National Conference on Research Advances in Communication, Computation, Electrical Science and Structures

(NCRACCESS-2015)
Quality Control and Quality Assurance In Building Construction
R.Lakshmi
Construction Engineering and Management
Tsm Jain College of Technology

500 construction equipment manufacturing companies in all

ABSTRACT of India. The sector is labor-intensive and, including
The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the use indirect jobs, provides employment to more than 35 million
of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) as a management people.
tool to benefit project managers. The United States
building construction of Engineers is one of the largest
construction management organizations in the world, 1.2 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND QA&QC
annually performing over 3.5 billion dollars worth of Construction Industry plays a major role in
work. The project manager has primary responsibility the economic growth of a nation and occupies a pivotal
within the construction, to ensure the design both fulfils position in the nation’s development plans. India’s
user's requirements and is prepared correctly, and that construction industry employs a work force of nearly 32
quality control/assurance procedures are correctly million and its market size is worth about Rs. 2, 48,000
administered. QFD was developed and to improve crores. It is the second largest contributor to the GDP after
quality and lower costs in industrial and business related the agricultural sector. Construction sector is viewed as a
fields, by assuring all of building construction service industry. It generates substantial employment and
operational decisions are driven by owner needs. It uses a
provides growth impetus to other manufacturing sectors like
set of matrices to relate owner wants and needs with
project specifications and requirements.QFD assists
cement, bitumen, iron and steel, chemicals, bricks, paints,
project managers to clearly identify and prioritize owner tiles etc. whose combined value is Rs.1, 92,000 crores
and labour requirements in development of the annually. The construction equipment market is valued at
conceptual and final design. It is best suited to projects Rs.1,05,000 crores. The Project owner, construction
involving repetition of units or when higher-than-average companies, consultants, bankers and financial institutions,
quality is demanded. Managers are able to make better vendors & suppliers and even the service providers, each
informed decisions made during the delivery process, has his own fears of following QCAO in the conduct of
resulting in a better owner satisfaction. To testing of business. The magnitude of the quality is indeterminate at
required building construction materials and to times. What needs to be determined is:
determine the quality and quantity of our required area
a. The proportion of real versus perceived quality and
of the building construction The CQAP details the
systems and controls that GE has put in place so that the
approval. This document is being submitted and to satisfy
quality of the project will meet the requirements that requirement of quality.
specified in the report. GE provides definition and b. The real import and the importance of quality control
overall management of the quality approach to be and assurance in small building construction.
followed by its contractors and consultants. The quality
of the RA implementation will be ensured through an 1.2.1 QUALITY CONTROL
integrated system of quality assurance performed by the Monitoring specific project result to determine if
Construction Manager and quality control provided by they comply with relevant quality standards and identifying
the contractors. GE's Construction Manager is ways to eliminate cause of unsatisfy performance Contract
responsible for the day-to-day Coordination of quality
documents comprise a clear, complete, and accurate
assurance and quality control measures in the field.
description of the facility to be constructed, correctly
conveying the intent of the owner regarding the
INTRODUCTION
characteristics of the facility needed to serve his or her
GENERAL
purposes. The contract documents define a constructed
The Construction industry of India is an
facility considered acceptable under the applicable
important indicator of the development as it creates
regulatory codes and standards of professional practice, in
investment opportunities across various related sectors. The
terms of its reliability, the ease with which maintenance and
construction industry has contributed an
repairs can be performed, the durability of its materials and
estimated 6708 billion to the national GDP in 2011-12 (a
operating systems, and the life safety provided to its users.
share of around 8%). The industry is fragmented, with a
The facility is constructed in accordance with those
handful of major companies involved in the construction
documents.
activities across all segments; medium sized companies
specializing in niche activities; and small and medium 1. INPUTS
Work results, quality management plan,
contractors who work on the subcontractor basis and carry
Operational definitions, checklists
out the work in the field. In 2011, there were slightly over

