Masterblock

Concrete blocks - technical manual

02
Contents

03.04_Block co-ordination and setting out

05_Cleaning and maintenance (commodity blockwork)

06.08_Health and safety

09.10_Mortars

11.13_Fire resistance

14.18_U-value summary tables

19.22_Thermal 2010

23.24_Precast concrete products

25.28_Structural stability of non loading-bearing panels

29_Normalised strengths when designing to eurocode 6

30.33_Movement control

34.36_Plastering, rendering and jointing

03
Block co-ordination

and setting out

Ideally, buildings should be set out in block co-ordination ( unit size + mortar joint ) to
provide the best aesthetics and reduced costs due to minimising the amount of cut units
onsite. Setting out the building will include the position and size of the openings within the
length and height of the wall. The following diagrams and tables gives advice regarding
the setting out and use of masonry units.
Block module tolerances Co-ordinated dimensions.

Aggregate Industries manufactures to BS EN 771-3, The co-ordinated dimension (CO) is the nominal block size +
tolerance category D1, as follows the mortar joint, typically 10mm.

Length +3mm, - 5mm

Co-ordinated size (CO)
Width +3mm, - 5mm
i.e. block panels with opposite return ends or quoin
Height +3mm, -5mm
return end (external to internal corner)
Bradstone walling range is manufactured to BS EN 771-5
tolerance category D3
CO

Co-ordinated size plus a joint (CO+)

i.e. door an window openings

CO+

CO+

return end (internal to internal corner)

Co-ordinated size minus a joint (CO-)

i.e. block piers or panels between openings
CO-

opening panel between opening

Radial walls

eP CO-

Curve using
full-length
blocks

Oh

Curve using
half-length blocks
04
Block co-ordination

and setting out

Overhang and perpend joint width for radius walls

The table (below) gives the relevant overhang and increased perpend joint size, dependant upon wall radius and block
thickness. For Fairfaced work overhangs of 2mm and below are acceptable with the exception of polished blockwork,
where ideally no overhang should be present.

Where the blockwork is being plastered/rendered or plasterboard on dabs is being used, a maximum of 6mm overhang
is recommended.

Face size 440 x 215mm Face size 215 x 215mm

Block thickness (mm) 94 100 140 94 100 140

Wall radius (mm) Oh eP Oh eP Oh eP Oh eP Oh eP Oh eP

600 44 81 44 86 44 120 10 45 10 50 10 68
800 32 63 32 68 32 93 8 36 8 40 8 53
1000 25 52 25 56 25 76 6 31 6 34 6 44
1200 21 45 21 48 21 65 5 28 5 29 5 29
1400 18 40 18 43 18 57 4 25 4 27 4 34
1600 16 36 16 39 16 51 4 23 4 24 4 31
1800 14 33 14 36 14 46 3 22 3 23 3 28
2000 12 31 12 33 12 42 3 21 3 22 3 26
2500 10 27 10 28 10 36 2 18 2 19 2 23
3000 8 24 8 25 8 31 2 17 2 18 2 21
3500 7 22 7 23 7 28 2 16 2 17 2 19
4000 6 21 6 21 6 26 1 15 1 16 1 18
4500 5 19 5 20 5 24 1 15 1 15 1 17
5000 5 18 5 19 5 23 1 14 1 15 1 16
6000 4 17 4 18 4 21 1 14 1 14 1 15
7000 4 16 4 17 4 19 0.8 13 0.8 13 0.8 15
8000 3 15 3 15 3 18 0.7 13 0.7 13 0.7 14
9000 3 15 3 15 3 17 0.6 12 0.6 12 0.6 14
10000 2 14 2 15 2 16 0.6 12 0.6 12 0.6 13

Masonry bonds Height of lifts

The horizontal distance between cross joints/perpends in No leaf or raked back corner should be higher that 1.2m
successive masonry courses should normally be not less above the general blockwork level. Except where permitted
than one-quarter of the length of the masonry unit, but in no by a proprietary system, do not carry up any leaf higher
case less than 50mm for brick size units or 75mm for block than 1.5m in any day. Where dense low absorption units are
size units.Unless specified to the contrary, units should be concerned, this lift height per day may have to be reduced
laid half lap stretcher bond with a nominal 10mm joint. to less than 1.2m.

Permissible deviations in built blockwork Table: Permissible deviations in masonry (other than
stone masonry)
The table (right) is based upon guidance given in BS 8000
pt 3, Code of practice for masonry. Dimensions Permissible
deviation (mm)
NOTE 1: These deviations are generally derived from BS 5606:1990 and
represent the level which can be reasonably expected for general brick and
Position in plan of any point or face in relation
block masonry.
to the specified building reference line 10
NOTE 2: These deviations should be measured in accordance with the methods and/or point at the small level
described in BS 5606:1990. Annex D. Straightness in any 5mm length 5
Verticality up to 3m height 10
Verticality up to 7m height 14
Overall thickness of walls 10
Level of bed joints up to 5m for brick masonry 11
Level of bed joints up to 5m for block masonry 13
05
Cleaning and maintenance

(commodity blockwork)

Facing Masonry units and cast stone are intended to Where wall surfaces have multiple smears and mortar
be maintenance free. However, the environment that the deposits over the whole face of the wall, initially treat any
blocks are subjected to, will influence whether or not the particularly heavy deposits as described above.
blockwork, at some point in time, requires cleaning. Subsequently dampen the area and apply the cleaning
agent over the whole face using a mist sprayer, and then
Under no circumstances, do we recommend the use of
thoroughly flushing down the face with clean water.
pressure washes, however, in some circumstances, such
as paint spills or graffiti, a high pressure steam cleaner Provided these recommendations are followed, mortar joints
may be used. We would normally recommend the will be no more affected than the surface of the blockwork,
following treatments: always provided a cement, lime, sand mortar has been used.
If a plasticiser has been incorporated in the mortar mix, a
Cleaning of blockwork is no substitute for maintenance of
check should be made on the constituents for salt content as
high standards of site work practice such as careful block
cleaning agents can be detrimental to some plasticisers.
handling and laying, use of mortar and adequate protection
of the finished work. Prevention is better than cure. NOTE: Hydrochloric Acid based cleaners can attack other surfaces such as
galvanised steel and care should therefore be taken in their application.
The cleaning of blockwork using cleaning agents inevitably
3. Paint
requires a reasonable element of skill and should be carried
out on a trial area first under supervision. Appropriate It is essential that the type of paint and its solvent is
PPE equipment (gloves and goggles) must be worn. identified - this is likely to be water, benzene, turpentine
Cleaning the face of the material may need more than one (pure), acetone or similar thinners. The solvent is applied to
application. This will depend on the extent of the problem, the affected area, whether splashes or drips, using an
the deposits and the texture or profile of the block involved. appropriate sized brush, it should be left for a little time to
soften the paint. When softened, the area being cleaned is
All the following cleaning methods should be carried out on
mopped with the moist brush used for application of the
an inconspicuous area first to establish suitability and the
solvent, the brush being squeezed after each mopping to
effect of the process.
clean it. When most of the paint is cleaned from the surface
Fair faced blocks of the blockwork, it must be allowed to dry. When dry, a
further application of the cleaning agent, in accordance
1. Mortar and Plaster Snots
with point 2 above, may be necessary finally to clean the
Where there is a build up of dry set mortar, it should be blockwork. Alternatively, proprietary paint removers such as
removed by placing the edge of a block of wood next to it Polycell Advanced paint stripper/Less Mess paint strippercan
and tapping the block sideways to lift the mortar off the face. be used. This gel, can remove most paint types, however
the gel may have to be left in place for up to 6 hours.
2. Mortar and Plaster Smears
NOTE: It is recommended that the paint manufacturer is contacted to advise on
Where dried mortar smears or stains occur the residue can the most suitable solvent to use or alternatively specialist graffiti removal
be cleaned by use of a cleaning agent. Generally those used company can be used to carry out any work required.
contain Hydrochloric Acid. The cleaning agent should never
4. Oil, grease, bitumen and tar based materials
be used undiluted, and needs to be diluted in accordance
with the manufacturers recommendations. Solvents must be identified. These may be Benzole,

Tetrachloroethylene, Dabit Off or Gunk de-greasant.

Using acid cleaners can affect the colour and texture of the
The technique is the same as for the paint, but a trial and

block and it may require the whole wall treating, to give a

error approach may be necessary depending on the extent

uniform appearance.
of the contamination.

