rod assemblies must be tension and may be either of uniform cross section along
removed or disconnected. This is normally not difficult but its length or taper from B4" to a smaller section at the
it takes time. Moreover, the dust covers installed on the end. It is welded to the extension about Yl" from the rear
new guns hinder this procedure as they reduce the accessi- of the extension.
bility of the driving rod hooks. In many instances the The sight proper is shaped like a coin with a W' hole
tactical situation has necessitated the removal of the dust drilled through its center. The outer diameter is 112". Four
covers to e),:pedite orienting. 20-gauge copper wires are soldered to this "peep" sight and
Since it was felt that the orientation procedure could be are pulled tightly through the four holes in the cartridge
simplified and much time saved, it was deemed advisable case and soldered in place. To center the peep accurately
to make a bore sight on a reRecting principle which would in place a machinist must make a piston which will fit the
not require the field stripping of the weapon for its use. inside of the case snugly. A YE" hole is then drilled in the
Such a sight would merely involve the placing of suitable center of the piston and a pin is driven into the hole. The
crosswires in each end of the bore and the reRecting of peep is supported on this pin while the wires are soldered
the line of sight which passed through them through an in place.
The end is not yet clearly in sight but victory is certain. In every
emergency the courage, initiative and spirit of our soldiers and their
young leaders and of our pilots and their crews have been an inspira-
tion at the moment, and complete assurance of the final victory to
come.-GENERAL GEORGE C. MARSHALL.
W""DS ey
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Pointing 155mm Guns with Field Artillery Telescopes
By Lieutenant Colonel Donald C. Hawley, Coast Artillery Corps
\Vorking with i\Iaster Sergeant \Villiam E. Belinski, to 1 mil. This arm rotates freely on the pivot, and enab
46th Coast Artillery, the author has developed an Azimuth- the reading on either circle corresponding to a readino
Deflection Conversion Device which possesses certain ad- the other to be accurately determined. ~
"antages over the method described in Coast Artillery To minimize the probability of error in reading
Training Bulletin, Volume 2, Number 13, Pointing 155111111 degree vernier, the divisions of the main scale between
GlI1lS with Field Artillery Telescopes. These advantages and the next higher degree are marked with a red line
are: (1) Quickly and easily prepared for use on arrival in a the readings .6, .7, .8, and .9 are entered on the "ern~
new position, and requiring only seconds to change for use red.
with a different aiming point; (2) Light and easily carried, This device is used as follows: The directing piece
with no extra tapes or equipment required; (3) Capable the Battery having been laid on a known azimuth. I
of being used through a complete 360 degrees of traverse gun pointer puts out his aiming stakes in any comen
\"ithout any break in continuity. location and reports the deflection to them. The inner d'
The device consists of a graduated circle, 16.4 inches in is then rotated so that when the inner vernier is set to r
diameter, mounted on a disk of masonite pivoted at the the azimuth of the base piece the outer vernier will read
center and rotating easily but not freely within a ring of deflection reported. By maintaining this relation and mov'
masonite on which is mounted another graduated circle the arm to any other azimuth, the corresponding deRecti
20.375 inches in diameter. Graduations on the disk repre- is read directly.
sent degrees of azimuth and are numbered clockwise; The dimensions and materials above given may be wid
graduations on the outer ring represent mils of deflection varied. The size given for the two circles was select
and are numbered counter-clockwise; details of graduation purely for convenience; if they are much smaller it becom
and numbering may be seen on attached illustrations. very difficult to graduate them correctly or to read the
The construction of the Field Artillery sight, graduated uation; and if much larger they become cumbersome
in two halves, is such that azimuths 180 degrees apart have handle. Masonite was selected for the material on whi
the same corresponding deflection setting; this enables the to mount the scales because it was hoped that it would
use of a circle, graduated in 320 parts instead of 640, and warp, and they were mounted on a plywood base becau
enables a smaller circle to be used than would otherwise be plywood happened to be available. If Plexi-glass or a simi
possible. material is not available the arm can be made of masonite
Pivoted at the center of the disk, and on the same pivot, metal with a window cut in it, and the verniers mark
is an arm of Plexi-glass, on which, at the correct distance along the edge of the window.
from the center to match the location of inner and outer A variation of this device would be to mount the
graduated circles, are mounted verniers which enable the circles permanently on a single base, and use two a
inner circle to be read to .05 degrees, and the outer circle each reading on one of the circles, rotating freely
capable of being locked at a fixed angle with each other.
AZIMUTH - DEFLECTION the same manner as those on the Crichlow Slide Rule.
CONVERSION SLIDE RULE was not adopted by the 46th Coast Artillery because
46th COAST ARTILLERY could not easily obtain the locking devices for the a
Citations
Silver Star FOR: Gallantry in action near Milne Bay, New
TO: JOSEPH J. MADDOX,Second Lieutenant, Coast Guinea, on August 27, 1942.
il1ery. Home Address: 66 Westminster Drive, Atlanta, TO: JOHN D. PITTMAN,Private, Coast Artillery. Home
rgia. Address: Lancaster, South Carolina.
FOR: Gallantry in action near Milne Bay, New Guinea, FOR: Gallantry in action near Port l'vloresby, New
August 27, 1942. Guinea, July 26, 1942.
TO: HAROLDJ. BUCK,Corporal, Coast Artillery. Home TO: FLOYDROBINSON,Private, Coast Artillery. Home
ress: Fleming, Georgia. Address: Addison, Alabama.
FOR: Gallantry in action near Port Moresby, New FOR: Gallantry in action near Port Moresby, New
inea, on July 26, 1942. Guinea, on July 26, 1942.
TO: CHARLIEDEATON,Corporal, Coast Artillery. Home TO: MILES E. RODGERS,Private, Coast Artillery. Home
ress: Duluth, Kentucky. Address: 132 East Como Avenue, Columbus, Ohio ..
FOR: Gallantry in action in March, 1943, in Tunisia. FOR: Gallantry in action near Port Moresby, New
ter eight enemy planes had passed over Corporal Dea- Guinea, July 26, 1942.
's gun position strafing and dropping delayed action
TO: CHARLIEG. WILLIAMS, Private, Coast Artillery.
bs, it was discovered that several of the bombs had
Home Address: Statesboro, Georgia.
ped beside an instrument truck and had not eA:ploded.
ral Deaton immediately entered the truck and drove FOR: Gallantry in action near Port Moresby, New
to a place of safety. A few minutes later, the bombs Guinea, on July 26, 1942.
loded harmlessly, but would have destroyed the truck
it remained at its original position. The devotion to
and courage in this action reRect great credit upon Legion of Merit
self and his organization and are in accordance with TO: MARIONS. BATTLE,Colonel, Coast Artillery Corps.
highest traditions of the military service. Home address: P. O. Box 721, Lexington, Virginia.
0: \VILLIAM A. OWENS, Corporal, Coast Artillery. FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the per-
e Address: III \Vest 52nd Street, Savannah, Georgia. formance of outstanding service, particularly in his capac-
R: Gallantry in action near Port Moresby, New ity as Chairman of the Industrial Employment Review
. ea, on July 26, 1942. Board of The Provost Marshal General's Office and in
0: CHARLES J. SALGAT,Corporal, Coast Artillery. organizing and developing the Personnel Security Branch
e Address: Saginaw, Michigan. of that office. In handling the work of the Board and in
daily personal conferences with national leaders of labor,
R: Gallantry in action near Cold rVlountain, Atm
important chiefs of industry and leading Government offi-
d,onMay29,1943.
cials he has displayed uncommon tact and judgment. By
0: LEE D. JOHNSON,Technician Fifth Grade, Coast his energy, devotion to duty, and masterful handling of
lery. Home Address: 937 Juniper Street, Atlanta, delicate and controversial situations he rendered services of
gia. inestimable value to the war effort. (Colonel Battle went
R: Gallantry in action near Port l'vloresby, New on terminal leave October 1, 1943.)
ea, on May 9: 1942. TO: JOHN W. POMEROY,Major, Coast Artillery Corps.
0: VVILL A. MEANS, JR., Private, Coast Artillery. Home Address: 122 26th Avenue, North, Seattle, vVash-
e Address: 1119 Wade Street, Northeast, Atlanta, ington.
gia. FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the per- _
54 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURl'\JAL November-DecernlJe,
formance of outstanding service in improving numerous the attack began. Sergeant \\'right performed his dut~
designs of ordnance materiel. Through his resourcefulness under extremely difficult circumstances in such an OUt-
and proficiency, he developed a weapon which is of great standing and meritorious manner that his battery was able
value to the Army. to deliver the first effective antiaircraft fire of the Armv in
the present war, with the result that two enemy pl~nes
TO: GLENN P. ELLIorr, Captain (then First Lieuten-
were shot down.
ant), Coast Artillery. Home Address: 28 South Street,
Carrollton, Georgia. TO: ERNESTDABNEY,Master Sergeant, Coast Anillery.
FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the per- FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the per-
formance of outstanding service on December 7, 1941, formance of outstanding service during the period from 8
when, entirely on his own initiative, in the absence of September 1939 to 23 February 1941 when, as assistant
superior officers, he proceeded to the command post of his band leader of the 69th Coast Artillery (Antiaircraft), he
organization and began in a superior manner the coOrdi- displayed great zeal and technical knowledge in the de-
nation of the effort of the command to meet the enemy velopment of the regimental band. Appointed band leader
attack. The extraordinary manner in which he assumed a of the Antiaircraft Training Center band at Camp Wallace
command usually exercised by mature and long-ell.-perienced on 23 February 1941, Sergeant Dabney organized and
officers of field grade and the able way in which he con- trained the band, and in addition, trained over 300 musi-
ducted himself reRected initiative, intelligence, and judg- cians and buglers for other units, then in their critical,
ment of a very high order. Captain Elliott's actions on this formulative stage.
occasion were a source of inspiration and confidence to all TO: HARVEY1. COLLINS, First Sergeant, Coast Artil-
who worked with him during this wholly unexpected at- lery. Home Address: General Delivery, Anaheim, Cali-
tack. His resourcefulness greatly contributed to the con- fornia.
trol of a situation demanding prompt and efficient action.
FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the perform-
TO: l\,lELvlN R. COWD, Second Lieutenant (then Ser- ance of outstanding service on December 7, 1941. In the
geant), Coast Artillery. Home Address: 42 Lisbon Street, absence of battery officers, First Sergeant Collins assumed
Rochester, New York. command of his battery, gave orders for the issuing of am-
FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the per- munition and the employment of his men, organized the
formance of outstanding service in the development of a battery while under fire to perform its mission, and con-
weapon of highly potent fire power. He designed and de- ducted himself while under fire in such a manner as to be
veloped a method whereby two or more may be operated an inspiration to his men. First Sergeant Collins has ren-
by one gunner. By this development he has considerably dered loyal and conscientious service with a high degree
increased the firepower of a weapon without impairing its of efficiency, setting an example of soldierly conduct for the
accuracy. His zealous devotion to duty has resulted in a men of his organization.
valuable contribution to the armed forces.
TO: JOHN A. HEISLER, First Sergeant, Coast Artillery. I
TO: ANDREWA. KENNEY, Second Lieutenant, Infan- Home Address: Billings, Montana. 1
try (then Staff Sergeant, Coast Artillery). Home address:
Michigan.
FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the perform- I
ance of outstanding service on December 7, 1941. First
FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the per- Sergeant Heisler was at that time first sergeant of a Coast
formance of outstanding services. As commander of a pla- Artillery battery and was present with his organization.
toon (antiaircraft), Lieutenant Kenney established and On his own initiative, after recognizing the planes as Japa-
commanded a 37mm gun position on E--- Island under nese, he caused two machine guns to be set up on the bat-
most unfavorable conditions. Because of his high quali- tery grounds and began returning the fire of the strafing
ties of le!Jdership, initiative, and devotion to duty, the planes within the first twenty minutes of the attack, which
smartness and efficiency of the personnel of his platoon and resulted in two planes being shot down into Pearl Harbor.
the excellent condition of the armament were outstanding First Sergeant Heisler was continuously exposed to fire,
in the regiment. and by his courage and superior leadership not only dir~cted
TO: MAX 1. WRIGHT, Second Lieutenant (then Act- his men but inspired them as well.
ing First Sergeant), Coast Artillery Corps. Home address: TO: FLOYDSTEWART,First Sergeant, Coast Artillery. ,
1202 Park Avenue, Englewood, California. Home Address: Lebanon, Tennessee.
FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the per- FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the perform-
formance of outstanding service on December 7, 1941. ance of outstanding service. On 7 December 1941, Ser- ,
Immediately upon the beginning of the attack, Sergeant geant Stewart distinguished himself by leading the men of
Wright, as acting first sergeant, organized the gun crews, his battery into action against the enemy. The organization
getting each gun in action. The guns were being worked of which he was a member was the first 3-inch antiaircraft
on by Ordnance personnel, and it was necessary for Ser- battery on the Island of Oahu to open fire on the enemy. As
geant \Vright to reinstall a liner in one gun and to re- a result of the leadership, ability, quick thinking, and
assemble the breech block on another before they were prompt action of First Sergeant Stewart two Rights of
ready to fire. Through his outstanding efficiency and su- enemy bombers in formation were broken up.
perior leadership under fire, he set an example for his men,
enablim~ them to ouen fire against the enemv shortly after TO: WALTER C. MEYER, Staff Sergean~, Coast Artil.
COAST ARTILLERY IN ACTION 55
. Home Address: 504 Bergen A\'enue, New York, FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the perform-
York. ance of outstanding service as transportation sergeant of a
R: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the perform- Coast Artillery battery and ammunition train. In the per-
of outstanding services in supervising the construction formance of these duties he demonstrated superior tech-
roncrete gun emplacements and ammunition shelters, nical knowledge and untiring devotion to duty. Charged
rs for antiaircraft gun emplacements and concrete with the responsibility of developing the organization of
for a riRe range. Although handicapped, Staff Ser- the ammunition train, his coordination of the efforts of
t 1\1eyer, by his resourcefulness, energetic leadership the various assigned vehicles resulted in the establishment
technical proficiency, completed these projects in an of a highly efficient unit. The thorough method of instruc-
itious and commendable manner, thereby contrib- tion he employed in the training of drivers and the dili-
(1 greatly to the efficiency of his organization and the gence he exercised in the supervision of first echelon main-
ses of the Hawaiian Islands. tenance have enabled his battery's transportation section
0: \VILSON B. CUBLER, Sergeant, Coast Artillery. to achieve consistently a superior rating in the successful
e Address: K and Sedgley Avenues, Philadelphia, operation and maintenance of its assigned vehicles.
nsylvania. TO: WILSONR. STIUNE,Private First Class, Coast Artil-
R: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the perform- lery. Home Address: 478 \Vest Princess Street, York,
of outstanding service in procuring and repairing dis- Pennsylvania.
ed electrical and mechanical equipment. By painstak- FOR: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the perform-
devotion to duty and with unusual mechanical skill, he ance of outstanding service in supervising the construction
ipped his organization with efficient electric motors, of a concrete underground dispensary, message center, and
line motors and other labor-saving devices, which have small arms ammunition shelter. At a time when it was
Ired in a great saving of money to the Government. necessary to expedite the construction of a shelter for the
• time when such equipment was not available, his re- protection of the personnel and equipment of his organiza-
cefulness and skill contributed valuably to the effi- tion, he demonstrated extraordinary faithfulness to his duty
y of his organization. by laboring tirelessly with limited means. Neither long
0: OWEN H. STIJ\IPSON,Sergeant, Coast Artillery. hours nor adverse weather prevented him from pursuing
e address: Alex, Alabama. his task. His energy and attention to duty hastened the
construction of installations essential to the welfare and
:lR)R: Exceptionally meritorious conduct in the perform-
efficiency of his organization.
of outstanding service in the installatio~ of a gun bat-
at its tactical position. As the chief assistant to the f f f
r in charge of the installation, Sergeant Stimpson dis-
Soldier's Medal
uished himself by outstanding practical ability and de-
n to duty. The personal initiative, ingenuity, resource- TO: DOMENICA. GILBERTO,Technician Fourth Grade,
ess and untiring energy he consistently displayed were Coast Artillery Corps. Home Address: 71 Crary Street,
erially responsible for the rapidity of the construction Providence, Rhode Island.
his installation. His exceptionally meritorious conduct f f f
efficient performance of duty inspired his fellow work-
to greater achievements. The remarkable accomplish- Order of Vasco Nunez de Balboa
ts of this soldier in his assistance in the establishment TO: ENRIQUE M. BENITEZ, Colonel, Coast Artillery
e gun position have singularly left their mark of asso- Corps.
'on in the minds of all those individuals who are
FOR: Outstanding performance of his duties in connec-
iliar with the original installation of the battery.
tion with the Governments of Panama and the United
0: JAMES J. SUROVICK,Sergeant, Coast Artillery. States. (This is one of the highest decorations bestowed by
e Address: Albion, Pennsylvania. the Government of Panama.)
BOARD NOTES
Any individual, whether or not he is a member of the service, is invited to submit constructive suggestions relating to
problems under study by the Coast Artillery Board, or to present any new problem that properly may be considered
by the Board. Communications should be addressed to the President, Coast Artilley Board, Fort Monroe, Virginia.
THE COAST ARTILLERY BOARD
COLONEL LEON e. DENNIS, e.A.e., President
COLONEL DONALD H. SMITH l\lAjOR AUSTIN E. FRIBANCE
LIEUTENANT COLONEL \Y. M. VESTAL l\lAjOR JOHN P. TRAYLOR, a.D.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL ANDREW "V. CLEMENT CAPTAIN JULES 1\1. Du PARC
l\IAjOR H. E. l"hCHELET CAPTAIN FOSTER A. HINSHAW, S.e.
FIRST LIEUTENANT W. P. G. HALL
T arp,et practice forms and information. The responsi- Power extractor bar for 16-inch Gun Mk 11 All. The
bility for the preparation of target practice instructions andpower extractor bar originally furnished to batteries equip-
allied matters was transferred to the Coast Artillery School ped with the 16-inch Gun l'vlk II 1'.11 was found to be too
on October ] st. All requests for seacoast target practice short to extract the dummy projectile. A new Bar C88001
forms and for information on muzzle velocity or target prac- is being issued in lieu of the old Bar B9016P. The
tice procedures should be addressed to the Commandant, characteristics of the new bar are as follows:
Coast Artillery School, Fort Monroe, Virginia. Twenty and three-eighths inches longer than the old bar
Power rammer for 12-inch Barbette Carriage 1'\111917. from the lip of the extracting end to the rear of the threaded
The Ordnance Department has released for shipment to section.
