Is 4454 1 2001 PDF
Is 4454 1 2001 PDF
Is 4454 1 2001 PDF
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Indian Standard
STEEL WIRE FOR MECHANICAL SPRINGS
SPECIFICATION
PART 1 COLD DRAWN UNALLOYED STEEL WIRE
(Third Revision )
0 BIS 2001
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Part 1 ) ( Third Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft
finalized by the Wrought Steel Products Sectional Committee had been approved by the Metallurgical Engineering
Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1967 and subsequently revised in 1975 and 1981. While reviewing the
standard in the light of experience gained during these years, the Committee decided to revise it to bring it in
line with the present practices being followed by the Indian industry.
An informative Annex A has been given for the benefit of purchaser giving particulars to be specified by the
purchaser while placing order for the spring wires covered in this standard.
The properties governing the application of steels for springs maybe considerably influenced by their chemical
composition as well as the modes of mechanical treatment and heat treatment applied. It is for these reasons
that a very large variety of steels maybe employed in the manufacture of steel springs. This variety is further
increased owing to the fact that in certain cases these springs have to exhibit considerable resistance against
corrosive influences and withstand elevated temperature and that the mechanical stress is imposed on them
vary considerably. In order to facilitate clear survey, the steels are classified into three categories.
This part is one of the series of Indian Standards on steel wire for mechanical springs. Other parts in the series
are:
Examples of application for cold drawn unalloyed steel wire have been given in Annex B.
In the preparation of this standard, assistance has been derived from the following standards:
a) ISO/CD 8458-1 Steel wire for mechanical springs: Part 1General requirements (Aug 98)
b) ISO/CD 8458-2 Steel wire for mechanical springs: Part 2 Patented and cold-drawn unalloyed steel wire
(Aug 98)
c) prEN 10270-1 Steel wire for mechanical springs: Part 1 Patented and cold-drawn unalloyed steel wire
(June 96)
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2:1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised ). The number of significant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
.
IS 4454( Part 1 ): 2001
Indian Standard .2
STEEL WIRE FOR MECHANICAL SPRINGS . ...
SPECIFICATIOh~ 1
PART 1 COLD DRAWN UNALLOYED STEEL WIRE
( Third Revision)
1 SCOPE 3.2 Cast; Helix; Pitch The way in which a single
ring of wire behaves when cut from coil.
This standard ( Part 1 ) covers the requirements of
cold drawn unalloyed steel wires of circular cross NOTE The terms spool, core-less spool and cheese
section for the manufacture of mechanical springs for are synonymous with coil.
static duty and dynamic duty applications. Patenting,
prior to drawing, maybe carried out as and when 3.3 Patented Cold-Drawn Wire Wire drawn to
required. size by cold deformation of a starting material that
has been subjected to a thermal treatment of patenting.
2 REFERENCES
3.4 Static Duty Qualifies applications where
The following Indian Standards contain provisions,
springs are subjected to static stresses or infrequent
which through reference in this text, constitute
dynamic loading, or a combination of both.
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication,
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are NOTE This does not apply to situations of low
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based frequency high stress.
on this standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the 3.5 Dynamic Duty Qualifies applications where
standards indicated below: springs are subjected to frequent or predominantly
dynamic Ioadingand where small coiling mtios or severe
1SNo. Title bending radius is required.
228 (in Parts ) Method for chemical analysis of
3.6 Ring One turn of wire from a coil, that is, one
steel
complete circle of wire.
1608:1995 Mechanical testing of metals-tensile
/ NOTE - A ring of wire does not imply any specific
testing (second revision )
length of wire or diameter of wire.
1717:1985 Method for simple torsion test for
wire ( second revision) 4 SUPPLY OF MATERIAL
1755:1983 Method for wrapping test for General requirements relating to the supply of material
metallic wire (first revision ) shall be as laid downinIS8910.