Using a bristle brush or mist sprayer, the spot or smear

5. Finger-marks
should be dampened with water, then apply the dilute
cleaner. The mortar will be seen to dissolve and, when Apply a mist spray of clean water, followed by judicious use
judged to be clean, the area must be flushed with clean of household detergent and a nail brush. Finally, mist spray
water again using a brush or mist sprayer. again with clean water and allow to dry. Repeat as necessary.
06
Health
and safety

Handling Building Blocks The work area should be organised to restrict the amount of
bending and stretching, especially below knee high and
This guidance by the Construction Industry Advisory
above shoulder height.
Committee (CONIAC) covers the safe handling of building
blocks, by which the committee means all masonry units and 6. With blocks weighing less than 20kg. Manual handling
blocks, including those made of clay, concrete, reconstituted risks are still significant and suitable precautions should
stone or any similar man-made or natural material. be taken to minimise these risks as much as possible.

Handling of heavy building blocks can give rise to a wide Precautions

range of injuries, including serious injuries where the damage
Designers and specifiers should take the weight guideline into
is gradual and progressive over a substantial period of time.
account at the design and specification stage of the project.
To reduce the risk of injury the blockwork design, site
Where special units such as pad stones, quoins are required
conditions and the way in which the work is organised
that are over 20 kg, measures to provide intermediate
should be properly planned. Practical advice on these
staging should be specified to ensure bending and stretching
matters should help designers, specifiers and those
is minimised.
managing work on site as well as those handling the blocks.
Project planners and contractors should follow the weight
Risk Assessment
guidelines and ensure that the precautions listed opposite
1. To minimise the risk of injury: are taken into account when planning the work and when
devising safe systems of work.
All hazards involved need to be identified
Contractors should also give instruction and exercise
The significant risks estimated; and
supervision to ensure that workers follow these plans and
Suitable precautions to avoid or reduce these risks systems of work.
incorporated into safe systems of work.
The Task
2. The main hazards are:
Handle and lay building blocks in accordance with
Heavy loads and poor posture: excessive stress and strain the following:
causing injury to muscles and tendons, particularly where
Plan to stack blocks close to where they will be used.
handling involves bending, twisting or other difficult postures;
Stack on a level, firm base and wherever possible without
Slips, trips and falls: including damage caused by
double stacking of block packs
dropped blocks;
Keep manhandling of blocks to a minimum and use
Sharp edges: cuts and abrasions to the skin;
mechanical lifting and handling aids as much as possible,
Skin hazards: dermatitis, burns and similar conditions such as cranes, fork-lift trucks with pallets, trolleys and
caused by contact with mortar (see HSE construction telescopic handlers.
information sheet No. 26 Cement). NOTE: ensure that the landing area of scaffolding is adequate for the temporary
loading of blocks.
3. With block handling, the risk of injury is largely
determined by the weight of the block - the heavier the Always use mechanical lifting and handling or operate a
block, the higher the risk of injury. two person system for blocks weighting more than 20kg
4. After taking account of expert opinion and the long Arrange work to avoid over-reaching or twisting when
history of complaints over handling heavy blocks, handling blocks
CONIAC has concluded that there is a high risk of injury
Ensure good grip and secure foot placement in the
in the single-handed, repetitive manual handling of blocks
working area when handling blocks.
heavier than 20kg (44 lbs).
Arrange the work so that blocks only need to be handled up
5. If single person handling is needed, either blocks of 20kg
to shoulder height. Go higher by using staging, for instance.
or lighter should be specified and used or as a last resort,
where special units are necessary over 20kg, such as NOTE: further protection against falls may be necessary if the effective height of
quion blocks the laying rate should reduced to less than guard rails is reduced). Particular care and attention is needed for higher risk
block laying such as when head room is restricted, under soffits or below
15 units/hour and restricted to a maximum of 2 hours/day.
working platform level.
07
Health
and safety

The Working Environment

Prepare roads and hard standing first and before blocks are Reduce unit weight by
on site. In areas where blocks are carried or handled, keep 25% or reduce repetition
the site clear of obstacles or tripping hazards, such as by 25%
discarded block wrappings or stack ties. Uneven, slippery
or unstable ground conditions increase the risk of injury.
Blocks should be protected from the weather to avoid them
getting wet and increasing in weight.
20kg maximum weight
Training
based upon repetition
Workers should be given information and training on the rate of 20 units/hour
systems of work and procedures to be used on that site to
ensure safe manual handling of blocks. Suitable training will
also be necessary for designers, specifiers and those
managing contracts.

Personal Protective Equipment

Reduce unit weight by
When handling blocks the normal protective equipment 25% or reduce repetition
needed for use on building sites should be provided by by 25%
employers and worn by individual workers; in particular,
safety helmets, safety footwear with protective toe caps and
suitable gloves.
The above diagram gives the typical repetitive weight limits for the laying of masonry
Wall Ties units, based upon good site practice with adequate clean dry working areas.

Serious injuries have occurred during blockwork when Special units above 20kg can be used, however their use will be subject to a
building double skin walls due to contact with the sharp specific risk assessment.

ends and edges of some types of wall ties. The exposed

sharp edges should be covered or safer wall ties used. Ensure that normal protective equipment appropriate to
construction sites is both provided and used
References and Reading List
Ensure that appropriate eye protection and dust
Manual Handling Guidance L23 HMSO 1992 ISBN 0 11 suppression or extraction measures are provided when
886335 5. mechanically cutting or chasing units.
BS EN 1996 Design of Masonry Structures. Additional considerations include:
BS 5628: 1985: Code of Practice for use of masonry BSI. Manual Handling Operations. Regulations requires
Contemporary Ergonomics 1989: Block laying in the employers to carry out a risk assessment on all manual
construction industry Tracy M F and Gray M I. handling tasks

Proceedings of the Ergonomics Societys 1989 Annual The Construction (Design and Management). Regulations
Conference: Ergonomics - designing progress E D, Taylor places duties in the form of a mandatory Health and
and Francis 1989 ISBN 085 066 484. Safety system on clients/designers/contractors.

Safe handling and use of concrete blocks In an attempt to provide practical guidance for meeting the
requirements of these two regulations the Health and Safety
Consideration of the points listed below will contribute Executive (HSE) has issued Construction Sheet 37
significantly to safe working and manual handling. Handling Building Blocks which advises that:
Minimise manual handling by delivering units as close to There is a risk of injury in the singlehanded repetitive
the place of use as safety considerations permit manual handling of blocks heavier than 20kg
Move units in packs and by mechanical means The HSE guidance does not prevent an individual handling
whenever possible manually small numbers of units of greater than 20kg. In
particular, ancillary units such as quoins or reveals would fall
Load units out to above knee height
into this category and would not be expected to be handled
by a two person team.
08
Health
and safety

The guidance given in Construction Sheet 37 is not

mandatory, but gives a method of meeting the requirements
of the regulations.

Where previously units greater than 20 kg would have been

specified, consideration should be given to using either less
dense units or smaller unit sizes or alternative masonry wall
constructions. The appropriate choice from the options
available will depend on the unit or wall properties dictated
by the application.

Choices include:

Using lighter solid units having sufficiently similar properties

Using cellular/hollow units instead of solid units (having

almost identical properties to solid units)

Using alternative construction techniques such as:

i) Laying units flat to form a 190 or 215mm width wall
(suitable for finishes such as plastering or drylining)
ii) Collar joining* units to form a 190 or 215mm width wall
(particularly suited to facing applications).

Whenever making the choice of units it is essential to ensure

that the desired performance characteristics of the finished
wall are not compromised.

*Collar jointing is laying units back to back in normal aspect

with a 10-15mm mortar joint between the adjoining faces of
the units. The two leaves may be tied together. If tied either
normal ties or bed joint reinforcement may be used. Collar
jointed walls are not suitable for separating walls in dwellings.

COSHH data

Full COSHH data on the Masterblock range is available on

request. Please call the Technical helpline on 01285 646800.
09
Mortars

Masonry mortars may be specified as designed mixes In most locations in the UK, masonry above dpc, excluding
(Strength Performance) or prescribed mixes (Recipe),both parapets walls and copings, a designation III mortar is
types of mortar can be either factory made or site made. suitable for most masonry unit types.
Traditionally, prescribed mixes have been used in the UK
In general, the stronger the mix designation (ie I) the greater
and have a proven durability.
the strength and durability, however the weaker the mix
PD 6678 : 2005 (Guide to the specification of masonry designation (ie IV) the least strong it is however it has the
mortar), gives guidance on the specification of mortar and greatest ability to accommodate thermal and moisture
although BS EN 998-2 applies to factory made mortars, it movement. The use of mortar mixes stronger than the
can be referred to for site made mortars. masonry unit strength can result in cracking in the built wall,
causing the actual masonry unit to crack.
Where coloured mortars are used, to avoid inconsistencies
it is now common practice to use dry silo mortar or Typically in the UK a designation III mortar is suitable for
alternatively retarded ready to use mortars. When specifying most locations and masonry units, however a degree of
mortars, consideration should be given to minimising the caution has to be taken when specifying a designed mortar,
number of different mortar mixes to be used on a single as a M4 mortar may well have a strength well in-excess of
project to reduce the risk of confusion arising onsite. 4.0N/mm2 and as such is not suitable for masonry units of a
3.6 N/mm2 strength and may not be suitable even for a
Euro-code 6, categorises the exposure levels by MX
7.3N/mm2 masonry unit.
numbers and in most cases in the UK, the most severe
exposure S, relates to exposure category level MX 3.2 Details of the relevant mortar designations are provided in
exposed to severe wetting and freeze thaw cycles, but not the table below.
exposed to external sources of significant levels of sulfates t
or aggressive chemicals , in this instance mortar
designation II is required.