12-inch batteries a new power rammer. Ramming and firing 13-inch threaded section as compared to 5% inches for
tests conducted on the pilot model of this rammer indicate the old bar.
that the "free stroke" adjustment should be between 99 Provision for holding the bar in place with a wrench
and 100 inches; that is, with no projectile, the face of the while tightening the nut, thus allowing easier extraction of
rammer head should enter the bore to a point 99 to 100 the dummy projectile from a gun with a considerably ad.
inches from the face of the breech. This setting is satis- vanced forcing cone.
factory for the dummy projectile as well as the 107a-pound The new bar will allow extraction of the dummy f:'O-
target practice and service projectiles. If other projectiles jectile from a gun with a 9- to la-inch advance of the foro
are fired, the "free stroke" adjustment should be not greater mg cone.
than, nor more than one inch less than, the seating of that War games and miniature ranges. The Coast Artillery
projectile as determined from appropriate drawings or from war game; which in 1922 was installed in practically every
me35uring the seating of a rammed projectile. Coast Artillery post, provided a means of training officers,
This power rammer has automatic cut-off on both the noncommissioned officers and certain enlisted men in the
ramming and withdrawal strokes. Also, a scale is provided tactical use of the armament; the fields of fire of the bat-
for adjusting the stroke of the rammer. teries and groups; the effective fields of the baselines; the
Each battery equipped with the new power rammer tactical handling of searchlights; the use of proper com.
should conduct a ramming test at each calibration or proof mands; correct telephone procedure and rapid and accurate
firing. The seating of the projectile should be measured indication and identification of targets. The war game
after ramming, the gun should be then elevated until it board consisted of a relief map showing the land and water
strikes the stop, and the seating again measured. The seat- area of the harbor entrance in question, mounted on a sub-
ing should not change as a result of striking the stop. stantial table, together with miniature searchlights, gun
Shot tongs for 12- and 16-inch ammunition. The Ord- positions, ship models and other equipment. A war game
nance Department has been directed to procure and issue a board constructed for the harbor defense, duplicated where
new type of shot tong to 12- and 16-inch casemated bat- necessary for separate forts, serves for the entire harbor de-
teries for use with the overhead trolley system for handling fense as well as for any constituent group or battery ther~f.
projectiles. These shot tongs will replace the Gilmartin During the five or six years just prior to 1930, the majo~ty
type now issued to those batteries. The new type of shot of the war games was dismantled and not used, primanly
tong provides positive positioning of the projectile in the due to lack of personnel, lack of funds for maintenance
tong for ordinary handling with the trolley system, and is and, it is understood, to the need for the large rooms fct
designed so that if the projectile slips in the tong. it will other purposes.
be stopped either by the bourrelet or the rotating band and Miniature ranges are intended to provide for the training
will be prevented from falling to the Boor of the casemate of battery personnel, chiefly of spotters. So far as can be
corridors. determilled, no War Department or semi-officiallitera~
COAST ARTILLERY BOARD NOTES 57
5 on the subject of mimature ranges for seacoast artil- ing, and which cannot be readily performed while the
training. It is known that a few units have constructed steamer is in service and under steam, approximately 4
used various types of outdoor miniature ranges. days should be allowed for boiler cleaning. 1\linor repairs
The use of the war game and, to a lesser extent, of mini- will be effected by the crew during this period."
IlDX'f' ranges, to supplement other means of conducting
Sl/bcaliber gl/n for the 155mHl GIIIl AI 1. A 75mm sub-
st Artillery training would be of substantial value at
caliber gun has been recommended for development for
limes and especially during periods of rapid expansion.
use with the 155mm Gun 1\11. The gun is to be mounted
.e training aids give each commander an opportunity
internally. The ammunition to be used with it is the 7.5mm
ediately to supervise the execution of his orders, an
Projectile 1\148, inert loaded, and the appropriate firing
rtunity which is not possible at artillery drill, since the
table is FT 75-AF-1, normal charge.
i\'iduals are widely separated; and they also permit
Sl/bcaliber Gun T6. The Suocaliber Gun T6 for 8-inch
ical exercises involving the use of the various elements
Guns 1\lk VI i\lod. 3A2 was tested recently. The gun
the defense. The use of the war game board affords an
functioned satisfactorily. The standard firing circuit and
lIent means of practicing the use of standard operating
firing lock of the 8-inch gun are utilized. The Board con-
edures required in the close defense against rapidly
cluded and recommended that the T6 should be standard-
ing targets. In preparing instructions for the training
ized and issued on the basis of one per parent gun in service.
of this type of equipment, it must be emphasized that
In addition, it was recommended that certain auxiliary
'r use does not replace frequent drill using nonnal and
equipment be issued with the Subcaliber Gun T6, includ-
nate command posts and communications.
ing necessary wrenches, a tool to extract the shell case, a
It has been recommended that the war game be de-
wooden block for protection of the breech block threads and
ped as a training aid for seacoast artillery use and it is
a removable gauge washer for measuring head space ad-
erstood that the Coast Artillery School will undertake
justment.
lopment work in the near future.
Flashless powder for motor torpedo boat guns. During
Cleaning of boilers, U. S. Army mine planters. The
1936, a series of tests was conducted to investigate the rela-
manding General, Army Ground Forces, has approved
tive advantages of flashless powders. The result of these
ange to Army Regulations to make the periods for clean-
tests was a request that the Ordnance Department continue
boilers of the vessels in the mine planter service
development with a view to reducing the visibility of guns
form more nearly with the regulations now in force in
when firing, either day or night, by maintaining the flash
Navy and the Transportation Corps. It is expected that
suppression and decreasing the amount of smoke or by en-
90-150, paragraph 53, will then read substantially as
deavoring to combine a suitable reduction in smoke with
ws:
a minimum increase in the flash. A flashless powder was
"Cleaning boilers-a. The boiler of each vessel PI(}. adopted as standard after tests in 1941, although it was
pelled by steam will be cleaned and overhauled after ap- realized that, when used for horizontal fire, the dust and
proximately 700 hours of steaming in ships driven by smoke under certain conditions would make it necessary to
{ociprocating steam engines, and after approximately decrease the rate of fire in order to enable the gun pointer
1,000hours of steaming in ships driven by steam turbines to see the target. The 90mm complete round, High Ex-
and in 1.0 case should boilers be operated longer than plosive Shell M71, furnished to anti-motor-torpedo-boat
three months, total elapsed time, without cleaning. A batteries is loaded with a propelling charge of the flashless
riod will be assigned in advance for this work so that type which produces considerable quantities of smoke.
e needs of the station served by the ship can be antici- During the several tests of 90mm anti-motor-torpedo-boat
ted and arrangements made whereby it will be un- materiel, each firing phase has demonstrated that the smoke
cessary to hire a vessel while the Army ship is with- problem introduces various handicaps for Case II firing and
rawn for this purpose. The boiler will be thoroughly for spotting from the battery position. Fifty rounds of am-
ned of all scale or other deposits, and will also be munition loaded with the old type flashing powder were
inted and cleaned as necessary externally. A report used in making a comparative test. The Commanding Gen-
owing the condition of the boiler after the inspection eral, Army Ground Forces, has concurred in the recom-
completed will be prepared on W.D., T.e. (Q.M.e.) mendation that the old NH type powder be used with 90-
rm No. 131 (Report of Boiler Condition-Harbor mm anti-motor-torpedo-boat ammunition, pending the de-
ts) and forwarded through proper channels to the velopment of a Aashless powder producing little smoke and
ief of Transportation. that the complete rounds (High Explosive Shell M7l,
b. As there is usually need for minor repair work in Fuze M48 and FNH powder) now issued to anti-motor-
e engine and the deck departments which can best be torpedo-boat batteries be replaced with similar rounds con-
mplished during the period of quarterly boiler clean- taining NH powder.
~.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ftlllIIUlllllnllllllftllllnnllulllIllllDJJRIRllllmllllllllHlllllrflllnnlllnali1m Illmmnn,Mflmrrl"/mlmllllllll •..,..,I_
COLONEL
PRESIDENT
DONALD
VICE-PRESIDENT
E. B. WALKER
D. ROBINSON
owe it to those who have yet to see action to give th
non-veterans the benefit of their experiences. The ma
still in training needs the stories of your mistakes, as wel
as the accounts of those times you hit the jackpot, to polish
off instruction. They want to know the things concemins
3
• 5ECRETARY-TREASUREB which you say now, "I wish I ha.d known that before I
• went across."
•.. ADDmONAL MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL The JOURNALis the logical place to publish your stories
.... BRIG. GENERAL GoRDON DE L. CARRINGTON
BRIG. GENERAL H. N. HERRICK:
for the benefit of those who will follow. Personal and
unit experiences in supply and in combat, illustrated where
BRIG. GENERAL DANIEL W. HICKEY, JR .
