2 Chapter General Bearing Capacity Final
2 Chapter General Bearing Capacity Final
2 Chapter General Bearing Capacity Final
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Kurdistan Region Iraq
Cihan University
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Fourth Year
Chapter: 2
2017-2018
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |2
3. Introduction
To perform satisfactorily, a shallow foundation must have two main
characteristics:
1. The foundation has to be safe against an overall shear failure in the soil that
supports it.
2. The foundation cannot undergo excessive displacement (i.e., settlement).
Note:
The term excessive settlement is relative, because the degree of
settlement allowed for a structure depends on several considerations.
The load per unit area of the foundation at which shear failure in soil
occurs is called the ultimate bearing capacity
3.1 Mode of Bearing Capacity Failures:
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |3
Note: In modern structures, the settlement failure is more common. The shear
failures are reported mostly from embankments and similar
structures/constructions. Punching shear failure is likely in liquid storage
structures and raft foundations founded on soft soils.
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |4
= + +
. (4.8) (continuous or strip foundation, such as wall foundations)
Where:
=
=
=
If , , are earth pressure coefficients that are functions of the soil
friction angle, .
= tan ( + 1) . . (4.9)
= tan (4.10)
And
1
= tan ( tan 1) (4.11)
2
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |5
Where
where , , = bearing capacity factors.
The bearing capacity factors , , are, respectively, the
contributions of cohesion, surcharge, and unit weight of soil to the ultimate
load-bearing capacity. It is extremely tedious to evaluate , , . For
this reason, Terzaghi used an approximate method to determine the ultimate
bearing capacity, . The values of , , are given here.
where
3
2( )
4 2
= ( 1) . . (4.11)
2 cos 2 (45 + )
2
3
2( )
4 2
= (4.13)
2 cos 2 (45 +
2)
And
1
= ( 2 1) (4.15)
2 cos
Where
= ( + ) Passive pressure coefficient, the variation of the
2
bearing capacity factors defined by equations (4.12), (4.13) and (4.12) are
given in table (4.1)
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |6
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |7
factor of safety (FS) of 3. Assume that the depth of the foundation ( ) is 1.5
m and that general shear failure occurs in the soil. Use Terzaghis Method.
Solution:
From Eq. (4.17)
= . + + .
From Table 4.1, for = 25,
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |8
Example 4.2
Refer to Example 4.1. Assume that the shear-strength parameters of the soil are
the same. A square foundation measuring B B will be subjected to an
allowable gross load of 1000 kN with FS = 3 and Df = 1 m. Determine the
size B of the foundation.
Solution
Allowable gross load Q = 1000 kN with FS = 3. Hence, the ultimate gross load
= ()() = (1000)(3) = 3000 . So,
3000
= = ()
2 2
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |9
Example 4.3
The square footing shown below will carry a gross mass of 30,000 kg. Using a
factor of safety of 3 and using Terzaghis method, general shear failure, determine
the size B of the square footing.
Solution:
Given that the soil density = 1850 kg /m3, convert to a unit weight via the
relation
(1850 3 ) (9.81 2 )
= = = 18.15 3
1000
(30000 ) (9.81 2 )
= = = 294
1000
And the load to be supported by the footing
Terzaghi proposed that the ultimate bearing capacity of a square footing is given
by,
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |10
And the allowable bearing capacity with the factor of safety of 3 is,
1
= = (1.3 + + 0.4 )
3 3
294
= = 2
2
294 1
Or = (1.3 + + 0.4 )
2 3
3 + 2 = 0
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |11
If the water table is close to the foundation, some modifications of the bearing
capacity equations will be necessary.
Case III. When the water table is located so that the water will have no
effect on the ultimate bearing capacity.
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |12
Where
c = the cohesion;
q = effective stress at the level of the bottom of the foundation
= the unit weight of the soil;
B = width of foundation (equal to the diameter for a circular foundation);
Nc , Nq , N = bearing capacity factors.
Fcs , Fqs , Fs = shape factors
Fcd , Fqd , Fd = depth factors
Fci , Fqi , Fi = load inclination factors
for >
= tan2 (45 + ) . . (4.27)
2 For = 0
1
= ( 1) = ( 1) . (4.28) = 1 + 0.4 tan1 ( )
tan
= 2( + 1) . . (4.29)
: tan1 ( )
Shape Factors:
= = 1
For >
= 1 + ( ) ()
1
=
tan
= 1 + tan
= 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )2 1 ( )
= 1 0.4 ( ) where: (L > B)
tan1 ( )
Depth Factors: for Hansen (1970)
= 1
For = 0
Inclination Factors:
Meyerhof (1963); Hanna and Meyerhof (1981)
= 1 + 0.4 ( ) , = = 1
2
= = (1 )
For > 90
1 2
= = (1 ) Hence:
tan
=inclination of the load on the foundation with
= 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )2 ( )
respect to the vertical.
