Lao RL 2.3

BITS Pilani presentation
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
•
Balram Dubey
•
Department of Mathematics
Useful results
1. If V is a finite-dimensional vector space,

then any two bases of V have the same
number of elements.
2. Let V be a finite-dimensional vector
space
and dimV = n. Then
any subset of V which contains more than n
vectors is LD. Linear Algebra 2

3. In an n-dimensional vector space V , any
set of n linearly independent vectors is a
basis for V.
4. Let W1 and W2 are finite-dimensional subspaces of a

vector space V . Then W1  W2 is finite-dimensional and
dimW1  W2   dim W1  dim W2  dimW1  W2  .
Linear Algebra 3
Example
Let S = {x2+x, x-1, x+1}

Show that S is a basis of P2
Soln:
Let , β & γ be scalers such that
(x2+x)+β( x – 1)+γ( x + 1) =0.
This implies x2 + (+ β+ γ)x+ (- β +γ)=0.
Linear Algebra 4
•
Which gives
=0
+β+ γ =0
-β + γ=0.
Thus, = 0 = β = γ .
Conclusions: (i) S is LI
(ii) dim P2 = 3 = no. of
elements in S Linear Algebra 5
Example
Suppose that we want to check whether the set
S  1,2,1, ,  1,1,0 , 5,1,2 
is a basis for R 3 over  .
Step I: Check if S is LI
For this, we let  1 ,  2 ,  3 be scalars (reals) such that
 1 1,2,1   2  1,1,0    3 5.  1,0  0,0,0  .
  1   2  5 3  0,
2 1   2   3  0,
 1  2 3  0.
Linear Algebra 6
This shows that  1  0   2   3 .
Hence the given set S is LI .
•
Step II: since dim R3 =3 = no. of elements
in S
•
This implies that S spans R3
Linear Algebra 7
Example
Let S   x1 , x 2 , x3   V3 : x1  x 2  x3  0 be a subspace
of R3 over  . Determine a basis for S and hence find dimS.
Solution: We have

S   x1 , x2 , x3   R 3 : x1   x2  x3 
  x2  x3 , x2 , x3  : x2 , x3  
  x2 , x2 ,0    x3 ,0, x3  : x2 , x3  
 x2  1,1,0  x3  1,0,1 : x2 , x3  
 S   1,1,0,  1,0,1.
Clearly the set B   1,1,0,  1,0,1 spans S and it is easy to

check that B is LI. Hence B is a basis for S and dim S = 2.
Linear Algebra 8
Linear Transformations
(L.T.)
•
Definition :
Let U and V be real vector spaces.
•
A map T: U  V is called a linear map, or
Linear transformation iff
(i) T u  v   T u   T v  for all u, v in U and
(ii) T  u    T u  for all u in U and for all
real numvers  .
Linear Algebra 9
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Example 1
Let U be any real vector space. Then the identify transformation

T  I from U into U defined by I (u )  u for all u in U is a
linear transformation, because
I u  v   u  v  I (u )  I (v) for all u, v in U and
I  u    u   I (u ) for all u in U and  in R.
Linear Algebra 10
Example 2
•
Reflection about x-axis T(x,y)= (x,-y)
•
is a L.T.
Linear Algebra 11
Theorem
•
Let T: UV be a linear map, then
i. T(0U)=0V
ii. T(-u) = -T(u) for all u in U
•.
Hints:
•.
T(ku)=k T(u) for any scalar k, since T is
L.T
•.
Take k=0 and k= -1.
Linear Algebra 12
Range and Null Spaces
Definition. Let U and V be vector spaces over the field F
and
let T : U  V be a linear transformation. Then
R T   v  V : T u   v for some u  U 
is called range space of T , and
N T   u  U : T u   0V 
is called null space of T .
Remark: Null space of T is also called kernel of T and

is denoted by ker ( T ).
Linear Algebra 13
Theorem. Let U and V be vector space over the
field R,
and T : U  V is a linear transformation. Then
(a) R T  is a subspace of V , and
(b) N T  is a subspace of U .
(c) T is one-one iff N T   0U .
Linear Algebra 14
Example
Let T : R 2  R 3 be a linear transformation defined by
T  x1 , x 2    x1 , x1  x 2 , x 2  .
Suppose that we wish to know whether T is one – one or not.
We have
 
N T   x   x1 , x2   R 2 : T  x   T  x1 , x2   0V3
  x , x   R :  x , x  x , x   0,0,0 
1 2
2
1 1 2 2
  x , x   R : x  0, x  x  0, x  0
1 2
2
1 1 2 2
 0,0 
 0 R 2 .
Hence T is one – one.