.. BRIG. GENERAL RALPH C. TOBm
applicable with maps and photographs, are desired. ~e
.. CoLONEL HENRY I. ELLERBE
JOURNALwill clear all items with the proper authonues
.. CoLONEL FREDERIC A. PRICE before publication.
.. LT.CoLONELJOHNJ.SP~ When you come to Washington, stop in at the JOURNA
.... office and tell us what went on .
..
..
..
x
The purpose of the Association shall be to promote
Group
There has been a slight falling-off of group subscription
Subscriptions
f f f
They attacked the weapon with Haming electrodes in Take a last long look at a disappearing carriage.
what is believed to be the largest dismantling job ever
undertaken in this theater of operation. inch disappearing gun was named in honor of Majo
General John Newton, Virginia-born hero of the Wa
For twenty-six years, the 624-ton piece crouched in its
between the States, who was later Public Works Commis-
pit on Battery Newton's isolated hilltop, ready to roar into
sioner of New York City, and president of the Panaro
action at a moment's notice. Now obsolete, the steel weapon
Railroad.
is being reduced to scrap.
Old timers still debate whether the muzzle of the New
Forty-nine and a half feet from breach to muzzle, the ton was cut off in the United States before the gun, manu
Newton was a breathtaking sight. The Coast Artillerymen. factured in 1902 at \Vatervliet Arsenal, vVatervliet, N
who manned it looked like ants at the sleek monster's York, was shipped to the Caribbean Defense Area in 191i,
side. The gun survived 39 battery commanders without A \Var Department document in the gun book stat
once being put to the test of battle. It reared on 140 dif- that Ordnance Department records do not support th
ferent. occasions of test and exhibition shots as the gun story.
belched defiance into the still Caribbean air. However, a stubborn dissenter to this day is James
The weapon was silent from 1920 to 1936. In the latter Milliken, Armored Foreman of Panama Department 0
year, it barked with three experimental rounds, which in nance, where he has been employed for 26 years.
the light of its demise, will go down in the gun book as 'The muzzle must have been cut," insisted l'vlilliken,
its death rattle. whose home is in Watertown, Mass. 'The weight of th
Today, Battery Newton, which once bristled with ex- gun when made was 147 tons. Now it is stamped 130 tons
pertly trained Coast Artillerymen, is a funereal scene de- What could have happened to the missing seventeen tons?
voted to death and dismemberment. With pomp and pageantry worthy of a medieval spe
A 20 ton crane stands at the brink of the revetment. In tacle, the death dealing monster that was destined never t
the hole below, wisps of smoke stained with bluish-red kill a mortal thing, was borne down the Hudson Ri\'er i
Harne envelop the soldiers who are dismantling the gun. a specially constructed barge, while thousands of excit
A hulk of 130 tons, the barrel is marked off in nine 15- onlookers, burning with war fever, lined the shores to
ton sections. The wall of the tube is 23 inches thick at this symbol of American might pass by.
several points including the breach, and it does not yield When it reached the Caribbean area, special railroa
easily to the process of dissection. tracks were laid down on the hilI leading to Battery New
After the 400 ampere, quarter-inch electric arcs heat the ton, and on these rails the massive black thunderer wa
gun's surface to a melting point, the crew goes at the hauled to its revetment.
weapon with 20-foot long, eighth-of-an-inch wide steel f f f
lances.
Conveying oxygen from six tanks connected to the mani- Change in Airplane Insignia
fold, these rods melt as they are pushed into the Newton's The red border enclosing the insignia for all Unit
sizzling back and cut the marked sections with 200 pounds States military airplanes has been replaced with ,
of concentrated oxygen pressure. border. The red border, caught at a Hash in air actiO
Gigantic wrenches and other unusual mechanical in- sometimes resembled the Japanese insignia ...
struments playa great part in the dismantling of the 494 Several months ago a new type of insignia conSIst!,
ton carriage, a portion of the project that will not be ap- of the white star on a circular field of blue, with a \\'h
proached on a large scale until the barrel is fully dislodged. rectangle attached horizontally at the right and left of .
Subject of legend and controversy, the Army's first 16- circle. Now the blue border encloses the entire de\'
NE\VS Al~D COr-.lf-.lENT 61
Improved British Antiaircraft Fire Control gun-site in the London Area. Suddenly it becomes freckled
(By cable from London) with green-lit pin-points indicating when the sites are
locating their targets. Red lights twinkling into existence
et improvements by a famous scientist to Britain's beside the green ones show the guns are engaging the
raft guns, indicated yesterday, may solve the prob- planes.
f bringing down high-Hying, high-speed German
f
-bombers as effectively as the menace of the south-
tip-and-run raiders was mastered. Foxholes are Healthy
e necessary experiments and investigations have been By STF. SGT. S. E. STAVISKY
cted by the Army's Scientinc Research Group under
RENDOVA ISLAND-Life in a foxhole has its good
'rection of Brigadier Basil Schonland, a 47-year old
points.
" of the Royal Society and Research Professor Ceo-
Out here, where bombs and shrapnel are as common as
at Johannesburg who went to England from South
the tropical rain, a foxhole is surest guarantee for longevity,
in 1941 to help tackle the problem of the night
although of course, the surest guarantee is in itself a risky
. General Sir Frederick Pile, Chief of the Antiair-
gamble.
mmand has great hopes of the success of the meas-
A foxhole is not protection against a direct hit, but such
evised.
hits are rare. Concussion from a bomb hit nearby the fox-
that is at present disclosable is that the new develop-
hole may kill or injure the occupants, or again it may leave
enable hostile aircraft to be more exactly located
them unscathed. At least, below the surface of the groun~,
ever before and insure the more accurate nring of
you have better than a 50-50 chance against being killed
ircraft guns. To secure this approach to perfection
by the blast. As for shrapnel, a cocoanut log covering over
had been continuing for months in laboratories,
the foxhole makes the refuge virtually immune to the Hying
ery control-rooms and gunpits. Brigadier Schonland
scraps of steel.
was a Signal Officer in the last war has the assistance
This week, to cite a case, a Jap bomber dropped a "daisy
, D. \,y. Ewer of Cambridge University. Brigadier
cutter"-antipersonnel bomb-into the bivouac area of the
land's organization was so successful that it spread
Marine command post. The missile felled a huge tree in the
nly to the whole army, but his ideas were adopted by
centcr of the camp and showered the surrounding tents with
Navy and the Royal Air Force. He and his fellow
shrapnel.
lists work ceaselessly to meet every change in German
Shrapnel from the "daisy cutters" burst out with such
ns and tactics.
force, that one such fragment pierced the steel wall of the
e British do not expect, when the present invention
headquarters safe. Yet not a single Marine in the camp was
es operative, to bring down hostile aircraft for every
injured.-USMC Chevron.
fired. They will however be in a position to make
raiding show no dividends. f -{ -{
New Wrinkles
MAGNETIC TORPEDO
Fort Bliss four sides of the reviewing stand where the public address
system is located. These men are collecth'ely conducting
a weekly pre,'entive maintenance schedule No. 6 as out,
lined in Tl\l 21-300, Driver Selection and Traillillg.
Normally, all units are directed to have five vehicles with
dri,'ers and'instructors and each group and brigade to have
one vehicle with necessary personnel attend these pre-
venti"e maintenance checks on T uesdav and Thursdav of
each week. Operations begin at 0806 and continu~ to
1630. This step by step execution of preventive mainte-
nance was instituted primarily to teach both driver and
mechanic how to service properly the many important units
located on every part of his vehicle, and the direct bearing
which every step and detail has upon the continued me-
BRlGAmER GENERAL DALE D. I-hNi\IA:-; chanical efficiency of each unit.
C011lmal/dil/g AAATC Information recently released from the Normoyle l\lotor
By Major E. F. Schermac1zer Base where higher echelons of maintenance are conducted
revealed that "the necessity for ninety per cent of all major
Now men, the next and one of the most important engine and unit assemblies which enter this shop can be
ventive maintenance procedures which the driver per- directly traced to the failure of the driver to perronn first
s on his vehicle is the weekly inspection and servicing echelon maintenance." Fortified with this information,
the oil bath air cleaner. \ Vith the assistance of the in- the program of weekly collective preventive maintenance
ctors and mechanics we will proceed with this operation was instituted to show the drivers and mechanics not only
ieh is so vital to the continued and prolonged operation how to perform maintenance operations but how failure
your engine, especially in this training center where on their part to practice preventive maintenance could
r truck is continually subjected to severe desert opera- actually end in disaster and loss of life.
s." This training program has proved highly successful for
his is the type of instruction you will hear should you in addition to training the drivers and motor personnel it
ture within range of the public address system located was received so enthusiastically by the unit commanders
he Antiaircraft Artillery Training Center drill field at that special classes were conducted for all officers. These
Bliss, Texas. officers actually performed the various operations them-
pon inspection you will find from seventy-five to one selves, being assisted by the instructors only to the extent
dred fifty military vehicles of all types representing of locating the unit to be serviced.