Table: Masonry mortars

Prescribed mortars (proportion of materials by volume)
(see notes a and b)

Mortar Compressive Cementc lime: Cementc: Masonry Masonry Compressive

designation strength class sand with or sand with or cementd cemente strength at
without air without air sand sand 28 days
entrainment entrainment (N/mm2)

Increasing ability (i) M12 1:0 to 1/4:3 1:3 Not suitable Not suitable 12
to accommodate
(ii) M6 1:1/2:4 to 41/2 1:3 to 4 1:21/2 to 31/2 1:3 6
movement, e.g. due to
settlement, temperature (iii) M4 1:1:5 to 6 1:5 to 6 1:4 to 5 1:31/
2 to 4 4
and moisture changes
1/ 1/ 1/
(iv) M2 1:2:8 to 9 1:7 to 8 1:5 2 to 6 2 1:4 2 2

NOTES:
a) Proportioning by mass will give more accurate batching than proportioning by volume, provided that the bulk densities of the materials are checked on site.
b) When the sand portion is given as, for example, 5 to 6, the lower figure should be used with sands containing a higher proprtion of fines whilst the higher figure
should be used with sands containing a lower proportion of fines.
c) Cement conforming to BS EN 197-1 Notation CEM I (Portland cement). Cement conforming to BS EN 197-1. Notation CEM II/A-S or CEM II/B-S (Portland slag
cement); or CEM II/A-L or CEM II/A-LL (Portland Limestone cement); or CEM II/A-V or CEM II/B-V (portland fly ash cement); or a combination, with equivalent
proportions and properties to one of these cements:
Combinations produced in the mortar mixer from Portland cement CEM I conforming to BS EN 197-1 and ground granulated blast furnace slag conforming to BS
6699 where the proportions and properties conform to CEM II/A-S or CEM II/B-S of BS EN 197-1:2000, except Clause 9 of that standard.
Combinations produced in the mortar mixer from Portland cement CEM I conforming to BS EN 197-1 and limestone fines conforming to BS 7979 where the

proportions and properties conform to CEM II/A-L or CEM II/A-LL of BS EN 197-1:2000, except Clause 9 of that standard.

Combinations produced in the mortar mixer from Portland cement CEM I conforming to BS EN 197-1 and pulverized fuel ash conforming to BS 3892-1, or to BS
EN 450-1, where the proportions and properties confirm to CEM II/A-V or CEM II/B-V or BS EN 197-1:2000, except Clause 9 of that standard.
d) Masonry cement conforming to BS EN 413-1, Class MC 12.5 (inorganic filler other than lime), not less than 65% by mass of Portland cement clinker as defined in
BS EN 197-1.
e) Masonry cement conforming to BS EN 413-1, Class MC 12.5 (lime), not less than 65% by mass of Portland cement clinker as defined in BS EN 197-1.
f) Table 3.3 is based on data from EC6 and the National Annex.
10
Mortars

Bedding and jointing Flush or bag rubbed joint

Where solid or cellular units are being used, these should be This finish gives maximum bearing area and is
laid on a full bed of mortar and in the case of cellular units, often favoured when coarse textured units are
the solid end should be laid upwards to allow for a full bed used. With some masonry unit types the finish may
of mortar to be applied. Perpend joints should be fully filled appear a little irregular.
as failure to do so will effect the built strength, weather and
Curved recessed (bucket handle)
air tightness of the structure.
This joint can give an improved appearance over a
The choice of joint profile will depend upon the appearance
flush joint with negligible reduction in strength. It is
required and the degree of exposure. Tooled and non
generally considered that this joint gives the best
recessed joints provide the best resistance to rain
weather resistance due to the smoothing of the
penetration in comparison with non tooled joints.
joint and the superior bond this achieves. It is
Recessed joints increase the risk of water penetration and perhaps the most commonly used joint.
as such, when used external facades, they should have a
Struck or weathered
minimal recess (typically 5mm) and wherever possible this
should be tooled. Weathered bed joints produce an interplay of light
and shadow on the masonry. Such joints when
Flush jointing can be difficult to achieve, especially with
correctly made have excellent strength and
textured blocks and can result in mortar smears on the face
weather resistance.
and as such is not recommended for blockwork to be built fair.
Overhung struck

This finish gives a slightly different appearance

of light and shade to struck weathered jointing.
Unfortunately it allows rain to lodge on the
horizontal faces of the masonry units and thus
to penetrate the units and joints causing
discolouration and possible front damage.
For these reasons it should be confined to lightly
stressed interior walls and external walls using
appropriate quality units.

Square recessed

This joint, when used with durable masonry units,

can produce a very pleaseing effect but its weather
resistance and strength will be considerably less
than struck, flush or curved recess joints. With
heavily perforated units where the perforations
occur near to the face, a recessed joint may be
inadvisable because resistance to water
penetration may be impaired.

For complementary mortar colours and bond

patterns, please refer to the following data sheets:

Bradstone walling range.

See Aggregate Industries technical information

manual, 'Bradstone walling guide'.
11
Fire
resistance

The following tables are based upon BS EN 1996-1-2 :2005.

The values in brackets are for walls having a applied finish of
gypsum premixed plaster to BS EN 13279-1 or plaster type
The Tables are only valid for walls complying with

LW or T, in accordance with BS EN 998-1.

BS EN 1996 part 1-1, part 2 and part 3. For walls

designed in accordance with BS 5628, see individual

Plaster is assumed to be at least 10mm thick, and in the case
product data sheets.
of a single leaf wall this is required both sides, or in the case of
a cavity wall, it is assumed to be on fire exposed face.
Under BS EN 1996-1-2, masonry members must be

considered against various criteria in relation to their fire

Note - Sand Cement render is not considered to increase
resistance for standard fire exposure, these being:
the fire resistance of the wall.

R - Mechanical resistance
Lightweight aggregate units include (Masterlite Pro, Masterlite
Ultra, Masterlite ProAcoustic and EnviroBlock lightweight)
E - Integrity

Dense aggregate units include (StoneMaster, Bradstone

I - Insulation

walling range, Ashlar, Masterdenz, Masterdenz Fairfaced

M - Mechanical impact (not relevant in the UK).
and Enviroblock Dense)

The form and function of the masonry walls in relation to

Group 1 Units All solid units and 100mm Cellular (Check
their nominal fire exposure criterion, are as follows.
with Sales Office)

Load-bearing only - Criterion R

Group 2 Units All Cellular, Multicell and Hollow units of
140mm thickness and higher (Check with Sales Office).
Separating only - Criterion EI

Separating and Load-bearing - Criterion REI.

The thickness given in the tables below are for masonry

alone, excluding finishes. For each specification, the top row

of figures are for walls without applied finishes or just a thin

render/parge.

Table: Dense and lightweight aggregate concrete masonry: minimum thickness of separating non-loadbearing
separating walls (criteria El) for fire resistance classifications

Minimum wall thickness tF (mm) for fire resistance

Material properites: gross density p (kg/m3) classification El for time tfi,d (mins) of:

30 60 90 120 180 240

Group 1 units

Mortar: general purpose, thin layer, lightweight

50 70 75 75 90 100
Lightweight aggregate: 400 p 1700
(50) (50) (60) (70) (75) (75)

50 70 90 90 100 100
Dense aggregate: 1200 p 2400
(50) (50) (70) (75) (90) (100)

Group 2 units

Mortar: general purpose, thin layer, lightweight

50 70 75 100 115 115

Lightweight aggregate: 240 p 1300
(50) (50) (70) (75) (90) (100)

90 100 125 140 140 140

Dense aggregate: 720 p 1800
(70) (80) (90) (100) (125) (125)

NOTE: This table is based on data from NA to EC6 Part 1-2.

