Local Journalism in The Pacific Northwest: Why It Matters, How It's Evolving, and Who Pays For It

AGORA
Agora Journalism Center

REPORT
Local Journalism in the Pacific Northwest
Why It Matters, How Its Evolving, and Who Pays for It
LOCAL JOURNALISM
Damian Radcliffe
IN THE PACIFIC
NORTHWEST
Why It Matters,
How Its Evolving,
and Who Pays for It
Damian Radcliffe
1 Image for holding purposes only: https://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/mt/assets/sci-
ence/endofsocial-body.jpg September 2017
1
Contents
Acknowledgments....................................................................................................................................... 3
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 5
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................6
1. Why Local Journalism Still Matters ................................................................. 11
Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 11
1. Holding Authority to Account ............................................................................................12
2. Meeting Public Information Needs ...................................................................................13
3. Building and Supporting Community ..............................................................................15
Recap and Reflections ......................................................................................................................17
2. The Evolution of Local Journalism .................................................................. 18
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 18
Multimedia Journalism Is Standard ............................................................................................ 19
Experimentation with New and Revitalized Formats ....................................................... 20
Fresh Approaches to the Role of Journalism .........................................................................23
Recap and Reflections .....................................................................................................................27
3. The Rise of Engagement: Online and in Real Life ......................................... 28
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................28
1. Five Strategic Drivers for Engagement ...........................................................................29
2. Traditional Measures of Engagement ..............................................................................31
3. Engagement in Storytelling and Storygathering ........................................................ 33
4. Face-to-Face Engagement .................................................................................................... 35
5. Engagement and Innovation on Emerging Platforms .............................................. 37
Recap and Reflections .................................................................................................................... 42
4. The Revenue Conundrum ...............................................................................43
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................43
1. Paywalls and Digital Subscriptions ...................................................................................45
2. Events ...........................................................................................................................................47
3. Digital Media Services .......................................................................................................... 48
4. Foundations .............................................................................................................................. 49
5. Membership Schemes ...........................................................................................................52
Recap and Reflections ..................................................................................................................... 53
5. Conclusion: The Continued Importance of Local Media to the
Pacific Northwest ...........................................................................................54
Methodology ......................................................................................................................................58
1. Approach .....................................................................................................................................58
2. New Fieldwork: 201617 .......................................................................................................59
3. Interview Protocol ....................................................................................................................61
Notes ..............................................................................................................................................................62
About the Author .....................................................................................................................................72
2
Acknowledgments
Thank you to everybody who made this report possible, particularly the local journalists and
industry experts whose insights and experiences have informed my research.
This project was made possible by a grant from the Agora Journalism Center, the gathering
place for innovation in communication and civic engagement, at the University of Oregon
School of Journalism & Communication (UO SOJC). The salary stipend enabled me to
start work on this project during summer 2016, while funds from my endowed chair at the
University of Oregon helped provide additional research support during the initial phases of
this work.
My thanks to Dr. Regina Lawrence, executive director of the UO SOJCs George S. Turnbull
Portland Center and Agora Journalism Center, and Andrew DeVigal, the endowed Chair
in Journalism Innovation and Civic Engagement at the Agora Journalism Center, for all
their support and encouragement throughout the past 12 months. This is the first time
that the Agora Journalism Center has published a research report, and Im grateful for
the enthusiasm, patience, and assistance Regina and Andrew have shown in making this
publication possible.
I also benefitted greatly from feedback provided by the other 201617 Agora Faculty Fellows,
Professor of Practice Torsten Kjellstrand and Instructor Lori Shontz. Their projects, although
very different from mine, were a constant source of inspiration. Im fortunate to work with
many wonderful and supportive colleagues, and our project share conversationswhere
we were also joined by fellow UO SOJC faculty Assistant Professor Donna Davis, Assistant
Professor Heather Shoenberger, and Assistant Professor Wes Popewere always incredibly
helpful and rewarding as I navigated the process of turning my fieldwork into something
more tangible.
Special thanks must be extended to Dr. Thomas Schmidt, my research assistant during spring
and summer 2016. Thomas conducted many of the interviews that contributed to the paper,
drawing on his own networks and connections in the region and providing valuable feedback
throughout. I look forward to continuing our collaborations in the future.
Additional thanks go to Dr. Christopher Ali of the University of Virginia, who acted as a
sounding board for the early stages of this project. In the past year, I have worked with Dr.
Ali on two major reports that look at local newspapers in the United States. That research,
for the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University, provided additional context
and insights that have informed this paper. Although this study has a tighter geographic
scope, there are, nonetheless, many parallels in terms of the opportunitiesand challenges
that local media practitioners across the country are trying to navigate.
Finally, my thanks to Andra Brichacek for her valuable help proofreading this paper, to Jack
Hager and Drew Terhune for their design work, and to Kathy Talbert at D-J Word Processing
and the team at Scribe Collective for all of their help in producing the interview transcripts.
Any errors, or omissions from this study, are my responsibility alone.
Damian Radcliffe
University of Oregon
September 2017
3
Foreword
The University of Oregon School of Journalism and Communication established
the Agora Journalism Center in 2014 to drive transformational advancements in
journalism and communication to enhance public knowledge, and to enrich civic
life for all community members. Put more simply, we care about the future of
journalism, because it is linked to the future of healthy democratic communities.
To that end, we support a variety of projects to advance these goals: conferences

and workshops focused on evolving practices of engagement, training in the use
of new storytelling tools such as drones and virtual reality, and an Agora Faculty
Fellowship program. Agora Faculty Fellows undertake a range of important
projects that help point the way forward in research, teaching, and practice
connecting journalism and civic engagement.
In this report, our colleague Damian Radcliffe explores how local newsrooms
around the Pacific Northwest are grappling with the new opportunities and
imperatives of engaging with audiences. Beyond new technological ways to tell
compelling stories, his report finds journalists learning to listen more deeply to
their communities.
We welcome your thoughts on the future of news and the developments outlined
in this first full Agora research report.
Regina G. Lawrence
Executive Director
Andrew DeVigal
Chair in Journalism Innovation and Civic Engagement
4
Introduction
The way we consume, create, and distribute media has changed dramatically in
the past decade. This has had a profound impact on the business models of many
media companies and the skillsets they need to prosper in the digital age.
Addressing this challenge is a source of continued debate, experimentation, and

innovation as publishers attempt to navigate these uncharted waters.
In embracing this digital storm, news organizations must contend with a myriad
of separateand interlinkedconsiderations, including declining circulations
and revenues, competition from new entrants, fewer journalists and smaller
newsrooms, waning availability of audience time due to the proliferation of other
media choices, and challenges of cultural change and the level of digital skills in
newsrooms. There are also grappling with fundamental questions about how to
harness (and monetize) social, video, mobile, and other notable emerging trends in
media consumption.
The ongoing efforts of major media players in this arena, such as the New York
Times, Washington Post, and others, continues to be well told. However, the
experience of smaller local publishers receives much less attention from scholars,
journalists, and industry.
Yet these local outlets are facing many of the same challenge as their larger
counterparts. This paper, kindly supported by the Agora Journalism Center, seeks
to address this imbalance by putting the perspectives of local journalists in the
region front and center.
It does so by exploring the experience of 10 local media outlets in the Pacific

Northwest, using their storyascertained through 12 expert interviewsto serve
as a microcosm of how digital disruption is impacting local journalism more widely
across the United States.
As several interviewees pointed out, their experiences are often unique.

Subsequently, remedies to the strategic challenges the sector faces vary outlet
by outlet. Nevertheless, interviewees recognized the value of case studies,
acknowledging that hearing from others in the same field can help editors and
publishers by informing, shaping, and perhaps reinforcing many of the strategic
decisions they are already making.
Combining desk analysis with new qualitative work, this report aims to support this
goal by sharing experiences from the Pacific Northwest related to business models,
the evolving practices of local journalism, use of digital tools and platforms, as well
as real life engagement with audiences and communities.
These experiencesand the ideas and solutions thereinhave the potential to

inform and support the efforts of local media practitioners across the United
States and beyond. I hope you find them useful.
Damian Radcliffe
Carolyn S. Chambers Professor In Journalism
September 2017
5
Executive Summary
Based on detailed, in-depth interviews with 12 editors, reporters, and a leading
communications scholar based in the region, this paper shines a spotlight on the
practice of local journalism in the Pacific Northwest.
Local journalismlike the wider news mediahas been massively

disrupted by the advent of new digital technologies and behaviors.
This has unlocked a wider range of information and entertainment This upheaval,
sources for audiences, created new spaces and opportunities for
advertisers, and resulted in layoffs and the shuttering of titles in which shows no
many communities across the United States.
signs of abating,
However, this upheaval, which shows no signs of abating, has
also produced new possibilities for journalists and storytellers. has also produced
Digital platforms provide unprecedented opportunities for speedy
distribution of content, a means to enjoy genuine two-way
new possibilities
interaction with audiences, and new ways to tell stories. for journalists and
These creative possibilities, coupled with a challenging economic storytellers.
backdrop, are also encouraging some journalists to re-evaluate
their craft and profession. This is leading to discussions about new
forms of journalism and the need to revitalize the profession for
the digital age.
The interviews that underpin this paper highlight these developments and
discussions. They demonstrate the reinvigoration of local journalism and its
continued importance to communities, and they pinpoint a number of
outstanding issues the sector must address.
Here are nine key ideas that emerge from this research:
1. Local journalism remains important.

Journalists interviewed for this research reminded us that local journalism
remains incredibly important to communities due to its civic, democratic,
and journalistic value.
Local media produces a range of contentfrom watchdog reporting to

coverage of local sports, arts, human interest stories, and listingsthat
supports the varied information needs of communities. Much of that
content cannot be found elsewhere.
2. The practice of local journalism is evolving.

This evolution includes elements of engaged journalism, with a particular focus
on listening to communities, as well as harnessing digital platforms to tell
6
stories. Video and social media are already well-established means to engage
audiences and share the news.
Local journalists are also increasingly keen to explore different approaches to

their work. This includes solutions journalism 1 and a recognition that you can
maintain your journalistic independence and integrity while still being active
and visiblein the community.
The answer is not to isolate yourself in the community, says Lou Brancaccio,2
emeritus editor of the Vancouver Columbian (Washington). The answer is to
put yourself into the community but let people understand, and know, that if
things go south for them youre gonna write about it.
3. Local news providers will not look like they did

in the past.
Despite the best efforts of local news providers, much of the incomeand
many of the jobsthat have disappeared from local journalism will not return.
In part, thats due to the impossibility of turning back the clock to the age of
information and advertising scarcity, when audiences and businesses had to
come to you.
Whatever local journalism is in the future, it wont be what it was, Dr. Rasmus
Kleis Nielsen director of research, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism,
has said. Its going to be something different. 3
4. Newsrooms will be smaller and increasingly

visually oriented.
The local newsrooms of the future, much like the newsroom
of today, will need to do more with less. Smaller staffing
levels may require fresh approaches to aggregation and The local newsrooms
greater use of wire services, as well as dropping certain
beats or doing them differently. of the future, much
We can expect to see a greater emphasis on the role like the newsroom of
of analytics to shape content and inform the beats that
newsrooms focus on, as well as an increased importance
today, will need to do
attached to journalists with data and visualparticularly
videoskills.
more with less.
As Logan Molen, publisher/CEO of RG Media Company and the Eugene
Register-Guard (Oregon), suggests: Videos an opportunity for newspapers to
come back and tackle, in a low-fi way, the content that its too expensive for
the TV stations to go after.
7
5. Doubling down on unique local content may be

essential for survival.
When considering the future prospects for the sector, scarcity matters.
Because audiences have access to more information than ever, local media
outlets need to offer something different in terms of content, perspective, and
applied journalistic values.
Their contribution includes adding value through additional context,

perspectives and analysis, which ensures that we avoid a churnalism culture; a
world where independent reportingand the values and attributes associated
with thatis replaced by a media ecosystem of press released and content
produced solely by PR professionals.
As John Costa, president and publisher of the Bend Bulletin (Oregon) observes:
If you can go beyond the obvious in those areas that are the most important
to your reader, I think youre going to have a sustainable business.
If you dont, youve got a big problem. Because it doesnt make any difference
how you distribute it, if youre not telling people something that they either
need to know and cant get somewhere else.
6. Outlets are experimenting with multiple ways

to increase revenue.
Given the continued challenge of securing
sufficient revenues to sustain (and ideally
grow) their business, local media providers are
exploring a number of ways to expand their
revenue base.
These include paywalls, subscriptions (including

special offers and sales through third parties,
such as Groupon), events, income from
foundations, sponsorship, and membership
models.
Typically, a combination of these methods is

required for success. Independence Day 2017 subscription offer from the
Salem Statesman Journal (Oregon)
7. Engagement, both online and in
real life, is an emerging priority.
Definitions of engagement vary but are applicable to both digital and offline
relationships with audiences. Local news outlets are increasingly placing an
emphasis on engagement, recognizing this can both impact their bottom
line and improve their storytelling/reporting.
8
Outlets measure engagement with their contentwhich in turn can help to

define their digital advertising ratesbased on pageviews, unique visitors, time
on site, and other metrics. Offline engagement may include events, opening up
editorial meetings and other opportunities for direct dialogue, as well as the
emergence of engaged journalism.
As Jake Batsell, associate professor, Southern Methodist University, wrote in

2015: An engaged journalists role in the 21st century is not only to inform but
to bring readers directly into the conversation. 4
8. Local media needs to be more diverse in

staffing and content.
Alongside this, as many newsrooms are already acknowledging, the skills
and make-up of their teams will also need to change. Cities in the Pacific
Northwest such as Seattle, Portland 5 , and Bend are growing fast. 6 In some
cases, their demographic make-up is shifting, and newsrooms will have to
reflect this.
Morgan Holm, senior vice president and chief content officer at Oregon
Public Broadcasting (OPB) in Portland, acknowledged this when he observed
changing demographics in his city. A lot of the hiring here took place 15, 20
years ago, he says, when this was a fairly whiteit still is a pretty white
community. Pretty middle class.
Theres a lot of homogeneity in the staff here, he admits, and that takes
nothing away from their skill set. They are very good at what they do. 7 But to
reach a broader audience in the future, were gonna have to hire some people
who look more like that audience.
9. Local journalism is the vanguard for the

wider profession.
Local newsrooms, just like their larger counterparts, would Local journalists, who
benefit from being more diverse, so that they better reflect
the communities that they serve. 8
are often the only
At a time when trust in the media is at a low ebb and
journalists most people
the sector is attacked on a daily basis by politicians, local will ever meet, also
journalists can play a vital role in ensuring that grassroots
concerns are escalated to elected officials and the have an ambassadorial
mainstream media. 9
role for the wider
Local journalists, who are often the only journalists most
people will ever meet, also have an ambassadorial role for professionone they
the wider professionone they should not take lightly.
should not take lightly.
I think local media has an important role to play in
building the overall reputation of, and belief in, journalism,
explains Caitlyn May, editor of the Cottage Grove Sentinel (Oregon).
9
Engagement plays a part in this, in that it gives people a one-on-one

relationship with journalism, May says. They begin to understand how it
works, whats legal to print and whats not, what news tenets are, and why
some stories are irresponsible and others are worth their time.
To do this, its essential that journalists leave the office and go out into
the community, she adds, a sentiment echoed repeatedly by interviewees
as essential for establishing the ongoing relevance and vibrancy of local
journalism in the Pacific Northwest and beyond.
Editorial from Caitlyn May outlining her

papers approach to local reporting. 10
10
1. Why Local Journalism

Still Matters
You know, our weekly newspaper ... has the same ability to
deliver news and information that is on such a small
scale that no major entity is going to come in and
replicate our ability to gather that information.
Les Zaitz, Editor and Publisher,
Malheur Enterprise (Vale, Oregon)
Introduction
Local journalism remains important. Local news is the lifeblood of all newspapers,
says Lou Brancaccio, emeritus editor at the Vancouver Columbian (Washington),
particularly smaller newspapers. Small-market newspapers (under 50,000
circulation), which tend to primarily focus on local issues, represent the majority of
daily and weekly printed newspapers in the United States (6,851 out of 7,071). 11
Meanwhile, although the audiences for local TV news affiliates have declined in
the past decade, they still reach 11.9 million people most mornings and 22.9 million
in the evenings. 12 And, lest we forget, both local and national radio continues to
reach 91 percent of all Americans age 12 or older every week. 13 Nielsen notes that
national and local radio reaches more Americans each week than any other platform. 14
A key reason for the continued popularity

of local journalism is the role local media
can play in delivering originaland well
packagednews and information to
communities that is not necessarily found
elsewhere. Offering unique, valuable,
unreplicated, local reporting may be at the
heart of creating a sustainable business model
for local news operators.
Despite facing a number of demographic