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2- TOOLS AND TECH. construction acceptance criteria, and construction
Inspection, Control charts, Pareto diagrams, audits.
Statistical sampling, flowcharting, vi. Section 6 - Construction Deficiencies: describes the
Trend analysis procedures for tracking construction deficiencies
3- OUTPUTS from identification through acceptable corrective
Quality improvement, Acceptance decisions, action.
rework, Completed checklist vii. Section 7 - Documentation: describes the procedures
Process adjustment for the project documents that will be managed
through a combination of a secure document filing
1.2.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE and storage system and computerized Document
Evaluating overall project perform on a regular Tracking System.
basis to provide confidence that the project will satisfy the viii. Section 8 - EPA Approvals: describes EPA
relevant quality standards approvals applicable to the FSWC and PEI QC/QA.
ix. Section 9 - Field Changes: describes handling of
1. INPUTS quality plan changes to assure QC/QA objectives are
Quality management plan, Result of quality met.
control measurements, Operational definitions x. Section 10 - Final Reporting: describes the QC/QA
documentation for FSWC and PEI to be submitted to
2. TOOLS AND TECH. EPA in the Construction Completion Report.
Quality planning tools and techniques, Quality xi. Section 11 - References: provides bibliographic
audits references to key documents referred to in the body of
3. OUTPUTS the plan.
Quality improvement
1.5 BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM
1.3 PROJECT SETTING FORMULATION
The location of the site is at arkkavadi in The construction sector in Sweden has for some
villupuram district and it is having surrounding facility. time suffered from poor performance and a lack of control
Land mark of site such as west side of that building having in various steps of the process. Due to the sector’s problems
big sugar mill at Moongilduraipattu, and east side of that with numerous faults and the increased costs for buildings,
building having Sri Ranganathar Temple at Thiruvarangam. the Swedish government initiated the Building Commission,
whose assignment was to focus on where the problems were
1.4 CQAP ORGANIZATION and how to increase the effectiveness instead of the costs.
They found, amongst other things, problems with cost and
This CQAP is organized into eleven sections. faults related to the construction. Risks and other
i. Section 1 - Introduction: describes the project uncertainties can cause losses that lead to increased costs,
setting, the contracts and related RAWPs, and the time delays and lack of quality during the progression of the
CQAP quality program overview. projects and at their end. Quality and uncertainties appear in
ii. Section 2 - Project QC/QA Organization: presents various shapes. In projects the objectives are most often
the organizations and key personnel involved in the related to time, cost, quality and function and client
construction of the RA, their responsibilities and satisfaction. In organizations, depending on the risk
authorities, the structure of the QC/QA organization management focus, different relations between the
and the minimum training and experience of the objectives and the definition of quality exist. The quality
Construction Quality Assurance Officer (CQAO) and definition is therefore highly dependent on the choice of
personnel. applied management focus in the organization. In the
iii. Section 3 - Submittals: presents the procedures for construction industry the management focus on site is
processing submittals from contractors and vendors. closest related describe as project quality management and
iv. Section 4 - Performance Monitoring safety quality management. At other levels, apart from the
Requirements: addresses QC/QA for performance project site, the focus is somewhat different. Quality
monitoring requirements applicable to FSWC and management is generally a part of other management
PEI. systems such as risk, environmental or work environmental
v. Section 5 - Inspection and Verification Activities: management systems. Some core values are common in
provides procedures for tracking construction many environmental management systems viz. the
inspection and verification activities for the contract, commitment of all employees, customer focus, management
commitment, focus on process, continuous improvement