Linear Algebra 15
Definition. Let U and V be vector spaces over the field R
and T : U  V be a linear transformation. If U is finite
dimensional, then
rank of T  dim R T , and

nullity of T  dim N T .
Linear Algebra 16
Rank-nullity Theorem
Let U and V be vector spaces over the field R and

let T be a linear transformation from U into V .
Suppose that U is finite dimensional. Then
dim RT   dim N T   dim U .
Linear Algebra 17
Remark 1. Suppose T : U  V is a linear transformation and dim U   .
Then dim R T   dim U , because dim RT   dim N T   dim U   .
Remark 2. If T : U  V is a linear transformation and

dim U   . Then dim RT   min dim U , dim V .
Proof : Since RT  is a subspace of V

 dim RT   dim V .
From Remark 1, dim RT   dim U

Hence dim RT   min dim U , dim V .
Linear Algebra 18
Remark 3. If T : U  V is a linear transformation
and dim U   . Then dim RT   dim U  T is one-one.
Proof:  dim RT   dim N T   dim U
 dim RT   dim U  dim N T   0

 N T   0V 
 T is one  one.
Linear Algebra 19
Remark 4. If dim R T   dim U , then T is not one-one.
It follows from Remark 3.
Remark 5. T is onto  R T   V
 dim R T   dim V
Remark 6. dim R T   dim U  dim V  T is one – one

and onto.
Linear Algebra 20
Example
4
Let T: R  P3 be a linear map
defined as
T  x1 , x2 , x3 , x4   x1   x2  x3  t   x1  x3  t 3
(i) Find ker(T) or N(T) and a basis of N(T)
(ii) Find range (T) and a basis of range (T)
(iii) Verify Rank-Nullity Theorem

Linear Algebra 21
Soln:
��ሺ��ሻ = {��= ሺ��1 , ��2 , ��3 , ��4 ሻ��4 : ��ሺ��ሻ = ��1 + ሺ��2 − ��3 ሻ��+ ሺ��1 − ��3 ሻ��3 = 0
= {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 0, x 2 - x3 = 0&x1 - x3 = 0}
= {(0,0,0, x4) | x4 is any real number}

= [{(0,0,0,1)}]
basis of N(T) is {(0,0,0,1)}

dim(N(T))=1 Linear Algebra 22
Range space of T:
R(T) = {p P3 | p=T(x), for xR4}
= {(x1+(x2-x3)t+(x1-x3)t3 : (x1,x2,x3,x4)
R4}
= [{1, t, t3}]
Since {1, t, t3} is LI
basis for R(T) is {1, t, t3}
dim(R(T))=3 Linear Algebra 23

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BITS Pilani presentation

1. If V is a finite-dimensional vector space,

vectors is LD. Linear Algebra 2

4. Let W1 and W2 are finite-dimensional subspaces of a

Let S = {x2+x, x-1, x+1}

Hence the given set S is LI .

Clearly the set B   1,1,0,  1,0,1 spans S and it is easy to

Let U be any real vector space. Then the identify transformation

Remark: Null space of T is also called kernel of T and

(c) T is one-one iff N T   0U .

Hence T is one – one.

rank of T  dim R T , and

Let U and V be vector spaces over the field R and

dim RT   dim N T   dim U .

Remark 2. If T : U  V is a linear transformation and

Proof : Since RT  is a subspace of V

From Remark 1, dim RT   dim U

Proof:  dim RT   dim N T   dim U

 dim RT   dim U  dim N T   0

Remark 6. dim R T   dim U  dim V  T is one – one

(i) Find ker(T) or N(T) and a basis of N(T)

(ii) Find range (T) and a basis of range (T)

(iii) Verify Rank-Nullity Theorem

= {(0,0,0, x4) | x4 is any real number}

basis of N(T) is {(0,0,0,1)}

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