12
Fire
resistance

Table: Dense and lightweight aggregate concrete masonry: minimum thickness of separating loadbearing
single-leaf walls (criteria REl) for fire resistance classifications

Minimum wall thickness tF (mm) for fire resistance

Material properties: gross density p (kg/m3) classification El for time tfi,d (mins) of:

30 60 90 120 180 240

Group 1 units

Mortar: general purpose, thin layer, lightweight

90 90 100 100 140 150

a 1.0
Lightweight aggregate: (90) (90) (90) (90) (100) (100)
400 p 1700 70 75 90 90 100 100
a 0.6
(60) (60) (75) (75) (90) (90)

90 90 90 100 140 150

a 1.0
Dense aggregate: (90) (90) (90) (90) (100) (100)
1200 p 2400 75 75 90 90 100 140
a 0.6
(60) (75) (75) (75) (90) (100)

Group 2 units

Mortar: general purpose, thin layer, lightweight

50 70 75 100 115 115

a 1.0
Lightweight aggregate: (50) (50) (70) (75) (90) (100)
240 p 1300 90 100 125 140 140 140
a 0.6
(70) (80) (90) (100) (125) (125)

100 100 140 140 140 190

a 1.0
Dense aggregate: (90) (100) (100) (140) (140) (150)
720 p 1800 90 100 100 140 140 150
a 0.6
(75) (90) (90) (125) (125) (140)

NOTES: This table is based on data from NA to EC6 Part 1-2.

a < 0.6 should be used when the vertical load capacity is only 0.6 that of the permitted design vertical resistance is being used

a < 1.0 should be used when more than o.6 of the permitted capacity is being used.

13
Fire
resistance

Table: Dense and lightweight aggregate concrete masonry: minimum thickness of each leaf of separating
loadbearing cavity walls with one leaf loaded (criteria REl) for fire resistance classifications

Minimum wall thickness tF (mm) for fire resistance

Material properties: gross density p (kg/m3) classification El for time tfi,d (mins) of:

30 60 90 120 180 240

Group 1 units

Mortar: general purpose, thin layer, lightweight

90 90 100 100 140 150

a 1.0
Lightweight aggregate: (90) (90) (90) (100) (100) (100)
400 p 1700 70 75 90 90 100 100
a 0.6
(60) (60) (75) (75) (90) (90)

90 90 100 100 140 150

a 1.0
Dense aggregate: (90) (90) (90) (90) (100) (100)
1200 p 2400 75 75 90 90 100 140
a 0.6
(60) (75) (75) (75) (90) (125)

Group 2 units

Mortar: general purpose, thin layer, lightweight

90 100 100 100 140 150

a 1.0
Lightweight aggregate: (90) (90) (90) (100) (140) (140)
240 p 1300 70 90 90 100 125 140
a 0.6
(70) (70) (70) (90) (100) (125)

90 100 100 100 140 190

a 1.0
Dense aggregate: (90) (90) (100) (100) (140) (150)
720 p 1800 90 100 100 100 140 150
a 0.6
(70) (90) (90) (125) (125) (140)

NOTES: The tabulated thicknesses are for the loaded leaves of cavity walls where the loaded leaf is subjected to fire.

The non-loaded leaf may be of a dissililar material to the loaded leaf, but should otherwise conform to the relevant material specifications. In such cases, the

respective thickness of each leaf should conform to that specified in the appropriate material table.

This table is based on data from NA to EC6 Part 1-2.

a < 0.6 should be used when the vertical load capacity is only 0.6 that of the permitted design vertical resistance is being used

a < 1.0 should be used when more than o.6 of the permitted capacity is being used.

14
U value
summary tables

Description above the table, indicates the external leaf NOTE: Full fill cavities assume air-gap correction level 0 and cavities > 100mm,
assumes a 50mm2 Stainless steel wall tie @ 2.96/m2
construction and insulation type.
Partial Cavity fill assumes a air-gap correction level 1 and cavities > 100mm,
Table indicates insulation thickness and the relevant U value, assumes a 50mm2 Stainless steel wall tie @ 2.96/m2
dependant upon inner leaf block type and internal finish

Full cavity fill

Rendered Masterdenz and Dritherm 32

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

75 0.36 0.34 0.36 N/A 0.33 0.34 0.38 0.35 0.37

85 0.33 0.31 0.33 N/A 0.30 0.31 0.34 0.32 0.34

100 0.28 0.27 0.28 N/A 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.29

115 0.26 0.25 0.26 N/A 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.27

130 0.24 0.23 0.24 N/A 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24

150 0.21 0.20 0.21 N/A 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21

175 0.19 0.19 0.19 N/A 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.20

Rendered Masterdenz and Standard Dritherm 0.037

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

75 0.41 0.38 0.41 N/A 0.36 0.39 0.43 0.40 0.42

85 0.37 0.35 0.37 N/A 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.36 0.38

100 0.32 0.31 0.32 N/A 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24

150 0.24 0.23 0.24 N/A 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24

170 0.22 0.22 0.22 N/A 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23

200 0.20 0.19 0.19 N/A 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.20

NOTES:
P/G = Paint grade
P on D = Plasterboard on dabs
Plaster = Sand cement
15
U value
summary tables

Brick and Dritherm 32

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

75 0.36 0.34 0.36 N/A 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.35 0.37

85 0.32 0.31 0.32 N/A 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.31 0.33

100 0.28 0.27 0.28 N/A 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.27 0.29

115 0.26 0.25 0.26 N/A 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.27

130 0.24 0.23 0.23 N/A 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24

150 0.21 0.20 0.21 N/A 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.21

175 0.19 0.19 0.19 N/A 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19

Brick and Dritherm Standard 0.037

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

75 0.40 0.38 0.40 N/A 0.36 0.38 0.42 0.39 0.42

85 0.36 0.34 0.36 N/A 0.33 0.34 0.38 0.35 0.37

100 0.32 0.30 0.32 N/A 0.29 0.30 0.33 0.31 0.33

150 0.24 0.23 0.24 N/A 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24

170 0.22 0.21 0.22 N/A 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

200 0.19 0.19 0.19 N/A 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.20

Bradstone range and Dritherm 32

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

85 0.33 0.31 0.33 N/A 0.30 0.31 0.34 0.32 0.34

100 0.29 0.27 0.29 N/A 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.28 0.29

115 0.27 0.25 0.26 N/A 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.27

130 0.24 0.23 0.24 N/A 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24

150 0.21 0.21 0.21 N/A 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.21 0.21

175 0.19 0.19 0.19 N/A 0.19 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.20

200 0.17 0.17 0.17 N/A 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.18

NOTES:
P/G = Paint grade
P on D = Plasterboard on dabs
Plaster = Sand cement
16
U value
summary tables

Bradstone range and Xtratherm Cavity Therm

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

75 0.26 0.25 0.26 N/A 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.27

100 0.20 0.20 0.20 N/A 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20

Partial cavity fill

Rendered Masterdenz and Kingspan K8

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

40 0.37 0.35 0.37 N/A 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.36 0.38

45 0.32 0.31 0.32 N/A 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.31 0.33

50 0.30 0.29 0.30 N/A 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.31

55 0.29 0.28 0.27 N/A 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.29 0.30

60 0.28 0.26 0.27 N/A 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.28

65 0.26 0.25 0.26 N/A 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.27

75 0.23 0.22 0.23 N/A 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23

100 0.19 0.18 0.19 N/A 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.19

Rendered Masterdenz and Xtratherm Thin R Plus

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

50 0.30 0.28 0.30 N/A 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.29 0.30

60 0.27 0.26 0.27 N/A 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.28

70 0.25 0.24 0.25 N/A 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.25

17
U value
summary tables

Brick and Kingspan K8

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

40 0.36 0.34 0.36 N/A 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.35 0.37

45 0.32 0.30 0.32 N/A 0.29 0.30 0.33 0.31 0.33

50 0.30 0.28 0.30 N/A 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.29 0.30

55 0.29 0.28 0.29 N/A 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.28 0.29

60 0.27 0.26 0.27 N/A 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.28

65 0.26 0.25 0.26 N/A 0.24 0.25 0.27 0.26 0.26

75 0.23 0.22 0.23 N/A 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23

100 0.19 0.18 0.18 N/A 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.19

Brick and Xtratherm Thin R Plus

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

50 0.29 0.28 0.29 N/A 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.29 0.30

60 0.27 0.26 0.27 N/A 0.25 0.26 0.28 0.27 0.28

70 0.25 0.24 0.24 N/A 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.25

Bradstone range and Kingspan K8

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

45 0.33 0.31 0.32 N/A 0.29 0.31 0.34 0.32 0.33

50 0.30 0.29 0.30 N/A 0.28 0.29 0.31 0.29 0.31

55 0.29 0.28 0.29 N/A 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.29 0.30

60 0.28 0.27 0.28 N/A 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.27 0.28

65 0.26 0.25 0.26 N/A 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.26 0.27

75 0.23 0.22 0.23 N/A 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23

100 0.19 0.18 0.19 N/A 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.19

NOTES:
P/G = Paint grade
P on D = Plasterboard on dabs
Plaster = Sand cement
18
U value
summary tables

Bradstone range and Xtratherm Thin R Plus

Insulation Masterlite Pro Masterlite Ultra Masterdenz

thickness P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster P/G P on D Plaster

50 0.30 0.28 0.30 N/A 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.39 0.31

