Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 32 views

    Safety Valves2

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Sayed Abdo
    The document describes testing of new flare tip designs at a flare test facility to improve flare performance under turbulent wind conditions. Three new tip designs were fabricated and tested, with Tip 2 showing the most promising results in reducing conversion inefficiency and methane slip compared to a basic pipe design, especially under high wind speeds. Further testing is needed to evaluate design stability under low wind conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Safety Valves2

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Sayed Abdo
    32 views22 pages
    The document describes testing of new flare tip designs at a flare test facility to improve flare performance under turbulent wind conditions. Three new tip designs were fabricated and tested, with Tip 2 showing the most promising results in reducing conversion inefficiency and methane slip compared to a basic pipe design, especially under high wind speeds. Further testing is needed to evaluate design stability under low wind conditions.

    Original Description:

    valves

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document describes testing of new flare tip designs at a flare test facility to improve flare performance under turbulent wind conditions. Three new tip designs were fabricated and tested, with Tip 2 showing the most promising results in reducing conversion inefficiency and methane slip compared to a basic pipe design, especially under high wind speeds. Further testing is needed to evaluate design stability under low wind conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views22 pages

    Safety Valves2

    Uploaded by

    Mohamed Sayed Abdo
    The document describes testing of new flare tip designs at a flare test facility to improve flare performance under turbulent wind conditions. Three new tip designs were fabricated and tested, with Tip 2 showing the most promising results in reducing conversion inefficiency and methane slip compared to a basic pipe design, especially under high wind speeds. Further testing is needed to evaluate design stability under low wind conditions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    Improved Flare Tip Design

    P. Gogolek
    Flare Test Facility
    CANMET Energy Technology Centre - Ottawa
    NRCan
    The Team

    ! Skip Hayden group leader.


    ! Peter Gogolek lead scientist.
    ! Cory Balderson technician.
    ! Co-op students essential to success.
    ! David Faguy data acquisition and instrumentation.
    ! Steve Bethune controls.
    ! Doug Percy analytical instruments.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Flare Test Facility

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Flare Test Facility Description

    ! Allows testing realistic, near full scale


    solution gas flares in single-pass flare test
    facility.
    ! Working section has adjustable ceiling (5 to
    8.5), 4 wide, 27 long.
    ! High capacity variable speed fan.
    ! Sampling ports along working section, in
    stack.
    ! Windows along working section, back end.
    ! Walls, floor, ceiling all air cooled.
    2003 Air Issues Forum
    FTF Description (ctd)

    ! Fuels: NG, Propane, gasoline, inerts


    ! Fuel Flow: up to 2 MMBTU/h (g), 8 gal/h (l)
    ! X-wind speed: 5 to 45 km/h
    ! Flare pipe size: 1, 2, 4, 6 dia.
    ! Various appurtenances.
    ! Turbulence generating grids.
    ! Continuous Gas Emission Measurements :
    O2, CO, CO2, CH4, NMHC.
    2003 Air Issues Forum
    Design Constraints

    ! Low fuel gas delivery pressure.


    ! No utilities available (ie, steam or electricity).
    ! Exposed to wind.
    ! Robust.
    ! Handle extremes of temperature.
    ! Resist corrosion.
    ! Handle variable feed without performance degradation.
    ! Low capital cost.
    ! No operators required.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Design Objectives

    ! Performance equal to or better than utility


    flare at low wind speed.
    ! Performance = conversion efficiency, fuel
    slip, smoking.
    ! Significant improvement at high wind speed.
    ! No increase in trace emissions.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Wind Conditions

    ! Broad range of average wind speed.


    ! Frequent low wind (< 1 km/h).
    ! Significant high wind (>20 km/h).
    ! Surface layer of atmospheric boundary layer.
    ! Flow well characterised.
    ! Turbulent shear flow.
    ! Mean velocity, intensity vary with height.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Turbulence Generation Grids

    ! Grid of steel slats normal to air flow.