'.. ,1111.'.' •••••••• 111•••• 1' 11.' ••• 111'".11.'.1.1, •• ,'"1 ,1 ••• 1., •••• 11'"tIIIIIIIItU'''"III'''I'I,lllltllll'"II'''"flll'"''"1111111IIIIIIItllllIlllllllllllll,III.I'.I.II"" •• I.I'I.I.fllIllI."1., " .. """"",1
Background Material
Brain Trust \Vaterloo. l\lurray has added Tenochlitan, Quebec, t\yacucho.
Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Sadowa, Gravelotte, Scdan, and Muk.
MAKERS OF l\IODERN STRATEGY. Edited by Edward den. The choice of what constitutes a "decisive" battle, of
Meade Earle. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1943. course, is always open to argument. Using the yardstick of
516 Pages; Bibliographical Notes; Index; $3.75. "thosc few battles of which a contrary event would have es
The worth of this survey of military thought from J\lachia- sentially varied the drama of the world in all its subsequent
velli to Hitler is such that it will rise above its misleading title. scenes," Murray's choice of Tenochlitan seems a triRe far
One of the outgrowths of a seminar held at Princeton, it is a fetched, and even his iustification at the head of the chapter
series of introductions to the thoughts and careers of the im- does not eA-plain the choice.
portant military thinkers from the sixteenth century to the The military student who reads the military classics will
present. Military thought, of course, embraces more than mili- want this new book.
tary strategy and tactics. Economics and politics, as Americans l' f f
have learned in the past two years, are as important in con-
tests between nations as are gunpowder and wheels. In keeping
The Old Master
with this thought, Jomini and Clausewitz find themselves be- NAPOLEON AND MODERN WAR. Harrisburg: Military
tween the same covers as Karll\ larx and Churchill. Service Publishing Company, 1943. 154 Pages; $1.00.
The book is primarily a work of reference; military students, One hundred and fifteen of Napoleon's maxims have been
and especially officers, are more than likely to find here the annotated by Colonel Conrad H. Lanza in the light of events
names of thinkers that are entirelv unfamiliar. Some of the since Napoleon's day, including the present war. l\luch 0
ideas of these unknowns havc pe'rcolated down to us, even Colonel Lanza's comment is rather obvious to professionally
though the names of their authors have become lost to all but qualified officers, and much of it might run counter to th
researchers. Few of us have heard of Delbrtick or Bugeaud, ideas of those same officers. On the whole, however, the ann
but their contributions to military thought were important. tation is well thought out, and conscientiously executed.
Most serious military students will want a copy of this book
for their personal libraries. f f l'
80
BOOK REVIEWS 81
common people and the private ,soldier, of course, were
the same class. Added to this lack of touch with the masses
a staunch military honesty and straightforwardness that is
always welcome in politics. Language Books
iography, of course, is history. 1\1r. Aldington's temperate,
Foreign Service is More Pleasant
hero-worshipping, life of Wellington is really the life of if You Know the Language
gland. The causes and effects of Britain's policies, internal
external, are reRected in the Duke's long and fullllfe. Mr. SPANISH
mgton has done well. HOW TO SAY IT IN SPANISH. The book you
need to make your needs known quickly-pocket
size 75::
Old "Gid" CURRENT SPANISH. Conversational Spanish
for the more serious student, for use with an
EON WELLES: LINCOLN'S NAVY DEPARTMENT. By instructor $1.00
'chard S. West, Jr. New York: Bobbs-Merrill Company, CONVERSATIONAL SPANISH. For classroom
943. 340 Pages; Notes; Index; Illustrated; $3.50. work; written for the Army Air Forces. A basic
book •................................... $1.25
n his hard-headed honesty, his willingness to "stick his Paper Edition 75c
. out" when he felt the situation demanded it, and his CONVERSACION. (Advanced Conversational
wledge of practical politics, Gideon Welles, Lincoln's Spanish.) For the more advanced students to use
in the classroom; written for the Army Air Forces
retary of the Navy, was in many ways a counterpart of and the Navy $1.50
of our present Cabinet. The Navy's part in winning the Paper Edition $1.00
'1 \Var is usually touched very lightly by most historians, PAN-AMERICAN SPANISH SELF.TAUGHT.
our sister service's work in blockading the Confederate By Francisco Ibarra. Spanish as it is spoken in
Latin America. Emphasis on the idioms of South
es had much to do with the final victory. The Mississippi America $2.50
r campaigns and the spectacular fight at Mobile Bay took
PORTUGUESE ..
he headlines, but the drudgery of the blockade paid off in
AN INTRODUCTORY PORTUGUESE GRAM-
Its. MAR. By E. B. Williams. Recommended by our
resisting encroachment on the Navy's functions by the military personnel in Portuguese-speaking coun-
tries $1.90
taries of War and of State, Welles found his most difficult
. The sniping by political enemies and by opposition news- BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE SELF-TAUGHT •
By Francisco Ibarra and Arthur Coelho. The com-
rs, while occasionally embarrassing, did not deter Welles panion book to Pan-American Spanish Self-Taught.
his appointed task of modernizing and building the Every-day speech $2.50
rto orphan navy. It is worth a note in passing that for the MALAY
ler part of the war, the Army drafted sailors under the EASY MALAY WORDS AND PHRASES. By
terms as it drafted civilians for duty as soldiers. Marius A. Mendlesen. The simple vocabulary and
grammar of an easy but important language.
Telles, who was considered "not quite bright" as a young- Necessary for service in the East Indies and
finished his days as a respected and revered American, Malaya $1.00
in an age of political corrupton and ineptitude, served FRENCH
untry honorably and efficiently. BLITZ FRENCH. A French phrase book designed
for soldiers. For instant use. Pocket size .... 75c
GERMAN
Bang! Another Redskin LEHRBUCH DER DEUTSCHEN SPRACHE. By
Arnold W. Spanhoofd. A good basic grammar. $1.72
SHARPS RIFLE: ITs HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND JAPANESE
ERATION.Bv Winston O. Smith. New York: William ELEMENTARY JAPANESE. By E. J. Sullivan.
orrow and ~mpany, 1943. 106 Pages; Appendices; Index; The basic needs for the soldier $2.50
ustrated; $3.00.
far as is known, this is the first complete work on the
s Sharps riRe, the weapon that was used to a large extent
Four Books for Army Women
th sides in the Civil War, and in the winning of the THE ARMY WIFE. By Nancy B. Shea. Officers' Guide
after the war. Mr. Smith has performed a painstaking for the army wife. Every army bride, and the wife
of ll.very officer from the citizen components should
veIl, and has filled a gap in the knowledge of our early have a copy of this ......................• $2.50
s. Most gun cranks, whether or not they have a Sharps THE ARMY WOMAN'S HANDBOOK. By Clella Reeves
ir collection, will want a copy of this book both to round Collins. Instructs the army wife on how to handle
financial affairs during the absence of the husband,
eir knowledge of American weapons, and for reference and tells not merely what to do. but how to do it.
yare lucky enough to acquire one of these early breech. .......................................... $1.50
s. ARMY GUIDE FOR WOMEN. By Marion M. Dilts.
An entirely different book for women, explaining
how the army works, and how and why it is different
from civilian life. The perfect gift for a WAC, or
Capsule History for the new army wife who wants to know what
makes the army tick $2.50
ORT HISTORY OF THE CHINESE PEOPLE. Bv HANDS OFF! By Major W. E. Fairbairn. Get Tough!
Carrington Goodrich. New York: Harper and Brother~, for women. How to protect yourself in physical en-
3.232 Pages; Bibliography; Tables; Index; Charts; $2.50. counters. When war work takes women to tough
sections of town, or the swing shift lets out at odd
's is one "short history" that is really short. By a marvel hours, the wise woman will know how to turn the
tables on any attacker 75c
pression, Dr. Goodrich has presented the significant
in the development of China and her people from pre-
82 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL Novemher-DecemJ,er
historic times to the e\'e of Pearl Harbor in 232 pages. The result
is neither telegraphic nor staccato, but a smooth account of the
Professional Books political labor pains and the culture that brought China to he{
position and situation today. From scattered feudal states, per_
petually warring, to the awakening giant of today, China's
For the Coast Artilleryman history has been neither easy nor uninteresting. Art and philos-
ophy Bourished in the midst of war and anarchy, The Chinese
-*- may ha\"C been poorly led for thousands of years, but they have
never been soft.
e~eoaJilJ~ f f f
COAST ARTILLERY
Comment
The most eomplete volume on Coast Artillery tactics and technique
available. More than 1600 pages. approximately 726 Illustrations and PREVIEW OF HISTORY. By Raymond Gram SWing. New
numerous tables ...••.....................................• '6.00
York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1943, 278 Pages;
Index; $2.00.
dI~dI~ Raymond Gram Swing fans will welcome this collection 0
BATTERY DUTIES: A Checklist broadcasts and speeches, a discussion of the post-war world, an
The only summary of the varied duties that eome under the head
of ''housekeeping'' In a Coast Artillery battery. Some of the duties some hitherto unpublished material by the top-ranking radi
are prescribed In regulations, but most of the booklet deala with the commentator.
many unwritten customs and shorteuta that have become more or
I_ atandard practlce--and great time savera ••.............. '.25
f f f
Integrated Story
BACK DOOR TO BERLIN. By Wes Gallagher. New York:
ROOTS OF STRATEGY Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1943. 242 Pages; Illus
Lt. Co!. Thomas R. Phillips trated; $2.75.
