Bonding

Chemical Bonding and Periodic Trends
Reading: Ch 12 sections 1 4 Homework: 12.1 questions 4, 6

Ch 11 section 11 12.2 questions 8, 10, 12*, 14*, 16
12.3 questions 24, 26, 28
11.11 questions 74, 76, 80*, 82*
* = important homework question
Discussion: In simple terms, what is a chemical bond? What does a chemical

bond do?
Recall: From Modern Atomic Theory 1 we know there are two general types
of bond IONIC and COVALENT
Ionic bonds form due to a large difference in electronegativity between the

bonding atoms (which subsequently form ions via electron transfer)
Generic
Lithium Fluoride
Recall that ELECTRONEGATIVITY is the ability of an atom to
attract electrons.
The trend is low (metal, left of p. table, electrons easily lost)
high (non-metals, right of p. table, electrons more greatly
attracted)
Trends in Electronegativity*:
*Electronegativity is not a true atomic property it is a derived mathematically from other

atomic properties (see later)
Covalent bonds form due to a low difference in electronegativity between

the bonding atoms (which subsequently share a pair of electrons)
Examples: H2 (slide),F2 (both have pure covalent bonds no difference in

electronegativity)
Recall: the driving force behind the formation of covalent (and ionic) bonds
is the formation of a full valence shell.
Polar Covalent Bonds - are a mixture of ionic and pure covalent bonding
types. The electrons are shared (as in a covalent bond) but are drawn closer
to the more electronegative atom (as in an ionic bond)
The atoms involved in POLAR covalent bonds are typically

BOTH non-metals, but ALSO have a large difference in
electronegativity.
Common examples of polar covalent bonds are H-F and H-O
Examples: H-F and H2O
Electron density map of HF Electron density map of H2O
Molecules with dipoles
Polar covalent bonds create a separation of charge in the

respective molecule
Such a separation of charge is known as a dipole. Molecular dipoles
are represented by an arrow with a + at the positive end of the
molecule
Task: Sketch diagrams of HF and H2O that show their respective molecular
dipoles (slide)
Electronegativity Values
Discussion: Do you think that electronegativity values are determined

experimentally or calculated? Look at the values presented in the above table
to help make your decision. How can electronegativity differences between
atoms be determined? How does this relate to bond type?
Electronegativity values for most atoms are known they are

calculated from a variety of atomic properties, including nuclear
charge and atomic radius (see next section)
The type of bond that exists between two atoms depends on the
respective atoms difference in electronegativity
Ball Park determination of bond type (based on electronegativity
differences)
Electronegativity Bond Type
0 0.2 Covalent
0.3 1.6 Polar Covalent
1.7 3.3 Ionic
Task: Determine the type of chemical bond that exists between the following
pairs of atoms
Bonded atoms Electronegativity Type of bond
H-Cl
Cl-Br
Na-F
N-O
C-O
The Origins of Electronegativity True Atomic Properties
As with electronegativity, essentially all other periodic trends

follow the same general bottom left to top right scheme. This is
because electronegativity is determined from these true atomic
properties. See generic diagram the below. The periodic trends
examined will be:
Atomic Size (radius) 1st Ionization Energy
Atomic Radius
Discussion: How do trends in the size (radius) of atoms across a row and
down a column in the periodic table vary? Use the following figures as a
guide. Why do you think this is so?
1. Across a Row
2. Down a Column
Atomic Radius Trends
Trends and established values (pm) of atomic radii for various elements
Recall: The atomic radii of the atoms follow a classic bottom left
top right periodic trend.
Typical Question: Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic

radii: Na, Be, Mg.
Be Questions of this type (as well as for other periodic

Na Mg trends) often select three elements from the periodic
table that have a triangular relationship.
Understanding the classic bottom left top right periodic trend
allows for the answer to be determined.
Answer:
1st Ionization Energy
Discussion: What is ionization? What then is 1st ionization energy?
1st Ionization Energy: Energy required to remove the first

electron from a gaseous atom or ion.
Example: Sodium
Na (g) Na+ (g) + e- ; I1 = 496 kJ/mol
Task: Draw electron dot diagrams illustrating this process

Discussion: How do trends in 1st ionization energy of atoms across a row
and down a column in the periodic table vary? Use the following figurse as
a guide. Why do you think this is so?
1. Across a Row
2. Down a Column
Trends in 1st Ionization Energy
Geographical map of 1st ionization energy. Note the classic Line graph of I1 vs atomic number.
bottom left top right trend
Typical Question: Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing 1st

ionization energy: Na, Cs, F, C.
As with similar atomic radii, understanding the classic bottom
left top right periodic trend allows for the answer to be
determined.
Answer:

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Chemical Bonding and Periodic Trends

Reading: Ch 12 sections 1 4 Homework: 12.1 questions 4, 6

Discussion: In simple terms, what is a chemical bond? What does a chemical

Ionic bonds form due to a large difference in electronegativity between the

*Electronegativity is not a true atomic property it is a derived mathematically from other

Covalent bonds form due to a low difference in electronegativity between

Examples: H2 (slide),F2 (both have pure covalent bonds no difference in

The atoms involved in POLAR covalent bonds are typically

Examples: H-F and H2O

Electron density map of HF Electron density map of H2O

Molecules with dipoles

Polar covalent bonds create a separation of charge in the

Discussion: Do you think that electronegativity values are determined

Electronegativity values for most atoms are known they are

Electronegativity Bond Type

0.3 1.6 Polar Covalent

1.7 3.3 Ionic

Bonded atoms Electronegativity Type of bond

As with electronegativity, essentially all other periodic trends

Typical Question: Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing atomic

Be Questions of this type (as well as for other periodic

1st Ionization Energy

Discussion: What is ionization? What then is 1st ionization energy?

1st Ionization Energy: Energy required to remove the first

Na (g) Na+ (g) + e- ; I1 = 496 kJ/mol

Task: Draw electron dot diagrams illustrating this process

Trends in 1st Ionization Energy

Typical Question: Arrange the following atoms in order of increasing 1st

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