Energy II
Energy II
Energy II
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Potential Energy Types of Forces
Potential energy is associated with Conservative - work depends only upon the
the position of the object within some initial and final positions of the object
Can have a potential energy function associated with it
system
Conservation of
Work-Energy Theorem Mechanical Energy
Wnc = (KE f − KEi ) + (PE f − PEi )
Conservation in general
To say a physical quantity is conserved is to
say that the numerical value of the quantity
Wnc - work done by non-conservative forces remains constant throughout any physical
process
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Nonconservative Forces
Example: Problem #30 with Energy Considerations
When nonconservative forces are
m=5 kg
present, the total mechanical energy of
hA=5 m the system is not constant
hB=3.2 m The work done by all nonconservative
hC=2 m forces acting on parts of a system
equals the change in the mechanical
energy of the system
a) vB, vC -?
Wnc = ∆Energy
b) WAC - ?
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∆x - deformation of the spring 16
Potential Energy in a
Spring Spring
Spring is slowly stretched Elastic Potential Energy
from 0 to xmax
r r related to the work required to
r
Fapp = − Fs = k ∆ x compress a spring from its
equilibrium position to some final,
F f − Fi arbitrary, position x
W = Favg ∆ x = ∆x
2
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PEs = kx
W = − k∆ x 2 / 2 2
W - work done by the spring force
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Conservation of Energy
Including a Spring Example: Problem #71
The PE of the spring is added to k=1.2 N/cm
both sides of the conservation of x=5 cm
energy equation m=0.1
(KE + PE g + PE s )i = (KE + PE g + PE s )f α =10O
The same problem-solving
vl -?
strategies apply
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Nonconservative Forces
and Energy Transferring Energy
In equation form: By Work
Wnc = E f − Ei = By applying a
force
(KE f + PE f ) − (KEi + PEi ) Produces a
displacement of
The energy can either cross a boundary the system
or the energy is transformed into a
form of non-mechanical energy such as
thermal energy
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Transferring Energy Transferring Energy
Electrical Electromagnetic
transmission radiation
Transfer by means Any form of
of electrical electromagnetic
current waves
This is how energy Light, microwaves,
enters any radio waves
electrical device
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Spring Example
The work is also
equal to the area
under the curve
In this case, the
“curve” is a
triangle
A = ½ B h gives
W = ½ k x2
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