60 0.28 0.26 0.28 N/A 0.26 0.27 0.38 0.27 0.28

70 0.25 0.24 0.25 N/A 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.25

75 0.24 0.23 0.24 N/A 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.24

80 0.23 0.22 0.23 N/A 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.23

100 0.19 0.19 0.19 N/A 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.20

NOTES:
P/G = Paint grade
P on D = Plasterboard on dabs
Plaster = Sand cement
19
Thermal

2010

The revised Conservation of Fuel and Power regulations for Air permeability testing requirement increased and lower
England and Wales and the approved documents: values are required, however backstop remains at 10m3/
hour/m2@ 50 pascals. Note if the dwelling has not been
L1A (New Dwellings)
tested a confidence factor of + 2.0m3 similar in principal
L1B (Existing Dwellings) to that required in psi values has to be applied, therefore a
target 8.0 has to be achieved
L2A (New non Dwellings)
A minimum 75% low energy light fittings must be installed,
L2B (Existing non Dwellings)
extra will contribute to the TER
Came into effect on 1st October 2010, the key changes are
Assumption of 10% of heating is provided by a secondary
as follows (ADL1A).
heating appliance has been withdrawn unless a chimney
25% reduction of the buildings CO2 output in relation to or flue and no appliance is installed.
the 2006 regulations, in addition to the loss taken into
Tables 1 and 2 below show indicative element values
account by the party wall
required to meet the 25% CO2 reduction requirements,
Separating wall/party wall heat loss to be taken into however trade-offs can be made between different
account (see table) elements to achieve the required DER figure.

Importance of linear bridging becoming of greater Tables 7 to 10 give indicative wall U value based upon
importance note each linear thermal bridge has now to be different constructions and insulant types.
taken into account, the use of a default y of 0.08 W/m2
when using accredited construction details is no longer
allowed. (See table K1 for appropriate psi values when
using accredited construction details) Unless values are
provided by a government approved Accredited Details
Scheme, the psi value should be degraded by either 25%
or 0.02W/mK, which ever is the greater

Tables 1 and 2

The Tables below show indicative details required to meet the relevant approved documents.

Table 1
Domestic building specifications - Flat 25% option

Detached Semi detached Mid terrace Electric flat

Roof (U-value) 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.16

Walls (U-value) 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.18

Party walls (U-value) N/A 0.00 0.00 0.00

Floor (U-Value) 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.19

Windows and door (U-value) 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.3

Gas boilers (seasonal efficiency) 90% 90% 90% N/A

Electric heat emitters (seasonal efficiency) N/A N/A N/A 100%

Secondary heating None None None N/A

Air permeability (m3hm-2) 5 5 5 5

Thermal bridging (y) 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

Hot water cylinder insulation (mm) 100 100 100 100

Ventilation system Natural Natural Natural Natural

Lighting - CFLs 100% 100% 100% 100%

20
Thermal
2010

Table 2
Specifications for aggregate 25% approach - non-domestic building

Roof-lit Side-lit

Roofs (U-value) 0.18 0.18

Walls (U-value) 0.26 0.26

Floors (U-value) 0.22 0.22

Windows, doors and rooflights (U-value) 1.8 1.8

Air permeability 5 5

Lighting (Im/W)* 55 55

Multiburner radiant system (thermal/radiant efficiency) 86%/65% -

Central mechanical ventilation (SFP) 1.8 1.8

Fan coil units (SFP) - 0.5

Gas boilers (seasonal efficiency) 90% 88%

Cooling (SEER)** 4.5 4.5

DX Cooling (SEER) - 3.5

Values of (psi) for different types of junctions conforming with Accredited Construction Details
The table (left) gives the relevant psi
Junction detail (W/m.K)
values to be used when calculating
Junctions Steel lintel with perforated steel base plate 0.50 the relevant linear thermal bridging,
with an
Other lintels (including other steel lintels) 0.30 when using the Accredited
external wall
Construction details, available from
Sill 0.04
www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/
Jamb 0.05
professionals/en/1115314255826.
Ground floor 0.16

Intermediate floor within a dwelling 0.07

Intermediate floor between dwellings (in blocks of flats) a) 0.07

b)
Balcony within a dwelling 0.00

Balcony between dwellings a) b) 0.02

Eaves (insulation at ceiling level) 0.06

Eaves (insulation at rafter level) 0.04

Gable (insulation at ceiling level) 0.24

Gable (insulation at rafter level) 0.04

Flat roof 0.04

Flat roof with parapet 0.28

Corner (normal) 0.09

Corner (inverted - internal area greater than external area -0.09

Party wall between dwellings a) 0.06

Junctions Ground floor 0.08

with a Intermediate floor within a dwelling 0.00
party wall a)
Intermediate floor between dwellings (in blocks of flats) 0.00

Roof (insulation at ceiling level) 0.12

Roof (insulation at rafter level) 0.02

a) Value of is applied to each dwelling

b) This is an externally supported balcony (the balcony slab is not a continuation of the floor slab) where the wall insulation is contiuous and not bridged by the balcony slab.

21
Thermal

2010

Compliance to satisfy Part L can be demonstrated by following five criteria as shown. The appropriate Approved Document
provides guidance and procedures for satisfying each of the criteria.

Demonstrating complicance

Dwellings Buildings other than dwellings

Criterion 1 The calculated rate of CO2 emissions from the dwelling The calculated CO2 emission rate for the building
(the Dwelling Emission Rate, DER) must not be greater (the Building Emmission Rate, BER) must not be
than the Target Emission Rate (TER). greater than the Target CO2 emission rate (TER).

Criterion 2 The performance of the building fabric and the fixed building The performance of the building fabric and the
services should achieve reasonable overall standards of heating, hot water and fixed lighting systems
energy efficiency following procedures given in the Approved should achieve reasonable overall standards of
Document. (See Limits on Design Flexibility) energy efficiency.

Criterion 3 The dwelling should have appropriate passive control Demonstrate that the building has appropriate
measures to limit the effect of solar gains on indoor passive control measures to limit solar gains.
temperatures in summer, irrespective of whether or not
the dwelling has mechanical cooling.

Criterion 4 The performance of the dwelling, as built, should be The performance of the building, as built, should
consistent with the DER. be consistent with the BER.

Criterion 5 The necessary provisions for energy efficient operation of The necessary provisions for enabling energy-
the dwelling should be put in place. efficient operation of the building should be put
in place.

For design purposes the limiting U-values shown should not be exceeded. The values stated are area-weighted average values
for all elements of that type. In practice the envelope standards would need to be considerably better than the limiting values.

Limits on design flexibility - limiting fabric parameters

Element Dwellings Buildings other than dwelllings

Roof 0.20 W/m2K 0.25 W/m2K

Wall 0.30 W/m2K 0.35 W/m2K

2
Floor 0.25 W/m K 0.25 W/m2K

Party wall 0.20 W/m2K -

2
Windows, roof windows, glazed roof lights, curtain walling 2.00 W/m K 2.2 W/m2K
and pedestrian doors

Vehicle access and similar large doors - 1.5 W/m2K

High-usage entrance doors - 3.5 W/m2K

Roof ventilators (inc. smoke vents) - 3.5 W/m2K

3 2
Air permeability 10.00m /h.m at 50 Pa 10.00m3/h.m2 at 50 Pa
22
Thermal
2010

U-Values for party walls

Party wall construction U-value (W/m2K)

Solid, e.g. Masterdenz RD 0.0

Unfilled cavity with no effective edge sealing 0.5

Unfilled cavity with effective sealing around all exposed

edges and in line with insulation layers in abutting elements 0.2

A fully filled cavity with effective sealing at all exposed

edges and in line with insulation layers in abutting elements 0.0

L1B (New extensions)

Wall to be 0.28 w/m2K area weighted or better, or use SAP for compliance. Glazing up to 25% of the floor area, without
further proof of compliance.

