AP Unit 1 Antenna Basics Compiledccjfgjcfjgghk
AP Unit 1 Antenna Basics Compiledccjfgjcfjgghk
AP Unit 1 Antenna Basics Compiledccjfgjcfjgghk
com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
Unit 1
Antenna Basics: Introduction, basic Antenna parameters, patterns, beam
area, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, directivity and gain, antenna
apertures, effective height, bandwidth, radiation efficiency, antenna
temperature and antenna filed zones.
Introduction:-
It is a source or radiator of EM waves, or a sensor of EM waves. It is a
transition device or transducer between a guided wave and a free space wave
or vice versa. It is an electrical conductor or system of conductors that
radiates EM energy into or collects EM energy from free space. is an
impedance matching device, coupling EM waves between Transmission
line and free space or vice versa.
Some Antenna Types
Wire Antennas- dipoles, loops and Helical
Aperture Antennas-Horns and reflectors
Array Antennas-Yagi, Log periodic
Patch Antennas- Microstrips, PIFAs
I L or Q V
Where
I = Time changing current in Amps/sec
L = Length of the current element in meters
Q= Charge in Coulombs
1
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
related to the temperature of distant objects that the antenna is looking at. Rr
may be thought of as virtual resistance that does not exist physically but is a
quantity coupling the antenna to distant regions of space via a virtual
transmission .line
Patterns
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
Half power level occurs at those angles (,)for which E(,)n =0.707
At distance d>> and d>> size of the antenna, the shape of the field pattern
is independent of the distance
S ( , )
Normalized Power Pattern = Pn ( , ) n = S ( , ) max
where
S ( , ) =
[E
2
( , ) + E2 ( , ) ]W m2
Z0
is the poynting vector. Half power level occurs at those angles (,)for
which P(,)n =0.5
Pattern lobes and beam widths
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
Beamwidth defines the resolution capability of the antenna: i.e., the ability
of the system to separate two adjacent targets
5
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
Examples :
1.An antenna has a field pattern given by E()=cos2 for 0o 90o . Find
the Half power beamwidth(HPBW)
E() at half power=0.707
Therefore, cos2= 0.707 at Halfpower point
i.e., =cos-1[(0.707)1/2]=33o
HPBW=2=66o
2.Calculate the beamwidths in x-y and y-z planes of an antenna, the power
pattern of which is given by sin sin ;0 ,0
2
U ( , ) =
0; 2 , 2
Radian and Steradian:Radian is plane angle with its vertex a the centre of
a circle of radius r and is subtended by an arc whose length is equal to r.
Circumference of the circle is 2r Therefore total angle of the circle is 2
radians.
Steradian is solid angle with its vertex at the centre of a sphere of radius r,
which is subtended by a spherical surface area equal to the area of a square
with side length r
Area of the sphere is 4r2. Therefore the total solid angle of the sphere is 4
steradians
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
1stersteadian= (1radian)2
= (180 / )2
= 3282.8 Square degrees
The infinitesimal area ds on a surface of a sphere of radius r in spherical
coordinates(with as vertical angle and as azimuth angle) is
ds = r 2 sin dd
By defnition of solid angleds = r 2 d
d = sin dd
Beam area is the solid angle A for an antenna, is given by the integral of
the normalized power pattern over a sphere(4 steradians)
i.e., 2
= P ( , )d
0 0
n
d = Sindd
Beam area is the solid angle through which all of the power radiated by the
antenna would stream if P(,) maintained its maximum value over A and
was zero elsewhere.
i.e., Power radiated= P(,) A watts
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
Example
An antenna has a field pattern given by E()=cos2 for 0o 90o . Find
the Beam area of the pattern. Also find Approximate beam area using Half
Power Beamwidths
2
= P ( , )d
0 0
n
d = Sindd
cos
4
= ( ) Sindd
0 0
1 2 2
= 2 cos 5 ( ) = = 1.26
25 0 5 Sr
Radiation Intensity
Definition: The power radiated from an Antenna per unit solid angle is
called the Radiation Intensity. U Units: Watts/Steradians
Poyting vector or power density is dependant on distance from the antenna
while Radiation intensity is independent of the distance
Beam efficiency
The total beam area A consists of Main beam area M and minor lobe area
m
A = M + m
Beam efficiency is defined by M = A
M
m
m =
And stray factor is A
M +m =1
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
From the field point of view, the most important quantitative information on
the antenna is the directivity, which is a measure of the concentration of
radiated power in a particular direction. It is defined as the ratio of the
radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation
intensity averaged over all directions. The average radiation intensity is
equal to the total radiated power divided by 4. If the direction is not
specified, the direction of maximum radiation is implied. Mathematically,
the directivity (dimensionless) can be written as
U ( , ) max
D=
U ( , ) average
2
1
=
4 P( , )d
0 0
P ( , ) max
D = 2
1
4 P( , )d
0 0
1
D= 2
1
4 P ( , )d
0 0
n
4
i.e., D =
9
ANTENNA & PROPAGATION(06EC64)-Unit 1
K.Vijaya,Asst.Prof., BMSCE, Bangalore
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
Directivity is the ratio of total solid angle of the sphere to beam solid angle.
