Dynamics (Dinamika)

Physics 211: Lecture 5
Today’s Agenda
 More discussion of dynamics
 Recap
 Equivalence principle (inertial vs gravitational mass)
 The Free Body Diagram
 The tools we have for making & solving problems:

 Ropes & Pulleys (tension)
 Hooke’s Law (springs)
Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 1

Review: Newton's Laws
Law 1: An object subject to no external forces is at rest or

moves with a constant velocity if viewed from an
inertial reference frame.
Law 2: For any object, FNET = ma m is “mass” of object
Where FNET = F
Law 3: Forces occur in action-reaction pairs, FA ,B = - FB ,A.
Where FA ,B is the force acting on object A due to its

interaction with object B and vice-versa.

Gravity:
Mass vs Weight
 What is the force of gravity exerted by the earth on a
typical physics student?
 Typical student mass m = 55kg

 g = 9.81 m/s2.
 Fg = mg = (55 kg)x(9.81 m/s2 )
 Fg = 540 N = WEIGHT
FS,E = Fg = mg
FE,S = -m
- g

Lecture 5, Act 1
Mass vs. Weight
 An astronaut on Earth kicks a
bowling ball straight ahead
and hurts his foot. A year
later, the same astronaut Ouch!
kicks a bowling ball on the
moon in the same manner
with
(a) themore
same force.
(b) less
 His foot hurts...
(c) the same
He forgot to put his boot on.

Lecture 5, Act 1
Solution
 The masses of both the
bowling ball and the astronaut
remain the same, so his foot
will feel the same resistance Ouch!
and hurt the same as before.
 When his foot hits the ball it

imparts an “impulse” that
virtually instantaneously
changes the velocity of the
ball.
accel
vel time
time
Lecture 5, Act 1
Solution
 mballa = Force from foot on
ball
Ouch!
 action - reaction pair of forces
 Foot on ball
 Ball back on foot
 | Force on foot | = mballa
 doesn’t
accel depend on weight
vel time
time
Lecture 5, Act 1
Solution Wow!
 However the weights of the That’s light.
bowling ball and the astronaut
are less:
W = mgMoon gMoon < gEarth
 Thus it would be easier for

the astronaut to pick up the
bowling ball on the Moon than
on the Earth.

Principle of Equivalence
 Look at F=ma for gravitational force (it’s one type of force….)
 F is the force e.g mg or something more complicated like
 GMm/R2
 ma is the consequence on motion (m is the coefficient of
acceleration)
 Newton said force proportional to acceleration

Look, there is m on both sides of equation
 MASS is the property of something that couples to gravity
 And MASS quantifies how much inertia some motion has (mv=p)
 These are two very different things for mass to do
Gravitational mass and intertial mass are

equivalent Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 8
The Free Body Diagram
 Newton’s 2nd Law says that for an object F = ma.
 Key phrase here is for an object.

 Object has mass and experiences forces
 So before we can apply F = ma to any given object we

isolate the forces acting on this object:

The Free Body Diagram...
 Consider the following case as an example of this….

 What are the forces acting on the plank ?
 Other forces act on F, W and E. focus on plank
P = plank
F = floor FP,W
W = wall
FW,P
E = earth
FP,F FP,E
FF,P
FE,P
 Consider the following case

 What are the forces acting on the plank ?
Isolate the plank from

the rest of the world. FP,W
FW,P
FP,F FP,E
FF,P
FE,P

 The forces acting on the plank should reveal themselves...
FP,W
FP,F FP,E

Aside...
 In this example the plank is not moving...

 It is certainly not accelerating!
 So FNET = ma becomes FNET = 0
FP,W
FP,W + FP,F + FP,E = 0
FP,F FP,E
 This is the basic idea behind statics, which we will

discuss in a few weeks.