1956 Glossary of terms relating to ironaud 5 GRADES
(Part5 ): 1976 steel : Part 5 Bright steel bar and
steel wire (Jrst revision) The grade of spring wire used depends on the stress
level and onthenatureof duty The wire diameter ranges
4905:1968 Methods for random sampling and tensile strength grades normally available for static
6396:1983 Method of measuring decarburized du~ and dynamic duty are given in Table 1.
depth of steel (first revision)
6 MANUFACTURE
8910:1978 General technical delivery
6.1 The processes used in making the steel and in
requirerneritu for steel and steel
manufacturing patented and cold drawn spring steel
products
wire are left to the discretion of the manufacturer. The
3 TERMINOLOGY customer should be informed of the manufacturing
process, if he so desires.
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, the definitions
given in IS 1956 (Part 5 ) and the following shall apply. 6.2 The steel shall be supplied in filly killed condition.
1
-...!* JJ.
( Clause 5 )
Tensile Strength Static
Duty
Diameter
Range
Dynamic
Duty
Diameter
Range ,....,
(1) (2)
mm
(3)
1.00-10.00
(4)
mm
(5, 1
Low tensile strength SL
NOTE For specific applications, other tensile strength requirements may be agreed.
(Ck.zuses7.1,7,1.l anci7.2,7.2.l )
Grade Constituent, Percent
c s Mn s P Cu
Max Max Max
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
NOTES
1 Such a wide range of carbon is stipulated to accommodate for the whole range of sizes. For individual sizes, the
carbon range is substantially more restricted, which has to be mutually agreed to between the purchaser and the
manufacturer.
2 The range of manganese content is so wide to cope with various processing situations and the broad size range.
The real figures as per size shall be more restricted, which has to be mutually agreed to between the purchaser and
the manufacturer.
3 Stricter compositions may be mutually agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
4 Micro alloying may be allowed subject to mutual agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer. Micro
alloying elements like Nb, V or Ti, when used individually or in combination, the total content shall not exceed
0.20 percent.
5 Nitrogen content shall not exceed 0.0 1%.
6 For grades SL, SM and SH, p~o+f$~o=o.oss~o Max and
Cu%+Ni%+Cr%=O.35%Max.
7 For grades DM and DH, P%+ S%=0.040% Max and Cu%+Ni%+Cr%=O.25% Max.
2
- ,.
NOTES
3
IS 4454( Part 1 ) :2001
10.3.2 The torsion test shall be carried out in 10.3.4 The test shall be continued until the fracture
accordan% with IS 1717. The test piece shall be clamped occurs, when the prirnaryfmcture shall be perpmdicular
into the device in such manner that its longitudinal to the axis of the wire and surface shall not split. During
axis is aligned to the clamping heads and the test piece fly-back of the wire, secondary fractures may occur
remains straight during the test. One clamping head and these shall be ignored.
( Clause 10.1)
Nominal Tensile Strength for Grades, MPa
Diameter
of Wire, mm DM DH
(I) ?) (4) :) (6)
0.05 2800-3520
0.06 . 2800-3520
0.07 . 2800-3520
0.08 2780-3100 2800-3480
0.09 2740-3060 2800-3430
0.10 . 2710-3020 2800-3380
0.11
.