Thla la the only compilation of the master words of the master
&oldlera of the centuries. The Imperishable military tactiea of Sun Reading the piecemeal accounts of a campaign in the daily
Tzu (600 B.C.). Velfetlua (390 A.D.), Marshal de Saxe (1732). Fred.
erick the Great (17'7), and Napoleon, some of them unobtainable In papers is not the same thing as reading the integrated story 0
EngUah, have been newly translated and annotated. A fundamental the same campaign, To those of us who remain confused abou
military book •••.•.••.••....•............................•. $3.00
the places, times, and personalities of the North African earn
PRINCIPLES OF WAR paign from the first landings to Von Arnim's surrender, Galla
Carl von dausewitz gher's book should be a great help. His workmanlike handlin
A historical distillation of VOM KRIEGE done by Clauaewltz him- of the time and area factors of the African fighting resolv
self. and translated, edited and annotated by Hans W. Gatzke of
Williams College. "The Nazis," says Major Mlksche, author of much of the confusion. He fits Kasserine, Long Stop Hill, and
BLITZ KREIG, "apply Clausewltz In an even more total manner than
Ludendorlt ever thought of doing." This vital book Is the Blueprint Gafsa; Montgomery, Alexander, Patton, Clark, and Fredendall'
for German conquests ••••.•..•....•...•.••.........•....... '1.00
and the First Army, Eighth Army, and Second Corps, into
completed jigsaw puzzle instead of scattered pieces.
M~J~ Much of his material consists of those things that couldn'
be told before, and it is spiced by tales of blunders by com
S-2 IN ACTION
manders of both sides. The mired regiment of Combat Com
Lt. Co!. Shipley Thomas mand B, the British Fiftieth Division's error at the Maret
The technique of securing combat Information. Not a cut-and-dried
textbook, but a vivid and easily understood exposition of military Line, and other errors, some unfortunate and some inexcusable
Intelligence based on the experiences of the author-who haa "been fill in some of the darker tones that were needed to complet
through the mil)," One of the best how-to-do-it military booka. $1.50
the picture. Overshadowing all were the difficulties of supply
which were no less a problem than the enemy.
<the Red $e.cMt 1U~
f f f
PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SOLDIER
Norman Copeland Another View
"Morale Is the most powerful weapon known to man ... again THIS IS INDIA. By Peter Muir. New York: Doubleda~
and again It has been the means of turning defeat Into victory."
This Is the crux of the author's belief. which is elaborated In easily Doran and Company, 1943. 234 Pages; Index; $2.50.
und~tood, non-technical language. Covering a wide range from
primitive fear to sex, this discussion of fighting psychology" is both
a challenge and a revelation '1.00
It was about time that somebody wrote the other side of th
story of the Indian independence movement; Peter Muir h
done it well. As an ace reporter, Mr. Muir used good repo
<the ~eIf to 1Jctau" ing methods to come to the conclusion that there is more to th
MANEUVER IN WAR story than appears on the surface. Mr. Muir reports that ~h
Colonel C. A. Willoughby Congress Party's membership includes .004% of the popu~a~1O
The panorama of battlefteld movements and the pattern of develop-
of India; that the difIerences in languages, castes, and rehglO
Ing .chemes of warfare are displayed In realistic array through the would make it impossible for any native government to ~perat.
centuries of military history. 182 eaally followed maps, divested of
clutter, Illustrate the "how" of m.... aurprise, direction and all the that Gandhi and many of his followers are almost open In the.
principles of war from the earliest times through the Spanish
Civil war '3.00 hyprocrisYi that a very large proportion of the troubles of I~d
are due to the selfishness and greed of the better-ofI India
Order ALL Books From themselves; and that Britain's rule has not been all roses, b
that where it has failed to raise the status of the people
The Coast Artillery Journal India, it has failed because of the people themselves.
The author bears down heavily on the inconsistencies a
frauds of Gandhi's followers and the ConQTess Party, a
3 BOOK REVIE\VS 83
ves his points, if we can accept his facts. His straightforward
'ting speaks in favor of the facts he offers. Above all, he
rises America and Americans to keep hands off. \Vith no
I knowledge of the problems involved, all we can do is eom- Professional Books
te the picture without offering any real help to either side.
For the Coast Artilleryman
-*-
The Goal
E INVASION OF GERMANY. By Curt Reiss. New
MAP AND AERIAL PHOTO READING
ork: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1943. 206 Pages; $2.50.
This new book has been keyed directly to the wartime needs of
officers and men. Two chapters on foreign msp readine, and many
his is Reiss' sixth book on the present war, with Germany field expedients make this easily understood book the most complete
his special field. His estimate of how to invade Germany of its kind. It starts right from the beginning and gives a step-by-
step procedure for reading and using tactical maps and aerial photos.
neither be dismissed nor taken too seriously. He knows It does not cover strategic maps. but is confined wholly to the maps
you need and use every day. MAP AND AERIAL PHOTO READ-
nnany and the Germans, and thinks he knows enough about ING-Complete ............•..•........•................... $1.00
'tary strategy to point out a few "facts." He follows the
dIe of the road line in regard to air-power, believing our air
cks should be stepped up (by night bombing!), but not that
e~MeU.M~
attack alone can win the war. He finds German morale still ARMY FOOD AND MESSING
, but not a guaranty of a fight to the last because he feels Formerly titled MANUAL OF MESS MANAGEMENT, this new edi-
tion has been extensively revised. Material has been added on the
is a great danger of the Allies making peace with an new methods of meat cuttinlt. information on kitchen trucks and
lt880line field ranltes. Of course, the adminiatrative end of mesa
rgeney German government before we really defeat her in management ia up-to-the-minute. An extenaive Index, many illus-
trations and a washable cover complete the best, most comprehensive
ilitary and economic sense. He thinks "international and uP-to-date book on mesaing $2.50
cial circles" will try hard to save Germany from industrial
because of investments and commitments, thus permit-
her to start all over again in a few years.
e book is controversial, full of statements either un- ARTICLES OF WAR ANNOTATED
ded or founded on doubtful sources, and of opinions that Co!. Lee S. Tillotson
be better or not as good as the next man's-but it might The Artlclea of War have been Interpreted by civil and military
a few trains of thought. courts over a lonlt period of years. Like dvll laws, the wordlnlra of
the Articles may not tell the whole story. To understand their mean-
Inp fully, it Is necessary to know what the courts say they mean,
and how past decisions will affect the ones yoU are called on to
make. An absolute necessity for any officer liable for court martial
duty-and who Isn't 7 ...•..•.............................•. $2.50
Civilian Primer
THE SOLDIER AND THE LAW
ARMY TODAY. By Kendall Banning. New York: McComsey and Edwards
nk and Wagnalls Company, 1943. 255 Pages; Index: The second edition of this Invaluable standby la even better than
the first-and, naturally. up-to-date. Thousands of readers have
ustrated; $2.50. found thia the best ltUlde to courts-martial. Major General R. L.
Eichelberger, when Superintendent, USMA. said the book has a two-
r. Banning is justly famous for his books on West Point rold mis.ion. "fI...t to prevent military delinquency and aecond to
provide practical asslatance to those concerned with the admlnlatration
nnapolis. His present undertaking is even more ambitious of military justice." .•...............................•..•... $2.00
~eci4UJe BaiJleA, 0/ "" 'WoMd when military "experts" are to be found at every dinner t3?
and club lounge, this book might, with some study, proVI~
by SIR EDWARD S. CREASY a basis of authentic information as a background for the d
and cussions. The type of "expert" who expects second fronts a
ROBERT HAMMOND MURRAY military miracles to occur at the wave of a wand could lea
-{:( What are decisive battles? In his selec- much from Colonel Burr's patient explanation of some
tions for his famous and universally read the elements that make up a battle or a campaign.
and enjoyed Fifteen Decisive Battles of tbe W orid, The junior officer, especially the one who has never be
from Marathon to Waterloo, the historic authority exposed to staff work, might read the book with profit.
and worth of which has withstood challenge for would learn that there is more to winning a battle or a
nearly a century, Creasy followed the rule laid
than meeting the enemy ..
down by Hallam in his reasoned conception of The book is more than mere abstract principles and mf
battles that are decisive:
mation; it is based on battles of the present war and otb
"Those few battles of which a contrary event with each principle or explanation tied to an actual enga
would have essentially varied the drama of the ment. The maps are clear and easily followed. The sugg~
world in all its subsequent scenes." reading course in the last chapter is a none-too-gentle reml~
Revised in 1943 $3.00 to the reader that a perusal of this book does not make hi
military expert.
9-+3 BOOK REVIEWS 85
How to Do It
~IPANY ADMINISTRATION
Old Reliable
AND PERSONNEL
GET TOUGH!
RECORDS. By Lieutenant Colonel C. M. Virtue. Harris-
burg: l\Iilitary Service Publishing Company, 1943. 386 How to Win
Pages; Illustrated; Index. Paper: $1.50; Cloth: $2,00.
A review of this standard text should not be necessary; prac-
In Hand-to-Hand Fighting
By every officer, and practically every enlisted man whose As taught to the British Commandos
ties are administrative, knows the book in one of its previous
'tions. The present (thirteenth) edition is right up to date and the u.