L2A (New non dwellings)

BER (Building Emission Rate) to be no worse than TER building fabric backstop limits

Wall 0.35W/m2K

Air Permeability 10m3/m2/h@50pascals

L2B (Extensions)

Wall to be 0.28W/m2K area weighted or better

23
Precast concrete

products

1. Identification of the substance 5. Fire fighting measures

Concrete blocks, lintels, walling products, roofing slates, No fire or explosive hazard.
architectural dressings and bricks.
6. Accidental release measures
2. Composition/information on ingredients
Personal precautions
Precast concrete products are manufactured from a mix of
Wear a dust mask or respirator.
raw materials, including:
Environmental measures
Sand and gravel aggregates
No precautions required.
Pulverised fuel ash (PFA)
Method of cleaning
Cement
If possible, avoid dry sweeping, which generates dust.
Limestone dust
Vacuum dust where practical.
Crushed rock
7. Handling and storage
Inert pigments.
Handling
3. Hazards identification
The product should be handled in a manner that will
There is a potential for respirable dust, including an element minimise the generation of airborne dust.
of respirable crystalline silica (quartz), to be released if the
Manual handling of the product should be avoided so far as
product is drilled, cut, sawn, crushed or accidentally broken
is reasonably practical. Where this is not possible, an
up. This could pose a health hazard if inhaled over a
assessment should be made, taking into account the load,
prolonged period of time.
environment, task, and individual capability and training.
Concrete products and dust particles can also cause Always employ good lifting techniques.
abrasion or irritation to skin and eyes.
Storage
The weight of the product could pose a health hazard if
No restrictions.
inappropriate manual handling techniques are employed.
8. Exposure controls/personal protection
For further guidance see HSE Publications EH44 Dust:
General Principles of Protection, Getting to Grips with Workplace Exposure limits
Manual Handling: a Short Guide and Information Sheet
Total Inhalable Nuisance Dust: 10.0 mg/m3 (WEL)
Number 26 (Revision 2) - Cement.
Total Respirable Nuisance Dust: 4.0 mg/m3 (WEL)
4. First aid measures
Respirable Crystalline Silica: 0.1 mg/m3 (WEL).
General
All are given as maximum concentrations and expressed as
Unlikely to be hazardous if handled correctly.
an 8 Hour Time Weighted Average (8 Hr TWA).
Inhalation
Prevention measures
Remove to a dust free area and seek medical attention if
Use dust extraction and containment where possible.
breathing difficulties are experienced.
Respiratory protection
Skin
Dust masks or respirators should be worn during handling
Wash with soap and water. If prolonged contact causes
and use of the product to accord with the relevant WEL listed
irritation seek medical attention.
above, particularly during drilling, cutting and sawing activities.
Eyes
Protection of skin and eyes
Irrigate with plenty of water and seek medical attention if
Gloves or barrier cream, overalls and goggles should be
soreness continues.
worn during handling and use of the product.
Ingestion

Give water to drink and seek medical advice.

24
Precast concrete

products

9. Physical chemical properties Recommended uses

Appearance Industrial, domestic and public works

Precast concrete products in a range of colours, sizes Further information sources

and finishes.
Aggregate Industries UK Limited
Other chemical properties Hulland Ward, Ashbourne
Derbyshire DE6 3ET
Not applicable worn during handling and use of the product.
Tel. (01335) 372222
10. Stability and reactivity
Fax. (01335) 372223
Conditions and materials to avoid
Sources of key data used to compile data sheet
Not applicable
EH40 2005 Workplace Exposure Limits (supplementary

11. Toxicological information amendment 01 October 2006)

Natural aggregates contain a wide range of particle types PPE Regulations 1992

and the behaviour, deposition, fate of and response to any

Manual Handling Regulations 1992 (as amended)

particular particle after entry into the human respiratory

system depends on their nature and size. COSHH Regulations 2002 (as amended)

Respirable dust approximates to the fraction that penetrates COSHH (Amendment) Regulations 2004

to the gas exchange region of the lung and is associated

Legal notice
with health effects.
The information contained in this Safety Data Sheet was
12. Ecological information
considered the best available at the date of issue. However,
No environmental hazard no warranty is made or implied that the information is
accurate or complete. It is the user's obligation to evaluate
13. Disposal considerations
and use this product safely and to comply with all applicable
Handling of any residues/waste products laws and regulations.

As an inert material, an approved solid waste disposal or

landfill site may be used. Do not burn shrink wrap or other
packaging material.

14. Transport information

Special carriage precautions

Not applicable

15. Regulatory information

Not classified.

The following risk and safety phrases are,

however, recommended:

R48/20 Harmful: danger of serious damage to health by

prolonged exposure through inhalation

S22 Do not breathe dust.

16. Other information

Training advice

Wear and use PPE.

Employ good manual handling techniques.

25
Structural stability of
non load-bearing panels

The following tables are based upon BS EN 1996 :1:1, walls The wall thickness t, in the case of a single leaf wall should
subject to lateral loads only. be taken as the block thickness, in the case of a cavity wall,
this should be taken as the effective thickness tef which
All walls are assumed to be a minimum 100mm thick and in
should be calculated as below.
the case of cavity walls, one leaf of the cavity wall has to be
at least 100mm thick.
tef = 3 t13 + t23 using the UK National Annex

NOTE: Walls quoted as 94mm thick are based upon non-loadbearing partition
walls in accordance with BS 5628 pt 3.

Panels with lateral restraint top and bottom only

Block thickness (mm)

94 100 140 190 219
Maximum wall height (metres) 2.8 3.0 4.2 5.7 6.45

Panels with lateral restraint on all four ages

Block thickness (mm)

Wall length (metres) 94 100 140 190 215
2.8 8.4 8.0 11.2 15.2 17.2
3.0 8.4 8.0 11.2 15.2 17.2
4.2 4.8 4.9 11.2 15.2 17.2
5.7 4.3 4.6 6.86 15.2 17.2
6.4 4.1 4.3 6.73 11.4 17.2
7.0 3.9 4.2 6.58 10.83 13.76
8.0 3.6 4.0 6.44 9.12 11.18
9.0 3.2 3.7 6.0 9.0 10.5
10.0 2.9 3.5 5.7 8.9 10.3
11.0 2.8 3.2 5.5 8.6 10.0
12.0 3.0 5.3 8.2 9.7
13.0 5.0 8.0 9.4
14.0 4.8 7.8 9.0
15.0 4.5 7.6 8.8
16.0 4.3 7.3 8.6
17.0 4.2 7.0 8.4
18.0 6.7 8.3
19.0 6.5 8.1
20.0 6.2 7.8
21.0 5.9 7.5
22.0 5.7 7.3
23.0 7.0
24.0 6.8
25.0 6.6
26.0 6.4
26
Structural stability of
non load-bearing panels

Panels with lateral restraint, top, bottom and one vertical edge

Block thickness (mm)

Wall length (metres) 94 100 140 190 215
1.0 2.8 7.0 9.8 13.3 15.0
2.0 2.8 7.0 9.8 13.3 15.0
3.0 2.8 6.0 9.5 13.3 15.0
4.0 2.8 5.0 8.5 13.0 15.0
5.0 2.8 4.0 7.5 11.9 14.2
6.0 2.8 3.0 6.5 11.0 13.3
7.0 2.8 3.0 5.5 10.0 12.3
8.0 2.8 3.0 4.5 9.0 11.5
9.0 2.8 3.0 4.2 8.0 10.3
10.0 2.8 3.0 4.2 7.0 9.3
11.0 2.8 3.0 4.2 6.0 8.3
12.0 4.2 5.7 7.3
13.0 4.2 5.7 6.4
4.2 5.7 6.4

Panels with lateral restraint bottom and two sides

Block thickness (mm)

Wall length (metres) 94 100 140 190 215
3.0 8.0 8.0 11.2 15.2 17.2
4.0 4.5 8.0 11.2 15.2 17.2
5.0 2.5 3.3 11.2 15.2 17.2
6.0 1.4 1.9 7.3 15.2 17.2
7.0 1.4 1.8 4.6 15.2 17.2
8.0 1.4 1.8 2.7 10.3 17.2
9.0 1.4 1.7 2.6 7.6 11.8
10.0 N/A 1.6 2.5 5.0 9.1
11.0 1.5 2.5 3.7 6.4
12.0 1.5 2.4 3.7 4.3
13.0 N/A 2.3 3.5 4.1
14.0 2.3 3.5 4.0
15.0 2.2 3.4 3.9
16.0 2.1 3.3 3.9
17.0 N/A 3.2 3.8
18.0 3.1 3.7
19.0 3.1 3.6
20.0 3.0 3.6
21.0 2.9 3.5
22.0 2.8 3.5
23.0 N/A 3.4
24.0 3.3
25.0 3.2
26.0 N/A
27
Structural stability of
non load-bearing panels

The tables below, give the maximum sizes of chases and recesses which are permitted in masonry, without further calculation,
as permitted in the UK national Annex to BS EN 1996-1-1.

The maximum depth of chases/recesses in hollow and cellular blocks, should not be in-excess of half the shell thickness of the
unit unless verified by calculation.

Sizes of horizontal and inclined chases in masonry, allowed without calculation

NOTES:
Thickness of wall t (mm) Maximum depth tch,h (mm) a) The maximum depth of the chase should include the
depth of any hole reached when forming the chase.
Unlimited length lch Length lch 1250mm
b) The horizontal distance between the end of a chase
75 - 84 0 0 and an opening should not be less than 500mm.
c) The horizontal distance between adjacent chases of
85 - 115 0 0 limited length, whether they occur on the same side
or on opposite sides of the wall, should be not less
116 - 175 0 15 than twice the length of the longest chase.
d) In walls of thickness greater than 115mm, the
176 - 225 10 20
permitted depth of the chase may be increased by
226 - 300 15 25 10mm if the chase is nmachine cut accurately to the
required depth. If machine cuts are used, chases up
over 300 20 30 to 10mm deep may be cut in both sides of walls of
thickness not less than 225mm.
e) The width of chase should not exceed the residual
thickness of the wall.
f) This table is based on data from NA to EC6 Part 1-1.

t
Wall elevation

X
Wc

t ch

t ch,h tr

X-X

Wall elevation

Edge of
opening Wc
NOTES:
tr
t ch1 t ch2 Wc (see above)
2 a For walls thicker than 175mm, t ch,h may be
increased by 10mm if accurate machine
Min Min
cutting is used.
500 2 x t ch Max
b Horizontal chases should be positioned within
one eighth of the clear height of the wall
(above or below a floor).
c The rules for horizontal chases also apply to
Chases may be on opposite faces of wall inclined chases.

