Quiz 6 (Ch. 9) : Fluid Flow and Viscosity Surface Tension Transport Phenomena
Quiz 6 (Ch. 9) : Fluid Flow and Viscosity Surface Tension Transport Phenomena
Quiz 6 (Ch. 9) : Fluid Flow and Viscosity Surface Tension Transport Phenomena
9)
Tensile deformation: Density:
F
=Y
∆L ρ=
m Chapter 9
A L0 V
Shear deformation: Floating object:
F ∆x
Solids and Fluids
=S Fg = B = ρ fluidV fluid g
A h Part 2
Bulk deformation:
∆V
∆P = − B
V 1 2
3 4
Fluids in Motion:
Streamline Flow, Example Turbulent Flow
The flow becomes irregular
Streamline exceeds a certain velocity
flow shown
around an any condition that causes abrupt
auto in a wind changes in velocity
tunnel
Eddy currents are a characteristic
of turbulent flow
5 6
1
Turbulent Flow, Example Fluid Flow: Viscosity
The rotating blade Viscosity is the degree of internal
(dark area) forms a friction in the fluid
vortex in heated air
Example: water has a lower viscosity
The wick of the
than oil
burner is at the
bottom The internal friction is associated
Turbulent air flow with the resistance between two
occurs on both adjacent layers of the fluid moving
sides of the blade relative to each other
7 8
Characteristics of an Ideal
Fluid Equation of Continuity
The fluid is nonviscous Mass is conserved: M1=M2
There is no internal friction between adjacent The product of the cross-
layers sectional area of a pipe
The fluid is incompressible and the fluid speed is a
constant
Its density is constant
The fluid motion is steady A1 v1 = A2 v 2
Its velocity, density, and pressure do not Speed is high where the pipe
change in time is narrow and speed is low
The fluid moves without turbulence where the pipe has a large M 1 = ρ1 A1∆x1
diameter
No eddy currents are present ∆x1 = v1t1
The elements have zero angular velocity about Av is called the flow rate
its center
9 10
Equation of Continuity,
cont Bernoulli’s Equation
The equation is a consequence of Relates pressure to fluid speed and
conservation of mass and a steady flow elevation
Av = const Bernoulli’s equation is a consequence of
This is equivalent to the fact that the Conservation of Energy applied to an
volume of fluid that enters one end of the ideal fluid
tube in a given time interval equals the Ideal fluid: incompressible and
volume of fluid leaving the tube in the same
nonviscous, and flows in a nonturbulent,
interval
Assumes the fluid is incompressible and there are
steady-state manner
no leaks
11 12
2
Applications of Bernoulli’s
Bernoulli’s Equation, cont. Principle: Venturi Tube
Can be used to measure
1
The sum of the pressure, kinetic energy Swiftly moving fluids exert
per unit volume, and the potential less pressure than do P1 > P2
slowly moving fluids
energy per unit volume has the same v1 < v 2
value at all points along a streamline
13 14
3
Surface Tension Surface Tension, cont
Net force on The net effect of this pull on all the
molecule A is zero surface molecules is to make the
Pulled equally in surface of the liquid contract
all directions
Net force on B is Makes the surface area of the
not zero liquid as small as possible
No molecules Example: Water droplets take on a
above to act on it spherical shape since a sphere has
Pulled toward the the smallest surface area for a given
center of the fluid volume
19 20
23 24
4
A Closer Look at the Liquids in Contact with a
Surface of Liquids Solid Surface – Case 1
Cohesive forces are forces The adhesive forces
between like molecules (liquid-glass) are
greater than the
Adhesive forces are forces cohesive forces (liquid-
between unlike molecules liquid)
The shape of the surface depends The liquid clings to the
upon the relative size of the walls of the container
cohesive and adhesive forces The liquid “wets” the
surface
25 26
27 28
5
Capillary Action, final Viscous Fluid Flow
The height at which the fluid is drawn above Viscosity refers to
or depressed below the surface of the friction between the
surrounding liquid (density ρ) is given by: layers
Layers in a viscous fluid
2γ have different velocities
h= cos φ The velocity is greatest
ρgr
at the center
Cohesive forces
γ - surface tension between the fluid and
the walls slow down the
φ - contact angle fluid on the outside
r - tube radius
31 32
6
Transport Phenomena Diffusion
Movement of a fluid may be due to
differences in concentration
As opposed to movement due to a pressure
difference
Concentration is the number of molecules
per unit volume
Concentration on the left is higher than on the
The fluid will flow from an area of high right of the imaginary barrier
concentration to an area of low Many of the molecules on the left can pass to
concentration the right, but few can pass from right to left
The processes are called diffusion and There is a net movement from the higher
osmosis concentration to the lower concentration
37 38
39 40
41 42
7
Example: Problem#69 Sedimentation Rate
F = 3.0x10-13 N The speed at which materials fall
v = 4.5x10-4 m/s Fr through a fluid is called the
r = 2.5x10-6 m sedimentation rate
It is important in clinical analysis
v
The rate can be increased by
ηair - ?
increasing the effective value of g
Fr = 6 π η r v This can be done in a centrifuge
43 44