S. Armed Forces
'rb all administrative changes that affect a company or By CAPTAIN W. E. FAIRBAIRN
ilar unit, up to about September first,
$1.00
Slipstick Instruction And the Companion Book for Women
HE SLIDE RULE AND HOW TO USE IT. By Sommers,
Drell, and
Company,
Slide Rule.
Vlallschlaeger. Chicago: Wilcox and Follett
1942. 157 Pages; Illustrated; Tables; Answers;
$2.98. Paper Edition, without Rule, $1.32,
HANDS OFF!
(By the Same Author)
The preface of this rather complete and thorough text
tes, "although the book has been carefully planned and may Unarmed Defense for Women-Tells
used as supplementary material in some cases, it is not rec- in Pictures and Text How to Beat Off
mended as a substitute for a good teacher." The statement
ght be considered a bit too modest if construed too strictly.
Attacks.
ith this book, the requisite basic mathematics, and a large 75,
ping of determination, it should be possible for any intelli-
t student to learn to use the slide rule, at least as a useful
. There is even a review of mathematics incorporated in
ny of the "\Vork Sheets," or lessons.
KEEP 'EM ROLLING
(COAST ARTILLERY EDITION)
Books TEACHER'S
Teacher's Text
MANUAL. By Nicholas Moseley. New York:
Mathematics Cornell l\tJaritime Press, 1943. 198 Pages; Bibliograph\:
MATHEMATICSFOR THE COASTARTILLERYOFFICER. Index; Illustrated; $2.00 ..
Outlines the requirements in mathematics for Coast Teaching is an activity that must be learned; not eyen an
Artillery officer candidates; a short review. 25~
expert can teach his subject well if he does not know the basic
POPULARMATHEMATICS.By Denning Miller. elements of imparting his knowledge. 1\:lost books on teaelting
One of the fastest-selling mathematics books for self. methods are long on theory and short on something the pan-
study on the market today. $3.75 time teacher can put to immediate use-not so this book. De-
MATHEMATICS
REFRESHER.By A. Hooper. signed for military, marine, vocational, and industrial trainin
A streamlined text designed to teach young men of the book gives practical information on how to use the pro-
.average intelligence enough arithmetic, algebra, geom- cedures and tricks that good teachers have employed with suc
etry and trigonometry to fulfill the requirements for
aviation air crews. $2.50 cess. The twenty-two chapters include such subjects as, "
Preview of the Laws of Learning, Memory, and Forgetting,'
BASICMATHEMATICS.By William Betz.
"Choice of a Method," "Teaching in Laboratory and Shop:
Written especially for the war program. Includes arith.
metic. informal geometry, algebra, and numerical trigo- "The Field Trip," 'The First Class," "Providing for Indi
nometry. $1048 vidual Differences," and "Teaching Students How to Study.'
Down-to-earth language and situations make this a valuabJ
COLLEGEALGEBRA. By Cooley, Graham, John and
Tilley. aid to the service instructor.
The usual ground is covered, but in a particularly fresh
and lucid manner that will hold the interest of the of of of
student. $2.25
Murder, Inc.
A COURSEIN THE SLIDERULE AND LOGARITHMS.
By E. Justin Hills. JUDO. By T. Shozo Kuwashima and Ashbel R. Welch. Ne
The different types of slide rules and their uses, with York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1943. 146 Pages; Illustrated
applications to trigonometry and other activities. With $1.89.
tables-well illustrated. 75t/.
COMMANDO JIU-JITSU. By Irvin Cahn. Chicago: Wileo.
PLANE TRIGONOMETRYWITH TABLES. By Kern, and Follett Company, 1943. 162 Pages; Illustrated; $1.00.
Kells, and Bland.
A basic book for all orientation problems.
Judo, since its previous review in the March-April, 1939
$2040 JOURNAL,has had some new material added for members 0
PLANE AND SPHERICALTRIGONOMETRY.By Kells, the armed forces. The tendency of the new material is to brea
Kern, and Bland. away slightly from the more formal aspects of this very eer
Used at the Military and Naval Academies. Empha- monious sport and get down to more murder and mayhe
sizes the application of mathematical principles to mili-
tary and naval problems. $2.75 Cahn, the author of the second book, is a former pupil
Mr. Kuwashima, now instructing Marines in the none-t
SPHERICALTRIGONOMETRY WITH NAVALAND MILI- gentle art.
TARYApPLICATIONS. By Kells, Kern, and Bland.
One hundred and twelve colleges and universities
Both books are well illustrated with photographs of th
adopted this text within four months after publica- actual movements.
tion. $2040 of of of
Technical Manuals weather and its manifestations, rather than a text for for
casters. Excellent pictures and patient text combine to tell Q
the different elements that make up the weather, and the
Order these training publications from The the reader is taken to key points all over the world for descri
JOURNAL. Please inclose remittance with order.
tions and explanation of local weather phenomena.
FM 4-10 Seacoast Artillery-Gunnery $ .25 f f f
FM 4-15 Se~c:oast :\r~illery-Fire Control and Po-
sItion Fmdmg 50 40,000 Names
FM 4-20 Seacoast Artillery - Formations, Inspec- WEBSTER'S BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY. Springfiel
tions, Service, and Care of Matl~riel 15
G.&G Merriam Company, 1943. 1,697 Pages; Tables; Note
FM 4-25 Seacoast Artillery-Service of the Piece,
155mm Gun .15 Etc.; $6.50.
FM 4-60 Seacoast Arti\1ery-Service of the Piece, More than 40,000 concise biographies of noted men an
12-inch Gun (Barbette Carriage) .15
women of all countrie~, from all times, and in practically eve
FM 4-70 Seacoast Artillery-Service of the Piece,
6-inch Gun (Disappearing Carriage) ...... .15 field of activity make this a unique reference book. In a
FM 4-75 Seacoast Arti\1ery-Service of the Piece, dition to the short biographies themselves, the volume includ
6-inch Gun (Barbette Carriage) .10 Explanatory Notes, Cuide to Pronunciation, Pronouncing Li
FM 4-80 Seacoast Artillery-Service of the Piece, of Prenallles, and a series of tables listing the names of sue
12- and 14-inch Gun (Disappearing Car- groups as the Popes, the Members of the Supreme Cour
riage) 15
American Ambassadors to different countries, the Pri
FM 4-85 Seacoast Artillery-Service of the Piece,
16-inch Guns and Howitzers .15 l'\'1inisters of Great Britain, etc.
FM 4-90 Seacoast Artillery-Service of the Piece, In a work of this size, which is an ambitious undertakin
3-inch Rapid Fire Guns (Pedestal Mount) .10 even for a publishing company with the background of th
FM 4-105 AAA-Organization, Training and Tactics .35 Merriam Company, inconsistencies are bound to appear. F
FM 4-111 AAA-Position Finding and Control, Anti- instance, Generals Wainright and Mark Clark are include
aircraft Searchlights .10
Generals Eichelberger and Stilwell are omitted. The line rous
FM 4-115 AAA-Searchlights, Sound Locators and
Accessories .35 be drawn somewhere, however, and it is a matter of judgmen
FM 4-117 Barrage Balloon Materiel and Personnel... . .15 where it should be drawn. It is startling, too, to find Julius
FM 4-120 AAA - Formations, Inspections, Service
Caesar and Irving Caesar side by side; but that is one of the
and Care of Materiel .10 delights of the book.
FM 4-125 AAA-Service of the Piece, 3-inch Anti-
aircraft Guns 20 f f f
FM
Piece, AA MG's
4-140 AAA-Service of the Piece, 37mm Anti-
20 Book of the Month
THE BATTLE IS THE PAY-OFF. By Captain Ralph Inger
.
aircraft Gun .15
FM 4-141 AAA-Service of Piece, 40mm Gun 25 solI. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1943. 21
FM 4-150 Examination for Gunners .10 Pages; $2.00.
FM 21-10 Military Sanitation and First Aid .25 Here we have some real war reporting. Captain Ingersoll
FM 30-55 Identication of German Naval Ships .15 is in the Corps of Engineers, but he is better known as edito
FM 30-58 Identification of Japanese Naval Vessels .15 of Pl'v1. When he combines his reportorial training with hi
TM 1-1050 Fundamentals of Mechanical Drawing .15 military service and responsibilities, his readers can begin t
TM 4-205 Coast Artillery Ammunition .15 understand that war is not the stories of individual glamor an
TM 4-225 Orientation .10 glory that the newspapers feature, nor is it the dry-as-dust
TM 4-240 Meteorology for Coast Artillery .15 mechanical and technical operations outlined in the fiel~
TM 4-245 Preservation and Care of Seacoast Defense manuals. This book is the direct result of Captain Ingersoll s
Materiel 10
experiences as an observer (a working observer) with the
T11 5-235 Surveying 70
Engineers during several of the North African actions, and
TM 5-236 Surveying Tables 40
the less direct result of his years of experience as a newspaper-
TM 9-1360 Ordnance Maintenance, 3-inch AA Gun
Materiel M2A2, M2Al, MIA2, MIAl, man fighting the things America is fighting today ...