Fig 6.3 Horizontal and inclined chases in loading masonry walls - limitations (read with table 6.2)
28
Structural stability of
non load-bearing panels

Sizes of vertical chases and recesses in masonry, allowed without calculation

Chases and recesses formed Chases and recesses formed

after construction of masonry during construction of masonry

Thickness of wall t (mm) max depth tch,h (mm) max width Wc (mm) minimum wall thickness max width Wc (mm)
remaining tr (mm)

75 - 89 30 75 60 300

90 - 115 30 100 70 300

116 - 175 30 125 90 300

176 - 225 30 150 140 300

226 - 300 30 175 175 300

> 300 30 200 215 300

NOTES:
a) The maximum depth of the chase should include the depth of any hole reached when forming the chase.
b) Vertical chases that do not extend more than one third of the storey height above floor level may have a depth of up to 80mm and a width of up to 120mm, if the
thickness of the wall is 225mm or more.
c) The horizontal distance between adjacent chases or between a chase and recess or an opening should not be less than 225mm.
d) The horizontal distance beteen any two adjacent recesses, whether they occur on the same side or on opposite sides of the wall, or between a recess and an
opening, should not be less than twice the width of the wider of the two recesses.
e) The cumulative width of vertical chases and recesses should not exceed 0.13 times the length of the wall.
f) This table is based on data from NA to EC6 Part 1-1.

Formed after construction Formed during construction

t t tr
t ch, v
30mm

Wc 300mm
Plan Plan

Chases on either
Spacing of chases
side of wall

Edge of
t opening

Wc1 >225 or >2 x Wc Wc2 >225

Plan whichever is greater

Chases in bottom section of wall, in walls 225mm thick

Max 80

X X h

2 Max
120

X-X
Wall elevation
NOTE: The cumulative width of vertical chases 0.13 times length of wall.

Fig 6.2 Vertical chases in loadbearing masonry

29
Normalised strengths
when designing to eurocode 6

When designing to Eurocode 6, normalised strengths are used, taking into account the
shape factor and bringing the unit strength back to a 100mm cube equivalent.
As the UK quote actual block strengths
as apposed to a cube strength, the
tables below show the shape factor
conversion and the equivalent
normalised strength, in accordance
with BS EN 772-1, table A.1

Shape Factor correction factor (based upon a 215mm height block)

Block Width mm 75 94 100 140 190 215

X Factor 1.43 1.39 1.38 1.30 1.20 1.16

Normalised Compressive Strength

Unit Width (mm)

Block Strength 75 94 100 140 190 215

3.6 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.7 4.3 4.2

7.3 10.4 10.1 10.1 9.5 8.8 8.5

10.4 14.9 14.4 14.3 13.5 12.5 12.1

14.0 20.0 19.5 19.3 18.2 16.8 16.2

17.5 N/A 24.3 24.1 22.7 21.0 20.3

22.5 N/A 31.3 31.0 29.2 N/A N/A

30.0 N/A 41.7 41.4 39.0 N/A N/A

30
Movement

control

All structures move during their lifetime, either due to The spacing of movement joints can be increased by
settlement, loading, thermal movement, changes in moisture the inclusion of ladder type bed joint reinforcement as
movement and even chemical changes. Irrespective of the detailed below.
cause, this can lead to cracking, which can effect the
It should however be noted that the inclusion of bed joint
structural integrity, weather-tightness or purely aesthetics of
reinforcement does not guarantee that there will be no
the structure. With structures designed in accordance with
cracking in the built masonry, but it will be limited to hairline
BS 5628 or Eurocode 6 moisture movement of concrete
cracks which will not effect the structural integrity of the wall.
blocks typically has the greatest movement characteristics.
Here we are considering how to control this movement and
to minimise its impact. Continuous Ladder type BJR
at the folowing vertical centres
Materials react in different ways to changes in temperature
Un-reinforced 675mm 450mm 215mm
and moisture, clay bricks tend to expand, due to moisture
take up and thermal expansion, whilst concrete blocks tend Spacing of 6mm 9mm 11mm 13mm
to shrink, due to drying shrinkage. movement joints

As blocks shrink, this puts the structure/product into

NOTE: Bed joint reinforcement should never bridge the
tension, as apposed to expanding bricks which put the
movement joint
product into compression.
Where Stackbonded blockwork is being built, BJR
Masonry as a whole, has a fraction of compressive strength,
should be at 225mm vertical centres and movement joints
when put into tension and as such, requires more frequent
at 6m centres.
spacing of movement joints.
Joint Detail
Positioning
Ideally the joint should be 10mm wide (to co-ordinate with
Lateral movement control block/mortar joint module). The joint should be filled with a
General Advice pre compressed filler such as a polyethelene foam strip with
a bond breaker, to prevent the mastic/sealer bonding to it.
As a general rule of thumb, movement joints in Note this is a contraction joint (the joint will open up).
unreinforced blockwork should be spaced at
approximately 6 metre centres in any linear run Vertical movement control

Movement joints should also be positioned within 3 The limitation on the uninterrupted height of a masonry wall,
metres of any corner/return/pier in accordance with BS 5628 pt 1 : 2005 clause 25.3.2.1,
states that the outerleaf should be supported at intervals not
Inclusion of ladder type bed joint reinforcement should be exceeding every third storey or every 9 metres, which ever is
included in two courses above and below all openings, the less. However if the building does not exceed four
extending at least 600mm either side. storeys or 12 metres height, which ever is the less, the outer
Detailed location leaf may be uninterrupted for its full height.

Movement joint spacing should not exceed 3x the height

of the panel (note, this aspect ratio is frequently exceeded
below long windows)

Changes in wall height or wall thickness

Changes in loading

Abutments to walls and columns

Expansion joints in floors/foundations

Deep chases or recesses

Junctions with dissimilar materials (especially clay bricks)

Along the side of large openings.

31
Movement

control

Max 2H

Dissimilar materials Change of loading Aspect ratio

Junctions with columns Change of height Movement joint in floor slab

Change in thickness Deep chases/recesses

32
Movement
control

Junction details

Movement joint to internal wall Movement joint to internal wall

Sealant where required 25 x 3mm flat section metal Sealant where required
tie with one end de-bonded
at 450mm vertical centres
Joint filler Joint filler

25 x 3mm flat section metal

tie with one end de-bonded
at 450mm vertical centres

Movement joint to internal wall Movement joint to internal wall

25 x 3mm flat section metal 25 x 3mm flat section metal
Joint filler tie with one end de-bonded tie with one end de-bonded
at 450mm vertical centres at 450mm vertical centres

Joint filler

Plaster finish Propriety type Sealant where required

movement bead
Wall ties at maximum vertical centres

Junction details - junctions at columns

Movement joint at concrete column Movement joint to blockwork at internal steel column

Sealant 75mm min.

Joint filler

Sealant where
reqiured
25 x 3mm flat section metal
Concrete
ties with one end de-bonding Flexible ties at max.
column
at 450mm vertical centres 300mm vertical centres
Joint
filler
Fire and acoustic
protection column Column
Dovetail channel
Concrete
cast into column
column
2 layers of 12.5mm
plasterboard with
staggered joints
Mineral wool
10kg/m3
33
Movement

control

Movement joint to blockwork at steel column in cavity wall Movement joint to blockwork at steel frame - blockwork
encasing column
2 layers fo 12.5mm Mineral wool 10kg/m3.
plasterboard with
Column. staggered joints. Flat screen metal ties
de-bonding sleeves at
vertical centres. Allow
Fire and
100mm embedment.
acoustic protection
Ties fixed to column
to column.
(e.g. shot fired).

Wall ties at maximum

225mm max.
300mm vertical centres.

Outer leaf.
40mm min. De-bonded tie every second course. Flexible ties with suitable drip.

Note that clearance must be given to

allow for steelwork movement.

Internal blockwork butting steel frame

De-bonded tie fixed to steelwork.

Note that clearnace must be given
to allow for steelwork movement.

Joint filled with polyethylene foam or

similar sealant used where required.

Head restraint
500mm
min.

25mm
max.