Example
 Example dynamics problem:
A box of mass m = 2 kg slides on a horizontal frictionless

floor. A force Fx = 10 N pushes on it in the x direction.
What is the acceleration of the box?
y
F = Fx i a=?
m x

Example...
 Draw a picture showing all of the forces
y
FB,F
F
x
FB,E
FF,B
FE,B

Example...
 Draw a picture showing all of the forces.
 Isolate the forces acting on the block.
y
FB,F
F
x
FF,B FB,E = mg
FE,B

Example...
 Draw a free body diagram.
FB,F x
F
mg

Example...
 Draw a free body diagram.
 Solve Newton’s equations for each component.
 FX = maX
 FB,F - mg = maY
x
FB,F
F
mg

Example...
 F X = maX
 So aX = F X / m = (10 N)/(2 kg) = 5 m/s 2 .
 FB,F - mg = ma Y
 But a Y = 0
 So FB,F = mg .
 The vertical component of the force

of the floor on the object ( FB,F ) is
often called the Normal Force (N).
 Since a Y = 0 , N = mg in this case.
N y
FX
x
mg

Example Recap
N = mg
FX y
aX = FX / m
x
mg

Lecture 5, Act 2
Normal Force
 A block of mass m rests on the floor of an elevator that is
accelerating upward. What is the relationship between
the force due to gravity and the normal force on the block?
(a) N > mg
(b) N = mg a
(c) N < mg

Lecture 5, Act 2
Solution
All forces are acting in the y direction,
so use:
N
Ftotal = ma
m a
N - mg = ma mg
N = ma + mg
therefore N > mg

Tools: Ropes & Strings
 Can be used to pull from a distance.
 Tension (T) at a certain position in a rope is the magnitude of the
force acting across a cross-section of the rope at that position.
 The force you would feel if you cut the rope and grabbed the
ends.
 An action-reaction pair.
T
cut
L
T
T = FR,L T
T = FL,R
R
Tension doesn’t have a direction
When you hook up a wire to an object the direction is
determined by geometry of the hook up
Tools: Ropes & Strings...
 Consider a horizontal segment of rope having mass m:
 Draw a free-body diagram (ignore gravity).
T1 a T2 x
 Using Newton’s 2nd law (in x direction):

FNET = T2 - T1 = ma
 So if m = 0 (i.e. the rope is light) then T1 =T2

 And if a = 0 then T1 =T2
 Otherwise, T is a function of position

2 skateboards
 An ideal (massless) rope has constant tension along the
rope.
T T
 If a rope has mass, the tension can vary along the rope
 For example, a heavy rope
hanging from the ceiling...
T = Tg
T=0
 We will deal mostly with ideal massless ropes.

 But that’s not necessary…

 What is force acting on mass – isolate the mass!!!

 The direction of the force provided by a rope is along the
direction of the rope:
 (this is a massless rope)
T
Since ay = 0 (box not moving),
m T = mg
mg

Lecture 5, Act 3
Force and acceleration
 A fish is being yanked upward out of the water using a fishing line that breaks when the tension
reaches 180 N. The string snaps when the acceleration of the fish is observed to be is 12.2 m/s2.
What is the mass of the fish?
snap ! (a) 14.8 kg

(b) 18.4 kg
(c) 8.2 kg
a = 12.2 m/s 2
m=?

Lecture 5, Act 3
Solution: T
 Draw a Free Body Diagram!!
 Use Newton’s 2nd law

in the upward direction: a = 12.2 m/s2
m=?
FTOT = ma
T - mg = ma
T = ma + mg = m(g+a) mg
T 180 N
m m  8.2 kg
g a  9.8  12.2  m s 2

Tools: Pegs & Pulleys
 Used to change the direction of forces
 An ideal massless pulley or ideal smooth peg will

change the direction of an applied force without altering
the magnitude:
F1
ideal peg | F 1 | = | F2 |
or pulley
F2