TIA2, and TIAI 10 Ingersoll finds the Army good-not as good as it could be If It
TM 12-252 The Army Clerk .40 were more experienced, and if the men really had the desire t
FM 25-10 Motor Transport .10 kill Germans that the Russians have, but encouragingly good
It is well-trained technically, even though it might not haY
the killer instinct.
The Coast Artillery Journal It is in his descriptions of the operations and installations i
the field that the author proves he is a keen observer and to
631 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W. Washington 4, D. C. notch writer. The description of "big" headquarters, the nig
of the battle, is particularly well done. The commanders 3
1943 BOOK REVIE\VS 89
the staff just wait around quietly-their planning is done, and
the action is in the hands of the troops up front. Officers con-
verse in low tones, sergeants work cross-word puzzles-the air is
that of a hospital while the surgeons wait for the patient to BINDERS
come out of the anesthetic. There is nothing more they can do
hut wait. FIELD MANUAL SIZE 5~" x 8~"
To the platoon commander, "battalion" is "'way back there
somewhere," practically out of the battle. General Patton has
TECHNICAL MANUAL SIZE 6If<f" x 1O~"
a list of fines ranging from $5.00 to $25.00 for officers who neg-
lect to wear specified equipment, including neckties. At the
big headquarters, l\l.P.s take incoming cars at the entrance to
the village and drive them away-no nearby motor park or
other buzz of activity will point out the headquarters for straf-
ing planes. The Rangers are merely shock infantry-better
trained and tougher than most infantry. The French fought
the Americans for honor alone, and hated to do it. These and
many more pointed observations are e:-.-panded in this book,
which does more to explain the North African campaign than \! MANUALS Do NOT GET LOST.
fifty times its weight in, newspaper articles.
\! KEEPS MANUALS IN SYSTEMATIC ORDER.
., ., ., \! MANUALS REMAIN IN GOOD CONDITION.
Royal Naval Reserve \! No HOLE-PUNCHING NECESSARY.
EAST COAST CORVETTE. By Nicholas Monsarrat. Phil-
adelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1943. 153 Pages; $1.50.
\! INEXPENSIVE.
Lighter Moments
The Bard in New Dress A BOOKLIST RECOMMENDED FOR
THE TRAGEDIES OF SHAKESPEARE. New York: Mod- ENLISTED SPECIALISTS
em Library, 1943. 1,157 Pages; Notes; Glossary; 95~.
FOR PREPARATORY STUDY
THE COMEDIES OF SHAKESPEARE. New York: Mod-
em Library, 1943. 1,007 Pages; Notes; Glossary; 95~. Practical Arithemetic, Part I (Palmer) $1.25
New School Algebra (Wentworth) 1.50
THE HISTORIES AND POEMS OF SHAKESPEARE. Plane Geometry (Palmer) 1.32
New York: Modem Library, 1943. 1,047 Pages; Notes; Modern English (Book II) (Emerson-Bender) 1.10
Glossary; 95~.
The Palmer Method of Business Writing (Palmer)
These three new Modem Library volumes will be appreci- (Penmanship) , .30
iIledby lovers of Shakespeare. There is a lot of book for the Words (Sorelle and Kitt) (Spelling) 50
money, bound in a manner that will not detract from the ap- Applied Business English and Applied Business
~rance of the best of library shelves. The text material is Correspondence (Hagar and Sorelle) 1.00
mplete and unabridged. Mass production methods have re- Radio Handbook 2.25
ulted in beautifully-bound, but inexpensive, classics.
»»»»»»»»»»»»»»>~
MAGAZINES AT MONEY.SAVING PRICE
~
~DMINISTR~TIVE
NECESSITIES
The Three Basic Books for the library of Eoer!J
Officer, and of Every Ambitious Enlisted Man.
)FFICER'S GUIDE
If you could afford only one book, this should be the one. It not only explains the basic
things that every officer should know, it keeps you up-to-date on all the numerous
changes that affect the officer and his duties. A new edition has just been published-
can you afford to do without it? Is your old copy of the Guide out of date?
$2.50
C*:
.....
JO~IPAN'Y ADl\'IINISTRATION
By LIEUTENANT COLONEL C. M. VIRTUE
The one question owners of this book ask is, "How does he do it?" Colonel Virtue
leads you by the hand through the complicated maze of administrative detail, with the
latest possible information from the latest changes, as interpreted by an expert. Always
considered an. administrative "must," in busy wartime, it saves hours and prevents errors.
Stiff Paper Cover $1.50
Cloth Cover $2.00
r:.•••• $2.50
..19
~
(D'Eliscu) 1.96 Radio Amateur's Handbook, Defense
Identification 2.00 The Soldier and the Law . 2.00
Infantry Drill Regulations (CA Edition) .. 50 Sh~~ti~~~~e' i~'s~'~~ying (D~~i~ '& 'K~il~)
Keep 'Em Rolling: Driver's Handbook 50 LANGUAGE BOOKS A Start in Meteorology (Spitz) 1.5
Leadership (AG School) 10
Leadership for U. S. Army Leaders (Mun- Blitz French 75
son) . 1.00 Brazilian Portuguese Self-Taught (Ibarra). 2.50 MATHEMATICS
Map & Aerial Photo Reading Complete . 1.00 Current Spanish (Martinez) 1.00
Basic Mathematics (Betz) 1.4
Modern Judo (Yerkow) . 3.00 Conversacion (Spanish) .loth 1.50
College Algebra 2.2
Officer's Guide . 2 50 Conversacion (Spanish) paper 1.00
Elementary Mathematics in Artillery Fire
On War (Clausewitz) . 1'45 I Conversational Spanish .loth 1.25
(Thomas) 2.5
Orientation for the CA Officer . :90 I Conversational Spanish paper .75
Exterior Ballistics (Hayes) 1.0
Paratroops (Miksche) . 250 I Easy Malay Words and Phrases (Mendlesen) 1.00
Mathematics for the CA Officer Z
Principles of War (Clausewitz) . 1.00 Elementary Japanese (Sullivan) 2.50
Mathematics for Electricians and Radio- I
Psychology and the Soldier (Copeland) . 1.00 How to Say it in Spanish 75
men (Cooke) 4.J
Riot Control (Wood) .. 1.50 Introductory Portuguese Grammar
Mathematics for the Practical Man, 5 vo/s.
Roots of Strategy (Phillips) . 3.00 (Williams) 1.90
(Thompson) 8.~
Soldier's Handbook (CA Edition) . .25 Pan-American Spanish Self-Taught (Ibarra) 2.50
Mathematics Refresher (Hooper) 2.5
Surprise (Erfurth) . 1.00 lehrbuch der Deutschen Sprache
New Methods in Exterior Ballistics
S-2 in Action (Thomas) . 1.50 (Spanhoofd) 1.72
(Moulton) 4.0
War Planes of the Axis (Cooke) . 2.75 Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (Kells). 2.1
What's That Plane? . .25 ENLISTED SPECIALIST BOOKS Plane Trigonometry with Tables (Kells) .. 2.4
Popular Mathematics (Miller) 3.1
ADMINISTRATION Applied Business English & CorresDondence 1.00 Practical Mathematics for Home Study
New School Algebra (Wentworth) 1.50 (Palmer) 4.d
Administration of the Army (AGS) 10 Palmer Method Business Writing: Penman- Slide Rule and Logarithms (Hills) ~
The Army Clerk (AG School) 75 ship 30 Spherical Trig. with Mil. Applications
Army Food and Messing 250 Plane Geometry (Palmer) 1.32 (Kells) 2.4
The Army Personnel System (AGS) 10 Practical Arithmetic: Part I 1.2"5
Battery Duties: A Checklist 25 Radio Handbook 2.25
Boards of Officers (AG School) 20 Words: Spelling (Sorrell & Kitt) 50 FOR ARMY WOMEN
Company Administration and Personnel
Records Paper 150; Cloth 2.00 Army Guide for Women (Dilts) 2.~
TECHNICAL BOOKS Army Wife (Shea) 2"
Military Correspondence: Checklist (AGS) .10
Suggested SOP for Adjutant's Office (AGS) .10 Course in Electrical Engineering, Army Woman's Handbook (Collins) I.j
Travel (AG School) 60 Vol. I, Direct Currents 4.00 Hands Off (Fairbairn) 1
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----(To~-~-io;i>-----------------------(Ci~;;is~;)
ICA643)
The
OOZLEFINCD
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Military LaW' Military Justice
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Court-Martial
Proeedul-e Field Soldier
(The Army Officers' Blue Book) By LIEUTENANT COLONEL
By COLONEL F. GRANVILLE MUNSON FREDERICK BERNAYS WIENER
and
MAJOR WALTER E. JAEGER
Here's the book that will set every soldier assigned
For more than two years this book
has been winning an ever-widening to a military court on the right path. Plus a complete
circle of friends, practically by word- Appendix which includes a list of lesser included of-
of-mouth advertising alone. The fenses with citations, Amendments to the 1920 Articles
notched (and complete) index di-
of \Var to January 1, 1943, and Amendments to the
vides the book into logical portions
-portions that will assist every of- 1928 Manual for Courts-Martial to January 1, 1943.
ficer whose activities bring him into \xrD Circular 105, April 19, 1943, is included as a
contact with courts - martial. 113 separate supplement.
Pages.
$1.50 $1.00
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The
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Music by W o,.ds by
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