Chapter 11: Special Theory of Relativity: (Ref.: Marion & Heald, "Classical Electromagnetic Radiation," 3rd Ed., Ch. 14)
Chapter 11: Special Theory of Relativity: (Ref.: Marion & Heald, "Classical Electromagnetic Radiation," 3rd Ed., Ch. 14)
Chapter 11: Special Theory of Relativity: (Ref.: Marion & Heald, "Classical Electromagnetic Radiation," 3rd Ed., Ch. 14)
4 D operator, [ x ,
3. Define the 4-D , , ],
y z (ict
i )
as the counterpart
of the operator in the x-space. Then, the 4-gradient of a Lorentz
scalar,
l [
x , , , ],
y z (ict ) ] is
i a 4-v
4 ector.
t
x
Prooff : ( ) =
x =
x x
= a
= a
x
( ) ((6))
= a by (3) Transforms as a 4-vector.
A
4. The 4-divergence of a 4-vector, A x , is a Lorentz scalar.
Proof : A: 4-vector
4 t
= a A
x by (5) A : component of A
x A A A
A = Ax = x x = a a x = x = A (7)
= a by (3) = by (4)
2 2 2 2
5 The 44-Laplacian
5. Laplacian operator,
operator 2
=
+ 2
+ 2 1
2 2, (8)
x 2 y z c t
is a Lorentz scalar operator, i.e. 2 = 2 [ : a Lorentz scalar].
Proof : We have shown in item 4 that the divergence of a 4-vector
is a Lorentz scalar, i.e. A = A. Let be a Lorentz scalar, then
A = and A = are both 4-vectors (see item 3). Hence,
A = A = 2 = 2 .
6. The dot product of two 4-vectors, A B A B , is a Lorentz scalar.
Proof :
A B = by (4)
A B = A B = a A a B = a a A B
= A B = A B (9)
A A = A A A2 = A2 a useful property of the
orthogonal transformation
11.1 Definitions and Operation Rules of (continued)
Examplep : In frame K , a particle's
p position
p changes
g byy dx in a
time interval dt. Then, d x = ( dx, dy, dz, icdt ) is a 4-vector. Hence,
d x d x (= dx dx ) is a Lorentz invariant, i.e. in frame K , d x d x
(= dx dx ) is given by d x d x.
SSpeciall case : The
Th particle
i l is
i at rest in
i frame
f K (the
( h rest fframe off
the particle). Hence, dx = 0 and d x = (0, 0, 0, icd ), where we have
denoted the differential time in frame K by d instead of dt , because
frame K is a unique frame. d is called the proper time of the particle.
dx = dx dx c 2 d 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 c 2 dt 2
dx
2
d = dt 1 2 = dt
v
[[a Lorentz invariant]] ((10))
c
dy
where v = dx
dt
e x + dt
e y + dz e is the velocity of the
dt z
particle in frame K .
Discussion : (i) For the special case that K is the rest frame of the
particle, v is also the relative velocity of the 2 frames. Hence, = 0 .
11.1 Definitions and Operation Rules of (continued)
= a T A = a (T A) (12)
Transform as a 4-vector.
11.1 Definitions and Operation Rules of (continued)
T
9. The
h 4-divergence
di off a 4-tensor off the
h second
d rank,k ( T ) x
,
is a 4-vector.
Proof :
T x
( T ) = x = x a a T = x x a a T
,
a
T T
= a a a x = a x = a ( T ) (13)
, ,
Transform as a 4-vector.
11.1 Definitions and Operation Rules of (continued)
10 A 44-tensor
10. t off the
th thi
thirdd rankk is
i a sett off 64 quantities,
titi
G ( , , = 1- 4), which transform according to
= ai a j a k Gijk
G (14)
ijk
P bl m 1: If F is a 4-tensor
Proble 4 tensor of the second rank,
rank show
sho that
F
x ( , , = 1- 4) is a 4-tensor of the third rank.
= a j a k F jk
Solution : F
jk
ai
F F jk xi F jk
x = a j a k x x = ai a j a k x (15)
jk i i ijk i
Transform as a 4-tensor
of the third rank
rank.