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and fact-based decisions. These core values are closely technical specification as determined by the Engineer of
connected and could easily be found in the theoretical Record, the new materials may be used for the work;
framework of quality management. The current focus on otherwise, previously approved materials must be used or
quality management should be regarded as a complement other acceptable materials must be sampled and tested as
and a development of the already implemented management noted above prior to incorporating into the work.
systems used by companies. Either way, quality M. Dudek-Burlikowska*, D. Szewieczek “
management is a crucial part of the total project Quality estimation methods used in product life cycle” in
management system regardless of the focus on time, quality, that In Polish companies, quality of products is a result of
environment or work environment. many connected processes. Those processes are depended
on the factors forming quality products requirements. At
LITERATURE REVIEW present time the organizations put “prevention strategy“
which replaced “detecting strategy“. This approach has
2.1 GENERAL influence on optimisation of production process and
Literature pertaining to similar studies conducted all over reduction of costs and spoilage. According to Quality
the world is collected from various sources to determine the Management System and Quality Control organization
feasibility and scope of the work. Similar studies undertaken should use quality methods in the whole product life cycle.
are as follows: Such activities make it possible to apply the proposed model
in continuous quality improvement.
2.2 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW Dr.Ibtisam M. A. Al.Hamidi & Manaf A.
Mohammed “quality control of cost estimation process
1. To determine the quality of building materials like in construction organizations” in that Quality has been
soil, stone, brick, sand, cement, sand, aggregate, emerged in the 1980s as the top strategic issue in industry.
concrete, steel etc. Statistical process control (SPC) is an important element of
2. To determine the Soil Classification, Grain- Size total quality management (TQM).Though SPC techniques
Distribution, Moisture Content, Compaction were originally developed for manufacturing; they have
characteristics, physical and chemical requirements been successfully applied to certain administrative and
for cement. service functions. The objective of this research is to
3. To determine the Sieve analysis, organic impurities, demonstrate the applicability of SPC techniques for quality
soundness, abrasion, deleterious materials, finer, control and improvement in engineering organizations
alkali reactivity for stone aggregate. involved in construction (implementing projects). One of
4. Water-cement ratio, slump test, compressive test for the most important processes to be controlled in
concrete. construction projects (cost estimation process) has been
5. To determine tensile strength of steel and focused on. The technique of controlling such a process has
compressive strength of brick. been defined depending on reviewing the subject in the
previous studies. Adopting individual measurement charts is
2.3 LITERATURES REVIEWED reached as the technique used to control this process
statistically. Practical data, represented as a list of projects
Parsons has studied “construction quality implemented in 2002 by the State Company for
control/quality assurance plan” in that Materials Transportation Projects together with their estimated and
qualification testing will be done prior to construction to actual costs, have been obtained and considered for this
verify that the materials comply with requirements of the purpose (through applying individual measurement charts as
specifications. The contractor will obtain representative a suitable technique for controlling processes statistically)
samples of the materials designated as the proposed source showing the applicability of SPC techniques in engineering
of the materials. Test samples will be sent by the contractor construction organizations which undertake projects along
to the Testing Laboratory. The Testing Laboratory will long period of time. The conclusions reached from this
report all test results for determination of material meeting research are: The application of SPC in Iraqi construction
the acceptance criteria. For soils, sampling and analysis will engineering organizations is extremely disregarded. Change
be performed by the contractor on the onsite borrow in culture of the organization is required before SPC
material source. The CQAO or designee will periodically technique can be effectively used. Management
inspect material being used. If determined that the commitment and training are very important in bringing
characteristics of the material being used differ from the about the cultural change. Control chart technique can be
material initially tested, the CQAO designees will direct the used not only in industry but also in engineering
contractor to repeat the qualification testing. If the new organizations. This study has been dedicated to apply this
material qualification test results meet the criteria of the technique in a construction engineering organization (on the