(notably, aging audiences) and financial
challenges (including reduced ad revenues
and the difficulty in getting audiences to pay
for content), local media continue to deliver a number of important journalistic
functions.
We can see the positive impact local journalism can make on communities and
the wider news/information ecosystem on a daily basis. It supports community,
democratic, and civic needs and remains valuable to audiences and communities
alike.
11
However, as Lou Brancaccio cautions, being optimistic about local news is a

completely different dynamic than how optimistic one might be about the future
of local newspapers.
We touch on issues related to business and revenue models in Chapter 4 of this

report.
Journalists interviewed for this report consistently articulated that, despite the
pressures and uncertainties their sector faces, core journalistic values and purposes
still matter and positively influence the work they do.
Interviewees identified three key reasons local journalism remains important in the
Pacific Northwest and beyond:
1. Holding Authority to Account

Accountability remains at the heart of the journalistic
mission. This is just as true at the local level as it is for Accountability remains
regional, national, and international journalists. For Mark
Zusman, editor and publisher of Willamette Week (Portland, at the heart of the
Oregon), changes across the media landscapeincluding
the reduced number of journalists and the shuttering of journalistic mission.
titlesmean that this essential function of the Fourth
Estate is potentially at risk. 15 As he explains:
This is just as true at
The declining enrolment of journalists who are on a
a local level as it is
payroll in this country ... creates an environment that for regional, national
is just a breeding ground for the kinds of corruption,
bad deeds that are desperately in need of the kind of and international
watchdog journalism which is in decline.
journalists.
Zusmans focus is perhaps not surprising. His paper was
the first weekly to win a Pulitzer Prize for Investigative
Reporting, 16 and it was also the first newspaper to win a Pulitzer for a story
first published online, Nigel Jaquiss investigation revealing how a former
Oregon governor had concealed sexual misconduct with a 14-year-old girl over
a 30-year period. 17
The need for watchdog reporting, Zusman argues, has never been greater.
Its very clear to me that the trend lines, both in terms of employment and
the strength of local journalism institutions, is such that I think were creating
an environment in which the potential for corruption and misdeeds has
never been greater because of the lack of watchdogs on a local level, not on a
national or a federal level.
Despite a challenging economic backdropin 2015, advertising revenues at

seven publicly traded newspaper companies in the United States fell by 7.8
percent, the largest annual decline since the Great Recession 18journalists
across the Pacific Northwest continue to deliver hard-hitting, impactful
journalism on a regular basis.
12
In March 2017, Rob Davis of the Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) won a Scripps
Howard Foundation award for his work on Toxic Armories, a two-part series
that took 18 months to produce.
The Oregonian notes:
...Davis filed more than 100 records requests in all 50 states and amassed
more than 23,000 pages of records, that led to the creation of a one-of-a-
kind national database of contaminated armories. Some of the worst lead
problems in the nation were detected in Oregon. 19
In the same month, the Northwest News Networka collaboration of public

radio stations broadcasting in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho 20 produced
the powerful four-part audio series Suicide Behind Bars, which explored the
surge in inmate suicides found across Washingtons prison system in 2014
2015. 21
During those two years, reporter Austin Jones noted, 11 inmate deaths were
ruled suicides, giving Washington one of the highest prison suicide rates in the
country. 22
These in-depth investigative pieces sit alongside the more day-to-day

watchdog and accountability work that journalists across the region continue
to produce every day.
2. Meeting Public Information Needs

A key challenge for all news outletslocal, regional, and nationalis grabbing
and retaining the attention of their audience.
Thats not necessarily easy. 23 Consumers have access to more information and
entertainment sources than ever before, but their information needs are not
necessarily met by the expanding range of sources that many communities
now have access to.
One obvious way to address this, argues John Costa, president and publisher
of the Bend Bulletin (Oregon) is to understand who your audience is, what
their wants and needs are, and make sure that you deliver them in ways that
are more responsive and more informative than anybody else in the area.
I know that it sounds like a truism, he added, but I

suspect that a lot of papers dont think about that often
enough. I worked at other big papers before I came here, News providers need
and Ive always been surprised at how infrequently they
think about the evolving needs of readers.
to recognize they are
News providers are using a variety of means to determine
in the relationship
these evolving needs, from digital analytics to focus groups business.
and opportunities for face-to-face engagement. But,
underpinning all of this, news providers need to recognize
they are in the relationship business.
13
Its a relationship you can have in a print product or a broadcast or an

app or whatever, suggests Morgan Holm, senior vice president and chief
content officer of Oregon Public Broadcasting (Portland, Oregon). But it is a
relationship where youre meeting somebodys needs.
He continues:
And if youre able to convey to people that you understand that, you continue
to have value in this explosion of an information environment that we live in.
But if you treat people like customers who are just on the receiving end of the
production pipeline, they have options at this point that they didnt used to
have. So the loyalty has drained away in so many cases.
The information needs of communities vary, and so do the editorial

approaches local media organizations employ to meet this challenge.
Some local news providers continue to take a general store approach:

offering a little bit of everything. Others specialize based on a specific
hyperlocal geographic area (like West Seattle Blog) or particular audience
characteristics. Examples in the latter category include The Evergrey,the daily
Seattle newsletter for people who want to make the most of their city 24 and
the Seattle-based Crosscut, which strives to provide readers with the facts
and analysis they need to intelligently participate in civic discourse, and to
create a more just, equitable and sustainable society. 25
Alongside targeted geographic reporting and

material aimed at audiences with particular
interests, many local media outlets continue to
undertake traditional shoe-leather reporting,
covering topics that audiences dont necessarily
know about until it they are brought to their
attention.
Reporting by the Eugene Register-Guard

(Oregon) on the sale 26and performance 27
of Lane Countys for-profit coordinated care
organization Trillium Community Health Plan
is just one example of journalism that might fit
this category.
In addition to meeting the information needs of

communities through traditional public affairs
and watchdog reporting, local news outlets
continue to play an integral role in sharing
important local information, including softer
stories that are no less valuable to communities.
Top of the front cover for the Methow Valley News, July 23, 2014.29
14
As Les Zaitz, editor and publisher at the Malheur Enterprise (Vale, Oregon), has
observed:
There is no other entity that can replicate our ability to cover the gristle of
daily life in a small town. You know, the high schools football scores, what did
the city council do. You know, who won an award or a scholarship from the
local rotary club, the obituaries for the local families.
Much of this local contentboth hard and soft newsis not necessarily found
elsewhere. Subsequently, there remains a role for media providers who can
present news and information in a dynamic, contextualized, and useful manner.
By curating, analyzing, and building on the information provided across a given

locale, news media can continue to offer a service that communities value,
need, and may potentially (financially) support. Identifying opportunities to
deliver unique content may lie at the heart of a successful economic future for
local news providers.
3. Building and Supporting Community

In addition to sharing useful information and providing accountability and
watchdog reporting, local media also helps empower communities by
reflecting their experience and encouraging participation in local and civic life.
Research from Poindexter et al. (2006) and Heider et al. (2005) found that
readers were keen for local media to act as a good neighbor even more so
than being a watchdog, although both types of activities remain important.
This can be particularly true in a crisis, when local media continues to often
be the leadingand sometimes solereliable information source for a
community.
In the Pacific Northwest, one high-profile example of this type of coverage

came from the Methow Valley News (Twisp, Washington) in 2014, when the
biggest wildfire in Washington state history shut down the power in the town
of Twisp, where the paper is based.
This meant no internet. No cell phone coverage. And a paucity of reliable

information.
I realized with surreal clarity that if I wanted to do my job, Id have to get out
of the valley. And no journalist wants to leave the scene of the story, publisher
Don Nelson recalled. 28
After initially decamping to Seattle, Nelson and the papers designer, Darla
Hussey, began using Facebook to captureand sharethe latest news.
They later returned to the town with a borrowed generator to focus on putting
out the paper. Sharing files on flash drives, as their network was down, the
team produced copy that a sales associate drove 100 miles through the fire
zone to print.
15
Our attitude, publisher Don Nelson later recounted, from the moment the
power faded, was not whether we would make a newspaper, but how. 30
Nelson saw their duty as two-fold, Mike Wallberg wrote on the IVOH
(Images & Voice of Hope) website: To relay important safety and other fire-
related news to affected residents, and to provide an uninterrupted presence
to folks who have come to see the paper as an integral element of the
community. 31
These sentiments continue to drive activity at local media outlets across the
United States, and not just in times of crisis.
One clear way local media helps to build and support a sense of community is
through day-to-day reporting and campaigning on issues that matter.
The Eugene Register-Guard (Oregon), which this year celebrates its 150th
anniversary, is currently embarking on a
yearlong project tackling homelessness.
As in many cities across the region, this is
an important issue. Around 3,000 people, 32
including large numbers of students and
young people, 33 are homeless in Eugene at
any given time.
Further north, in Washington State,

the Seattle Times launched Under
Our Skin in June 2016 as part of an
effort to deepen public discussion and
understanding
Screenshot from the Seattle Times Under Our Skin project. 35
of race. 34
The initiative featured 18 videos, guest

essays, and opportunitiesonline and offlinefor readers
and members of the community to offer their reflections
on race, policing, and equality. The Seattle Times
shared some of these reflections 36, while the series
also provoked discussions in other spaces about the
issues raised.
The University of Washingtons football coach, Chris

Petersen, invited one contributor to the series, Bishop
Greg Rickel, to talk to his team about race and racism.
As Adam Jude, a Seattle Times staff reporter, noted, this
conversation wasnt always comfortable, not least Comments card from the interactive booth
because Rickel grew up as a white Southerner and set up by the Seattle Times at BAAMFest
describes himself as a recovering racist. 2016, a free event hosted by the Rainier Beach
Merchants Association celebrating the culture,
It definitely made us uncomfortableits an diversity, energy, and talent in the thriving
uncomfortable topic for everyone, Jude quotes Greg Rainier Beach community! 37
Gaines, a sophomore defensive tackle. But I liked it.
He forced us to think like real men.
16
Talking about the series, the Seattle Times managing editor at the time, Jim
Simon, indicated that the initiative was a powerful thing that played an
important role in building relationships with new audiences and finding a fresh
way to build community engagement.
All the data we had showed that it gets audiences that we dont normally hit,
he said. It didnt do so great among our typical audience, but it hit a lot of
other audiences.
Recap and Reflections

Although audiences, in many cases, are declining, local news remains
importantespecially for older demographics.
Local television news continues to make a difference to the communities
it serves. According to data compiled by the Pew Research Center, 57% of
U.S. adults often get TV based news, either from local TV (46%), cable (31%),
network (30%) or some combination of the three. 38
Newspapers, radio, and online channels also remain important news and
information sources. Collectively, they help to hold authority to account, share
valuable public information, and shine a spotlight on communities and local
issues.
As we shall see, local outlets are responding to the challenges in front of them
in a number of ways as they seek to reinvent themselves for the digital age. This
includes using new platforms for storytelling and distribution, exploring new
revenue models, and re-examining the type of journalism they produce.
17
2. The Evolution of Local

Journalism
A newspaper is like a buffet. You go to a buffet,
[and] there are dozens and dozens of items [to] choose
to eat. But you may find something you dont like at all.
You may find some items that you like very much...
You might put some of these items in a newspaper
like the kinds of foods that you think a patron
might enjoy eatingcloser to the front where
they will see them first
That evolution is happening today. Were more
cognizant of the idea that youve got to have
a good mix of stories so that people will find
something they like and then continue to read
the paper because of that.
Lou Brancaccio, Emeritus Editor,
Vancouver Columbian (Washington)
Introduction
Local journalism, like the wider media landscape, has been disrupted by the
emergence of new platforms and technologies. 39 This creates both challenges and
opportunities for local news providers.
As Dr. Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, director of research at the Reuters Institute for the
Study of Journalism at Oxford University, told a panel 40 at the 2017 International
Journalism Festival: Distribution is no longer confined by transmitter range or how
far its practical and economical to drive your physical print copies and sell them or
where your advertisers want to sell their products. 41
The impact of this, Nielsen says, is that the media economy is no longer tied
to space the way it was in the past. Google and Facebook have far greater
penetration in almost every local market than any local media organization has,
probably greater than they ever had.
This reality, coupled with the fact that theres going to be less money than there
was in the past, is leading some organizations to reconsider their approach to
newsgathering, storytelling, and content distribution.
That has meant embracing new approaches to journalism, such as those advocated
by organizations like Hearken and the Solutions Journalism Network, as well
as experimenting with opportunities for storytelling and engagement through
platforms like Snapchat and Facebook Live, and the means to tell stories using
virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).
18
A number of content producersin the Pacific Northwest

and elsewhereare also doubling down on more traditional
outputs, such as podcasts, newsletters, and events, and Establishing and renewing
placing a greater emphasis on these activities.
relevance with audiences
Establishing and renewing relevance with audiences will
be fundamental to the creation of a successful and viable will be fundamental to the
future for local news providers.
creation of a successful and
Sharon Chan, vice president of innovation, product, and
development for the Seattle Times, noted that for her viable future for local news
organization, this means focusing on building that deeper
relationship with people and showing that theres value to
providers.
having a newspaper, a legacy newspaper.
Its a sentiment thats applicable to digital-only and other legacy providers as well.
As Morgan Holm, senior vice president and chief content officer at OPB (Portland,
Oregon)which reaches more than 1.5 million people across the Northwest each
week through television, radio, online, and via mobile and social platforms
observes:
You know, Google and Facebook are doing a darn fine job of squeezing out a
whole bunch of people already. So weve already got a fight on our hands, but
theres still a chance to, you know, get an audience to be aware of your existence
there and to see you as a trusted source.
Given (and perhaps because of) this backdrop of continued financial challenges,
and unprecedented levels 42 of political antagonism toward the media, here are
three thematic areas where local journalism in the Pacific Northwest is continuing
to evolve.
Multimedia Journalism Is Standard

The digital revolution has created new opportunities by allowing
media outlets to branch out to other platforms.
As Willamette Weeks Mark Zusman comments, We can

compete with TV and video. We can compete with radio on
podcasts. Were not limited to one platform.
Papers like the Medford Mail Tribune (Medford, Oregon) now

have verticals for local video content as standard, the Daily
Astorian (Astoria, Oregon) and others have their own YouTube
channels, and photo galleries, maps, graphics, and data
visualizations are increasingly part of the portfolio of content
offered by local media outlets.
Image: Map of active wildfires in
Oregon published by the East
Oregonian in summer 2015 43
19
Clark Talks, the Vancouver Columbian

(Washington) newspapers weekly podcast,
offers an insight into news and topics from
across Clark County.
It is hosted by reporters Dameon Pesanti and

Katie Gillespie with appearances from their
Columbian colleagues. Recent episodes have
explored the Affordable Care Act, school
funding, the centennial of the Interstate Bridge, and some of the towns newest
breweries.
GeekWire, which offers tech news, commentary, and other

nerdiness covering Microsoft, Amazon, Google, Apple,
Internet, startups, mobile, geek culture, [and] more,45 is
another local provider with an audio outlet. The weekly
GeekWire Podcast airs at 8 p.m. Saturdays and 1 p.m. Sundays
on KIRO Radio (97.3 FM) in the Seattle region and reaches
a potentially global audience as a podcast distributed via
iTunes, SoundCloud, and Stitcher.
Meanwhile, on a smaller scale, the Cottage Grove Sentinel