For antennas with rotationally symmetric lobes, the directivity D can be
approximated as 4
D
HP HP
Directivity of isotropic antenna is equal to unity , for an isotropic
antenna Beam area A =4
Directivity indicates how well an antenna radiates in a particular
direction in comparison with an isotropic antenna radiating same
amount of power
Smaller the beam area, larger is the directivity
In practice, the total input power to an antenna can be obtained easily, but
the total radiated power by an antenna is actually hard to get. The gain of an
antenna is introduced to solve this problem. This is defined as the ratio of
the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the total input
power accepted by the antenna divided by 4. If the direction is not
specified, the direction of maximum radiation is implied. Mathematically,
the gain (dimensionless) can be written as
G = 4U
Pin
10
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
Effective Aperture
Let the poynting vector or power density of the plane wave be S watts/sq m
and let the area or physical aperture be Ap sq-m.If the Horn extracts all the
power from the Wave over its entire physical Aperture Ap, Power
absorbed is given by
P=SAp= (E2/Z)Ap Watts,
S is poynting vector ,
Z is intrinsic impedance of medium,
E is rms value of electric field
But the Field response of Horn is not uniform across Ap because E at
sidewalls must equal zero. Thus effective Aperture Ae of the Horn is less
than Ap A
Aperture efficiency is defined as ap = e
Ap
11
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
The effective antenna aperture is the ratio of the available power at the
terminals of the antenna to the power flux density of a plane wave incident
upon the antenna, which is matched to the antenna in terms of polarization.
If no direction is specified, the direction of maximum radiation is implied.
Effective Aperture (Ae) describes the effectiveness of an Antenna in
receiving mode, It is the ratio of power delivered to receiver to incident
power density
It is the area that captures energy from a passing EM wave
An Antenna with large aperture (Ae) has more gain than one with smaller
aperture(Ae) since it captures more energy from a passing radio wave and
can radiate more in that direction while transmitting
Effective Aperture and Beam area: Consider an Antenna with an effective
Aperture Ae which radiates all of its power in a conical pattern of beam area
A, assuming uniform field Ea over the aperture, power radiated is
Ea2
P= Ae
z0
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
4
Directivity can be written as D = 2 Ae
Other antenna equivalent areas :
Scattering area : It is the area, which when multiplied with the incident
wave power density, produces the re-radiated (scattered) power
Loss area : It is the area, which when multiplied by the incident wave power
density, produces the dissipated (as heat) power of the antenna
Capture area: It is the area, which when multiplied with the incident wave
power density, produces the total power intercepted by the antenna.
Effective height
13
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
Notes: the above calculations assume that the electric field is constant over
the antenna Z0 is the intrinsic impedance of free space = 120 or 377
14
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
The FBW of broadband antennas is expressed as the ratio of the upper to the
lower frequencies, where the antenna performance is acceptable.
Based on Bandwidth antennas can be classified as
1. Broad band antennas-BW expressed as ratio of upper to lower
frequencies of acceptable operation eg: 10:1 BW means fH is 10 times
greater than fL
2. Narrow band antennas-BW is expressed as percentage of frequency
difference over centre frequency eg:5% means (fH fL ) /fo is .05.
Bandwdth can be considered to be the range of frequencies on either
sides of a centre frequency(usually resonant freq. for a dipole)
The FBW of broadband antennas is expressed as the ratio of the upper to the
lower frequencies, where the antenna performance is acceptable
Broadband antennas with FBW as large as 40:1 have been designed. Such
antennas are referred to as frequency independent antennas.
For narrowband antennas, the FBW is expressed as a percentage of the
frequency difference over the center frequency
15
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
Radiation Efficiency
Antenna temperature
The antenna noise can be divided into two types according to its physical
source:
- noise due to the loss resistance of the antenna itself; and
- noise, which the antenna picks up from the surrounding environment
The noise power per unit bandwidth is proportional to the objects
temperature and is given by Nyquists relation
where
TP is the physical temperature of the object in K (Kelvin degrees); and
k is Boltzmanns constant (1.38x10-23 J/K
A resistor is a thermal noise source. The noise voltage(rms value) generated
by a resistor R, kept at a temperature T, is given by
Vn = 4 kTBR
Where
k is Boltzmanns constant (1.38x10-23 J/K). And
B is the bandwidth in Hz
Often, we assume that heat energy is evenly distributed in the frequency
band f . Then, the associated heat power in f is
16
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
1 2
4 0 0
TA = R (, ).T(, )sin dd
17
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP
------X------X------X---------
18
www.bookspar.com | VTU NOTES | QUESTION PAPERS | NEWS | VTU RESULTS | FORUM | BOOKSPAR ANDROID APP