Tools: Pegs & Pulleys
 Used to change the direction of forces
 An ideal massless pulley or ideal smooth peg will

change the direction of an applied force without altering
the magnitude:
FW,S = mg T
m T = mg
mg
Springs
 Hooke’s Law: The force exerted by a spring is proportional

to the distance the spring is stretched or compressed from
its relaxed position.
 FX = -k x Where x is the displacement from the

relaxed position and k is the constant
of proportionality.
relaxed position
FX = 0
x

Springs...


relaxed position and k is the
constant of proportionality.
relaxed position
FX = -kx > 0
x
x0

Horizontal
Springs... springs

relaxed position and k is the
constant of proportionality.
relaxed position
FX = - kx < 0
x
x>0
Springs are conservative
Scales:
Spring/string
 Springs can be calibrated to tell us the applied force.
 We can calibrate scales to read Newtons, or...
 Fishing scales usually read
weight in kg or lbs.
1 lb = 4.45 N
0
How many Newtons is 1 kg? 2
4
6
8

Scale
Lecture 5, Act 4 on a
Force and acceleration skate
 A block weighing 4 lbs is hung from a rope attached to a
scale. The scale is then attached to a wall and reads 4 lbs.
What will the scale read when it is instead attached to
another block weighing 4 lbs?
m m m
(1) (2)
(a) 0 lbs. (b) 4 lbs. (c) 8 lbs.

Lecture 5, Act 4
Solution:
 Draw a Free Body Diagram of one of the blocks!!
T
 Use Newton’s 2nd Law
in the y direction:
m T = mg
a = 0 since the blocks are
stationary
mg
FTOT = 0
T - mg = 0
T = mg = 4 lbs.

Lecture 5, Act 4
Solution:
 The scale reads the tension in the rope, which is T = 4 lbs in
both cases!
 Remember tension cartoon?
T T T T
T T T
m m m

Recap of today’s lecture..
 More discussion of dynamics.
 Recap (Text: 4-1 to 4-6)

 The Free Body Diagram (Text: 4-5)
 The tools we have for making & solving problems:
» Ropes & Pulleys (tension) (Text: 4-5,4-7)
» Hooke’s Law (springs). (Text: 4-4, ex. 4-5)
 Look at Textbook problems Chapter 4: # 5, 7, 15, 21, 58

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Physics 211: Lecture 5

 More discussion of dynamics

 The Free Body Diagram

 The tools we have for making & solving problems:

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 1

Law 1: An object subject to no external forces is at rest or

Law 2: For any object, FNET = ma m is “mass” of object

Where FNET = F

Law 3: Forces occur in action-reaction pairs, FA ,B = - FB ,A.

Where FA ,B is the force acting on object A due to its

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 2

 Typical student mass m = 55kg

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 3

(c) the same

He forgot to put his boot on.

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 4

 When his foot hits the ball it

 | Force on foot | = mballa

W = mgMoon gMoon < gEarth

 Thus it would be easier for

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 7

Gravitational mass and intertial mass are

 Newton’s 2nd Law says that for an object F = ma.

 Key phrase here is for an object.

 So before we can apply F = ma to any given object we

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 9

 Consider the following case as an example of this….

 Consider the following case

Isolate the plank from

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 11

 The forces acting on the plank should reveal themselves...

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 12

 In this example the plank is not moving...

FP,W + FP,F + FP,E = 0

 This is the basic idea behind statics, which we will

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 13

 Example dynamics problem:

A box of mass m = 2 kg slides on a horizontal frictionless

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 14

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 15

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 16

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 17

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 18

 The vertical component of the force

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 19

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 20

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 21

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 22

 Using Newton’s 2nd law (in x direction):

 So if m = 0 (i.e. the rope is light) then T1 =T2

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 24

 We will deal mostly with ideal massless ropes.

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 25

 What is force acting on mass – isolate the mass!!!

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 26

snap ! (a) 14.8 kg

Physics 211: Lecture 5, Pg 27

 Use Newton’s 2nd law