= 1
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |13
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |14
Example 4.3
A square foundation is 2 m x 2 m in plan. The soil supporting the foundation has a
friction angle of = 25 and = 20 kN/m. and the unit weight of soil, is =
16.5 . Determine the allowable gross load on the foundation with a factor of
3
safety (FS) of 3. Assume that the depth of the foundation ( ) is 1.5 m and that
general shear failure occurs in the soil. Use Eq. (4.26).
Solution
From Eq. (4.26),
qu = c Nc Fcs Fcd Fci + qNq Fqs Fqd Fqi + 0.5 BN Fs Fd Fi
Since the load is vertical = = = 1 from table 4.2
for = 25, = 20.72, = 10.66, = 10.88
Using Table 4.3
2 10.66
= 1 + ( )= 1+ ( ) = 1.514
2 20.72
2
= 1 + tan = 1 + tan 25 = 1.466
2
2
= 1 0.4 ( ) = 1 0.4 ( ) = 0.6
2
<
= 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )2 ( )
1.5
= 1 + 2 (tan 25)(1 sin 25)2 ( ) = 1.233
2
1 1 1.233
=
= 1.233 [ ] = 1.257
tan (20.72)(tan 25)
= 1
Hence,
qu = (20)(20.72)(1.514)(1.257)(1) + (1.5 16.5)(10.66)(1.466)(1.233)(1)
+ 0.5(16.5)(2)(10.88)(0.6)(1)(1)
qu = 788.6 + 476.9 + 107.7 = 1373.2
2
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |15
1373.2
= = = 457.7
. 3 2
Total allowable load (Q all ) = qall x B 2 = (457.7)(2 2) = 1830.8 kN
Example 4.4
A square foundation ( ) has to be constructed as shown in Figure 4.10.
Assume that = 16.5 3
, = 18.55 , = 34, = 1.22 , 1 =
3
0.61 . The gross allowable load, Qall with FS = 3 is 667.2 kN. Determine the
size of the footing. Use Eq. (4.26).
Solution:
667.2
= = . ()
2 2 2
= 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )2 ( )
1.22 0.32
= 1 + 2 (tan 34)(1 sin 34)2 ( ) =1+
= 1
And
= (0.61)(16.5) + 0.61(18.55 9.81) = 15.4
2
So
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |16
1 0.32
= [(15.4)(29.44)(1.67) (1 + )
3 B
80.76
= 252.38 + + 35.89
Combining Eqs. (a) and (b) results in
667.2 80.76
= 252.38 + + 35.89
2
667.2 = 252.38 2 + 80.76 + 35.89 3
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |17
Example 4.5
A square column foundation (Figure 4.11) is to be constructed on a sand
deposit. The allowable load Qall will be inclined at an angle = 20 with the
vertical. The standard penetration numbers N60 obtained from the field are as
follows.
Note that Eq. (3.29)
2
(deg) = 27.1 + 0.3N60 0.00054(N60 )
Determine Qall. Use FS = 3, Eq. (3.29), and Eq.
(4.26).
Solution
From Eq. (3.29),
(deg) = 27.1 + 0.3N60 0.00054(N60 )2
The following is an estimation of in the field
using Eq. (3.29).
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |18
= 18.4, = 22.40
From Table 4.3, (Note: B = L)
= 1 + tan = 1 + 0.577 = 1.577
= 1 0.4 ( ) = 0.6
<1
= 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )2 ( )
(0.289)(0.7)
=1+ = 1.162
1.25
= 1
2 20 2
Fqi = (1 ) = (1 ) = 0.605
90 90
2 20 2
= (1 ) = (1 ) = 0.11
30
Hence,
= (12.6)(18.4)(1.577)(1.162) (0.605) + 0.5 (18)(1.25)(22.4)(0.6)(1)(0.11)
= 257.028 + 16.632 = 273.66
2
qu 273.66
= = = 91.22 2
3
Now
cos 20 = 2 = (91.22)(1.25)2
(91.22)(1.25)2
=
cos(20)
= 151.7
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |19
6
= + 2 (4.44)
And
6
= 2 (4.45)
Where
Q = total vertical load
M = moment on the foundation
Figure 4.17b shows a force system equivalent to that shown in Figure 4.17a. The
Distance
= (4.46)
is the eccentricity. Substituting Eq. (4.46) into Eqs. (4.44) and (4.45) gives
6
= (1 + ) (4.47)
And
6
= (1 ) (4.48)
Note that, in these equations,
B
If e = qmin = 0
6
B
for e > qmin = This means that tension will develop.