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organization level); it has been found that this technique is a for successful implementation/development of projects. The
very efficient tool to separate special causes from common results from the research have indicated that weaknesses do
causes of variance. It is possible to include further quality exist within system implementation projects when looking
measures like cost and schedule measures beside the at the QA activities performed to assist with the success of
traditional ones (defect measures) to control quality in the project. Through the literature review conducted, it has
engineering organizations. Five projects (from 24) been found that even though guidance for QA activities
undertaken by SCTP have been discovered out of the exists in the form of models, frameworks and standards,
control limits, which are approximately ±6.5 percent. The these are not specific enough to assist an organisation in
engineers in charge of those projects are advised to take identifying the specific QA activities needed during each
action, and the management to make improvements to the phase of an SDLC.
estimation system, considering that as a policy, by reducing Furthermore, the results that have been obtained from the
the limits to ±5.0 percent to eliminate or reduce the effect of case study indicate that the company whose business
the common causes. It is recommended to adopt SPC in all information system was implemented at the various
engineering, design and construction companies in Iraq to organisations surveyed, does apply QA activities during
control and improve their processes. their normal implementation projects. They also have not
glizelle langerman “the application of quality yet had an unsuccessful implementation, although a lot of
assurance in system implementation projects” Most rework had to be done. This might not be the case for other
system implementation projects fail because they do not organisations that have not yet adopted QA activities in
realise their original purpose and consequently do not meet their implementation strategies. Finally, it is hoped that if a
the requirements of users and organisations. Most often the QA model (as suggested in Figure 6-1) can be implemented
reason for this is quality assurance not being implemented successfully, it will assist organisations in their system
by the project team as well as non-adherence to quality implementation projects and ensure that systems are
standard guidelines. This research study therefore aims to implemented according to specifications, within budget and
determine how organisations apply quality standards during on time.
the implementation of quality assurance in their system Adenuga, Olumide Afolarin has studied
implementation projects. A further aim is to determine what “Factors Affecting Quality in the Delivery of Public
types of problems are experienced in the application of Housing Projects in Lagos State, Nigeria” in that the
quality assurance by organisations that have implemented research work delves into the origin of public housing in
quality assurance in their system implementation projects. Lagos, Nigeria and its development over the years. It
The literature review conducted focuses on what quality is, identifies the challenges of public housing but focuses on
as well as the type of quality control standards and project appraising the quality assurance practices in the
management methodologies that are available. A review of construction industry. The objectives are to examine the
the reasons for unsuccessful system implementation projects factors that hinder effective quality assurance practices; and
and quality initiatives also provides background on where to ascertain who should be largely responsible for
organisations are going wrong. A qualitative research ensuring/enforcing effective quality assurance practices in
methodology, with multiple case studies, is applied in this public housing projects. In achieving the objectives, a field
research study. The results indicate that the organisations survey involving a sample size of 73 respondents, mainly
that participated in this research study did apply quality the professionals in the built environment working directly
assurance methodologies during their system with Lagos State and those managing the housing projects
implementation projects. However, weaknesses existed that, awarded to different contractors using structured
if improved, could enhance the successful implementation questionnaires. The study reveals that the aims and
of systems, the quality of the systems implemented, and the objectives of quality assurance are easily compromised and
time frame in which systems are implemented. Based on the frequently lost since it relies heavily upon the individual
findings of the research study, the researcher has developed contributions to implementation from each designer,
a quality assurance model that can be used during system contractor, supplier and sub-contractor. The study concludes
implementation/development projects. This model is that all have major roles to play in ensuring quality work in
divided into the various system development life cycle public housing projects; enforcement of quality standards by
phases, such as the planning phase, design phase, government agencies, setting up of quality assurance
development phase, etc, indicating the quality assurance department in construction firms and enforcing statutory
activities and deliverables required during each of these requirements as well as providing trainings and seminars on
phases. This approach makes the model unique in the sense quality standard. Severe penalty for non compliance to
that some or all of these phases can be adopted to any quality standards be put in place by government and
company’s system development life cycle methodology to professional bodies. Clients must demand proof of
assist in identifying the activities and deliverables required contractors’ credentials for quality assurance capability