(Oregon) partners with local radio station KNND 1400 AM to
air a once-a-month talk show.
Editor Caitlyn May explains: Image: Photo gallery and story in the Oregonian
covering fires in Eastern Oregon 44
For one hour on the second Tuesday of the month, we chat
about the news in the community, and community members
can call in with questions. The radio station doesnt quite reach Eugene [the
nearest city 22.5 miles away], but its a must-listen for the older demographic
in town.
For those who are already plugged into social media and may be a bit younger,
weve begun streaming these shows on Facebook Live.
In this regard, although they have fewer resources than their larger counterparts,
local media outlets are embracing some of the opportunities for multimedia
journalism, going beyond their traditional platforms to find new ways to engage
with audiences and distribute content.
Experimentation with New and Revitalized Formats

As multimedia journalism is now successful embedded in local newsrooms as
well as their larger counterparts, its interesting to see how outlets in the Pacific
Northwest are also innovating with new, established, and emerging storytelling
formats.
Two of the oldest digital delivery channels are newsletters and podcasts. Neither
are new, but both are enjoying a resurgence.
20
Newsletters
Newsletter editors are the new important person

in newsrooms, Digiday argued in 2016. 46 You cant
kill email, its the cockroach of communication,
concurred Logan Molen, publisher/CEO of RG
Media Company and the Eugene Register-Guard
(Oregon).
The Oregonian (Portland, Oregon), just one

Pacific Northwest outlet with a healthy range of
newsletters, has a mixture of 15 daily and weekly
email publications covering everything from sports
to opinion, watchdog reporting, and a monthly
newsletter, The Real Dope, featuring the best of Image: Selection of newsletters offered by the Oregonian
the papers marijuana coverage. 47 (Audiences must
confirm they are over 21 to subscribe to the monthly
marijuana newsletter.)
Podcasts
Podcasting, another old product, 48 is also reaching new

audiences, 49 buoyed by the Serial effect 50 and the
increasing ease with which audiences can listen to this
content.
The podcasting format allows for flexibility, in terms of

duration and frequency, that a standard radio show does
not. Many newsrooms and media outlets are embracing
this creative and journalistic freedom.
OPB, for example, launched a weekly podcast in 2016,

This Land is Our Land, to cover the federal trial
following the 2016 armed occupation of the Malheur
National Wildlife Refuge.
As OPBs website notes: The podcast provided trial

recaps, in-depth analysis, and insight into the high-stakes
proceedings, as well as the larger political and cultural
issues at play. 51
With 12 primary episodes and a number of shorter updates, their podcast 52 is

an example of how this storytelling platform can be used for deep dives into
important topics with a specific shelf life, as well as long-running and ongoing
series.
360 Video
Along with augmented and virtual reality, 360 video is one of a series of emerging
visual formats that journalists and newsrooms are experimenting 53 with around the
globe. 54
21
The Klamath Falls Herald and News (Oregon) is just one outlet that has been
experimenting with both AR and 360 video content.
Using 360 video, the paper has recently covered

sports, the 30th Annual Restoration Celebration in
Chilloquin, and a show featuring 14 exotic parrots
at the 2017 Winter Wings Festival. Several of these
efforts were produced by the Digital Media Design
students of Klamath Community College, then
published by the Herald and News.
Talking about their early experiences with the format,

Managing Editor Gerry OBrien says, Its been fun.
Its a learning experience, a learning curve, and its a
little clunky at first. But once you kind of get it down,
it gets easier as we go on.
Interestingly, given the relatively nascent nature of Image: Karl Anderson with a green winged macaw
360 imagery on social media, each piece comes with at the 2017 Winter Wings Festival.
instructions for the audience explaining how to access Owner: H&N photo by Kevin N. Hume 55
the material. For example, the videos for the Oregon
Bird Man (published in February 2017), which are
embedded in the left sidebar of the papers website,
contain clear directions for use.
Meanwhile, a story celebrating the 30th anniversary

of Klamath Restoration Act by Congress in 1986a
move which restored the tribes condition as a
sovereign nationcontains links to a 360 video show
by Klamath Community College students at an event
in Chilloquin.
Providing this type of guidance is important,

recommends Caitlyn May, editor of the Cottage
Grove Sentinel, as digital advances are cool but are
ineffective if your audience doesnt know how
to log on to Facebook [or other tools]. Screengrab: Check out the Winter Wings
parrot show in 360 video 56
Likewise, if theres a growing desire from your
audience to learn social media, help them, she suggests. Add content to the web
in easy-to-use formats. Reader-friendly [as a concept] should expand beyond the
newspaper page and onto every platform we use to distribute these stories.
In addition to these efforts with 360 video, the paper

Visit the storys YouTube video on a cell phone
which is published six days a week and has a circulation
and move the phone to see 360 effect.57
of more than 12,000 58has partnered with Klamath
(You can also search for kcc dmd on YouTube
Community College to produce regular augmented
to find the papers channel, then click on
reality content. This work is explored in Chapter 3.
Klamath County Pow Wow 360 Video.)
22
Fresh Approaches to the Role of Journalism

Along with embracing new formats for journalism and storytelling, local journalists
in the Pacific Northwestand elsewhereare re-examining some of their
approaches to and philosophies about the practice of journalism.
Notably, we are witnessing discussions around topics such as advocacy/politics

and the end of objectivity, and engagement with new styles of storytelling such as
solutions journalism. This sectionwhich is by no means exhaustiveprovides a
snapshot of some of the discussions I had with interviewees about emerging issues
related to the exercise of their craft.
Objectivity/Distance
The idea that journalists need to be detached from their communitylest it

influence their reportingis beginning to change.
One journalist who discussed his evolving stance on this issue is Lou Brancaccio,
editor emeritus of the Vancouver Columbian. Vancouver Columbian. He explains, I
used to believe that people in the newsroom should keep their distance from the
community.
Brancaccios rationale, which was by no means unique, 59 stemmed from a

recognition that it might be difficult (or perceived to be difficult) to criticize people
and organizations you are close to. Similarly, journalists may also be open to
criticism that positive coverage and analysis is the product of close personal and
professional relationships, rather than journalistic objectivity. 60 He says:
I gradually figured out that I had a life to live as well and that I just had to
make sure that I uphold my principles and that my credibility was still the most
important thing to me. And, you know, Mayor Leavitt of Vancouver is a friend
a mine, but Ive beaten him up plenty of times when I thought hed done stupid
stuff. Its just the way it is.
Some other journalists and outlets have, historically, been more relaxed about
these types of relationships. John Costa, president and publisher of the Bend
Bulletin (Oregon) noted how the founder of this paper, near the end of his life,
gave the stock to his children, but he gave the rest of his estate to the Oregon
Community Foundation in his name.
This act imbued the spirit of the paper, whereby many peopleon both the
editorial and business side of the newspaperare actively involved in their local
community.
The numbers of people in this building who are out doing something that
is without any compensation, that is aimed at making it a better society, is
staggering, Costa says.
According to Costa, staff at the Bulletin are involved in everything from health
programs for unwed mothers to court assistance initiatives, fundraising for good
causes, and organizations like Rotary, the Bend Chamber of Commerce, and Little
23
League teams.
I spent an awful lot of time and energy on the original committee that started the
construction [and] that brought OSU Cascades [Oregon State Universitys Bend
campus] here. My wife was on symphony boards. Were all part of organizations
that really get out there and try and do things, Costa says.
Solutions Journalism
Shifts in journalistic thinking and practice can also be seen in the emergence of
solutions journalism.
In a 2013 blog post, Courtney Martin, co-founder of the Solutions Journalism

Network, an independent, non-profit organization working to legitimize and
spread the practice of solutions journalism, 61 addressed the question: What is
Solutions Journalism?
Solutions journalism is rigorous and compelling reporting about responses to social

problems. It investigates and explains, in a critical and clear-eyed way, examples of
people working toward solutions. It focuses not just on what may be working, but
how and why it appears to be working, or alternatively, why it may be stumbling. 62
Its not about making people feel good or advocating for a certain policy or
balancing out the doom-and-gloom, she wrote. Instead, solutions journalism is
about what journalism has always been about: informing and empowering people.
Whats different, she suggests, is that were just asking journalists to do that in
a more complete way, by investigating what has worked just as rigorously and
relentlessly as what hasnt.
One major proponent of solutions journalism in the Pacific Northwest is the

Seattle Times, which works with the Solutions Journalism Network on its Education
Lab project. Education Lab reporter Claudia Rowe has argued that with solutions
journalism, the idea is not to change minds; its to show possibilities. 63
Sharon Chan, vice president of innovation, product, and development at the Seattle
Times, identifies one example of how this approach was brought to a story about
school discipline that doesnt deprive students of their education.
As she admits, the more traditional way to write it now would have been to write
about these formal racial disparities in the way discipline is applied. Instead the
paper took a different approach. Chan explains:
We went out and covered promising approaches, and then we had two events:
One was a solutions workshop with 40 stakeholders, and then we had a town
hall with about 200 people. Both of those [events] heavily featured the voices of
educators themselves, students themselves, principals themselves, as opposed to us
getting up on stage and talking.
The impact of this work resulted in two major pieces of legislative action at the
24
state level, Chan says.
The Solutions Journalism Network provides a story

tracker database that offers searchable examples of this
type of journalism being produced around the world.
Examples of other solutions-led reporting from the Pacific

Northwest region, captured by the tracker, include a
feature on Why Seattle Cops and Social Workers Walk
the Beat Together from KUOW (a public radio station in
Puget Sound, Washington, and Southern British Columbia),
a story by Seattle-based tech website GeekWire on
Finding affordable, innovative ways to harness technology
to combat homelessness, and an OPB feature on how Image: Response from attendee at the
The Answer to Oregons $8 Billion Health Problem Lies in Seattle Times 2015 event, Discipline
1970s Maine. That Works for All 64
Meanwhile, the University of Oregons School of Journalism was one of the first
J-schools in the United States to teach solutions journalism,65 and in summer 2017
it launched the Catalyst Journalism Projectto teach students how to combine
the traditional methods of investigative journalism with the innovative practice of
solutions journalism. 66
What the Analytics Tell Us
The rise of sophisticated data analytics tools, such as those offered by Google,
Chartbeat, NewsWhip, Parse.ly, and others, provide newsrooms with phenomenal
amounts of data related to their online audience and users.
As a result, argues Elinor Shields, head of audience engagement for BBC News,
theres no shortage of data and insight. If anything, theres almost too much. 67
Making sense of this data is a priority for newsrooms. A December 2015 Reuters
Institute for the Study of Journalism survey of 130 leading editors, CEOs, and digital
leaders from 25 countries revealed:54% said deepening online engagement was a
top priority and 76% said it was extremely important to improve the use of data
in newsrooms.
Levi Pulkkinen, senior editor of the Seattle PI, argues that a lot of this data is telling
newsrooms that their approaches to some types of traditional reporting needs to
change. And nots not an easy message to hear.
I think theres a hesitancy in the newspaper industry among reporters to not

recognize that what the metrics are telling us is that we need to change the
content, Pulkkinen says.
One clear example of this, he argues, can be seen in standard public affairs
journalism. What were finding is that readers have very little taste for incremental
coverage, and thats kind of the bread and butter of local newspaper, he says. He
25
continues:
Theres kind of a traditional newspaper idea that you do cover the incremental
stuff because people are sitting there waiting to know what happened at X
meeting, or when whatever committee has advanced a bill, and all that stuff. And
I just dont think theres an audience for it.
Responding to these cues from the audience wont necessarily be easy, given how
engrained this type of journalism is at many outlets.
Yet its not that audiences arent interested in this type of story, Pulkkinen
suggests. Its that local journalists need to position their content
in new ways. I think we lose people that could be engaged
when we make the news too boring for them to come get it, he
contends.
New platforms
The challenge for local journalists, Pulkkinen argues, is to make
and shifts in media
that adjustment to telling stories that are going to resonate a bit consumption habits
more than this kind of government-heavy, grinding away covering
the same story as it moves slowly through. mean that the way
Instead, the data seems to imply preferences for a fresh approach. stories are reported
They like when we can tell them a whole story, or tell them an
important story, he says, but they dont need us to just act as a may need to change
kind of stenographer of government. and evolve.
Pulkkinens observations hint at some of the wider challenges
faced by both local and larger news organizations. New platforms and shifts in
media consumption habits mean that the way stories are reported
may need to change and evolve.
As a result, theres a balancing act between preserving core

Theres a balancing
journalistic values and finding new ways to reinvigorate and
refresh them for the digital age. Addressing that is a complex
act between
matter thats as applicable to a given news beat (such as public preserving core
affairs) as it is to the wider, overarching strategy of any news
provider. journalistic values
As Jim Simon explains from the Seattle Times perspective, an and finding new
organization that is espousing new forms of journalism, such
as solutions journalism, as well as experimenting on new and
ways to reinvigorate
emerging digital platforms (see the upcoming Chapter 3): and refresh them
We still feel what we have to sell is very unique content, and
that includes ambitious public service journalism, whether its
for the digital age.
watchdog or high-end explanatory storytelling. The challenge for
usand I think so far weve been pretty good at thatis how you do this rapid
digital transformation, search for new audiences while maintaining your ability to
26

Despite (and perhaps because of) continued financial challenges and unprecedented
levels 68 of political antagonism toward the media, traditional journalistic values and
mission remain fundamentally important to many working journalists.
However, the practice of journalism does not stand still. Journalists need to continue
to be alert to the opportunities that new technologies and platforms offer them, as
well as other opportunities to refine and revisit the shape of their craft in the digital
age.
As a result, we can continue to expect further experimentation with storytelling
formats and forms, as well as debates about what journalism should look like
particularly around issues such as advocacy, access to public record/officials, and
journalism in the age of Trumpin 2017 and beyond.
27
do that sort of ambitious public service journalism.
3. The Rise of Engagement:

Online and in Real Life
An effective journalist has always been on a first-name basis with
the movers and shakers of a town. With the coffee shop owner, the
lunch spot waitress, the city manager, the mailman, and both the
official and self-appointed mayors in the neighborhood.
Caitlyn May, Editor, Cottage Grove Sentinel (Oregon)
Introduction
Engagement was arguably the media buzzword of 2016. 69 But definitions of
this term vary. Most interviewees for this project agreed that engagement was
important, but they were still endeavoring to define what it meant, how to
prioritize it, and where their focus should be.
Were still trying to figure that out, admits Mark Zusman, editor and publisher
of Willamette Week (Portland, Oregon). I mean, clearly on one level, if youre
talking about your website, it means having an increasing number of readers who
are spending an increasing amount of time. And thats sort of the base level of
engagement.
Of course, as Zusman and others outline, engagement can go beyond measurable

outputs such as subscribers, website visitors, time on site, number of social shares,
and other metrics. It is a label that can also be used to describe the emerging
engaged journalism movement, which at its core envisions a changed relationship
between journalists and communities, with journalists actively engaging in
conversation with their communities.
Although their motivations may be different, both approaches to engagement

are rooted in creating a deeper relationship with audiences, and we are seeing an
increasing level of discussion and activity designed to place engagement at the
heart of what many news organizations do. 70
These discussions are happening in organizations large and small, across multiple
media platforms. Their impact can be seen in changing content styles, digital
experimentation, and growth in efforts focused on real-world engagement. This
includes physical events and forums, as well as other attempts at more community-
28
focused journalism. 71
1. Five Strategic Drivers for Engagement

As briefly discussed, although engagement is informing journalistic output,
there is also an underlying economic imperative. Local news providers are
exploring new ways to engage audiences in order to create community impact
and help secure their financial future.
Here are some of the key drivers for engagement amongst news organizations
in the Pacific Northwest and beyond:
1. Double-down on relationships with existing audiences.

