Electromagnetic Fields: Lecture 8: Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell's Equations

Electromagnetic Fields
Lecture 8: Time-Varying Fields and Maxwells Equations
Dr. Ebtihal H. G. Yousif
Sudan University of Science & Technology

Electronics Engineering
Sem 6, 2017
1 / 13
Outline
1 Comparing the Electric and Magnetic Fields

Force on a Charged Particle
Potential
Energy
Capacitance and Inductance
2 Time Varying Fields

Faradays Law
Maxwells First Equation
Maxwells Second Equation
3 Maxwells Equations in Point Form
4 Maxwells Equations in Integral Form
2 / 13
Comparing the Electric and Magnetic Fields
Force on a Charged Particle
The Force on a Charged Particle

Electric Field
F = QE
(8.1)
Magnetic Field
F = Q E
(8.2)
The charge Q, its velocity , and the flux density B. The
direction of the force is perpendicular to both and B
The force on a moving particle arising from combined electric
and magnetic fields is obtained easily by superposition,
F = Q (E + B)
(8.3)
This equation is known as the Lorentz force equation 3 / 13
Potential
Potential
Electric Field
E = V
(8.4)
B
VAB = E d (8.5)
A
V is the electric potential dierence or the electrostatic
potential
Magnetic Field
H = Vm
(8.6)
B
VmAB = H d (8.7)
A
Vm is the magnetomotive force (mmf) measured in
Amperes 4 / 13
Energy
Energy
Electric Field

1
WE = D E dv
2 vol
(8.8)
Magnetic Field

1
WH = B H dv
2 vol
(8.9)
5 / 13
Capacitance and Inductance
Capacitance. Capacitance was defined as the ratio of the

total charge on either of two equipotential conducting
surfaces to the potential dierence between the surfaces.
Capacitance is a function only of the geometry of the two
conducting surfaces and the permittivity of the dielectric
medium between or surrounding them.
Inductance. Let us consider a toroid of N turns in which a
current I produces a total flux , assume that this flux links
or encircles each of the N turns,
The flux linkage N is the product of N and linking each of
them. We now define inductance (or self-inductance) as the
ratio of the total flux linkages to the current which they link
N
L=
I
(8.10)
6 / 13
Time Varying Fields
Faradays Law
Faradays goal was to show that a current could be produced

by magnetism.
The first experiment Faraday made involving a changing
magnetic field, and he followed it with a demonstration that
either a moving magnetic field or a moving coil could also
produce a galvanometer deflection.
An electromotive force is a voltage that arises from conductors

moving in a magnetic field or from changing magnetic fields,
In terms of fields, we now say that a time-varying magnetic

field produces an electromotive force (emf)
d
emf = V
dt
(8.11) 7 / 13
Time Varying Fields
Faradays Law
If the closed path is that taken by an N -turn filamentary

conductor,
d
emf = N
dt
(8.12)
In electrostatics, the line integral leads to a potential
dierence; with time-varying fields, the result is an emf or a
voltage.
I
dB
emf = E d = dS
S dt
(8.13)
8 / 13
Time Varying Fields
Maxwells First Equation
Faradays experimental law has been used to obtain one of

Maxwells equations in dierential form, which shows us that a
time-changing magnetic field produces an electric field.
Applying stokes Theorem to the previous equation we get one

of Maxwells four equations in a time-varying field
dB
E= (8.14)
dt
If B is not a function of time, equations (8.13) and (8.14)
evidently reduce to the electrostatic case equations
I
E d = 0 (electrostatics) (8.15)
E=0 (electrostatics) (8.16)

9 / 13
Time Varying Fields
Amperes circuital law in point form therefore becomes
dD
H=J+ (8.17)
dt
The additional term dD dt has the dimensions of current density,

amperes per square meter. Because it results from a
time-varying electric flux density (or displacement density),
Maxwell termed it a displacement current density,
sometimes denoted Jd
H = J + Jd
(8.18)
10 / 13
Time Varying Fields
Here is a summary of current densities we encountered in this

course
1 Conduction current density
J = E
2 Convection current density
J = v
3 Displacement current density
dD
Jd =
dt
11 / 13
Maxwells Equations in Point Form
We have already obtained two of Maxwells equations for

time-varying fields. The remaining two equations are unchanged
from their non-time-varying form
B
E= (8.19a)
t
D
H=J+ (8.19b)
t
D = v (8.19c)
B=0 (8.19d)
12 / 13
Maxwells Equations in Integral Form
I
B
E dL = dS (8.20a)
S t
I
D
H dL = I + dS (8.20b)
I S t
D dS = v dv (8.20c)
IS vol
B dS = 0 (8.20d)
S
Equation (8.20a) Faradays law

Equation (8.20b) Amperes circuital law
Equations (8.20c) and (8.20d) Gausss laws for the electric
and magnetic fields.
13 / 13

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Electromagnetic Fields

Lecture 8: Time-Varying Fields and Maxwells Equations

Dr. Ebtihal H. G. Yousif

Sudan University of Science & Technology

1 Comparing the Electric and Magnetic Fields

2 Time Varying Fields

3 Maxwells Equations in Point Form

4 Maxwells Equations in Integral Form

The Force on a Charged Particle

Capacitance. Capacitance was defined as the ratio of the

Faradays goal was to show that a current could be produced

An electromotive force is a voltage that arises from conductors

In terms of fields, we now say that a time-varying magnetic

If the closed path is that taken by an N -turn filamentary

Faradays experimental law has been used to obtain one of

Applying stokes Theorem to the previous equation we get one

E=0 (electrostatics) (8.16)

Amperes circuital law in point form therefore becomes

The additional term dD dt has the dimensions of current density,

Here is a summary of current densities we encountered in this

2 Convection current density

3 Displacement current density

We have already obtained two of Maxwells equations for

Equation (8.20a) Faradays law

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