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before compiling their tender lists, and professionals on the technologies applied or recently introduced in the Sudan.
project must try to work together in attaining desired Based on available literature, a generic model was proposed
quality. for the categorization of problems facing the SCI. The
dottorato di ricerca, akram ahmed elkhalifa underlying research scrutinized the challenges facing the
“the construction and building materials industries for SCI and the SBMI and the factors affecting the utilization of
sustainable development in developing countries” The local building materials (LBMs). It measured the relative
construction industry (CI) in developing countries (DCs) importance of the factors influencing the development of
faces multitude challenges Confronting its improved the construction and building materials industries in the
performance and development. Similar to many developing country. Ranking these factors forms a reference for the
countries, the Sudan faces severe problems in its formulation of strategies and policies for the development
construction sector which should be seriously addressed and of the CI to take its due place in the socioeconomic
eliminated. Problems related to building materials (BMs) development of the nation. Moreover, the research indicated
production, supply and management tend to dominate the the interrelationship between these factors, whereby
list of impediments to the development of the Sudanese scenarios could be developed for the improvement of the
Construction Industry (SCI). The main objective of this construction sector performance. The study also examined
study is to conduct a comprehensive and elaborate review the importance of the factors affecting successful
and analysis of the construction and building materials transference of technology for the adoption of appropriate
industries in the Sudan focusing on locally produced building materials and technologies. A questionnaire was
building materials and building technologies employed in constructed and circulated to different stakeholders of the
the provision of housing. The research aimed to delineate SCI for the purpose of collecting primary data about the
the significance of the construction industry in the impediments to the development of the SCI and the SBMI.
socioeconomic development in the Sudan and to assess the The research proposed a causality model to demonstrate
potentials of the country in self sufficiency of key building how the successfulness of technology transfer is influenced
materials. It reviewed the status quo of the Sudanese by the level of awareness of the benefits associated with
Construction Industry (SCI) and the Sudanese Building technology transfer. The subject study provided a set of
Materials Industry (SBMI) by investigating the role of recommendations for the purpose of attaining sustained
construction in the socio-economic development of the development in the construction and building materials
country. The study examined the causality relationship industries in the Sudan. Most of these recommendations are
between construction and the economy as a whole and its expected to be handled by the government and the
subsectors employing statistical tests, namely the Granger professional intuitions jointly with other stakeholders of the
causality test. Data pertaining to the performance of the SCI. The study also identified areas where further research
Sudanese economy during 1982-2009 were employed for is required.
the analysis. The study explored the possibility of producing N.C.D.C “Human Resource and Skill
BMs locally in terms of raw materials availability and Requirements in the Construction Materials and
distribution. Building Hardware Sector” Construction investment
The underlying research demonstrated the role accounts for nearly 52.4% of the Gross Fixed Capital
that innovation and technology transfer (TT) could possibly Formation. Investments in construction have a positive
play in the adoption of appropriate materials and domino effect on supplier industries, thereby contributing
technologies. It examined the role of globalization, immensely to economic development.. Construction
innovation and technology transfer in the development of materials and equipment sector accounts for approximately
the CI in the Sudan and the extent of its effectiveness. Case 8.6% of India’s GDP1 and accounts for nearly two-third of
studies were helpful in understanding the mechanisms the total construction costs on an average. The share of
through which innovative and appropriate technologies are construction materials in project costs ranges from 40-60%
transferred. These case studies covered projects - involving and the corresponding cost for construction equipment
transfer of technology - developed by; research institutes, ranges from 5 to 25%. Construction component comprises
governmental authorities, national and international NGOs, nearly 60-80% of project cost of infrastructure projects like
private sector companies and individual practitioners. The roads, housing etc. In projects like power plants, industrial
study attempted to evaluate the application of appropriate plants, etc. the share, though lower, is critical. Construction
building materials and technologies for housing in the materials and equipment sector comprises of various sub-
Sudan by reviewing research efforts in the field and industries such as:
highlighting the potential role that technology transfer could 1. Cement 2. Steel 3.Construction equipment
play. A comparative analysis, based on cost effectiveness 4. Paints & Chemicals
and environmental impact, was performed to assess the 5. Petroleum products and resins 6. Fixtures and fittings
appropriateness of selected building materials and (including electrical wiring) 7. Aggregates such as