11.1 Definitions and Operation Rules of (continued)
x = ai a j a k x (17)
{k j, i k,
ijk k
, ,
Ch
Change iindecies
d i in i (17) as follows:
f ll
j i
F F
x
= a a a ki
i j k x j (18)
ijk
Combine (15), (17), and (18), =0 by (16)
F
x
F
+ x
F F jk
+ x = ai a j a k x
ijk i ( Fij
+ x
k
Fki
)
+ x = 0
j
11.1 Definitions and Operation Rules of (continued)
T = F T = F . (20)
In the following section, we examine relativistic mechanics in
4-vector formalism. In Sec. 3, we will demonstrate that laws of
electromagnetism are in variant under the Lorentz transformation
by expressing them as relations between tensors of the same rank.
F
From the
h LLorentz transformation
f i off these
h tensors, we also
l obtain
b i
the transformation equations for various electromagnetic quantities.
Section 2: Relativistic Mechanics
We beging with a note on the terms "conservation",, "invariance",,
and "covariance".
The conservation of a quantity means that it remains unchanged
in time in a given Lorentz frame. For example, the relativistic
momentum and energy of an isolated system of particles are both
conserved d after
ft a collision.
lli i This
Thi isi a fundamental
f d t l law
l tot be
b discussed
di d
in this Section.
The invariance of a quantity means that it is invariant in value
under a Lorentz transformation. Such a quantity is called a Lorentz
invariant or Lorentz scalar. For example, p , the dot product
p of two
4-vectors is a Lorentz invariant. However, it may or may not be a
conserved quantity. An example will be provided in this section.
The term covariance refers to physical laws. A physical law is
"covariant" if it is "invariant in form under the Lorentz transformation."
A will
As ill be
b shown,
h the
th new laws
l off relativistic
l ti i ti mechanics
h i andd existing
i ti
laws of electromagnetism are all covariant.
11.2 Relativistic Mechanics (continued)
and P P = ( p j ) ( p j ) = ( p j ) ( p j ) ( E j c) 2 ((26))
j j j j j
is a Lorentz invariant.
11.2 Relativistic Mechanics (continued)
pxj = pxj
j j
pyj = p yj
j j
Rewrite (25): p = ( p v0 E )
zj 0 zj c 2 j
j j j
E = ( E v p )
j j 0
j
j 0
j
zj
We see from (25) that only when all the components of P (i.e. the
three components of total momentum plus the total energy) are each
conserved in frame K will all the components of P be conserved.
If one component of P is not conserved, a rotation of the spatial
coordinate system can make any component of P (momentum or
energy) unconserved in the new spatial coordi
coordinate
nate system.
system Thus
Thus, the
relativistic law of conservation must take the form as described below
in order for it to be a covariant law.
law
11.2 Relativistic Mechanics (continued)
Discussion:
Di i I this
In thi problem,
bl we m, v v m, (before)
find Mcm= 2m > 2m, i.e. rest mass M cm (after)
has been created from the kinetic energy [( 1)mc2] of the colliding
[(-1)mc
particles. There is no need to know whats inside the new particle. We
only need to know its rest mass and hence the energy associated with
it. A hot object has a rest mass greater than when its cold. The
difference in rest mass due to an increase in temperature can in
principle be measured by its acceleration under a known force,
force and we
know that at least some of the added mass is in the form of thermal
energy. In many other cases, it
itss not possible to know what
whatss inside.
Nuclear fusion and fission reactions are examples of non-
conservation of rest mass. The total rest mass is reduced after the
reaction and the mass deficit appears as kinetic energies and radiation.
In fact, all reactions (chemical or nuclear) in which energy is absorbed
(e g photosynthesis) or released (e.g.
(e.g. (e g digestion of food) involve a
corresponding change of the reactants total rest mass.
11.2 Relativistic Mechanics (continued)
Problem 2 : A p particle of rest mass m and velocityy v collides with
a stationary particle of the same rest mass and is absorbed by it. Find
the rest mass and velocity of the new particle.
Solution : The collision occurs in the stationary-target (ST) frame. So,
we denote the new particle mass by M st , velocity by Vst , and Lorentz
f t by
factor b st [ = (1 Vst2 / c 2 ) 1/ 2 ].
] (m, , v are also
l ST frame
f quantiti
tities.))
Conservation of momentum mv = st M st Vst (31)
Conservation
C ti off energy ( + 1)m = st M st (32)
(31)
((32))
Vst = +1
v m, v m ((before))
(32) M st = +1 m M st , st Vst (after)
st
2
2 ( +1) Vst2 2 2v 2
M st2 =m 2
= m ( + 1) 2
(1 2 ) 2
= m ( + 1) 2
[1 2 2]
st2 c c ( +1)
2 2 2 v2 2 2 2 2
= m ( + 2 +1 2 ) = m [ v
(1 2 ) + 2 + 1] = 2m 2 ( + 1)
c c
M st = 2( + 1)m
11.2 Relativistic Mechanics (continued)
Discussion :
In problem 1 (CM frame), the new m, v v m, (before)
particle's mass is M cm = 2 m. (33) M cm (after)
In problem 2 (ST frame), the new m, v m (before)
particle's mass is M st = 2 (1 + )m. (34) M st , st Vst (after)
Note that is the Lorentz factor of the particle(s) before collision.