In particular, this includes looking to reduce fly-bys, developing brand
loyalty in an increasingly media-brand-agnostic age, and seeking to
maximize revenue from (more) faithful audiences.
2. Data-driven audience insights can shape new creative possibilities,

including content rationalization, formatting, and
expansion into
new areas.
At the top end of the spectrum, this approach is driving
creativity (and revenues), such as those manifest in
Netflixs successful move 72 into original programing. 73
For news organizations, including local newsrooms

such as the Klamath Falls Herald and News (Oregon),
programs like the American Press Institutes Metrics
for News program 74 are helping to create data-driven
content strategies. 75
This program can help local publishers determine the Image: Promotional benefits of the American Press
Institutes Metrics for News program 77
passions of their audiences, 76 so they can use these
insights to manage finite resources and focus their
coverage accordingly. At a time when many
newsrooms
are shrinking, this can help managers
determine where
they should place their bets in beats,
content framing,
and prioritization of distribution platforms.
3. Create opportunities to unlock content

and contributions from what NYU
Professor Jay Rosen calls the people
formerly known as the audience. 78
Publishers across the region are using
guest contributors to fill content gaps
(sometimes as a result of layoffs) and to
broaden the plurality of voices they offer.
Image: Gallup chart showing Americans trust in mass media 81
29
Sharon Chan, vice president of innovation,

product and development for the Seattle
Times (Washington) notes that guest
columns are really powerful, and we want
to do more of them.
However, she also reminds publishers that this approach is seldom a

shortcut for securing great content. Unfortunately, people always think
were going to collect these great essays and just, like, publish them, she
says. The reality is everyone needs editing. Especially people who dont
write for a living.
4. Restore trust among disenfranchised news

audiences.
In the current political climate, this driver is highly
pertinent. 79
Economics aside, journalism is also contending with

a challenging
political climate and a large constituency that
distrusts the media.
Research from Gallup in late 2016 reported that trust

in the media at a record low, particularly among
Republicans and younger and older Americans. 80
5. Find opportunities to secureand grow

sources of revenue
This backdrop of declining trust and increased Image: Pew Research Center chart showing trust
in news and information sources 84
political opposition creates further challenges
for a sector that has already been dramatically
affected by the digital disruption of the wider
media ecosystem.
As Les Zaitz, editor and publisher of the Malheur

Enterprise (Vale, Oregon) argues, one implication
of this trend is that, unless trust is restored, it will
be difficult for many media companies to be viable
businesses.
If the significant majority of Americanswhat, 80

percent or moredont trust us, then there is no way in my judgment that
you will ever answer the question of how do you build a sustainable
economic model so you can serve communities until you confront that,
30
Zaitz says.
Although 2016 data from Pew indicates that local media is more trusted
than other sources, a potential impact of weakened trust levelsacross the
media spectrumcould be reduced engagement with news media at all
levels, in terms of consumption and purchasing of content.
Naturally, the reverse is also true, with some news

providers 82 seeing a Engagement goes
Trump bump. However, the sustainability of this remains
uncertain. 83
beyond mere metrics
and financial viability,
2. Traditional Measures of Engagement
as it can also impact
Issues of trust, and the role they play in supporting
fundamental financial needs, are clearly key drivers for on wider journalistic
engagement. Yet engagement goes beyond mere metrics
and financial viability, as it can also impact on wider practice.
journalistic practice.
For news organizations, this can mean a changing relationship between

journalists and the audiences they serve. Increasingly, concepts of engagement
impact the way stories are told and created as well.
Building on the experience of 10 outlets in the Pacific Northwest, the

remainder of this chapter offers a smorgasbord of how news organizations
in the region are making sense of engagement both online and offline. Few
outlets are embracing all of these opportunities, but many are implementing
some of them (often as resources allow) and considering the potential of
others.
Measuring Impact (Reach and Circulation)
Many local news organizations still place considerable importance on

traditional engagement mechanisms, such as comments, Letters to the Editor,
subscriptions, and online page views.
Logan Molen, publisher/CEO RG Media Company and the Eugene Register-

Guard (Oregon) noted, for example, the volumeand qualityof the letters
his paper still receives from readers:
I tweeted out late last yearit was right before the electionI think we got
like 260 letters to the editor. And I tweeted it out, and the vice president at
GateHouse Newspaper said, Holy cow. Thats impressive. And then I thought,
OK, well its just the election, itll die down. Well, in February we had 200 and
some odd letters in a week, and thats a lot of engagement, and its really
thoughtful engagement on issues that are of local and national importance.
Molen sees engagement as something that goes beyond just liking a story or
reading a story. Hes keen to inspire an emotional reactiongood or badin
31
his readers.
If somebody picks up our paper, visits our website, fires up the app, and then
theyre done, and you havent triggered an emotional reaction in them ...
youve lost em. You just wasted their time. Every single touchpoint we have
[is] a battle that we got to win, even if its bad.
Accountability Post-Publication
For Jim Simon, the Seattle Times former managing editor, Theres this other
part of engaging with the community, which is building trust. One clear
way to do this, he suggests, is that you need to be more transparent with
communities about what were doing, which is sometimes no more than
explaining what we do. I think thats important.
In a bid to be more answerable to his audience, the Eugene Register-Guards

Logan Molen produces a semi-regular column called Give and Take, where
Ill respond to their compliments or their concerns or their complaints. And so
it gets posted online, and then I will engage with people with comment [there
too].
I do that now because I think its important and fun, he says, but its sending
a message that this is part of our job.
This approach is part of a wider recognition that, whereas in a lot of journalism

of the past, a journalists role often ceased when a story was written, that is no
longer the case.
For a long time, journalists had the luxury of just getting Through social media,
published and then running away and letting their stories
go out into the wild and fend for themselves, explains the events, and traditional
Seattle Times Chan. In old models of journalism, it was
very much a one-way medium. Journalists gave their stories
(paper and email)
to the public. correspondence,
Creating a Feedback Loop Between Journalists and journalists have more
Audiences
opportunities than
This one-way relationship is beginning to change. Social
media and online comments create spaces for post- ever to engage with
publication feedback and discussionenvironments many
journalists inhabit and engage in. the public around their
Meanwhile, organizations like The Coral Project have work.
created new tools to encourage listening and improved
audience comments. News providers are adopting these
applications and opportunities for engagement, factoring them into journalist
workflows.
What weve been trying to create at the Seattle Times, starting with the
education area, is a loop, says Chan. She outlines how this works:
32
Journalists are talking to readers through the journalism, readers are talking to
[each] otherthat journalism is inspiring other conversation between readers
and readers are also connecting back to the journalists themselves. And that
conversation is actually shaping the journalism that comes forward. So its a
loop in which the readers and the journalists have an exchange, and they build
on one another.
Through this, Chan argues, your journalism can actually have a much broader
and deeper impact.
Other traditional engagement models that are being deployed across the
regionincluding listener panels, focus groups, and community advisory
boardsare all working toward similar goals: garnering feedback and input
from voices outside of the newsroom, promoting transparency and accessibility,
and making journalists more accountable to their audience. Their role and
importance seems set to grow as engagement becomes increasingly important.
3. Engagement in Storytelling and

Storygathering
Through social media, events, and traditional (paper
and email) correspondence, journalists have more
opportunities than ever to engage with the public
around their work.
This accessibility is influencing not only how

audiences interact with content, but also the creation
of new types of journalistic output.
Participation in the Story Process

Image: From the series, The Recession Generation. 86
We did a project called The Recession Generation,
Photo by Erika Schultz/Seattle Times.
recalls Jim Simon, former managing editor of the
Seattle Times, about people who graduated from
college in 2009, in the teeth of the recession. [We] used graduates of three
high schools to really get the stories from them from the bottom up.
Sona Patel, who runs the New York Times efforts around crowdsourcing
and reader-sourced reporting, and co-leads the Gray Ladys team of social
media editors, led the initiative while she was still at the Seattle Times. As she
explained to Adweek in 2012, this project is one of the first to have social media
at its heart.
It was the driving force of the project, because it was how we found a lot of
people that we ended up featuring, she says. 85
Patels team created private Facebook groups for each of the three high
schools, with Adweek noting how they cultivated the three groups by posting
links to articles, engaging with members, and ultimately asking the members
33
to take a survey on what life during the recession has

been like. The paper was very clear and transparent
that the stories might be used in a package for the
paper.
It was an interesting experiment, Jim Simon recalls,

stressing the value that can be derived from engaging
directly with communities on social media.
Putting the Audience in the Drivers Seat
Simon also highlights the work done by Hearken

in getting to getting readers to ask questions, and
journalists and media outlets answer them. The
companys approach, as they pithily describe in their
Twitter bio, is clear: Listen to your audiences first, not
last. Makes for better everything. 87
Ellen Mayer, an engagement consultant at Hearken,

describes the fourfold process behind their Public-
Powered Journalism: Image: KUOWs online and on air investigation
1. Audience members submit questions theyd

like the newsroom to investigate.
2. Journalists select a handful of those questions

and put them up for a vote.
3. Audience members vote for the question

theyre most curious about.
4. Newsroom answers the winning question
Image: Benefits for Reporters and Audiences of the Hearken Model (Source: Hearken) 89
34
(sometimes with the help and participation

of the audience).
One example of a recent story from the Pacific Northwest that used this
approach is from KUOW Public Radio in Puget Sound, Washington. They
addressed a specific question from a younger listener: Is there really a giant
octopus under the Tacoma Narrows Bridge? 88
Further south, several San Francisco news providers answered listeners

questions about homelessness at Bay Area radio station KQED (whose popular
seriesBay Curiousruns entirely off audience questions) as part of a widerweek
of coordinated coverageon this topic.
Mayer outlined in a recent Medium post the potential benefits for both
journalists and audiences of Hearkens approach:
Leveraging Digital-First to Improve Output on Analogue Media
In the digital age, few daily newspapers hold back their reportingexcept
perhaps a major scoopfor their print editions. As Lou Brancaccio, editor
emeritus of the Vancouver Columbian (Washington) explains, news providers
can no longer afford to be second:
The worst thing that can happen to a newspaper is that somebody reads
some news from their Facebook friend, they go to the Columbian website to
see if we have it, and we dont have it.
Now we have it, but we have it in a reporters head, and he is waiting to finish
his story completely before he puts it up online. And thats too late.
Its a losing battle to think that you are the only one with news. Thats old-
school thinking. Thats thinking from 30 years ago that were the only ones
with this news, because the odds are somebody else has it, and if you dont get
it up first somebody else will.
As a result, Brancaccio and many other editors are urging reporters to publish
the bare bones of the story online and then flesh it out as they go.
In addition to avoiding the appearance of being late to a story, theres a further

journalistic benefit to harnessing this tactic. Brancaccio notes how people will
comment on that story [online] before it ever gets into our print edition the
next morning, and we will sometimes use those comments in our print story
for the next morning.
This approach not only shows audiences that their comments are valued and
an important part of the engagement/feedback loop, but it also enables the
print publication to benefit from additional insights and opinions provided by
their online audience.
4. Face-to-Face Engagement
35
The impacts that journalists and news outlets can see from digital and
traditional forms of engagement can include deepening relationships,
generating leads, and helping to promote news literacy. These goals are,
arguably, even more likely if that engagement includes opportunities for face-
to-face engagement.
Interaction That Can Help Promote Media Literacy
Caitlyn May, editor of the Cottage Grove Sentinel (Oregon), hosts a weekly
open table at the local bakery dubbed Coffee with the Editor.
Members of the community are invited to come chat about anything and
everything on their minds, May says, whether they have questions or
complaints about a story, tips for a new one, or just want to ask me about
myself: my political leanings, personal beliefs, or how
I came to be in their community.
She continues:
In some instances, folks who have routinely

attended Coffee with the Editor will venture a
question about a national issue or story they read
in a legacy publication, and we get to discuss why
that story was or (in some cases) was not accurate.
Image: Dont Do Stupid Stuff mugs produced
Organizations like Hearken have also advocated for
by the Vancouver Columbian 91
approaches that can achieve similar end goals. For
example, they have suggested having a member
of the community buddy up with a reporter on a story, from inception to
publication. This approach can help achieve wider media literacy goals while
supporting efforts to reach and engage with underserved communities.
Facilitating Engagement by Stealth
At the Vancouver Columbian (Washington), Brancaccio took a slightly different

approach. In 2013, the Columbian introduced a limited run of
first-edition Dont Do Stupid Stuff coffee cups a phrase
that peppers Brancaccios Press Talk column. They sold out in Events are a great
just over four hours. 90 example of journalists
Jump forward four years, and the Columbian is still
selling the mugs, with a steep discount if you pop by
getting out of the
the paper to purchase them ($10 as opposed to $18 if newsroom to directly
you order online).
engage with audiences
As Brancaccio admits, the mugs created a novel means
for direct interaction with readers. They were a source of and communities.
discussion with, and visits from, people he otherwise might
not have had the opportunity to talk to.
The Power of Events
36
As we will see in the next section, events are, in some cases, part of the
revenue strategy for many news organizations. 92 But their usefulness goes
beyond this.
As Josh Stearns at the Democracy Fund has demonstrated, news events can
foster engagement and expand revenue. 93
To fully maximize this potential, outlets need to consider the benefits of

partnering with other organizations, suggests Sharon Chan of the Seattle
Times. Nongovernmental organizations and other trusted community partners
can play an integral role in broadening the scope of attendees, so that
participation goes beyond most outlets core audiences.
Reflecting on events hosted by Education Lab, Chan says, We could run

ads, giant full-page ads, all day long in the Seattle Times newspaper. Theres
no guarantee that we actually get the people we want from the education
community at an event.
Events are a great example of journalists getting out of the newsroom to

directly engage with audiences and communities.
The event itself can be a story, and it can also be
a great source for many other leads.
Moreover, events can also help buildand

change brand perception while creating an
opportunity to discover new stories and leads and
providing a means for members of the public to
talk directly to journalists about their work and
the decisions behind it.
Willamette Week is a local outlet that has

identified (intentionally or otherwise) another
potential benefit from public events. The
Portland-based alt-weekly hosts public affairs
events, such as Candidates Gone Wild, which Image: Screengrab of Google Hangout from the Seattle
their editor, Mark Zusman, describes as not your Times, streamed live on November 4, 2013, and moderated
fathers political debate. 94 by Seattle Times journalist Thanh Tan 99
We do it in a club, and we serve beer, and the

candidates stand up on stage, he says. Among other things, they have to
show a talent. And we charge money for that.
Events such as this can change perceptions of local politicians and journalists
alike.
5. Engagement and Innovation

on Emerging Platforms
News providers are also using digital tools as a means to try to strengthen
relationships with audiences. Technology allows for both deeper engagement
37
with content and new opportunities for direct

engagement with local journalists.
Examples of innovations being explored in

this space across the region include live video,
augmented reality, and interactive content.
Early engagement experiments in this space

include use of Google Hangouts by the Seattle
Times95 and Reddit AMAs (Ask Me Anything) by
Pacific Northwest outlets such as the Oregonian.
96
The Mainstreaming of Live Video
Launched initially for celebrities in August 2015

97
and then opened to everyone in April 2016,
98
Facebook Liveas well as other live video
streaming platformsis just one way that local
media outlets are trying to encourage new forms
of engagement.
Hangouts were never like a huge hit, reflects Image: The Seattle Times live chat with
the Seattle Times Sharon Chan. Mariners player Charlie Furbush. 100
On average, around 100 people would participate

in these conversations. Part of the challenge with this
platform, Chan suggests, is that hangout technology
was just not that popular with the general public.
In contrast, she notes, When we did live chats, like

text live chats, wed get hundreds or, depending on
the topic, up to 1,000 people.
This suggests the importance of using mainstream

platforms that your audience uses, not just those
popular with journalists.
This principle may be one reason why Facebook Live

has enjoyed some success for local media outlets.
Users are more comfortable using Facebook than
Google Hangouts, and take-up of Facebook Live
may also have been aided by the wider usage of
smartphonesand the continued popularity of
Facebookat the time the technology was released.
As Levi Pulkkinen, senior editor at Seattle P-I

(Washington), suggests, this is all part of the
continued need for news providers and journalists to
engage with audiences where they are.
Image: Screenshot of Seattlepi.com using Facebook Live 101
38
Well go find readers wherever we can, he says. I mean, thats the big change
in the industry, right?
It used to be you just print a newspaper. And whatever you had, you just kind
of force it on your customers. And now what youve got to
do is youve got to hang out what youve got and hope that
you can lure them to you.
In terms of live video, for some smaller publishers, such as

the Vancouver Columbian (Washington), its too early to
tell if this technology is a potential game changer. Emeritus
Editor Brancaccio admits that, although the Columbian has
used live video, the numbers dont look great.
But you know, its just an emerging concept, he adds.
Thats a maxim many local publishers in the region are also