6
- Because soil cannot take any tension, there will then be a
separation between the foundation and the soil underlying it.
- The value of
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |20
4
= (4.49)
3( 2)
The factor of safety for such type of loading against bearing capacity failure can be
evaluated as
= . (. )
where ultimate load-carrying capacity.
L = effective length = L 2e
B = effective width = B
The smaller of the two dimensions (i.e., L and B ) is the effective
width of foundation
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |21
- To evaluate Fcs , Fqs , and Fs use the relationships given in Table 4.3
with effective length and effective width dimensions instead of L
and B, respectively. To determine Fcd , Fqd , and Fd use the
relationships given in Table 4.3 However, do not replace B with
Step 3. The total ultimate load that the foundation can sustain is
= = ( )( ) . . (4.52)
= ( )( ) =
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |22
Qu
FS =
Q
It is important to note that is the ultimate bearing capacity of a
foundation of width = 2 with a centric load (Figure 4.19a).
However, the actual distribution of soil reaction at ultimate load will
be of the type shown in Figure 4.19b. In Figure 4.19b, () is the
average load per unit area of the foundation. Thus,
(2 )
() = . (4.53)
Example 4.7:
A continuous foundation is shown in Figure 4.23. If the load
eccentricity is 0.2 m, determine the ultimate load, Q u , per unit length
of the foundation. Use Meyerhofs effective area method.
Solution:
Nq = 64.2 N = 109.41
= 2 = 2 2(0.2) = 1.6
Because the foundation in question is
a continuous foundation, is zero.
Hence,
= 1 = 1
from Table 4.3
= = 1
1.5
= 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )2 ( ) = 1 + 0.214 ( ) = 1.16
2
= 1
and
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |23
Example 3.4:
A square foundation is shown in Figure
3.9. Assume that the one-way load
eccentricity e = 0.15 m. Determine the
ultimate load Qu.
Solution:
= + + 0.5 . (3.43)
= 0 , = 0
= + 0.5
= (0.7)(18) = 12.6 2
From Table 4.2, for = 30
Nq = . N = .
= 2 = 1.5 2(0.15) = 1.2
= = 1.5
1.2
= 1 + tan = 1 + ( ) tan 30 = 1.462
1.5
1.2
= 1 0.4 ( ) = 1 0.4 ( ) = 0.68
1.5
For 1
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |24
0.7
= 1 + 2 tan (1 sin )2 ( ) = 1 + 2 tan 30 (1 sin 30 )2 ( )
1.5
= 1.135
= 1
= + 0.5
= (12.6)(. )(1.462)(1.135)(1) + (0.5)(18)(1.2)(22.40)(0.68)(1)(1)
kN
= 384.7 + 164.50 = 549.2
m2
Hence
= ( ) = (1.2)(1.5)(549.2) 988
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |25
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |26
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |27
4
= 5 tan (45 + ) . . (5.50)
2
= tan6 (45 + ) . . (5.51)
2
= + 1 . . (5.52)
= 2 (45 + ) . . (5.53)
2
where
= unconfined compression strength of rock
= angle of friction
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |28
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |29
Solution
From Eq. (4.17),
= 1.3 + + 0.4
31
= 5 tan (45 + ) = 5 tan4 (45 + ) = 48.8
4
2 2
31
= tan6 (45 + ) = tan6 (45 + ) = 30.5
2 2
= + 1 = 30.5 + 1 = 31.5
Hence
= 1.3 (32 103 2 ) (48.8) + (17 2)(30.5) + (0.4)(25)(2.5)(31.5)
= 2030.08 103 + 1.037 103 + 0.788 103 2031.9 103 2
() = ()2 = (2030)(0.5)2 = 508
2
= =
Since 127 2 is greater than , use = 30 2
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department
Chapter 2: Subsurface Exploration P a g e |30
Overturning:
Resisting moment
FSO = 2
Overturning moment
Example
Footing 1.5m x 3 m is subject to vertical load p = 600 kN and horizontal load =
100 As shown in the following figure. Check the stability of the footing in
sliding, and overturning
P= 600 kN
H= 100 kN
G.L
Solution
2 2
600 x tan ( x36 ) + x 20x1.5x3 + 0
=
3 3 = 3.27 1.5 O. K
100
Ass. Prof. Yousif Ismael Mawlood Soil Mechanics and Foundation Eng. Civil Eng. Department