Field Work No.

9 [DETERMINATION OF RECTILINEAR AREA BY RADIAL TRANSVERSING]

FIELD WORK NO. 9

Determination of Rectilinear Area By Radial Transversing.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To acquire the knowledge in getting the rectilinear area by radial

transversing using the theodolite.
2. To develop the technical know-how to use theodolite.
3. To apply the value of teamwork to simplify the organization of the
jobs/role.
4. To improve analysis of finding the area of a irregular
polygon.
5. To to apply the value of excellence and patience in measuring the
height of the building .

REASERCH

Using the Theodolite

In Surveying 2 we use a theodolite to determine (read) both horizontal and

vertical angles to an accuracy of 20" and mark out the buildings on College
ground using theodolite and tape (Module requirements)

A theodolite is an instrument for measuring both horizontal and vertical

angles. It consists of a telescope mounted movably within two
perpendicular axes, the horizontal and vertical axis.
All students have to use the Sokkia instrument. as that is the only one in
our department. Using the same instrument students can learn from each
other how to read scales and use all the feature of the theodolite.
The left instrument in the opposit figure shows a Wild Theodolite and the
right instrument shows a Sokkia Theodolite.

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All features of the Sokkia Theodolite are described below:

The axes and circles of a theodolite

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A theodolite can measure angles in both the horizontal and vertical planes.
How accurately this can be will depend partly on the quality of the
instrument, and partly on the competence of the student.

A theodolite may not be in perfect adjustment and the lines and planes
should be checked. To minimise error as much as possible, an angle is
measured a number of times with instrument: face left (vertical circle on
the left of the telescope) and face right (vertical circle on the right of the
telescope). Reading an angle face right and face left will eliminate the
errors due to the non adjustment of the line of collimation and the trunnion
axis.

We won't do any adjustment and assume the instrument is calibrated.

Both axes of a theodolite are

equipped with graduated circles
that can be read out through
microscopes. The vertical circle
(the one associated with the
horizontal axis!) should read 90
when the sight axis is horizontal.

A theodolite, like the Level is

mounted on a tripod by means of

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a forced centering plate or

tribrach, containing three
thumbscrews for rapid levelling.
Before use, a theodolite must be
placed precisely and vertically
over the point to be measured.
back to top

Reading scales

Theodolites have different reading scales. A theodolite can read, depending

on the accuracy,
a) degrees, b) degrees and minmutes or c) degrees, minutes and seconds.

c) digital reading
b) scale can read (electronically)
a) scale can read
degrees, minutes & reads degrees, minutes &
degrees & minutes
seconds seconds
Modern theodolites read the horizontal and vertical circles electronically
and display readings digitally as inc) above.

How to read the micro-scales on the Sokkia Theodolite

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The opposite figure shows a typical

view through the microscope eye
piece. The microscope eyepiece is
located adjacent (right) to the
telescope eye piece. Two set of parallel
lines (0 and 360} are seen in the H
window. If the
observed reading
in the H-window
is245 sitting
between 50' and
60' divisions you need to turn the
mircometer knob until the parallel 245 lines are biseced by the 50' line as
shown in figure. Then the window above the H window will shows in the
top row the minute and below the seconds. The final reading as shown in
the figure is 245 53' 18". (The seconds reading is scaled and not precise.)
The vertical circle (V-window) is read in a similar manner.

Using the Vertical Angles and the distances to determine the height.
The measured vertical angle combined with the distance to any object can
be used to determine the height of an object. Most modern theodolites will
automatically set the reference direction for the vertical circle once the
theodolite is leveled. Zero degrees for the vertical circle is usually set at the
zenith (vertically above the theodolite) and the telescpoe reading is 90
when it is horizontal. The vertical angle is then the angle from the zenith
down to the line of observation. Points on equal elevation (horizontal
plane) to the theodolite will therefore be at 90 degrees. Basically the
precision for our vertical angle measurement will determine the accuracy of
measured positions.

Procedures to measure vertical and horizontal angles

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Aim at the first specified corner

of the building and zero the
horizontal circle reading.
Readings for horizontal angles
should be either in a clock wise
or anti clock wise direction. Do
not change directions and close
the cirle at 360. Then read the
vertical angles (angle of elevation
& angle of depression) to
determine the height of the
corner of the building. Make sure the sighting points are verticle above
each other. After that sight the next specified corner and read the
horizontal angle, and note the reading of the vertical angles.The horizontal
distance between all specified building corners must be exactly measured.
(Note the distance to angle A is different to angle A.) Continue reading
horizontal and vertical angles as well as distance measures until the
specified corners of all buildings are completed.

Height calculations
We use the tan-function to calculate the height. As shown in the figure
above the height is determined by measuring two angles (angle of
elevation & angle of depression). To calculate the Height A multiply the
horizontal distance on for your first height reading by the tan of the related
angle.

Height A = horizontal distance x tan 90- A

Height B = horizontal distance x tan B- 90

Now add both distances together. Add this measurent to the known
reduced level (RL) at the bottom to obtain the new height level (RL gutter
or fascia) at the top.

Make up a template for recording angles and measurements.

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The reading precision of the instrument and the accuracy of your angle
reading and horizontal measured distance will determine the correct height
distance.