Image: Logo for logo for Herald News AR app
using for emerging platforms such as AR as well.
in Google Play 103
Augmented Reality
Klamath Falls (population 43,000), the county seat for Klamath County
(population 68,000), may not seem like an obvious place for experimentation
with this emerging format. But according to Gerry OBrien, managing editor of
the Herald and News, Its a way to get people to
kind of look at our paper in a different angle.
These efforts began in 2015 when the town

hosted the Babe Ruth Little League World
Series, featuring baseball players aged 1618
battling it out for the best team in that age
group. 102
As OBrien recalls, a partnership with the local

college was integral to making this work.
They came to us and said, You know, were

experimenting with this. How might it work for
you guys? And so we jumped on board for that Image: Google Play promotional image for the augmented reality app
right away. produced for the 2015 Babe Ruth World Series by KCC Digital Media.
The app displays virtual baseball cards, with player stats and pictures.
The paper has followed their first AR initiative,
which took place a year before the technology
went mainstream in the form of 2016s Pokmon Go craze, with an ongoing
series of AR efforts.
I think its a learning curve for the audience, OBrien admits. Its not like
39
it gets a lot of attraction, but right now were trying to do an AR piece once
a week in the paper, so people kind of get used to
seeing it and experiment with it.
Klamath Falls Herald and News Editor Gerry OBrien

explains how their first AR effort worked:
We took photos of the teams, and the augmented

reality kids took that photo, and each individual
player then, it was embedded in their photo. If you
touched on it, it would pop up
a baseball card, so you see all the stats that they
had.
Personalization and Interactive Content

Focused on The Big One
In 2016, the New Yorkers Kathryn Schulz won the

Pulitzer Prize for Feature Writing for The Really Big
One, a piece exploring the impact on the Pacific
Northwest when (not if) theres a major earthquake
along the Cascadia subduction zone.
When the next full-margin rupture happens, that

region will suffer the worst natural disaster in the
history of North America, she wrote. 105
Commenting on the win with a piece titled The

New Yorker Wins the Pulitzer for Scaring the Shit
Out of Oregonians, Willamette Weeks Lizzy Acker Image: Editorial from Gerry OBrien explaining
who noted that the paper had written an in-depth their move into AR. 1 04
article on this topic in 2010wrote:
You know the story. Its the one your mom forwarded to you, the precursor to
the conversation about earthquake safety kits,
the catalyst that finally got you to buy an
extra gallon of water, which is now collecting
dust in your closet. Its the tale of whats going
to happen to us when the Cascadia subduction zone finally goes berserk.
Schulzs article prompted much discussion among Pacific Northwesterners and

considerable local media follow-up.
40
On the week of publication, the Oregonian hosted a live chat with

Professor Chris Goldfingeran expert on this scenario based at Oregon State
Universityand two of his PhD students. The session was moderated by
Image: Screenshot of the Oregonians earthquake map .107
Richard Read, a senior writer for the Oregonian/OregonLive, who previously

covered the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Indonesia and Sri Lanka and the
2011 Japan tsunami.
Such was the level of interest, the paper noted,

that the forum attracted more clicks5,000 and
countingthan any live chat in OregonLives 18-year
history. 106
The discussions led the papers Mark Friesen to create

an interactive, real-time (updated every 15 mins)
earthquake map for the region.
OPB (Portland, Oregon) also produced a range of

content on this topic. Its Unprepared series (which
continues to include the latest news on this subject)
offers online audiences a range of multimedia content
tagged around four key themes: The Science, The
Aftermath, Survival Mode, and Prepare Now.
These online features have been accompanied by

OPBs weekly TV news magazine exploring the
ecological issues, natural wonders and outdoor
recreation of the Northwest, radio content and
an hour-long TV special produced by Oregon Field
Image: Screenshot of the potential fallout from a 9.0
Guide. 108
earthquake in the authors zip code. 110
The Field Guide team spent a year-and-a-half probing
into the state of Oregons preparedness and found
that, when it comes to bridges, schools, hospitals, building codes, and energy
infrastructure, Oregon lags far behind many quake-prone regions of the
country. 109
Alongside these efforts, OPBs Aftershock initiativewhich began during a
41

Much like their counterparts at larger news and media organizations, many
local news providers are trying to make sense of what engagement means in
2017.
I struggle with this concept of engagement, Les Zaitz, editor and publisher
of the Malheur Enterprise (Vale, Oregon) concedes. You know, do people
want their newspaper to be their best friend?
Zaitzs skepticism is understandable. Some engagement activities redraw
the journalist-audience dynamic, and not everyone will be comfortable (or in
possession of the skills) to undertake this approach. Just as important, a lot of
engagement activity can be time-consuming, with potential rewards that are
hard to measure and immediately determine. This inevitably can create some
tension, especially in smaller newsrooms, where resources can be particularly
tight and where the demands on a small workforce can be especially acute.
However, Caitlyn Mays work at the Cottage Grove Sentinel shows that this
approach need not be restricted to larger publications (the Sentinel has a
reporting staff of two).
Meanwhile, the AR and 360 videos produced by the Klamath Falls Herald
and News (Oregon) shows that content innovation can still happen in small
newsrooms.
Nonetheless, smaller news outlets in particular need to strike a balance.
Engagement is increasingly important for local mediaand other outlets
and theres a myriad of ways you can embrace it (this chapter features 12
methods). But its not necessarily possible, or desirable, for every journalistic
endeavor. Engagement opportunities will vary depending on the story, beat,
or outlet.
While there is no one-size-fits-all approach, engagement tools and activities,
when used effectively, can play a role in deepening relationships with
audiences and potentially contributing to better content. In the process,
they can also contribute to improving community and financial relationships.
Engagements potential, therefore, needs to be explored.
42
weekend Storytelling with Data build-a-thon hosted by Hack Oregon and the
Agora Journalism Center at the University of Oregoncreated an interactive
proposition to help audiences understand what a 9.0 earthquake from the
Cascadia Subduction Zone might mean for them.
By entering their Oregon zip code, web users can read a customized report
that outlines the seismic risks for that location and offers recommendations for
preparing for such an eventuality.
4. The Revenue Conundrum

Our experience is not that theres any lack of an appetite for
good quality journalism... but its just being able to be creative in
identifying ways to finance it.
Mark Zusman, Editor and Publisher,
Willamette Week (Portland, Oregon)
Introduction
Local news media remains important for many news consumers,111 but attracting
advertisers and getting audiences to pay for content remains a challenge.
According to Mark Zusman, editor and publisher of Willamette Week, a Pulitzer
Prizewinning weekly serving Portland and the Willamette Valley, the key challenge
local news organizations face is sorting out the business model. This underpins all
other efforts explored in this report.
As John Costa of the Bend Bulletin (Oregon) reminds us: The business model is
very important. You cannot have an artistic success without a financial one, not for
long.... But the purpose of that business model is to make sure that youre doing
high-quality content because you have to collect readers/viewers in our business
to stay vital.
Achieving that goal, however, is not always easy. As Pew noted in its 2016 State
of the News Media report, the trend lines for newspaper revenues and circulation
are not pretty:
In 2015, the newspaper sector had perhaps the worst year since the recession
and its immediate aftermath. Average weekday newspaper circulation, print and
digital combined, fell another 7% in 2015, the greatest decline since 2010.
While digital circulation crept up slightly (2% for weekday), it accounts for only
22% of total circulation. And any digital subscription gains or traffic increases have
still not translated into game-changing revenue solutions.
In 2015, total advertising revenue among publicly traded companies declined

nearly 8%, including losses not just in print, but digital as well. 112
43
Those are the sobering statistics. But theyre also aggregated figures, so its worth
noting that these headlines hide a myriad of experiences, including the view
that many small community papers have weathered the storm better than their
metropolitan counterparts. 113
Nonetheless, all publicationslarge or smallare being shaped by a number of

underlying factors that have had a profound impact on the traditional revenue
streams local media has historically tapped into.
These factors include:
1. Publishers receive digital dimes for what were previously print dollars.
Newspapers have typically found that in the digital arena, they cannot
charge prices akin to the print monies of yesteryear. New channels for online
advertising (such as Craigslist, Yelp, Google, and Facebook), coupled with new
advertising practices, such as programmatic buying and targeted advertising, 114
have changed the playing field.
2. Changes on Main Street have reduced the local advertising pool.

Former Gannett Editor Kevin Anderson described this evolution in Sheboygan,
Wisconsin, noting the reduced number of local traders: businesses that used
to advertise in their local papers. The shift from local businesses to national
chains started long ago, and it had a profound impact on local media, 115 he
observed, highlighting a nationwide trend.
3. Online channels can deliver more targeted ads. The need to

Digital platforms that can reach audiences searching for a
specific product, experience, or passion may be a better route diversify revenue
for some businesses than general advertising. Their potential
precisionas well as a scalable cost model 116can also be
streams is fairly
appealing. Subsequently, the maxim (attributed to Henry Ford universal.
and others 117) that half my advertising is wasted; I just dont
know which half, no longer quite rings true.
What this means, as Zusman explains, is that publications need to identify other
sources of revenue that are consistent with our core competencies but will allow us
to continue to finance journalism, which is basically the reason for our existence.
The need for this is particularly acute given that nondigital sources (often print
advertising) still accounted for 75 percent of newspapers advertising revenue in
2015.118 The extent to which income diversification is a business imperative will vary
44
across different outlets. Nonetheless, the need to diversify revenue streams is fairly
universal. As a result, media providers in the Pacific
Northwest and elsewhere are experimenting with a
range of different way to secure income.
Here are five of the most popular ways that local media
organizations are seeking to do this.
1. Paywalls and Digital

Subscriptions
Research 119 conducted by Alex T. Williams, a 2015
Research Fellow at the American Press Institute
(API) found that of the 98 newspapers we looked
at, 62 papers used meters, which is nearly three
times as many as those [21 papers] not requiring a
digital subscription. 120
Williams researchwhich covered 98 daily newspapers in the United States

with a combined daily circulation (across print,
digital, and branded editions) above 50,000
readersshowed how, since 2012, U.S. newspaper
publishers are embracing metered paywalls (where
content must be paid for after a certain number of
free articles) and full digital, or combined print and
digital, subscriptions are the leading mechanisms for
securing online revenues.
These experiments are not unique to larger titles.

Paywalls are also present at smaller entities
from weeklies such as the Cottage Grove Sentinel
(Oregon), a weekly title with a circulation of
4,200 121, as well as newspapers like the Vancouver
Columbian (Washington) and the Bend Bulletin Image: Reminder from the Vancouver Columbian
(Oregon) (circulation: 26,986 Monday through Friday, about their paywall limits.
27,253 on Saturdays, and 27,599 on Sundays 122).
As shown in this chart, the models that publishers in the Pacific Northwest
use, as elsewhere, vary considerably. 123
45
This reflects considerations such as frequency of deliverythe Oregonian, for

example, moved to four days a week of home delivery
in late 2013 124and economies of scale for longer subscriptions.
Outlet Subscription Models Cost

$1 for 4 weeks, then
Unlimited digital access
$3.99/week
Seattle Times Digital + Sunday delivery
$3.49/week
Digital + 7-day delivery
$8.70/week
$48 for 8 weeks (based
Digital access
on Eugene ZIP code)
Sunday and Wednesday delivery $31.92 for 8 weeks
Oregonian
+ digital $63.84 for 16 weeks
Sunday, Wednesday, Friday, and
$48 for 8 weeks
Saturday + digital
$13 for 1 month, pro-rata
E-edition
($78 = 6)
Bend Bulletin
$18 for 1 month, pro-rata
Home delivery + e-edition
($108=6)
$49.95 for 1 year inside
Washington State
$180 for 1 year outside
Washington State
Seattle Weekly Weekly editions, home delivery
$89.95 for 2 years in
Washington State
$324 for 2 years outside
Washington State
The Seattle Times has also experimented with

selling subscriptions on Groupon. A recent offer
included $18.50 for a 26-week Sunday newspaper
subscription ($103.74 value) or $27.50 for a 52-
week Sunday newspaper subscription ($207.48
value).125 These deals are substantially discounted.
Commenting on whether the future lies

in readers paying for content or through Image: Screengrab of Groupon listing for
advertising, Jim Simon, the former managing a subscription to the Seattle Times 126
editor of the Seattle Times, observes that
obviously its going to be a blend of those things, but there is real debate
about which things you should really concentrate on or put your primary focus
46
on.
I think theres a debate [to be had about] whether those new revenue sources
around online really [are] the most fruitful, he says. This important strategic
question plays out against a backdrop where like a lot of folks in the legacy
business, revenue remains stubbornly coming from print [and] a diminishing
print base.
For the Seattle Times and others, the need to capture digital subscribers
remains important, but it is just one of multiple income sources that local
media providers are trying to unlock.
2. Events
Attracting revenues in the digital world, for many publishers, has simply
involved migrating their traditional strategy (display advertising and
subscriptions) into the online arena.
Although these efforts have not resulted in a like-for-like income stream, it

arguably hasnt inspired them to innovate much either. In contrast, the event
spacean area that a number of local media outlets have been moving into
over the past couple of yearshas required them to
thinkand dothings differently.
For local media players, events are an opportunity

to engage your community in the real world while
potentially attracting significant revenue in the
process.
These communities can be both geographic and

communities of interest. In March 2017, Seattle-based
GeekWirea national technology news site with
strong roots in the Seattle regionhosted its Sixth
Anniversary Bash.
This is a party first and foremost, the companys

site stated, highlighting dodgeball, ping-pong, and
Image: logo for GeekWires sixth anniversary bash
arcade games. It also noted, however, that you might find
your next great tech job, employee, customer, business
connection, startup partnerheck, maybe even your future husband or wife.
The site also hosts other events aimed at the local and national tech
community, including summits, meetups, a gala event, awards, and a daylong
entrepreneurial bootcamp called
GeekWire Startup Day.
Following in these tech-led footsteps is TechFestNW, a convening of

entrepreneurs, investors, and startups in Portland, Oregon, founded
by Willamette Weeks Mark Zusman in 2012. Zusman also co-founded
MusicFestNW, which takes place in Portlands Tom McCall Waterfront Park.
47
In pursuing this model, PNW media organizations like GeekWire and

Willamette Week are not alone.
News veteran Jim Brady describes his business model

for Billy Penn, a mobile-first service that launched
in Philadelphia in October 2014, as events and low
overhead. 127
Emily Ramshaw, editor-in-chief of the Texas Tribune (Austin,

Texas), also observed that we have a really robust events
business, a politics and policy events business that has
been lucrative for us and allowed us to [produce] a lot of
great journalism as a result. 128
In January 2017 alone, the Texas Tribune hosted seven

events, featuring politicians and academics and covering
topics such as race and public policy, ethics and open
government, and mental health. It also hosted a trivia
night.
Back in Philadelphia, around 80 percent of Billy Penns Image: Screenshot of events hosted by
revenue in 2015 came from events. As CJR noted, these The Texas Tribune
activities can have up to a 75 percent profit margin.
Its events program includes everything from happy hours to celebrations of

the sites Whos Next list to a pope-themed pub night. Gala events, like Billy
Penns birthday party, can be sponsored by multiple institutions, and tickets
are sold at prices from $20 to $40. Print programs present an opportunity
to sell ads. 129
The events space, which creates opportunities to

create contentas well as revenueis an arena
we can expect more publishers and local media
companies to move into in the future.
3. Digital Media Services

Events, Zusman argues, build on the core
competencies of journalism companies by
applying them in different contexts. Good
publishers, he suggests, have transferable skills:
Number one, you know how to create content.