In particle physics experiments, M cm c 2 or M st c 2 is the energy
available for the creation of new particles (why not st M st c 2?).
The rest energy of the electron or positron is mc 2 = 0.511 MeV. If
2 TeV of energy is needed for particle creation (i.e. M cm c 2 = 2 TeV
or M st c 2 = 2 TeV), then the required of the colliding particle(s) is
by (33), M cm c 2 = 2 mc 2 = 2 TeV 1.957 106 [CM frame]
.
by (34), M st c = 2 (1 + )mc = 2 TeV 7.66 10 [ST frame]
2 2 12
Thus,
Th
kinetic energy needed in CM frame 2(1.957106 1) 7
gy needed in ST frame
kinetic energy
= 5 10
7 661012 1
7.66
This shows that far less kinetic energy is needed in the CM
frame than in the ST frame. In fact, all the kinetic energy
gy of the
two colliding particles [2 (1.957 106 1) 0.511 MeV = 2 TeV]
is put in use in the CM frame, while in the ST frame, 99.99995%
of the kinetic energy of the incident particle is wasted! This is why
the International Linear Collider (ILC) project plans to accelerate
both electrons and positirons to energies up to 1 TeV so that the
the collision occurs in the CM frame.
Question: Why use a long linear accelerator instead of a more
compact circular accelerator?
Section 3: Covariance of Electrodynamics
In the special theory of relativity, Newton
Newton'ss law has been radically
modified. The electromagnetic laws do not need any modification
because they are already covariant. However, the covariance of these
laws (such as Maxwell equations) is not immediately clear from the
equations by which they are usually represented.
Our purpose ini this
hi section
i is i to prove that
h the h EM llaws are indeed
i d d
covariant by casting them into relations between 4-tensors of the same
rank [see (19) and (20)].
(20)] We will do this backward
backward. That is,
is we first
define 4-tensors in terms of known EM quantities and form equations
with 44-tensors
tensors of the same rank, then show that one or more existing
EM laws are implicit in each equation. This will prove that the laws
are convariant and the defined quantities are legitimate 4-tensors.
Furthermore, Lorentz transformations of these tensors will yield
the tranformation equations for various EM quantities.
Note: Jackson
k switches
i h to theh Gausian i unit
i system starting
i fro
f m
Ch. 11. From here on, we also switch to the Gaussian unit system.
11.3 Covariance of Electrodynamics (continued)
1. Define a 4-current as
J ( J x , J y , J z , ic ) = (J , ic ) (35)
and use it to form a ((covariant)) 4-scalar relation
J = 0 (36)
Then, (36) gives the law of conservation of charge
(ic )
x
J x + y J y + z J z + (ict ) = 0 J + t = 0 (5.2)
Thus the definition of J in (35) as a 44-vector
Thus, vector leads to the
covariant representation [(36)] of the EM law in (5.2). This
in turn jjustifies the definition of J as a 4-vector. The Lorentz
transformation of J then gives
J x = J x i Jx, J y, Jz,
J y = J y K z
J z = 0 ( J z v0 ) (37)
i Jx, J y, Jz,
v0
= 0 ( c2 J z )
K z
v0
11.3 Covariance of Electrodynamics (continued)
2. potential as A ( Ax , Ay , Az , i )
2 Define a 44-potential (38)
2 A = 4 J (39)
and write the covariant relations: c
A = 0 (40)
2 A 1 2 A = 4 J (6.15)
2
c t 2 c
(39) 2
2
c 2 t 2 = 4
1 (6.16)
(40) A + 1c t = 0 [Lorenz condition] (6.14)
This again shows the consistency of A being a 4-vector and
(6.14)-(6.16) being covariant laws. The Lorentz transformation
Ax = Ax i Ax , Ay , Az ,
Ay = Ay z
K
of A then gives v (41)
Az = 0 ( Az c0 )
i Ax , Ay , Az ,
= 0 ( v0 Az ) K z
c v0
11.3 Covariance of Electrodynamics (continued)
E = 4
Then, F = c J
4
1 E = 4 J
B c t c
In the covariant set of equations [see (16)]
F F F F 's are elements
x
+ x + x = 0 ( , , = 1- 4) ,
off F in
i (45).