Min. 600mm

215mm
34
Plastering, rendering

and jointing

Note: To increase the resistance to impact damage or to be denser for sound

Plastering
reduction, a 1:1:6 cement/lime/sand should be used.

The Masterblock range of concrete masonry affords an

The table below gives guidance on the compatibility of
excellent base for plastering. The choice of plaster and its
background, undercoat and finish for general purpose work.
application should be carried out in accordance with BS 8000
- 10 Code of practice for plastering and Rendering and also BS Before the plaster is applied the background to be plastered
EN 13914 pt 1 and 2. should be reasonably dry and free from dirt, dust, grease or
any other contaminates which could affect the bond
Groups of plastering mixes:
between the blockwork and plaster.
Mixes based on cement or cement and lime
Dense plastering - recommended mix
Lightweight cement plasters
Dense (sand and cement) plasters:
Premixed gypsum plasters
1:1:6 Cement/lime/plastering sand or equivalent
Premixed lightweight gypsum plasters with plasticiser

Mixes based on gypsum plasters gauged with lime. 1:2:9 Cement/lime/plastering sand

Cement or cement and lime based plasters are normally Finish coat: A skim coat of gypsum plaster should be used
limited to the undercoat for general two coat plaster work as recommended by the manufacturer.
as it is often difficult to obtain a very smooth finish with
Lightweight plaster
mixes containing sand. This being the case the final coat
is normally a gypsum or lightweight plaster mix compatible Total thickness of plaster is 13mm when applied to
with a cement based undercoat. For general purpose work blockwork in two coats. The base of the undercoat should
the mix for the undercoat is the same as that given for be approximately 10mm thick and finish skim coat of 3mm.
designation (iii) in the table opposite for rendering mixes.
Dry lining
The overall thickness of two coat work in cement-based or
Both standard plasterboard and laminated thermal boards
gypsum plaster on masonry should be nominally up to 13mm.
can be fixed by bonding directly to the blockwork using
Bond proprietary dabs or adhesive.

The background should provide a satisfactory key.

Backgrounds may be improved by:

Raking out masonry joints

Hacking and scratching

Applying a spatter-dash coat or stipple coat

Applying a bonding agent.

Plaster mixes for different backgrounds

Background Undercoat Finish

Type Suction Key or bond Lightweight Cement based

Masterdenz Low Can be improved by raking of Bonding or Hardwall (iii) Gypsum Lightweight
Masterdenz-Paint joints. Bonding treatment (iii)
Grade recommended with based plasters

Masterlite: Pro Medium Generally good, an assessment Browning (iii) Gypsum Lightweight
should be made prior to plaster (iii)
application. With particularly
smooth blocks a bonding
treatment may be necessary
35
Plastering, rendering

and jointing

Jointing/pointing A render normally comprises of at least two layers, namely

an undercoat and a final coat. Metal lathing, sometimes
The choice of mortar pointing will depend upon the used in severe exposure conditions or on weak
appearance required and degree of exposure. It should be backgrounds, should have two undercoats.
made in conjunction with the colour and texture of the mortar
and type of masonry unit. For instance, good flush pointing Where improved resistance to rain penetration is desired,
may be difficult to achieve with some textured bricks. two undercoats should be used. Normally undercoats are
between 8-12mm thick with the final coat approximately 6mm
In exposed conditions, particularly if full cavity fill is used, thick. Overall, the rendering thickness should not be less than
raked joints should be avoided. Water can also collect on 20mm for three coat work and 16mm for two coat work.
the exposed top of the masonry units which may increase
the risk of frost damage or efflorescence. Two important factors in determining the mixes to be used
are the suction and key of the background. Standard
Bucket handle and weather struck joints have the best lightweight blocks are medium suction and generally
weather resistant properties but need more care to obtain provide adequate surface key to allow direct application of
uniform shades. the undercoat, though an assessment should be made in
As the type of joint profile (see Fig. 1) can affect cost it is case a pre-treatment is necessary in the case of unusually
advisable to include a full description at the specification stage. smooth blocks. Facing blocks have low suction and
relatively poor keying properties. It is therefore
a) Curved Recessed (Bucket Handle) Joint: recommended that the joints are raked back squarely
Most commonly used, gives excellent weather resistance 10mm to 12mm deep. A stipple coat/spatterdash coat
and can be used to highlight the accuracy of masonry units. should consist of 1 part cement to 2 parts sharp sand
mixed to a thick creamy consistency with water and a
b) Square Recessed Joint: bonding agent (eg SBR).
Can give a precise effect to masonry units but may be For a stipple coat, the slurry should be vigorously brushed
unsuitable for use in exposed conditions or where full cavity fill onto the wall, to coat the surface and then immediately
is utilised. Should be limited to a maximum depth of 10mm. stippled with a freshly loaded prush to provide a stipple
brush texture. Alternatively, a spatterdash is applied by
c) Struck Off Weathered Joint:
throwing the mixture onto the wall to give a rough texture.
Gives good weathering characteristics and can produce The treated surface should be protected from drying out for
interesting shadow effects on masonry walls. the first day and then allowed to dry and harden for a
further day prior to applying the first/undercoat of render.
d) Flush Joint:
Alternatively, a adhesive slurry can be applied to the surface,
Frequently used on selected common or painted masonry.
In the case of the adhesive slurry, in order to avoid an
Not recommended for external use due to lack of weathering.
effective debonding layer forming, it is essential that the
Rendering rendering undercoat is applied immediately whilst the slurry
is wet.
Several factors, including the appearance desired, exposure
conditions, nature of the background and the functional However the advice from the individual manufacturer should
requirements, determine the choice of render mix. be followed in the case of proprietary adhesives.
According to experience, a porous render not stronger than Tables 1 and 2 give general information on mixes suitable
that required for adequate durability and with an open or for render and specification for various finishes in moderate
rough textured finish is likely to give the best results in the and sheltered exposure. It should be noted that movement
majority of circumstances. Mixes that are too strong can joints should be provided at 6 metre centres and within 3
cause problems. It is important that successive render metres of any corner/return.
coats are specified as being no stronger than the previous
coat or background, and no thicker than the previous coat, Further information on external rendering can be obtained
except in the case of a single coat (refer to specialist by reference to BS EN 13914 Code of practice for external
manufacturers for guidance and specifications). rendering together with BS 8000: Part 10: Workmanship on
building sites, code of practice for plastering and rendering.
Prior to applying the render, the background should be
sound and clean and assessed for its suitability to receive
direct application of the undercoat.
36
Plastering, rendering
and jointing

Mixes suitable for rendering

Mix designation Mix proportions by volume based on damp sand

Cement/ready mixed lime/sand*

Cement/lime/sand Ready mixed Cement/ready Cement/sand* Masonry

lime/sand mixed material (using plasticizer) cement/sand*

ii 1:1/2:4-41/2 1:91/2:4-41/2 1:4-41/2 1:3-4 1:21/2-31/2

iii 1:1:5-6 1:6 1:5-6 1:5-6 1:4-5

iv 1:2:8-9 1:41/2 1:8-9 1:7-8 1:51/2-61/2

*With fine or poorly graded sands the lower volume of sand should be used. For other mixes please refer to BS EN 13914 or BS EN 998.

Recommended rendering specifications - moderate and sheltered exposure

Background Undercoat Final coat

Designation Thickness Finish Mix proportions

(see table above) by volume of
designation
(see table above)

All block types III 8-12 Trowel applied Woodfloat

Scrapped
Patterned
Tooled
} IV

Efflorescence Efflorescence producing salts are usually carbonates of

calcium, potassium, and sodium: sulphates of sodium,
Causes
potassium, magnesium, calcium and iron (ferrous):
Efflorescence is caused by a combination of circumstances:
bicarbonate of sodium: or silicate of sodium. In most cases,
the material must contain soluble salts; there must be moisture
salts causing efflorescence come from beneath the surface,
to dissolve the soluble salts; evaporation or hydrostatic
but chemicals in the materials can also react with chemicals
pressure must cause the solution to move toward the
in the atmosphere.
surface and the solution must evaporate to leave salts
behind as an efflorescence. If soluble salts are eliminated and water passage through
the mass is prevented then efflorescence will not occur.
Deposits vary in amount and character according to the
nature of the soluble materials and atmospheric conditions. Eliminating the Salts

Weather conditions particularly affect efflorescence. Even 1. Never use unwashed sand
after long rainy periods, moisture evaporates so quickly that
2. Use low-alkali cement
comparatively small amounts of salt are brought to the
surface. Efflorescence is usually more common in winter 3. Use dehydrated lime, free from calcium sulphate, when
when a slower rate of evaporation allows migration of salts using lime for mortar or stucco.
to the surface. Over time, efflorescence becomes lighter
and less extensive unless there is an external source of salt.
Dark surfaces show up the deposits much more than light
coloured surfaces.
37
Aggregate Industries

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Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire SN6 6QX

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