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concrete and asphalt 8.Timber 9.Tilesand rehabilitation of the barrage facilities, several approaches
10.ceramics 11.Aluminium, Glass & Plastics are being considered, including automation. The computer-
Since most of the materials are either manufactured locally, aided technology in particular shows great promise in
in cottage or small scale industry, data available for creating tools 119 to assist QA/QC elements. Past
quantifying the exact nature of linkages with construction is development of QA/QC in Pakistan has shown that the
not very accurate. On the other hand, linkages of products stakeholders must become involved early in the process to
such as paints and petro-products would again be difficult ensure suitable performance. However, in developing some
due to their stronger linkages with other sectors. Whereas in QA/QC systems, the stakeholder is not known and the
case of cement and steel, almost 100% of cement system cannot be tailored for a particular level of domain
production is consumed in construction and about 40 - 60% knowledge. When this situation occurs, it is necessary to
of steel production goes into construction. Thus in this provide flexibility in the system to handle users with
report we will focus on only three major categories of differing levels of knowledge about the domain.
construction material and equipment industry, i.e. cement, Incorporating this flexibility into a computer module is a
steel, and construction equipment. major problem in current QA/QC development and different
“Ammad Hassan Khan, Salman Azhar, Arshad approaches have been tried to deal with the problem. The
Mahmood, Quality Assurance and Control in the experience of quality control and assurance during the
Construction of Infrastructure Services in Developing construction of Taunsa barrage can lead to following
Countries – A Case Study of Pakistan” in that Quality is observations:
one of the critical factors in the success of construction • The performance specifications for construction operations
projects. Quality of construction projects, as well as project specifying the required construction process and specifying
success, can be regarded as the full fillment of expectations the required quality of finished facility remained absent in
(i.e. the satisfaction) of the project participants. The term of application and implementation in the project.
construction industry in Pakistan has been struggling with • The statistical sampling methods (variable and attributes)
quality issues for many years. The construction costs can be commonly used for the quality control has not been used in
significantly reduced if the construction industry embraces the project.
the concept of quality assurance and control that has been • Accurate and useful information collection during
used with great success by service and manufacturing construction is an important part of
industries in Pakistan. However, unlike manufacturing and maintaining quality performance.
service industries, where a standard product is regularly • The capability of the contractors after the pre-qualification
produced, most products of the construction industry are has been evaluated and PQMS are than developed for a
one-offs, specially designed for a specific purpose. Hence, specific project.
attainment of a quality level is difficult both to specify and • In developing countries like Pakistan the quality
to monitor. In this paper, a case study of the quality awareness and consciousness limits is required to be
assurance and control during the execution of Taunsa communicated among the stakeholders through seminars,
Barrage Emergency Rehabilitation and Modernization conferences, workshops etc.
Project contract packages ICB-01 (Sub-weir, downstream • As in Pakistan, the PQMS as per ISO for the construction
floor of barrage, instrumentation) has been presented. The industry is relatively new in implementation and adaptation,
Taunsa Barrage Project has been considered as a success thus project oriented PQMS are prerequisite before the
story in the construction of infrastructure development commencement of the actual construction particularly on
projects in developing countries. The major part of the civil mega projects.
works of the Taunsa Barrage Project has been completed. “kenn thun kam,ahmad hilmy,abdul
This paper is focused on the quality assurance and control hamir,the relationship between motions and benefits
using the concept of quality, quality management system on adopting qlassics 7:2006 in malaysia construction”
(QMS) and quality management system standards in the in that this paper reviews on the building contractor
civil construction works. In construction project due to the motivating factor on adopting the newly imposed
involvement of various stakeholders in quality control and quality assurance initiative in malasiya construction
assurance, issues of quality control arise in virtually all the industry. The quality assurance initiative named quality
functional areas of construction activities. Within the assessment system in construction (QLASSIC).The
organizational structure of the stakeholders in the Taunsa construction industry standards (CIS) CIS 7:2006, It is
Barrage construction project, a limited number of quality introduced by the construction industry development
assurance/quality control (QA/QC) personnel were board of malasiya (CIDB).This QLASSIC system consist
responsible for an increasingly large workload involving of a building construction standards where all the
many more complex practices than found in traditional contractors must follow the specification of adapting this
construction. To ensure the continued quality of system in their construction project. The basic