. 2690-3000 2800-3350
0.12 2660-2960 2800-3320
0.14 2620-2910 2800-3250
0.16 2570-2860 2800-3200
0.18 2530-2820 2800-3160
0.20 2500-2790 2800-3110
4
.-XL
Table 5 ( Continued)
0.75
0.80 2070-2330
2050-2300
2070-2330
2050-2300
2340-2580
2310-2560
2340-2580
2310-2560
0.85 2030-2280 2030-2280 2290-2530 2290-2530
0.90 2010-2260 2010-2260 2270-2510 2270-2510
0.95 2000-2240 2000-2240 2250-2490 2250-2490
1.00 1720-1970 1980-2220 1980-2220 2230-2470 2230-2470
1.05 1710-1950 1960-2220 1960-2220 2210-2450 2210-2450
1.10 1690-1940 1950-2190 1950-2190 2200-2430 2200-2430
1.20 1670-1910 1920-2160 1920-2160 2170-2400 2170-2400
1.25 1660-1900 1910-2130 1910-2130 2140-2380 2140-2380
1.30 1640-1890 1900-2130 1900-2130 2140-2370 2140-2370
1.40 1620-1860 1870-2100 1870-2100 2110-2340 2110-2340
1.50 1600-1840 i850 -2080 1850-2080 2090-2310 2090-2310
1.60 1590-1820 1830-2050 1830-2050 2060-2290 2060-2290
1.70 1570-1800 1810-2030 1810-2030 2040-2260 2040-2260
1.80 1550-1780 1790-2010 1790-2010 2020-2240 qo20 -2240
1.90 1540-1760 1770-1990 1770-1990 2000-2220 2000-2220
2.00 1520-1750 1760-1970 1760-1970 1980-2200 1980-2200
2.10 1510-1730 1740-1960 1740-1960 1970-2180 1970-2180
2.25 1490-1710 1720-1930 1720-1930 1940-2150 1940-2150
2.40 1470-1690 1700-1910 1700-1910 1920-2130 1920-2130
2.50 1460-1680 1690-1890 1690-1890 1900-2110 1900-2110
2.60 1450-1660 1670-1880 1670-1880 1890-2100 1890-2100
2.80 1420-1640 1650-1850 1650-1850 1860-2070 1860-2070
3.00 1410-1620 1630-1830 1630-1830 1840-2040 1840-2040
3.20 1390-1600 1610-1810 1610-1810 1820-2020 1820-2020
3.40 1370-1580 1590-1780 1590-1780 1790-1990 1790-1990
3.60 1350-1560 1570-1760 1570-1760 1770-1970 1770-1970
3.80 1340-1540 1550-1740 1550-1740 1750-1950 1750-1950
4.00 1320-1520 1530-1730 1530-1730 1740- 1930 1740-1930
4.25 1310-1500 1510-1700 1510-1700 1710-1900 1710-1900
4.50 1290-1490 1500-1680 1500-1680 1690- 1880 1690-1880
4.75 1270-1470 1480-1670 1480-1670 1680-1840 1680-1840
5.00 1260-1450 1460-1650 1460-1650 1660-1830 1660-1830
5.30 1240-1430 1440-1630 1440-1630 1640-1820 1640-1820
5.60 1230-1420 1430-1610 1430-1610 1620-1800 1620-1800
6.00 1210-1390 1400-1580 1400-1580 1590-1770 1590-1770
6.30 1190-1380 1390-1560 1390-1560 1570-1750 1570-1750
6.50 1180-1370 1380-1550 1380-1550 1560-1740 1560-1740
7.00 1160-1340 1350-1530 1350-1530 1540-1710 1540-1710
7.50 1140-1320 1330-1500 1330-1500 1510-1680 1510-1680
8.00 1120-1300 1310-1480 1310-1480 1490-1660 1490-1660
8.50 1110-1280 1290-1460 1290-1460 1470-1630 1470- 1630
9.00 1090-1260 1270-1440 1270-1440 1450-1610 1450 -1610
9.50 1070- 250 1260-1420 1260-1420 1430-1594 1430-1590
10.00 1060- 230 1240-1400 1240-1400 1410-1570 1410-1570
10.50 1220-1380 1220-1380 1390-1550 1390-1550
11.00 1210-1370 1210-1370 1380-1530 1380-1530
5
IS 4454( Part 1 ) :2001
Table 5 (Concluded)
NOTES
2 For DHgrade in the size range O.08mmto 0.18mm, arestricted tensile strength range of300MPa within the
specified range may be mutually agreed to.