Number two, you know how to
aggregate an audience of readers. And Image: An example of recent work produced by RG Media
number three, you know how to sell that
audience, in essence, to advertisers.
Those are core competencies that any decent media company already has, he
48
says. The question is, can you apply those competencies in other ways to help
find ways
to support and broaden your journalism?
One clear way a number of publishers are doing this is by leveraging their
experience as news and information providers to support paying clients
seeking digital marketing solutions. 130
The Eugene Register-Guard (Oregon) is one news provider doing just this,
through its spin-off RG Media Company.
The companys website and Twitter bio clearly outline how they seek to
harness their primary expertise in delivering the Register-Guard across print,
online, and mobile apps to offer services such as print and digital advertising
design, website design/development, search engine marketing, video
production, and content marketing. 131 The Register-Guard also publishes 132 the
daily print edition of the Gannett-owned paper Salem Statesman Journal.
Other newspaper outlets pursuing similar strategies include much bigger

publications, such as the Dallas Morning News 133 (average Monday through
Friday print and digital replica circulation: 264,908,) 134 and efforts led by larger
media groups, such as Hearsts offshoot LocalEdge.
4. Foundations
A number of media outlets have benefited from foundation funding, with the
John S. and James L. Knight Foundation being perhaps the best known donor
to U.S. journalism. Recent projects benefitting from their support include the
Baltimore Reporting Project, efforts to provide legal assistance to individual
journalists and new organizations, the newsroom digital transformation project
run by the Institute for Journalism in New Media, and a two-year, $200,000
grant to support Local Independent Online News Publishers.
In early 2017, the Knight Foundation supported 60 nonprofit news

organizations, such as Charlottesville Tomorrow, IowaWatch.org, and St. Louis
Public Radio, through a $1.5 million fund offering to match donations from
individual donors of up to $25,000 for each participating organization.135
For transparency, it should also be noted that the Knight Foundation has also
supported efforts led by the Agora Journalism Center at the University of
Oregon to support [a] digital gathering space for people passionate about
journalism and civic engagement. 136
Other bodies have often had a more specific geographic or subject focus.
This includes the Dodge Foundations work in New Jerseyworth more than
$3.25 million in the last five years 137and the Public Square Program at the
Democracy Fund, which supports innovations and institutions designed to
help people understand and participate in the democratic process.
The Democracy Funds website notes that current grantees of the Public
49
Square Program include the Institute for Nonprofit News, the American Press
Institute, and the Engaging News Project. 138 It has also supported the work of
the Agora Journalism Center. 139
Given this, one thing that surprised me, admits Matthew Powers, assistant
professor in the Department of Communication at the University of
Washington (Seattle, WA), because we hear so much about foundations
in the U.S. is, at least within Seattle, how small a role they play.
He continues:
In fact, I had multiple people at online startups tell me basically good riddance
with foundations. And their reason was pretty straightforward. The claim
wasand I think its a reasonable onethat foundations tend to be interested
in the latest ideas, and they want to fund new things that are exciting and
interesting. They dont want to fund sites that already kind of work but
actually need support. And so, in a lot of ways, theres this kind of skepticism
built in because they dont think that they can actually get resources to
support the type of work that they do. And theyre right. I dont think theyre
entirely right, but I also dont think theyre entirely wrong.
One notable exception in the Pacific Northwest is Education Lab at the

Seattle Times. Launched in October 2013, the initiative spotlights promising
approaches to some of the most persistent challenges in public education. 140
Education is an important topic, but a subject area that wouldnt draw huge
audiences, suggests Jim Simon, the papers former managing editor. He says:
Most of the stories dont draw huge audiences. Some of them do really, really
well. But we can monetize it with outside funding too. Or continue doing that
kind of reporting with outside funding.
A similar foundation-supported approach

enabled the paper in 2016 to travel to South
Africa to produce a two-part series exploring
how research led by Seattle scientists could help
eradicate HIV. 141 Reporter Nina Shapiro made the
trip to South Africa on an International Reporting
Project fellowship, and funding for overseas
reporting by the Seattle Times is provided by a
grant from the Seattle International Foundation.
Education Lab is funded by grants worth

$530,000 from the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation ($450,000) and the John S. and
James L. Knight Foundation ($80,000). These
funds are used to pay for the salaries of two
education reporters, allowing us to expand our Image description: Fani, 2, looks at her mother, left, who is resting
in the Nkosis Haven sick bay in Johannesburg. The nonprofit offers
housing and care for mothers with HIV, their children and orphans,
some HIV-positive. The organization last month marked the 15th
anniversary of the death of Nkosi Johnson, the founders adopted son.
(Erika Schultz/The Seattle Times). 142
50
education team; an editor and photographer primarily dedicated to the project;

and a newly hired community-engagement editor. Other monies are used for
community outreach and public forums, creation of a blog and design and data
work. 143
Produced in partnership with the Solutions

Journalism Network, Education Lab seeks to
create a new conversation that connects teachers,
parents, students, and others around innovation
in schools. Outputs include articles, events and
community meetings, and a weekly newsletter.
The initiatives website notes that foundation

funding is not new for the paper, citing a
grant from Pew back in 1994, through to
more recent support, such as a grant from the
Seattle International Foundation to help cover
international reporting on global poverty issues.
Image: Students from Rainier Beach and Foster high schools
The website notes: The Seattle Times would fill out placards for the photo booth at Ignite Education Lab
neither seek nor accept a grant that did not give (Bettina Hansen/The Seattle Times). 144
us full editorial control over what is published,
and that the Seattle Times is pursuing foundation
funding to support public-service reporting projects that are particularly costly
or resource intensive.
Although these efforts have been successful enterprises for

the Seattle Times, these types of relationships are not without
their challenges.
The timelines
One key consideration is that the timelines foundations foundations operate
operate on are often very different from those of newsrooms.
Another consideration is that success metrics may also vary.
on are often very
A further issue, as previously identified by Matthew Powers,
different from those
is the perception that foundations tend to be interested in of newsrooms.
the latest ideas, and they want to fund new things that are
exciting and interesting.
Thats potentially a big issue for online start-ups. Powers estimates there
are between 50 and 100 startups in Seattle, many of which potentially feel
discouraged about developing relationships with foundations because of their
perceived focus.
51
As a result, Powers argues that theres a strong sense among the news start-up
community that foundations arent necessarily for them, even though many of
these local start-ups already kind of work, but actually need support.
5. Membership Schemes
For some local media operators, such as NPR stations and their affiliates,
memberships are a revenue model theyre already very familiar with.
According to the OPB website, for example, approximately 64% of the funds
we raise comes from individual membership contributions from viewers and
listeners. 145 OPB provides content for Oregonians on TV and radio and via its
website, apps, and podcasts.
I think one of the main ingredients of our secret sauce, if you will, is pledge
drives, indicates OPBs senior vice president and chief content officer, Morgan
Holm.
He continues:
It forces you to articulate on a regular basis to your audience what you do

for them and why its of value to them. And you know pretty quickly whether
thats working or not, because if people dont call and make a commitment to
you, youre either not doing the work that you say youre doing or theyre not
getting the point of what you say.
In Eugene, Oregon, KLCCa charter member of National Public Radio and the
primary NPR member station in the Eugene/Springfield arealists a number
of ways audiences can contribute to their financial well-being, including
sustaining membership (monthly ongoing donations), stock transfers, business
underwriting, and vehicle donation.
The station, which reaches over 80,000 listeners

each week within a 100-mile radius of Eugene,
celebrates its 50th anniversary in 2017. The
milestone coincides with a temporary cut in
funding that the station has asked listeners to help
meet.
Elements of this membership-driven approach

are being adopted more widely across the local
journalism ecosystem 147 as part of a continued
effort to find new ways to fund local reporting. 148
The News Revenue Hub, which launched in

late 2016, is working with a number of local
and national news organizations to set up Image and story from the KLCC website. 146
comprehensive membership and crowdfunding
programs so they can achieve greater sustainability.
52
149
Hub participants include state-focused outlets such as Honolulu Civil Beat,
NJ Spotlight, CalMatters, and the Rivard Report, an
independent outlet that focuses on San Antonio, Texas. When I started at
For those organizations, OPBs Holm offers some advice: OPB in 1990, our basic
When it lines up and youre doing the work, and youre membership was $35.
articulating to the audience that youre doing the
work, and youre signaling to them [the audience] this Its still $35 today. Thats
pretty remarkable.

Business and revenue models underpin the ecology of the local media
landscape.
As in other regions, organizations are exploring a plethora of different means
to generate revenue, including paywalls, events, creative media services, and
support from foundations, while NPR and PBS outlets continue to place a
strong emphasis on donations and membership drives.
These efforts are part of a wide move to diversify revenue and reduce reliance
on print advertising and subscriptions, income sources that are typically
declining. Finding the right revenue mix to support acts of journalism is
therefore a strategic priority for all news providers, whatever their size or
scale.
53
is how you recognize the value of this, and you make that a relatively easy
transaction, then you start to build a viable membership model.
5. Conclusion: The Continued

Importance of Local Media
to the Pacific Northwest
If we desire healthy and productive democratic communities, then
the provisioning of local newswhich helps tie citizens to each other
and their communitiesmust continue. 150
Lee Shaker, Assistant Professor,
Department of Communication,
Portland State University
Local journalism is more important than ever, as the sector continues to be a vital
source of original reporting that informsand reflectsthe communities they
serve.
The financial optics for the sector remain challenging, but many local outlets enjoy
greater trust than their peers. As Pew noted in 2016, local news organizations are
trusted more than many other information sources, providing a foundation on
which news providers can build. The organization asserts:
Only about two-in-ten Americans (22%) trust the information they get from local
news organizations a lot, whether online or offline, and just 18% say the same of
national organizations. But large majorities say they have at least some trust in
both. 151
This is particularly important to leverage, as Lee Shaker, assistant professor in the

Department of Communication at Portland State University, has acknowledged,
because our society is still geographically organized and governed.
Because of this, local media can still remain highly relevant to many peoples lives.
Shaker says:
The advent of new communication opportunities suggests that new forms of

engagement will also develop. But ultimately, if we desire healthy and productive
democratic communities, then the provisioning of local newswhich helps tie
citizens to each other and their communitiesmust continue. 152
Building on this, its worth reminding ourselves of three key benefits derived from
local journalism in the Pacific Northwest and beyond:
1. Creating an Informed Citizenry
54
Theres no mystery to it, argues Les Zaitz, editor and publisher of the
Malheur Enterprise (Vale, Oregon). Community journalism is about giving
people information on which they can act.
Zaitz expanded on this further by stating that journalists need to give

a community accurate, good information [so that] people can come to an
understanding of the issues in their community, of what they need to do as a
citizen of that community to help make a decision about a new sewer line, a
new school building, a surge in poverty.
2. Content as a Catalyst for Continued Dialogue

With this push towards engagement, I think journalists realize that your work
has only just begun when youve published a story, Mark Zusman, editor and
publisher of Willamette Week, observes. Because [it is] the ongoing
engagement a journalist should have with readersafter they publish a story
that creates some interestIs really important to allow readers to be part of
the conversation.
3. Journalism as an Agent for Change

Echoing this, Sharon Chan, vice president of innovation, product, and
development for the Seattle Times, notes the impact that journalism can have
on policy and communities:
What we found in the work weve done, especially

around education, is that if you take some level of
responsibility for creating an engaged community
whether its online mechanisms or through in-person
events your journalism can actually have a much
broader and deeper impact.
One example of this can be seen in the Klamath Falls

Herald and News (Oregon), which has been one of the
partners in A Graduation Walk for high school seniors.
Hundreds of students walk down Main Street in their Image: High School Graduation Walk, Klamath Falls
caps and gowns.
The community would cheer on, and other kids

would be inspired to say, you know, this can be you,
if you work hard. Weve done something like that to Its worth examining
say, Its so important that kids graduate high school,
says Managing Editor Gerry OBrien. what happens to
What Happens When Local Journalism Disappears communities where
As a counterpoint to these ideas about the positive impact of theres an absence of
local news, its worth examining what happens to communities
where theres an absence of local journalism. local journalism.
Dr. Michelle Ferrier at Ohio University in her work on media
55
deserts (defined as a geographic location that lacks access to fresh, local news and
information 153) argues that the impact on communitiestypically areas with high
concentrations of people of low to lower income, who generally dont have college
educationsis discernible:
Residents miss news and information about jobs, economic

development, local government, schools, and other infrastructure Even a reduction
that keeps local communities growing. The news gap may
include environmental issues, like toxic waste, that often affect
in plurality of news
lower-income communities disproportionately. 154 media sources can
Even a reduction in plurality of news media sources can be
detrimental for communities. In 2014, a study from Lee Shaker
be detrimental for
of Portland State University suggest[ed] that eliminating a local communities.
newspaper from a community leads to less civic engagement in
the immediate aftermath among the citizens of that community. 155
Shakers findings were seemingly reinforced by a Pew study in late 2016 that found
a strong relationship between civic engagement and local news habits. 156
Put simply, the more civically active tended to follow more local news sources 157
(led by TV, radio, and then newspapers), and just as taking part in local political
and civic groups is closely associated with greater interest in and intake of local
news, positive civic attitudes closely connect with positive attitudes about local
news. 158
For Matthew Powers, assistant professor in the Department. of Communication

at the University of Washington (Seattle), theres a risk of news desserts arising in
southern Seattle and other parts of the region. He says:
I can easily envision a sort of news ecology that emerges where middle class
and the better off are relatively well served and where theres
reasonable coverage of city hall and state government, but
theres a lot less that actually is dedicated to some of the real
Its in everyones
issues that people living in less well-off neighborhoods would interests to try and
want to know.
work together to
In some parts of Oregon, and elsewhere, thats already happening.
According to Caitlyn May, editor of the Cottage Grove Sentinel identify solutions
(Oregon):
and best practices to
The communities in my immediate area have lost their weekly
newspapers. But their kids still play high school sports, their ensure the continued
water still costs money, their economic development is still of
interest, their city council still meets, and they still have street
existencenot to
fairs, concerts, and farmers markets. mention prosperity
No one is reporting on these things, and without recent J-school of local journalism.
graduates hungry to tell stories and bring new ideas to the table,
56
mid-career investigators hoping to ferret out injustice, or experienced, not-quite-

ready-to-retire veteran journalists willing to invest in these newsrooms, we will
continue to provide a disservice to the electorate and, ultimately, the nation and
ourselves.
Its in everyones interests to try and work together to identify solutions and best
practices to ensure the continued existencenot to mention prosperityof local
journalism.
Moving Forward
The 10 organizations from the Pacific Northwest that feature most heavily in this
report are a microcosm of the wider local news industry in the United States.
Collectively, they represent a broad spectrum of local media outlets, encompassing

many of the types of media organizations found across the U.S. local media
landscape.
This includes everything from large and smaller family-owned papers (such as
the Seattle Times and the Eugene Register-Guard) to papers from smaller groups
(Klamath Falls Herald and News, Bend Bulletin) an alt-weekly (Willamette Week),
a mom and pop weekly (Cottage Grove Sentinel), a digital-only news provider
(Seattle P-I), and a statewide TV and radio provider (OPB).
Yet, despite a challenging financial and political environment, these outlets

all continue to perform important acts of journalism, engaging audiences and
communities on issues that matter to them.
The future for the sector may be fragile, but the region shows vibrancy in
experimentation and innovation with storytelling, concepts of journalism, and
various revenue models.
As Willamette Weeks Zusman cautions, we have to be wary of best practices,

because what works in one market may in fact be the death of you in your market.
Nonetheless, as Levi Pulkkinen, senior editor at Seattle P-I (Washington), argues:

Were still not talking to each other as an industry, and we need to do a better
job sharing what we do.
I hope that the ideas and case studies in this report will help in this regard by
providing encouragement and inspiration for local media professionals, wherever
they may be.
Although the way forward will continue to be rocky, the innovation and work being
done at local media outlets in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere give cause
for optimism. Local journalism is evolving and working hard to adapt and remain
relevant and valued.
Given this, it is imperative that policy makers, journalism schools, communities,

and local news providers work together to help secure the future for local news in
the region. This may mean the creation of new partnerships, new revenues models,
and new ways of working.
57
If were unable to do this, the absence of strong, effective local journalism will
be detrimental to the health of communities and our wider media ecology. That
means each stakeholder has to play their part in helping to ensure a healthy and
continued existence.
Methodology
1. Approach
This paper was inspired by a strong sense that the story of local journalism
does not get the coverage it deserves. Its a sentiment that others share.
In February 2017, Poynter announced a new weekly column on the subject,

recognizing that it has been under-discussed. Managing Editor Benjamin Mullin
wrote:
Vast news deserts have emerged where once there was a healthy ecosystem
of local and regional publications. In an election year marked by disunion
between voters and the media, you dont have to look far to find the culprit:
fewer journalists talking to fewer people.
Too often, this crisis gets overlooked by the press. The outlets that garner the
most attentionplaces like the New York Times, NBC News, BuzzFeedare
the ones best-positioned to survive... Barring a catastrophic change in the
media business (never say never) theyll still be around 20 years from now...
Local news is in the fight of its life, and Poynter will be there to cover that
battle from the front lines every day.
Meanwhile, last summer, the Tow Center for Digital Journalism at the Graduate
School of Journalism at Columbia University kindly supported a proposal from
Christopher Ali and I to produce a landscape study focused on the experience
of small-market newspapers. Our report, Local News in a Digital World: Small
Market Newspapers in an Era of Digital Disruption, will be published in the
near future.
All of the interviews in this report are unique to this study, although the
majority (8 out of 12) were captured at the same time as the research for my
Tow project. This helped me to place the experience of practitioners in the
Pacific Northwest in the wider context of U.S. local media.
Touching on some of the themes explored elsewhere, this paper nonetheless

differs in both its geographic focus and added emphasis on civic engagement.
This matters, because the Pacific Northwest is the home of the University of
Oregon, and civic engagement and innovation lie at the heart of the mission of
the Agora Journalism Center, which helped support this project.
Moreover, the Pacific Northwest is where many of our students come
58
from and the media ecosystem many of them will join when they graduate.
Understanding whats happening in our own backyard should therefore inform
and support our research and teaching mission.
2. New Fieldwork: 201617

