Che 415 Part1a
Che 415 Part1a
Che 415 Part1a
Engineering
Thermodynamics II
CHE 415
(2 Units)
Grading
Assignments/Tests = 30 marks
Examination = 70 marks
MODULE ONE
INTRODUCTION TO
CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS
MODULE ONE: INTRODUCTION
Definition of Some Terms
Thermodynamics:
It is derived from the greek word therme (heat) and
dynamis (dynamic/power).
It is the science of energy that deals with:
energy forms,
energy storage,
energy transformation
energy transfer and
energy utilisation.
Definition of Some Terms
Thermodynamics:
State:
condition or position of a system
due to change in properties
Definition of Some Terms
Process: a series of changes experience by a system
from one state to another.
The path of successive states through which a system
passes when change from one state to another.
Reversible Process: a system undergoes reversible
process when it is restored to its initial state.
Adiabatic process P V
o Q=0
V
Example 1
As shown in the figure, water which
circulates between a storage tank
and a solar collector is used for
domestic purposes. Identify
locations on the system boundary
where the system interacts with the
surroundings and describe events
that occur within the system, if the
system is
[a] solar collector
[b] solar collector, storage tank and
connecting pipes.
Solution
[a] The system (solar collector) is
an open system.
Warm water enters the system at
the base through the pump.
The water is heated up as a result
of heat radiation through the
surface of the system.
Hot water leaves the system at the
top.
Pressure exerted on the system
through the pump makes upflow
of water possible.
Solution
[b] The system consisting of the solar
collector, the tank and pipes is an open
system.
Cold water enters the tank at the base and
get warm on mixing with hot water inside
the tank.
There is interaction between the
surroundings, surface of the tank, water
inside the tank.
Warm water entering solar collector
interacts with the surroundings at the
surface of the collector and becomes hot
water.
Hot water in the tank leaves the tank the
moment the water level rises to the top.
Example 2
The table below lists temperatures and specific volumes of water
vapor at two different pressures
p = 1.0 MPa p = 1.5 MPa
T (C) v (m/kg) T (C) v (m/kg)
200 0.2060 200 0.1325
240 0.2275 240 0.1483
280 0.2480 280 0.1627
Slope =
240
0.1555 0.1483
280 240
=
0.1627 0.1483
T = 260C
Solution
[c] At T = 220 C and p = 1.4 MPa, the specific volume
falls between 1.0 and 1.5 MPa and T = 220 C btw 200
and 240C. Hence, double interpolation is required.
At 220 C, v at each pressure is the average over the
interval
0.2060 + 0.2275
At 1.0MPa, 220C; v= = 0.21675 m/kg
2
0.1325 + 0.1483
At 1.5MPa, 220C; v= = 0.1404 m/kg
2
so as calculated in [a]
0.1404 0.21675 0.1404
= v = 0.15567 m/kg
1.5 1.4 1.5 1.0
Assignment
1. Over a limited temperature range , the relation between
electrical resistance R and temperature T for a resistance
temperature detector is
= 0 [1 + ( 0 )]
where 0 is the resistance, in ohms (), measured at
reference temperature 0 (C) and is a material constant
with units of (C)1 . The following data are obtained for a
particular resistance thermometer.
0 (C) ()
Test 1 (0 ) 0 0 = 51.39
Test 2 91 51.72
1
2
4
3
Solution To Example 4
Q = -W = 1400 J
1234 1234
Q =Q +Q +Q +Q
1234 12 23 34 41
Q =Q -Q - Q - Q
41 1234 12 23 34
4700 = 200 + W 41
W = 4500 J
41
U = 0 = U + U + U + U
1234 12 23 34 41
U = -4000 J
23
Solution To Example 4
Step 2 3: U = Q + W
23 23 23
-4000 = -3800 + W 23
W = -200 J
23