3 Forintermediate values of thewire diameter, thevalues given forneti larger diameter are applicable.
( Clause 10.3.3)
Nominal Diameter of Minimum Number of Rvists
Wire, mm for Grades
0.69 1.40 20 25
1.40 2.00 18 22
2.00 3.50 16 20
3.50 6.00 14 18
6.00 8.00 71) 90
10.3.5 Theresult oftestpiecefailedinthe gripshall and equal to three times the wire diameter for sizes
be ignored and fresh test piece shall be tested. above 6.50 mm.
10.4 Bend Test 10.5 Coiling and Stretching Test
The bend test may be applied to wires with nominal The coiling teat may be applied to wires with nominal
diameter greater than 3.00mm when mutually agreed diameternotgreater than 0.70 mmwithmutualagnxznent
between the manufacturer and the purchaser. The wires between the manufacturer and the purchaser. A test
shall not show any sign of fracture, on visual piece approximately 500 mm in length is closely wound,
examination, when bent through an angle of 180 to under slight but reasonably uniform tension on a
form a U around a mandrel of diameter equal to twice mandrel, three to three and half times the nominal
the wire diameter for sizes above 3.00 mm to 6.50 mm diameter. The closed coil is then stretched so that after
6
IS 4454( Part 1 ): 2001
releasing the stress, it sets to approximately three times the seam or other surface defects shall not be greater
its original length. The surface condition of the wire than 1 percent of the nominal diameter of the wire.
and th~ reguhu~ti of the spring pitch (and individual
10.7.1.1 It is necessary to heat the test pieces to a
windings) shall be inspected with the test piece in
temperature of about 550C for the purpose of stress
this condition.
relief before carrying out this test.
10.6 Cast of the Wire
10.8 Decarburization Test
The wire shall be uniformly cast. When a ring of wire
is cut fromthepackage and allowedto fall on the surface, Decarburization test shall be carried out only for grades
the wire shall lie flat and not show a spiral cast. DM and DH as specified in IS 6396.
10.6.1 By mutual agreement between the mannt%turer 10.8.1 The wires of grades DM and DH shall
and the purchaser, for sizes up to 5.00 mm, the cast show no completely decarburized layer. Partial
requirements may be considered as being fidfilled if decarburization, as indicated by grain boundary ferrite
the following condition is satisfied: of an amount in excess of that present in the main
An individual ring taken from the coil and freely portion or core of the section, shall not have a radial
hung on a hook may show an axial displacement depth greater than 1.5 percent of the nominal diameter
~ at the ends of the ring ( see Fig. 1 ). This of the wire or 0.05 mm, whichever is the lowest.
displacement j shall not exceed a value given 11 COATING AND SURFACE FINISH
by the following inequality:
The spring wire maybe lime, borax or phosphate coated
either by dry drawing or by wet drawing. A metallic
coating, where require~ shall be commonly of copper,
zinc or zinc/aluminimn alloy, Surface finish and mass
where of coating and their methods of test shall be as per
J = Axial displacement in mm, the mutual agreement between the purchaser and the
manufacturer.
D = Diameter of a free ring in mm, and
11.1 Other coatings may be agreed between the
d = Nomiml diameter of the wire in mm.
manufacturer and the purchaser.
J?Jn
FIG. 1 CASTOFTHEWIRE
12 SAMPLING
13 CONDITION OF DELIVERY
10.7 Deep Etch Test 13.1 The coil of wire shall consist of one single length
of wire originating from one heat only. Welds prior to
Deep etch test shall be carried out only for grades the last patenting operation are allowe~ all other welds
DM and DH. This test shall normally be limited to wire shall be removed or, if so agreed between the purchaser
of 1.0 mm diameter and above. If the testis required and the manufacturer, properly marked. The wires shall
by the purchaser on smaller sizes of wire, this shall not be kinked and wavy.
be agreed upon at the time of enquiry and order.