The conclusions in this study draw on findings from qualitative and desk
research, including 12 new, previously unpublished, interviews with experts
from across the Pacific Northwest.
To help structure new in-depth interviews with experts in the field of local
news and local newspapers, I developed a research protocol. A copy is
included in the next section.
Interviews were conducted in the second half of 2016 and the first quarter of
2017.
Thomas Schmidt (my research assistant during the early phases of this project)
and I conducted all 12 interviews by Skype or in person. I conducted one
interview, with Caitlyn May, via email at my behest due to scheduling reasons,
although we have hadand will no doubt continue to somany fruitful
conversations in person over the past two years about the future of journalism,
media literacy, and the role of news media in rural communities. Cate also
kindly reviewed an early version of this manuscript.
I am indebted to my interviewees, who were unfailingly generous with both

their time and insights. Their experience informs the bulk of this report.
Specific thanks go to:
Lou Brancaccio, Emeritus Editor, Vancouver Columbian (Washington)

Sharon Chan, Vice President of Innovation, Product, & Development, Seattle
Times (Washington) 159
John Costa, President and Publisher, Bend Bulletin (OR)
Morgan Holm, Senior Vice President and Chief Content Officer, Oregon
Public Broadcasting (Portland, Oregon)
Jim Simon, Managing Editor, Seattle Times (Washington) 160
Caitlyn May, Editor, Cottage Grove Sentinel (Oregon)
Logan Molen, Publisher/CEO, RG Media Company and Eugene Register-Guard
(Oregon)
Gerry OBrien, Editor, Klamath Falls Herald and News (Oregon)
Matthew Powers, Assistant Professor, Department of Communication,
University of Washington (Seattle, Washington)
Levi Pulkkinen, Senior Editor, Seattle P-I (Washington) 161
Les Zaitz, Editor and Publisher, Malheur Enterprise (Vale, Oregon)
Mark Zusman, Editor and Publisher, Willamette Week (Portland, Oregon)
59
These outlets represent a variety of ownership and business models as well as

publication/output timescales. I took this approach to ensure that participants
in this research project reflected some of the diversity of the U.S. local media
ecosystem at both a local and national level.
Despite these variances, many outlets are contending with similar issues in
terms of the battle for both revenues and attention. Similarly, theyre all trying
to make sense of the opportunities that digital platforms and technologies
afford them, what engagement means to their organizations, and which
engagement tools can best support their strategic goals.
Each interview typically lasted for 3060 minutes. Although we used an

interview protocol, interviews were deliberately nondirective, open, and semi-
structured to allow for a more natural conversation, which gave interviewees
the opportunity to introduce new topics and ideas into the interview structure.
We identified respondents using existing contacts and knowledge of the local

media field. We solicited interviews until we reached the point of knowledge
saturation (no new knowledge) and achieved a reasonable geographic spread
across the Pacific Northwest region.
Embracing the approach of oral history research, interviews with respondents

from across the region provide a cross-section of the subjectivity of local
journalists as a social group. In this sense, the interviews tell us not just what
local reporters and editors in the Pacific Northwest are doing, but what they
want to do, what they believe they are doing, and what they think they are
doing (Portelli, 1981). 162
This vantage point offers a unique insight into the evolution of local journalism
in the region, a story that has not previously been told.
I had all interviews professionally transcribed before, and using grounded

theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) 163 I then undertook a close reading of the
transcripts and assembled key categories and themes. This culminated in the
structure and findings of this report.
60
3. Interview Protocol
Preliminary Questions
For industry:
1. Tell us a little bit about the current status of your publication/group.
For experts:
1. Tell us a little bit about your involvement in local media, where your
focus is and why.
2. In your expert opinion, what is the state of the local newspaper industry
in the United States?
3. What are the key challenges specifically facing rural, small, and medium
sized newspapers in the United States?
4. What are the key opportunities for rural, small, and medium sized
newspapers in the United States?
Best practice questions (order can be flipped. Prompt for examples/

specifics)
5. Do you know of any success stories involving small market newspapers?

We are interested in both business models and great journalism.
6. What best practices would you recommend for small market newspapers
seeking to better manage their digital and non-digital - experiences?
Engagement
7. We hear a lot about the importance of engagement by both national and

local media at present. What does engagement mean to you?
8. How can local media do this well? Do you have particular examples that
you would like to share with us?
Policy/Intervention/Support
9. Assuming that local news is something we deem as necessary to survive,

what interventions (policy, industry, civil society, etc) what would you like
to see done to strengthen local newspapers in the US?
If required, use this space to also recap on strengths/weaknesses of industry.
61
Notes
1 http://journalism.uoregon.edu/news/solutions-journalism-network-launches-
portland-chapter-agora-journalism-center/, accessed July 3, 2017
2 http://www.columbian.com/news/2017/jan/24/lou-brancaccio-announces-
retirement-from-the-columbian/, accessed July 3, 2017
3 http://mediashift.org/2017/05/international-perspectives-state-local-news/,
accessed July 3, 2017
4 http://www.niemanlab.org/2015/02/on-convening-a-community-an-excerpt-from-
jake-batsells-new-book-on-engaged-journalism/, accessed July 3, 2017
5 http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2017/03/portland_falls_to_25th_
largest.html, accessed July 3, 2017
6 http://www.wweek.com/news/2017/05/25/people-just-dont-want-to-move-to-
portland-like-they-used-to/, accessed July 3, 2017
7 As an indication of this, OPB was nominated for 32 Northwest Regional Emmy

Awards from the Northwest Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts
& Sciences (NATAS) in 2017 alone: http://www.opb.org/pressroom/pressrelease/
opb-nominated-for-32-regional-emmy-awards-including-overall-station-excellence/.
They won 13 of them: http://www.opb.org/pressroom/pressrelease/opb-wins-13-
northwest-regional-emmy-awards/, accessed July 3, 2017
8 For some examples of reporting on this topic, see: https://www.theatlantic.com/

business/archive/2015/07/minorities-in-journalism/399461/, http://www.niemanlab.
org/2016/12/failing-diversity-is-failing-journalism/ and http://mediashift.org/2016/11/
journalism-rural-diversity-challenge/, accessed July 3, 2017
9 https://www.cjr.org/united_states_project/how-local-news-sounded-the-alarm-over-
the-gops-defeated-health-plan.php, accessed July 3, 2017
10 https://www.cgsentinel.com/article/a-word-from-the-editor, accessed July 3, 2017
11 http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/02/if-small-newspapers-are-going-to-survive-theyll-
have-to-be-more-than-passive-observers-to-the-news/, accessed July 4, 2017
12 http://www.journalism.org/2016/06/15/local-tv-news-fact-sheet/ (data relates to

network affiliates for ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC)
13 http://www.rab.com/public/marketingGuide/DataSheet.cfm?id=1, accessed
July 4, 2017
14 http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/reports/2016/audio-today-radio-2016-
appealing-far-and-wide.html, accessed July 4, 2017
15 As noted in an article co-written with Dr. Christopher Ali for Nieman Lab: Between
2007when there were 55,000 people employed in newsroomsand 2015,
newspapers shed over 20,000 jobs. Between 2004 and 2014, more than 100 daily
newspapers closed. http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/02/if-small-newspapers-are-
going-to-survive-theyll-have-to-be-more-than-passive-observers-to-the-news/,
62
16 http://www.pulitzer.org/prize-winners-by-year/2005, accessed July 4, 2017
17 http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/nigel-jaquiss, accessed July 4, 2017
18 http://www.journalism.org/2016/06/15/newspapers-fact-sheet/, accessed July 4,

2017
19 http://www.oregonlive.com/editors/index.ssf/2017/03/post_14.html#incart_river_
home, accessed July 4, 2017
20 http://nwnewsnetwork.org/about, accessed July 4, 2017
21 http://nwnewsnetwork.org/post/how-11-suicides-forced-change-inside-washington-
prisons, accessed July 4, 2017
22 http://nwnewsnetwork.org/post/eleven-suicides-behind-bars, accessed
July 4, 2017
23 http://time.com/3858309/attention-spans-goldfish/, accessed July 4, 2017
24 https://twitter.com/theevergrey, accessed July 4, 2017
25 http://crosscut.com/about/#undefined, accessed July 4, 2017
26 http://registerguard.com/rg/news/local/35325691-75/trillium-and-other-oregon-
health-plan-insurers-oppose-plan-to-make-oregon-ccos-nonprofits.html.csp,
27 http://projects.registerguard.com/rg/news/local/34712811-75/how-trillium-can-miss-
care-benchmarks-reap-state-bonus.html.csp, accessed July 4, 2017
28 http://methowvalleynews.com/2014/07/25/putting-out-a-newspaper-with-a-low-
tech-high-tech-mash-up/, accessed July 4, 2017
29 http://www.hcn.org/issues/46.14/how-to-publish-a-newspaper-in-the-midst-of-
wildfire, accessed July 9, 2017
30 http://www.hcn.org/issues/46.14/how-to-publish-a-newspaper-in-the-midst-of-
wildfire, accessed July 9, 2017
31 http://ivoh.org/methow-valley-news/, accessed July 9, 2017
32 https://www.eugene-or.gov/842/Homelessness, accessed July 9, 2017
33 http://registerguard.com/rg/news/local/35017190-75/homelessness-on-the-rise-for-
local-students.html.csp, accessed July 9, 2017
34 http://company.seattletimes.com/stc_announcement/under-our-skin-project-
launch/, accessed July 9, 2017
35 https://i1.wp.com/mediashift.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Screen-Shot-2016-12-
20-at-3.11.25-PM.png?resize=1024%2C512, accessed July 9, 2017
36 http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/reflections-on-race-policing-and-
equality-heres-what-the-under-our-skin-team-heard-from-you/, accessed July 9, 2017
37 https://www.facebook.com/pg/BAAMFest/about/, accessed July 9, 2017
63
38 http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/07/07104931/
PJ_2016.07.07_Modern-News-Consumer_FINAL.pdf, accessed July 9, 2017
39 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/14/facts-about-the-changing-
digital-news-landscape/, accessed July 9, 2017
40 Disclaimer: I chaired this panel on Reimagining local news for the digital age.
which was supported by the Agora Journalism Center and the John S. and James L.
Knight Foundation.
41 http://mediashift.org/2017/05/international-perspectives-state-local-news/,
42 https://www.apnews.com/60a22e93df684f0ebaaaec63e5e68147, accessed July 2,

2017
43 http://www.eastoregonian.com/eo/local-news/20150816/canyon-creek-fire-destroys-
26-homes-in-its-path, accessed March 14, 2017
44 http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2015/08/john_day_
area_fire_grows_to_22.html, accessed March 14, 2017
45 https://twitter.com/geekwire, accessed July 5, 2017
46 https://digiday.com/careers/newsletter-editors-new-important-person-newsrooms/,
47 http://subscription.oregonlive.com/newsletters/, number correct as of March 12,

2017
48 https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2016/04/easy-listening, accessed July

5, 2017
49 http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2017/05/16/by-producing-podcasts-
you-can-reach-wider-audiences-occupy-your-niche-and-create-new-items-of-
research/, accessed July 5, 2017
50 http://mckinney.com/news/results-mckinney-survey-revealed-cannes-show-serial-
effect-benefits-brands, accessed July 5, 2017
51 http://www.opb.org/about/, accessed July 5, 2017
52 https://www.spreaker.com/show/this-land-is-our-land_1, accessed July 5, 2017
53 See, for example, The Emergence of Augmented Reality (AR) as a Storytelling

Medium in Journalism, John V. Pavlik, Frank Bridges, Journalism & Communication
Monographs, Vol 15, Issue 1, pp. 459. First published date: January 13, 2013.
10.1177/1522637912470819
54 http://en.ejo.ch/digital-news/augmented-reality-storytelling-journalism, accessed
July 5, 2017
55 http://www.heraldandnews.com/winter-wings-oregon-bird-man-parrot-show/
image_8af8442b-d3d9-5481-9909-d988e0de509f.html, accessed 5th July 2017.
64
56 http://www.heraldandnews.com/news/local_news/check-out-the-winter-wings-
parrot-show-in-video/article_10118b04-1958-5f71-818f-42aba8fec12e.html, accessed
July 6, 2017
57 http://www.heraldandnews.com/news/local_news/see-the-restoration-celebration-
in/article_b7a7ee5c-a002-5043-9141-05556cd691c8.html, accessed July 7, 2017
58 http://www.pioneernewsgroup.com/locations/oregon/herald-and-news-klamath-
falls-or/article_aef4ce80-d48c-11e6-b394-9f06b4f04009.html, accessed July 7, 2017
59 http://niemanreports.org/articles/reporters-relationships-with-sources/, accessed
July 7, 2017. This article from 1999 offers a range of still useful perspectives on this
topic.
60 There is a vast collection of literature on this topic. But, for an interesting starting
point, see, for example, How Close Is Too Close? Conflict of Interest in Journalists
Relationships with Sources by the Ethics Advisory Committee of The Canadian
Association of Journalists: https://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/234707715?access_
key=key-J4DGonjox4DBHeTjLJY7&allow_share=true&escape=false&view_
mode=scroll, accessed July 7, 2017
61 https://www.linkedin.com/company-beta/3272942/, accessed July 13, 2017
62 http://solutionsjournalism.org/what-is-solutions-journalism/, accessed
July 13, 2017
63 http://niemanreports.org/articles/is-solutions-journalism-the-solution/, accessed
July 13, 2017
64 http://www.seattletimes.com/education-lab/your-voices-15-ideas-on-how-school-
discipline-could-work-better/, image: https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/
uploads/2015/05/postcard7-1020x795.jpg, accessed July 13, 2017
65 http://journalism.uoregon.edu/news/sojc-faculty-among-first-nation-teach-solutions-
journalism/, accessed July 13, 2017
66 https://journalism.uoregon.edu/news/catalyst-journalism-project-combines-
investigative-solutions-journalism/, accessed July 14, 2017
67 https://www.themediabriefing.com/article/five-reasons-why-engagement-is-so-hot-
right-now, accessed July 14, 2017
68 https://www.apnews.com/60a22e93df684f0ebaaaec63e5e68147, accessed July 2,