INSTRUMENTS NEEDED:

Qty. Material Illustration description

is a precisioninstrument
for measuring angles in
the horizontal and
1 pc. theodolite vertical planes.
Theodolites are mainly
used for surveying
applications, and have
been adapted for
specialized purposes in
fields like metrology and
rocket launch technology.
A modern theodolite
consists of a movable
telescope mounted within
two perpendicular axes
the horizontal or trunnion
axis, and the vertical
axis. When the telescope
is pointed at a target
object, the angle of each
of these axes can be
measured with great
precision, typically to
seconds of arc.
Transit refers to a
specialized type of
theodolite developed in

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the early 19th century. It

featured a telescope that
could "flip over" ("transit
the scope") to allow easy
back-sighting and
doubling of angles for
error reduction. Some
transit instruments were
capable of reading angles
directly to thirty seconds.
In the middle of the 20th
century, "transit" came to
refer to a simple form of
theodolite with less
precision, lacking
features such as scale
magnification and
micrometers.
is a soft, white, porous
sedimentary rock, a form
3 pcs. Chalk of limestone composed of
the mineral calcite. This
is used in marking
measurements on
ground.
A plumb bob is a tool
used to ensure that a
2 Pcs. Plumb building structure like a
bobs door frame or a shelving
support is as vertical as
possible. It is also used
to measure if an object is
placed directly under a
point above it, such as
placing a shower drain
relative to some point on
the ceiling, or putting
something right under a

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lighting fixture.

A graduated pole or stick

with a movable marker,
2 pcs. Levelling used with a surveyor's
rod level to measure
differences in elevation.
Also called leveling pole,
leveling staff. Levelling
rods can be one piece,
but many are sectional
and can be shortened for
storage and transport or
lengthened for use.
Aluminum rods may
adjust length by
telescoping sections
inside each other, while
wooden rod sections are
attached to each other
with sliding connections
or slip joints.

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A range pole, which may

also be called a lining
Range pole, is a pole painted
2pcs. with alternating stripes of
poles
different colors in
consistent widths used
often to site
measurements. The tool
may be a common one
for surveyors, where the
colors for the stripes are
usually red and white or
red and yellow. The
colors are picked based
on their visibility. One
end of the pole will
typically have either a
pointed tip or gripping
shoe to aid in standing it
on edge. Longer range
poles may be equipped
with a tripod or stand.
A tape measure or
measuring tape is a
2pcs 50 meter flexible form of ruler. It
tape consists of a ribbon of
cloth, plastic, fiber glass,
or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings.
It is a common
measuring tool. Its
flexibility allows for a
measure of great length
to be easily carried in
pocket or toolkit and
permits one to measure
around curves or corners.
Today it is ubiquitous,

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even appearing in
miniature form as a
keychain fob, or novelty
item. Surveyors use tape
measures in lengths of
over 100 m (300+ ft).

PROCEDURE:
A. Determination of the area of rectilinear field by radial transversing

1. The students designates the first point at the walls of

intramuros.

2. Level the theodolite to its desired position, level the bubbles.

3. The tapemen must measure and record all radial distance of

the central point from each corner of the rectilinear field in
manual.

4. Sight the first corner of the field and tightened the lower clamp.

5. Release the upper clamp. Rotate the transit in clockwise

manner and and sight the next adjacent corner of the field.

6. Read and record the next 4 points, to complete rectilinear field.

7. Rotate the transit to sight the 3rd corner of the field.

8. Read and record the next central horizontal angle of the

rectilinear field.

9. Follow the same procedures until you reach the first corner.

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10. The sum of the central angle after measuring a closed

central angle transverse must be more or less 360 degrees

Computations

When surveying using a "level" instrument , the "level" instrument is set-up

and adjusted to level by adjusting the screws. When surveying you have an
instrument person and a rod person. When trying to find the height of the
instrument, the rod person places there rod over a "known" elevation,
either a benchmark or a temporary benchmark that has a known elevation.
To get the height of the instrument, you need to "shoot" the level to the
rod person holding the rod on the known elevation, this is called the
"Backsight". This elevation will be read by the instrument person, and
recorded in the survey field book. This value backsight elevation will then
be added to the known elevation of the benchmark or the temporary
benchmark, to get the height of instrument.

1
Atriangle = absinA
2

Atotal= A 1+ A 2+ A 3 + An

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PRINCIPLE
Principle
In an oblique triangle the ratio of the length of any side and the sine
function of the the angle opposite this side is proportional.This levelling
process is best applied for running long lines of levels on routes where no
established benchmarks are available for checking. Extra care should be
taken when setting up the level so as settlement will be avoided. The
instruments legs must be firmly anchored on the ground before sigthing
levelling rod especially on soft soil during rainy days. The term double
rodded does not really mean that the party will use two rods, it is really
preferred that only one rod is used must follow different routes.

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Final Data sheet

Station A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
occupied
A= 12m A=12.35m A=19.3m A=15.75m A= 12.9m
B= 12.35m B=19.3m B=15.75m B=12.90m B= 12m
O C=8.68m C=10.20m C=30.95m C=18.43m C= 17.18m
= 41.72 =27.97 =123.72 =79.39 = 87.20
Area=49.31s Area=55.90s Area=126.42s Area=99.85sqm Area=77.31s
qm qm qm qm

illustration

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CONCLUSION

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Based on my own observation to get more accurate results you

need to measure the vernier slowly and carefully to obtain better
results. Use the precise level carefully and never forget to align
the bubble to the center to have a accurate levelling. You will
need to correct these ground measurements afterwards by using
correct mathematical formulas . Learn also to focus the precise
level to the levelling rod and the diameter as well and never
forget to apply plumb bob to a vertical position. As additional
information we must also apply the value of patience in making
the task because the location is outside so expect extreme heat
or rain. Calculate all solutions properly and make the distance
measured more accurate. We need to be patient and follow all
the procedures carefully to make the measurement accurate.

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