(45)
set ( , , ) = (1, 2,3) B = 0
sett ( , , ) = (1,
(1 2,
2 4),
4) (1,3,
(1 3 4), (2 3 4) E + 1c Bt = 0.
4) andd (2,3, 0
11.3 Covariance of Electrodynamics (continued)
F F F
Th covariant
The i t equations,
ti F = c J andd x
4 + x + x = 0,
0
give the set of Maxwell equations in free space. This shows that
Maxwell equatins are covariant as well as justifies the definition of
= a a F gives
F as a tensor of the second rank. Thus, F
,
the transformation equations for E and B (see Marion, Sec. 14.6.)
E = E i E , E , B , B
( )
v0
E = 0 E + c B
K
B = B (46)
i E , E , B , B
(
B = B v 0 E
0 c ) K
v0
In (46), v 0 is the velocity of frame K relative to frame K , and
" " and " " refer to the direction of v 0 .
See Appendix C for a summary of transformation equations.
11.3 Covariance of Electrodynamics (continued)
d = d (1 v2 )1/ 2 2 v2 v2 / c2
dt dt c2 2 +1 = 2 2 +1
2 3/ 2 2v dv c 1v / c
1 v
= 2 (1 2 ) ( 2) = 3 v2 dv v 2 / c 2 +1v 2 / c 2 1
c c dt c dt = = = 2
1v 2 / c 2 1v 2 / c 2
F = 3ma Constant
C t t force
f does
d nott cause constant
t t acceleration.
l ti
Special case 2: F v ( = const., as in uniform circular motion)
F = d p = d ( mv ) = m d v (49)
dt dt dt
Questions: (i) It is sometimes said that a particle has two masses,
3m and m. Why? (ii) The acceleration is not necessarily
parallel to the force. Give an example. (iii) Relate (48) to (A.23).
11.3 Covariance of Electrodynamics (continued)
Step 2. In the car frame (see figure), the car sends the reflected
wave ( , k ) back to the car at the frequency
v0 cos ppolice
= 0 (1 c )
k
car
, k
In the car frame, the police is
v0
moving at velocity v 0 (direction
shown in car frame
shown in the fugure) relative to
the car. Tranformming g to the police
p frame byy (44),
( ), we obtain the
frequency observed by the police (Doppler shifted again)
v0 cos
= 0 ( k z v0 ) = 0 ( k v0 cos ) = 0 (1 c )
v0 cos 2 v0 cos
= 02 (1 c ) (1 2 c ) since v0 c.
If the radar frequency is f (= / 2 ) = 109 Hz and the car moves
away from the police ( = 0) at v0 = 150 km/hr, the police would
22vv
detect a frequency f (= / 2 ) shifted by f f c0 278 Hz.
11.3 Covariance of Electrodynamics (continued)
frame, J z = 0,
In the beam frame 0 = 0 ; hence,
hence there is only a radial
electric field. Gauss law, s E da = 4 v d 3 x, E , B (E = B = 0)
2 K
th gives
then i 2 r Er = 4 ( r ), f r a
) for
E (E = B = B = 0)
2 r
Er = 2 r = . [r = r , = 0 ] K
v0
0
We now transform E ( = Er er ) into lab-frame E and B by using
the reverse transformation equations in (46), in which we set v 0 = v0e z .
E = (E v0 B ) = E = 2 r e = 2 re
0 c 0 0
0
r r
v0 v0e z 2 r v0
B = 0 ( B
+ E ) = 0 ( ) e r = 2 re
c c 0 c
Thus, the force f on an electron (in the lab frame) is
f = e ( E + c v B ) = e 2 re r + c (v0e z ) ( c 2 re )
1 1 v0
v02 2 e r e e is positive
= 2 e r (1 2 )er = 2 er
positive. For an
c 0 electron beam, is negative.