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conclusion from this survey shows that the contractors’ complied with concern (1) design control; (2) internal
motives driving them to adopt QLASSIC system in their auditing; (3) training; and (4) statistical techniques.
practice are particularly significant for both beneficial Documentation of a quality system is scarce for the
objectives. This study proves that both internal and majority of the contractors. The quality systems of 15
external motives have influenced the contractors’ construction contractors were evaluated. The quality
objectives for seeking the benefits in terms of system complexity varies from an informal inspection
organizational operational aspect and competitiveness and test system to registered ISO 9002 quality system.
aspect. The relationship between internal motives and The most appealing reasons for registration are top
operational benefits are respectively high in correlation managements interest in improving project quality and
which could be concluded that those contractors who current or expected demand from customers. The ISO
focusing on internal motives aspect would be aiming to 9000 clauses most often complied with are (1) inspection
enhance their organizational and operational and test status; (2) inspection and testing; (3) control of
improvement. They focus mainly on true quality non conformance product; and (4) handling, storage, and
improvement for their internal operation. Meanwhile, the preservation. Misunderstandings were observed
relationship between external motives and competitive regarding the quality system documentation, method of
benefits are respectively high in correlation too. This implementation, and the difference between disposition
could be concluded that those contractors who focusing of non conformances and corrective actions. Setting up
on external motives aspects are aiming to enhance their priorities for improvement is another area that
company image, reducing client complain, fulfilling the contractors are not performing.
client requirement and penetrate to a new quality culture alan michael dodd, “quality function
market. Though, according to this correlation testing deployment:of a method for improving contract
result where the relationship between internal motives specifications in the us corps of engineers” studyied
and operational benefits scores r = 0.713 and relationship that The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the use of
between external motives and competitive benefits Quality Function Deployment (QFD) as a management
scores r = 0.528, we can conclude that the reason tool to benefit US Army Corps of Engineers' project
contractors adopting QLASSIC system are tended to aim managers. The United States Army Corps of Engineers is
and gain benefits from firm operational part more than one of the largest construction management
external benefits in terms of competitiveness. organizations in the world, annually performing over 3.5
However, the contractors’ motives in adopting the billion dollars worth of work. The project manager has
QLASSIC system are revealed, and the results provide the primary responsibility within the Corps to ensure the
understanding on the relationship between motives and design both fulfills user's requirements and is prepared
benefits on adopting QLASSIC system in construction correctly, and that quality control/assurance procedures
practice, there are still limitations on this study. Others are correctly administered.QFD was developed by the
factors that may contribute in influence the contractors' Japanese in 1972 to improve quality and lower costs in
motives on adopting the QLASSIC system could be adopted industrial and business related fields, by assuring all of a
into the future study; organization financial status, project company's operational decisions are driven by customer
cost, regulation requirement and, etc. Further research that needs. It uses a set of matrices to relate customers wants
investigates this relationship and needs with project specifications and requirements.
“abdulaziz a. bubshait,1 member, asce, and Through this process, shortcomings, redundancies, or
tawfiq h. al-atiq2, iso 9000 quality standards in conflicts in specifications are identified and resolved.
construction” There is risk involved in any construction Critical material requirements and construction processes
project. A contractor’s quality assurance system is are identified, allowing the user to focus the project
essential in preventing problems and the reoccurrence of delivery system on fulfilling customer requirements. The
problems. This system ensures consistent quality for the scope of this research is limited to development of a
contractor’s clients. An evaluation of the quality systems procedure for integrating QFD into the Corps of
of 15 construction contractors in Saudi Arabia is Engineers' design/construction delivery process. The
discussed here. The evaluation was performed against procedure was applied to a Corps' construction project to
the ISO 9000 standard. The contractors’ quality systems evaluate its feasibility for contributing to the delivery
vary in complexity, ranging from an informal inspection process. QFD assists project managers to clearly identify
and test system to a comprehensive system. The ISO and prioritize customer requirements in development of
9000 clauses most often complied with are those dealing the conceptual and final design. It is best suited to
with (1) inspection and test status; (2) inspection and projects involving repetition of units or when higher-
testing; (3) control of non conformance product; and (4) than-average quality is demanded. Managers are able to
handling, storage, and preservation. The clauses least make better informed decisions made during the delivery