2017
69 https://www.themediabriefing.com/article/five-reasons-why-engagement-is-so-hot-
right-now, accessed July 9, 2017
70 http://mediashift.org/2016/12/5-ways-engaged-journalism-movement-made-
progress-2016/, accessed July 9, 2017
71 http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/03/my-goal-in-public-media-how-16-producers-
worked-to-create-more-community-focused-journalism/, accessed July 9, 2017
72 https://thenextweb.com/insider/2016/03/20/data-inspires-creativity/#.tnw_
eYxpfXmT and https://blog.kissmetrics.com/how-netflix-uses-analytics/, accessed
July 7. 2017
65
73 http://www.salon.com/2015/04/26/netflixs_house_of_cards_secrets_the_real_story_
behind_kevin_spacey_and_frank_underwoods_meteoric_ascent/, accessed July 7,
2017
74 https://www.metricsfornews.com/, accessed July 7, 2017
75 https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/training-tools/content-strategy/, accessed
July 7, 2017
76 https://www.metricsfornews.com/, accessed July 7, 2017
77 https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/
APIContentStrategy_TEASER-e1399315308848-1024x804.png, accessed
July 7, 2017
78 http://archive.pressthink.org/2006/06/27/ppl_frmr.html
79 https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/business/media/stephen-bannon-
trump-news-media.html?_r=0 and http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/
politics/2017/02/24/donald-trump-cpac-media-enemy-of-the-people/98347970/,
80 http://www.gallup.com/poll/195542/americans-trust-mass-media-sinks-new-low.
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81 http://content.gallup.com/origin/gallupinc/GallupSpaces/Production/Cms/POLL/
dkvnto6zb0kw5c0shdj57q.png, accessed July 8, 2017
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84 http://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/the-modern-news-consumer/pj_2016-07-
07_modern-news-consumer_2-01/, accessed July 8, 2017
85 http://www.adweek.com/digital/how-the-seattle-times-used-facebook-groups-as-a-
crowdsourcing-tool/, accessed July 8, 2017
86 http://old.seattletimes.com/ABPub/2012/05/17/2018232300.jpg, accessed July 8,

2017. Note this series is from 2012 and has not been updated since then.
87 https://twitter.com/wearehearken, accessed July 9, 2017
88 http://kuow.org/post/there-really-giant-octopus-under-tacoma-narrows-bridge,
accessed July 8, 2017.
89 https://medium.com/we-are-hearken/public-powered-journalism-isn-t-lazy-
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66
92 https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/strategy-studies/
events-revenue/, accessed July 8, 2017
93 Local News Lab, Guide to News Events: http://localnewslab.org/app/

uploads/2017/02/LNL-Guide_NewsEvents_2017FEB.pdf, accessed July 8, 2017
94 See, for example, Portlands mayor-elect defends the honor of Mtley Cre at
Candidates Gone Wild: http://www.wweek.com/news/2016/11/02/ted-wheeler-
says-fuck-you/, accessed July 8, 2017
95 http://www.seattletimes.com/news/replay-google-hangout-on-money-media-and-
elections/, accessed July 7, 2017
96 https://www.reddit.com/r/Portland/comments/2e7e0d/i_am_mark_katches_new_
oregonian_editor_ama/, accessed July 7, 2017. See also: http://www.oregonlive.com/
editors/index.ssf/2014/08/the_oregonian_editor_mark_katc.html
97 https://techcrunch.com/2015/08/05/facescope/, accessed July 6, 2017
98 https://www.facebook.com/zuck/posts/10102764095821611, accessed
July 6, 2017
99 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SolPM-baiN4#action=share, accessed
July 7, 2017. The broadcast featured a discussion on money, media, and elections
with Free Press CEO Craig Aaron, Seattle Times editorial writer/columnist Lance
Dickie, and Dollaracracy co-authors/media experts John Nichols and Robert
McChesney.
100 https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/0*4S2CI2OKApL4-Aro.jpg, accessed

July 7, 2017
101 https://www.facebook.com/seattlepionline/videos/10154422503442371/, accessed

July 7, 2017
102 http://www.heraldandnews.com/baberuth/, accessed July 7, 2017
103 https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/be8KSfUASC-LWu4auV5A8nEkTPyTMbizRuBNZ
TD0jHdrb_PVtihkk5Bm1_urSbtpANR0=w300-rw, accessed July 7, 2017
104 http://www.heraldandnews.com/members/forum/editorials/ar-content-just-the-tip-
of-the-iceberg/article_11c5f149-504f-5ed7-9def-a042e303bd8c.html, accessed July 7,
2017
105 http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one, accessed July

7, 2017
106 http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2015/07/quake_
tsunami_experts_advise_n.html, accessed July 7, 2017. The 18-year history
reference relates to the age of the site at the time of the discussion in 2015.
107 http://projects.oregonlive.com/maps/earthquakes/, image generated on

July 7, 2017
108 http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/about/, accessed July 7, 2017
67
109 http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/episodes/2701/, accessed

July 7, 2017
110 http://www.opb.org/news/widget/aftershock-find-your-cascadia-earthquake-story/,
111 http://www.journalism.org/2015/03/05/local-news-in-a-digital-age/, accessed July 7,

2017
112 http://www.journalism.org/2016/06/15/state-of-the-news-media-2016/, accessed July

7, 2017
113 See: http://www.newspressnow.com/opinion/editorials/don-t-cry-for-local-

newspapers/article_84898eeb-8d96-5cee-997f-13a4b2244f9d.html and http://
www.voiceofsandiego.org/topics/news/as-dailies-vanish-local-community-papers-
stubbornly-survive/, both accessed July 7, 2017
114 If youre unfamiliar with these terms, a few definitions and explanations may
be useful: Programmatic advertising helps automate the decision-making
process of media buying by targeting specific audiences and demographics.
http://marketingland.com/library/display-advertising-news/display-advertising-
programmatic-media-buying. Social networks like Facebook, allow advertisers to
target demographics by profileincluding location, gender, and other interests:
http://www.socialadstool.com/facebook-ads-guide/how-facebook-ads-work/. You
can also find targeted advertising on your Google searchers based on previous
searches and your internet history: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/
tech-news/how-google-uses-your-searches-to-target-ads-at-you/article16356560/.
Meanwhile, dynamic video advertising enables marketers to offer personalized
video ads on services you watch on your TV: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/
articles/2015-09-29/tv-ads-are-about-to-get-personal-with-new-targeting-tools
and http://www.tomsguide.com/us/google-customize-tv-ads,news-22576.html. All
accessed on July 7, 2017.
115 https://www.themediabriefing.com/article/watch-retail-to-know-the-direction-of-
local-media, accessed on July 7, 2017
116 https://www.facebook.com/business/learn/how-much-facebook-ads-cost, accessed

on July 7, 2017. See also this experiment: https://blog.bufferapp.com/facebook-ads
117 http://staff.washington.edu/gray/misc/which-half.html, accessed on

July 7, 2017
118 http://www.journalism.org/2016/06/15/newspapers-fact-sheet/, accessed on July 7,

2017.
119 https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/author/alextwilliams/, accessed

July 7, 2017
120 https://www.themediabriefing.com/article/key-insights-into-newspaper-
subscription-models-in-the-us, accessed July 7, 2017
68
121 Website readers get 10 free articles a month. When they click on the 11th article,
they hit a paywall and are asked to subscribe. Subscriptions cost $37.65 per year
for home delivery and online access, and $35/year if subscribers want online
access only and no physical paper. The paper runs $29/year specials all the time for
first-time subscribers. At the end of their first year, they go up to the regular rate.
Information provided by email from Caitlyn May, Editor of the paper, July 5, 2017.
122 https://orenews.com/bend, accessed July 5, 2017
123 All details correct as of March 4, 2017.
124 http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2013/06/the_oregonian_will_go_to_
four-.html, accessed July 5, 2017
125 https://www.groupon.com/deals/i-the-seattle-times-i, accessed

March 4, 2017
126 Image generated on March 4, 2007
127 Interview with the author, August 3, 2016
128 Unpublished interview with Dr. Christopher Ali, summer 2016, part of joint project
with the author
129 http://www.cjr.org/united_states_project/billy_penn.php, accessed March 4, 2017
130 http://www.editorandpublisher.com/feature/trend-watch-digital-marketing-
services/, accessed July 3, 2017
131 https://twitter.com/RGMediaCompany and http://rgmediacompany.com/solutions,

both accessed July 3, 2017
132 http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2015/09/26/statesman-journal-
printed-eugene-salem/72794144/, accessed July 3, 2017
133 http://dmnmedia.com/, accessed July 3, 2017
134 http://dmnmedia.com/resources/circulation-audits/ (most recent figures available

from late 2014) , accessed July 3, 2017
135 https://www.knightfoundation.org/newsmatch, accessed July 3, 2017
136 https://www.knightfoundation.org/press/releases/community-journalism-platform-
to-spread-lessons-audience-engagement-university-of-oregon-agora, accessed July
3, 2017
137 https://localnewslab.org/2016/02/01/lessons-from-the-local-news-lab-part-one/,
138 http://www.democracyfund.org/about-us, accessed July 3, 2017
139 http://www.democracyfund.org/portfolio/entry/agora-journalism-center, accessed

July 3, 2017
140 http://www.seattletimes.com/education-lab-about/, accessed July 3, 2017
69
141 Part One: http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/we-have-only-one-

shot-the-hutchs-quest-to-wipe-out-aids-in-south-africa/ and Part Two: http://www.
seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/ongoing-hiv-vaccine-quest-has-taken-a-long-
hard-road/, both accessed July 3, 2017
142 https://static.seattletimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/0f3e262c-3e30-11e6-
a8e6-1d9212880bf4-1020x680.jpg, accessed July 3, 2017
143 http://www.seattletimes.com/education-lab-about/#education-lab-faq, accessed

July 3, 2017
144 http://www.seattletimes.com/education-lab/hundreds-fill-seattles-town-hall-to-talk-
education-and-equity/, accessed July 3, 2017
145 https://opb.desk.com/customer/en/portal/articles/1632463-membership-drives?b_
id=4477, accessed July 5, 2017. Information last updated April 18, 2016.
146 http://klcc.org/post/help-mitigate-klcc-funding-cuts, accessed July 5, 2017
147 http://www.niemanlab.org/2017/06/membership-programs-are-paying-off-for-news-
outlets-and-so-is-helping-them-set-up-their-programs/, accessed July 5, 2017
148 http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org/brief/why-america-needs-find-new-ways-
support-local-journalism, accessed July 5, 2017
149 https://fundjournalism.org/about/, accessed July 5, 2017
150 http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=comm_
fac, accessed July 5, 2017
151 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/09/14/facts-about-the-changing-
digital-news-landscape/, accessed July 5, 2017
152 http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=comm_
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153 https://mediadeserts.wordpress.com/faqs-2/, accessed July 5, 2017; image: https://

mediadeserts.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/watermarked-national-map2.jpg
154 http://streetfightmag.com/2014/06/26/despite-many-local-news-sites-media-
deserts-are-a-stubborn-reality/, accessed July 5, 2017
155 Theres a good summary of the more detailed conclusions and methodology of this
study here: https://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/news-media/how-do-
newspapers-affect-civic-life-data-analysis-seattle-denver, accessed July 5, 2017
156 http://www.journalism.org/2016/11/03/civic-engagement-strongly-tied-to-local-
news-habits/, accessed July 5, 2017
157 http://www.journalism.org/2016/11/03/civic-engagement-strongly-tied-to-local-
news-habits/pj_2016-11-02_civic-engagement_2-02/, accessed
July 5, 2017
158 http://www.journalism.org/2016/11/03/2-participation-in-civic-life-and-community-
rating-show-weaker-ties-to-local-news-habits/, accessed July 5, 2017
70
159 At the time of interview, she was deputy managing editor, audiences and initiatives.
160 Since this interview, he has accepted a job as managing editor of Honolulu Civil
Beat: http://www.thestranger.com/slog/2017/02/01/24844767/two-major-departure-
ahead-of-seattle-times-layoffs-on-friday, accessed July 5, 2017
161 At time of interview, he was reporter/producer.
162 Portelli, Alessandro. The peculiarities of oral history. In History workshop journal,
no. 12, p. 96. Oxford University Press, 1981.
163 Glaser, Barney, and Anselm Strauss. Discovering grounded theory. Chicago, IL
(1967).
71
About the Author

Damian Radcliffe is the Carolyn S. Chambers Professor in
Journalism at the University of Oregon; a fellow of the Tow
Center for Digital Journalism at Columbia University; an
honorary research fellow at Cardiff Universitys School of
Journalism, Media and Culture Studies; and a fellow of the
Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures,
and Commerce.
He is an experienced digital analyst, consultant, journalist, and

researcher who has worked in editorial, research, teaching,
and policy positions for the past two decades in the United
Kingdom, Middle East, and United States.
Radcliffe is a regular contributor to the BBC Academy,

CBS Interactive (ZDNet), Huffington Post, MediaShift, and
TheMediaBriefing, where he writes about digital trends, social media, technology,
the business of media, and the evolution of journalism.
His experience encompasses full-time roles at the Local Radio Company, BBC,
Volunteering Matters (a UK NGO), Ofcom (the UK communications regulator), and
Qatars Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (ictQATAR).
He has worked across all media sectors (commercial, public, government,

regulatory, academic, and nonprofit/civil society) and all platforms (radio, TV,
digital, and print).
Radcliffe has written, spoken to, or provided consulting services for a wide range
of industry and academic organizations, including Abramis Academic Publishing,
ASDAA Burson-Marsteller, BBC Academy, BBC Media Action, BBC Monitoring,
BBC World Service, Carnegie UK Trust, Cass Business School, Centre for Research
on Communities and Culture, City University London, Cognizant, Columbia
Journalism Review (CJR), The Conversation, Eyewitness Media Hub, FJUM (Forum
Journalism and Media, Vienna), The Guardian, The Huffington Post, IBC Content
Everywhere, IJNET, journalism.co.uk, Media Development Investment Fund,
MediaShift, Middle East Broadcast Network, NESTA, Nieman Lab, Northwestern
University in Qatar, nuviun, Online Journalism Blog, Qatar Today, Street Fight,
TEDx Reset (Turkey), TheMediaBriefing, The Reuters Institute for the Study of
Journalism at Oxford University, Routledge, and Your Middle East.
Find out more:

Portfolio: www.damianradcliffe.com
LinkedIn: http://www.linkedin.com/in/damianradcliffe
Twitter: https://twitter.com/damianradcliffe
Webpage: http://journalism.uoregon.edu/member/radcliffe-damian/
72

Local Journalism in The Pacific Northwest: Why It Matters, How It's Evolving, and Who Pays For It

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AGORA

Agora Journalism Center

Any errors, or omissions from this study, are my responsibility alone.

To that end, we support a variety of projects to advance these goals: conferences

Addressing this challenge is a source of continued debate, experimentation, and

It does so by exploring the experience of 10 local media outlets in the Pacific

As several interviewees pointed out, their experiences are often unique.

These experiencesand the ideas and solutions thereinhave the potential to

Local journalismlike the wider news mediahas been massively

1. Local journalism remains important.

Local media produces a range of contentfrom watchdog reporting to

2. The practice of local journalism is evolving.

Local journalists are also increasingly keen to explore different approaches to

3. Local news providers will not look like they did

4. Newsrooms will be smaller and increasingly

5. Doubling down on unique local content may be

Their contribution includes adding value through additional context,

6. Outlets are experimenting with multiple ways

These include paywalls, subscriptions (including

Typically, a combination of these methods is

Outlets measure engagement with their contentwhich in turn can help to

As Jake Batsell, associate professor, Southern Methodist University, wrote in

8. Local media needs to be more diverse in

9. Local journalism is the vanguard for the

Engagement plays a part in this, in that it gives people a one-on-one

Editorial from Caitlyn May outlining her

1. Why Local Journalism

A key reason for the continued popularity

Despite facing a number of demographic

However, as Lou Brancaccio cautions, being optimistic about local news is a

We touch on issues related to business and revenue models in Chapter 4 of this

1. Holding Authority to Account

Despite a challenging economic backdropin 2015, advertising revenues at

The Oregonian notes:

In the same month, the Northwest News Networka collaboration of public

These in-depth investigative pieces sit alongside the more day-to-day

2. Meeting Public Information Needs

I know that it sounds like a truism, he added, but I

Its a relationship you can have in a print product or a broadcast or an

The information needs of communities vary, and so do the editorial

Some local news providers continue to take a general store approach:

Alongside targeted geographic reporting and

Reporting by the Eugene Register-Guard

In addition to meeting the information needs of

By curating, analyzing, and building on the information provided across a given

3. Building and Supporting Community

In the Pacific Northwest, one high-profile example of this type of coverage

This meant no internet. No cell phone coverage. And a paucity of reliable

Further north, in Washington State,

The initiative featured 18 videos, guest

The University of Washingtons football coach, Chris

Recap and Reflections

2. The Evolution of Local

A number of content producersin the Pacific Northwest

Multimedia Journalism Is Standard

As Willamette Weeks Mark Zusman comments, We can

Papers like the Medford Mail Tribune (Medford, Oregon) now

Clark Talks, the Vancouver Columbian

It is hosted by reporters Dameon Pesanti and