Appendix A: Relativity in College Physics
(Ref Halliday,
(Ref. Halliday Resnick,
Resnick and Walker,
Walker Fundamentals
Fundamentals of Physics
Physics))
Section 1: The Lorentz Transformation
The Galilean Transformation: Consider 2 inertial frames S and
S . Frame S moves along the common x -axis* with constant speed v0
relative to frame S . At t = 0,, the coordinates coincide and,, at time t ,
the position of point P is (x, y, z ) in S and (x, y, z ) in S . Then the
Galilean transformation gives
t is unchanged in
x = x v0t , y = y, z = z , t = t the transformation. (A.1)
* In the main text, the z -axis is the
y y
di i off relative
direction l i motion. i To
T
S x S
be consistent with the references x
cited in this appendix,
appendix here we
iP
assume that the relative motion
is along the x-axis. y y
Question: How do you determine x x
a reference frame is inertial? v0t v00
11.A.1 The Lorentz Transformation (continued)
Q
Question : Whyy is D the same in both frames?
Lengths perpendicular to the direction of motion are the same in
both frames, i.e. the y and z coordinates transform as:
y = y, z = z (A.7)
The proof of this is by contradiction.
S
Suppose that
h we have
h two identically
id i ll vx
manufactured pieces of pipe (see figure).
They cannot fit inside each other because vx
they have identical radius. Imagine that one
from H. C. Ohanian, "Physics"
pipe is at rest on the ground and the other
is at rest on the train. If the motion of the train relative to the ground
were to bring g about a transverse contraction of the train p pipe,
p then by y
symmetry, the motion of the ground pipe relative to the train would
have to bring about a contraction of the ground pipe. But these two
effects are contradictory, since in one case the train pipe would fit
inside the ground pipe, and in the other case it would fit outside.
11.A.1 The Lorentz Transformation (continued)
Going back to (A.5): t = 0t0. In this equation, t0 is the time
interval of 2 events measured in a special frame in which the 2 events
occur at the same position. It is called the proper time. Viewed in any
other
h frame,
f these
h 2 events willill occur at different
diff positions
ii and,
d by
b
(A.5), their time interval (t) will be greater than the proper time by a
factor of 0. This is known as the effect of time dilation.
dilation
The muon has an average lifetime of 2.2 sec (between birth and
decay) in its rest frame.
frame In a 1977 experiment at CERN, CERN muons were
accelerated to a speed of 0.9994c, corresponding to a 0 value of 28.87.
Within experimental
p error, the measured average g lifetime of these
muons was indeed 28.87x2.2 = 63.5 sec. In another experiment, two
synchronized clocks with near perfect precision showed slightly
different readings after one had been flown around the world. The
difference was again in agreement with (A.5).
Ti dilation
Time dil ti runs counter t tot our intuition,
i t iti b
because it is
i rooted
t d in
i a
postulate which also runs counter to our intuition.
11.A.1 The Lorentz Transformation (continued)
p, t0 , is the interval
of the trip, v0 v0 Fig. 2
between the departure of the from Giancoli, "Physics for Scientists and Engineers"
earth and the arrival of the neptune. This is the "proper time" of the
spaceship
hi because
b both
b h events occur at the h same position. ii Thus,
h
by (A.5) t0 = t / 0 , (A.9)
t0 can be used to calculate the earth-naptune
earth naptune distance as viewed
on the spaceship L = v0 t0 . (A.10)
Eliminating t and t0 from (A.8)-(A.10),
(A.8) (A.10), we obtain
L
L = 0 (A.11)
0
11.A.1 The Lorentz Transformation (continued)
), L = L0/0, L0 is the length
In ((A.11), g of an object
j ((or,, in the above
example, the earth-neptune distance) measured in the rest frame of the
object (i.e. the frame in which the object is at rest). Length measured
i this
in hi special
i l frame
f i called
is ll d the
h proper length.
l h Viewed
Vi d in
i any other
h
frame, the object will be moving and, by (A.11), its length will be less
than the proper length by a factor of 0. This is known as the effect of
length contraction. Note that the contraction effect applies only to
lengths
g along g the direction of motion.
Length contraction is a direct consequence of time dilation [see
(A.9)]. It is therefore not surprising that time dilation can be inferred
from length contraction. If, for example, the spaceship has a 0 value
of 2. The earth-neptune distance, as measured in the spaceship, would
be half of that measured on earth. earth But the speed of earth/neptune
relative to the spaceship is still v0. So, to the spaceship, the journeys
duration is only half of that measured on earth. Hence, one minute
elapsed in the spaceship will be 2 minutes elapsed on earth.