    ! Realistic turbulence intensity near flare tip (2-9%).
    ! Turbulence decays downstream.
    ! Configuration can adjusted to give known intensity
    and length scale.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Flare Performance

    ! Wind speed:
    ! Wake-stabilised flame.
    ! Decreases efficiency.
    ! Decreases sooting.
    ! Turbulence:
    ! Increased intensity decreases efficiency.
    ! Increases methane slip.
    ! Fuel composition:
    ! NG least efficient.
    ! Increased efficiency with fraction of propane.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Conversion inefficiency - turbulent
    cross wind, effect of grid size
    20
    9% intensity
    18 2% intensity
    16 No grid

    14
    Inefficiency, %

    12

    10

    0
    0 10 20 30 40 50
    2003 Air Issues Forum
    Wind speed, km/h
    Methane slip as source of inefficiency
    20
    9% intensity
    18
    2% intensity
    16 No grid

    14
    Methane Slip, %

    12

    10

    0
    0 10 20 30 40 50
    2003 Air
    Wind Issues Forum
    speed, km/h
    Flare Performance (ctd)

    ! Fuel momentum:
    ! Increased fuel momentum increases efficiency.
    ! Wind able to push flame into wake.
    ! Pipe size:
    ! Smaller pipe increases fuel momentum at given flow rate.
    ! Smaller pipe has less turbulent wake.
    ! Appurtenances (igniter, windshield):
    ! Increase stripping.
    ! Upstream vorticity generation.
    ! Increased turbulence in wake.
    ! Reduced effective fuel momentum.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Flare Emissions

    ! Fuel slip is primary source of emissions.


    ! Methane >80% of inefficiency.
    ! Almost 100% of inefficiency at top wind speed.
    ! CO makes up the rest.
    ! Trace emissions:
    ! VOCs at very low levels.
    ! Stripping of less reactive vapours with liquid injection.

    ! Caution: non-sooting flames; no sour gas.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    New Tip Designs

    ! 3 tip designs fabricated for testing.


    ! All fit on 4 pipe.
    ! Screening tests for comparison to basic pipe
    and ranking designs.
    ! High intensity turbulence
    ! Low and high fuel flow rates
    ! Evaluate on conversion inefficiency and
    methane slip.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Conversion Inefficiency 10 kg/h NG
    14

    Tip 1
    12 Tip 2
    Tip 3
    10 Basic Pipe
    Inefficiency, %

    0
    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

    Wind speed, km/h


    2003 Air Issues Forum
    Conversion Inefficiency 30 kg/h NG
    14

    Tip 1
    12
    Tip 2

    10 Tip 3
    Inefficiency, %

    0
    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

    Wind speed, km/h


    2003 Air Issues Forum
    Methane Slip 10 kg/h NG
    90

    85 Tip 1
    Tip 2
    Slip in Inefficiency, %

    Tip 3
    80 Basic Pipe

    75

    70

    65

    60
    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

    Wind speed, km/h


    2003 Air Issues Forum
    Methane Slip 30 kg/h NG
    90

    Tip 1
    85
    Tip 2
    Slip in Inefficiency, %

    Tip 3
    80

    75

    70

    65

    60
    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

    Wind speed,
    2003 Airkm/h
    Issues Forum
    Evaluation

    ! Tips 1 and 2 both better than simple pipe in


    strong turbulent winds.
    ! Tip 2 appears most promising.
    ! Tip 3 suffered blow-out at 30 km/h with 10 kg/h
    fuel flow, dropped from further testing.

    ! Need testing for stability at low wind speeds.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Future Work

    ! Continue testing of Tip 1 over full matrix of


    conditions
    ! Need to evaluate stability at low wind speeds.
    ! Look for further improvements: goal to obtain
    better than 95% over full range of wind speed.
    ! Testing of sulphurous gas and strongly sooting
    gases.
    ! Implement air-assist flare design.

    2003 Air Issues Forum


    Acknowledgements

    ! ERAC
    ! EC funding via Bill Reynen, under CCAP
    2000 and PERD.

    2003 Air Issues Forum

    You might also like