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process, resulting in a better customer satisfaction. QFD stone may be in the form of stone blocks, stone
is time consuming and requires very technological aggregate, stone slabs, and stone lintels. Here to be
knowledge; the process must be streamlined and used as impact test, water absorption test, hardness test
automated before it could be effectively integrated into and crushing strength. It is preferred according to
the construction process The biggest benefit of QFD SP27-1987
analysis occurs when integrating it into the final design.
During the QFD analysis, the most critical failure modes 4.1.2 Brick
or failures to fulfill customer requirements are identified. Brick is made up of soil and it is used to made the
As the final design is completed, critical construction masonry structure Absorption test, Shape and size test,
specifications can be made more stringent to reduce or Crushing strength test, Soundness test, Hardness test. The
eliminate the failure modes. The analysis also allows the bricks be table-moulded, well burnt in kilns, copper-
quality control and assurance plans to focus on coloured, free from cracks and with sharp and square
eliminating failure modes during the construction edges.
process. Through the use of QFD analysis, the Corps
should be able to improve the quality of its construction
delivery process by focusing the design process on 3.3 PLAN OF THE BUILDING
providing for customer requirements, and minimizing
quality control problems and design changes

3.1 SCOPE
The scope of this research is to reduce the
risk and to avoid the problem in construction. In this manner
it can satisfy the conditions of green buildings. It is also
carried out to find the what are the test to be conducted in
building material and to improve the quality of building
construction.

3.2 OBJECTIVE CQAP

 To find out the quality of building construction
materials
 Describe the quality program and organization to
be implemented so that the project is constructed
in accordance with the contract requirements and
industry standards
 Describe guidelines for inspection and
documentation of construction activities
 Provide reasonable assurance that the completed
work will meet or exceed the requirements of the
construction drawings and specifications
 Describe how any unexpected changes or
conditions that could affect the construction
quality will be detected, documented, and The colour should be uniform and bright. The brick
addressed during construction. should uniform in shape and should be of standard size.
The bricks should give a clear metallic ringing sound
METHODS AND MATERIALS when struck with each other. It is preferred according
to SP27-1987
4.1 MATERIALS
The materials used for this study includes 4.1.3 Cement
stone, brick, cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, The most common cement used is
steel, concrete Ordinary Portland Cement. The type I is preferred
according to IS: 269-1976, which is used for general
4.1.1 Stone concrete structures. 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement
The stone is always obtained from rock. The is confirming to 12269. Out of the total production,
rock quarried from quarries is called stone. Quarried

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 National Conference on Research Advances in Communication, Computation, Electrical Science and Structures
(NCRACCESS-2015)
Ordinary Portland Cement accounts for about 80-90
percent. 5.1 WORK COMPLETED
Fineness of cement = 8%  Selected the location of site
Standard consistency of cement = 31%  Taken the survey of the land and drawn the plan
Initial setting time of cement = 36 min by using auto cadd
Specific gravity of cement = 3.46  Collected the literature review
 Collected the requirement materials
4.1.4 Aggregate
Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of IS 5.2 WORK TO BE COMPLETED
383. As far as possible reference shall be given to  Testing to be our collected material
natural aggregate. Aggregates are the important  To determine the quality of material such as soil,
constituents in concrete. They give body to the stone, brick, cement, aggregate, concrete and steel
concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. One of  To estimate the cost of building
the most important factors for producing workable  Execute the quality control and assurance of
concrete is good gradation of aggregates. Good grading building
implies that a sample fractions of aggregates in
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RESULT AND DISCUTION

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