13.2 The wire may be supplied in lime coated or borax
10.7.1 The cold test pieces shall be immersed in a coated or phosphate coated and/or oiled condition.
solution of 50 percent of concentrated hydrochloric These may also be supplied with metallic coating of
acid and 50 percent of water at a temperature of 75 C copper, zinc or zinc/ahuninium alloy if mutually agreed
minimum. The etching shall be fidized after a reduction between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
in diameter of about 1 percent. for a period of time
equivalent to two seconds for every 0.025 mm of 13.3 The weight of the coils, the eye dimensions and
diameter, with a maximum offive minutes, after whichL other forms of supply shall be mutually agreed to
when examined microscopically, the radial depth of between the purchaser and the manufacturer.
7
**
15.1 Each coil of wire and bundle of straightened 15.1.2 The use of the Standard Mark is governed by
and cut lengths shall be legibly marked with the the provisions of the Bureau of Indian Standards
following itiormatiom Act, 1986 and the Rules and Regulations made
a) Name of the supplier, thereunder. The details of conditions under which
the licence for the use of the Standard Mark maybe
b) Wire grade, gmnted to manufacturers or producers maybe obtained
c) Wire diameter, from the Bureau of Indian Standards.
ANNEX A
( Foreword)
INFORMATION TO BE GIVEN BY THE PURCHASER
While placing order for spring steel wires covered by d) Surface finish and coating where relevant;
this standard, the purchaser should speci~ the e) The form and condition of delive~,
following:
i) Tests required;
a) The desired quantity; g) Any special requirement; and
b) The wire grade; h) Test report, if required.
ANNEX B
( Foreword)
EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION OF COLD DRAWN UNALLOYED STEEL WIRE
ANNEX C
( Clause 12 )
SAMPLING AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY ,..
.--
.
C-1 LOT shall be called a defective. If the number of defective
found is less than or equal to the permissible number
1
In any consignment, all the coils of wire of the same
of defective specified in CO13 of Table 7, the lot
grade and diameter manufactured under essentially
shall be considered to have conformed to physical
similar conditions of manufacture shall be grouped
requirements.
together to constitute a lot.
C-1.l Sample shall be taken from each lot and tested C-3.2 lksts for Chemical Requirements
for conformity to the standard. Unless otherwise agreed, the following procedure shall
C-2 SAMPLING be followed for chemical requirements:
The number of coils to be taken from a lot shall be From these test pieces which have conformed
according to CO11 and 2 of Table 7. These samples to physical requirements further test pieces
sha.llbetaken at mndombyusing randomnumbertablea shall be selected at random accordingtoCO14 of
(see IS 4905). Table 7. These samples shall be tested for all the
chemical requirements. Ifa test piece ftils to meet
C-3 PREPARATION OF SAMPLES AND the respective chemical requirement, it shall be
NUMBER OF TESTS called a defective. The lot shall be considered to
C-3. 1 Tests for Physical Requirements have conformed to the chemical requirements if
all the individual test pieces tested for chemical
From the coils selected from CO11 and 2 of Table 7, requirements pass the test.
adequate length of test piece shall be cut from
each end and subjected to physical tests, namely, C-4 -RIAFORCONFORMITY
size, surface condition, tensile, bend, wrapping and
A lot shall be considered to have conformed to
coating tests.
the requirements of the specification if C-3.1
A test piece failing to meet anyone of the requirements, and C-3.2 are satisfied.
Up to 25 2 o 1
26 to 50 3 0 1
51 to 150 5 0 2
151 to 300 8 1 2
301 and above 13 1 2
9
Bureau of Indian Standards
BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Zndian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. Nopartof thesepublicatioqs maybe reprodueedin any form without
the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating to
copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.
Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises onthebasis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is rea.tlirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
of BIS Catalogue and Standards: Monthly Additions.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc: No. MTD 4 ( 4067 ).