11.A.1 The Lorentz Transformation (continued)
The Lorentz Transformation: Assume frames S and S coincide at
t = 0 and S moves along the common x -axis with speed v0 relative to S
(see figure). A point P has coordinates (x, y, z , t ) in S and (x, y, z , t )
i S . The
in l th x, when
Th length h measuredd in i S , isi x (length
(l th contraction).
t ti ) So, S
0
x = v0t + x or x = ( x v0t ) . (A.12)
0
By symmetry or by similar argument, x = ( x + v0t ) (A.13)
) [usingg 02 1 = 02 v02 c 2 ],
Eliminatingg x from ((A.12)) and (A.13)
(
v
t = (t 02 x) (A.14)
c
(A.7),
(A 7) (A.12),
(A 12) and (A.14) (A 14) give y y
the Lorentz transformation: S x S
x = 0 ( x v0t ) x
y = y iP
z = z y y (A.15)
v0 x
t = 0 (t x) x
c 2 v0t vv00
11.A.1 The Lorentz Transformation (continued)
Transformation of Coordinate Difference between 2 Events :
Since the Lorentz transformation is linear, the coordinate differences
between 2 events:
i S : x = x2 x1 , y = y2 y1 , z = z2 z1 , t = t2 t1 (A.16)
in (A 16)
in S : x = x2 x1 , y = y2 y1 , z = z2 z1 , t = t2 t1 (A.17)
transform
f in
i the
h same manner. Thus,
Th
x = 0 ( x v0 t )
y = y
z = z (A.18)
v0
t = 0 ( t 2
x)
c
i Event 1 x = x2 x1 i Event 1 x = x2 x1
(x1 , y1 , z1 , t1 ) (x1 , y1 , z1 , t1 )
y = y2 y1 y = y2 y1
i Event 2 i Event 2
z = z2 z1 (x2 , y2 , z2 , t2 ) z = z2 z1
(x2 , y2 , z2 , t2 )
t = t2 t1 t = t2 t1
x x
S S v0
11.A.1 The Lorentz Transformation (continued)
t = ( t x ) c c
0
c2 v = z = z =
vz
z t 0 (t v0 x) 0 (1 v0 vx )
c2 c2
Problem: A spaceship moves away from the earth at speed v0 .
A pulse of light is emitted from the earth in the direction toward the
sapceship. What is the speed of light measured on the spaceship?
v v c v
Solution: vx = c vx = xv0 0 = v00 = c
1 2 vx 1 c
c
11.A.1 The Lorentz Transformation (continued)
i p , E
S
v0
pjx = 0 ( p jx v0 E j )
c2
pjy = p jy
Rewrite (A.29) .
pjz = p jz
E = ( E v p )
j 0 j 0 jx
F
Form this
hi set off equations,
i we see thath if (and
( d only l if) the
h totall
momentum ( p j ) and total energy ( E j ) of a system of particles
are both conserved in S , the total momentum and total energy will
be both conserved in S .
definitions p = mv and E = mc 2 , will
This shows that the new definitions,
preserve the conservation law under the Lorentz transformation.
However, the conservation law must now be extended to include
both the momentum and energy. The "relativistic law of conservation
of momentum and energy", the "relativistic equation of motion", and
th i consequences have
their h been
b discussed
di d in
i Sec.
S 2 off th the main
i text.
t t
11.A.2 Relativistic Momentum and Energy (continued)
a = 1 a
3a
03 1 v02v
v
i
c K
3.
a = 1 a v 0 ( a v ) a
3 c2
0 1 2
2 v 0 v v
c i
K
where " " and " " refer to the direction of v 0 . v0
Special case: one dimensional motion i vz , az
az = 1 az K z
3 v
0 (1 2 vz )
0 3
c
i vz , az
px = px i Px , Py , Pz , E K z
p = p v0
y y K z
4.
p z = 0 ( pz v02 E )
c i Px , Py , Pz , E
E = 0 ( E v0 p z ) K z
v0
11.C Summary of Lorentz Transformation Equations
i Jx, J y, Jz,
J x = J x z
J = J K
y y
5. i J x , J y , J z ,
J = 0 ( J z v0 )
z K z
= 0 ( v02 J z ) v0
c
Ax = Ax
A = A i Ax , Ay , Az ,
y y
K z
6. v
Az = 0 ( Az c0 )
= ( v0 A ) i Ax , Ay , Az ,
0 c z
K z
v0
11.C Summary of Lorentz Transformation Equations
k x = k x i kx , k y , kz ,
k = k K z
y y
7. v0
k z = 0 (k z c 2 ) i k x , k y , k z ,
= ( v k ) K z
0 0 z v0
E = E
i E , E , B , B
( )
v0
E = 0 E + c B K
8.
B =B i E , E , B , B
0 (
B = B v 0 E
c )
K
v0
where " " and " " refer to the direction of v 0 .