Making Soap Using Beeswax and Honey: How Beekeepers Clean Up With Value - Added Products

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Making

 Soap  Using  Beeswax  and  


Honey  
How  Beekeepers  Clean  up  with  
Value-­‐Added  Products  

Prepared  by  Landi  Simone,  Master  Beekeeper,  Gooserock  Farm  


Why  Make  Soap?  
•  Luxury  Value-­‐Added  Product  
•  Excellent  return  for  small  amount  of  beeswax  or  
honey  
•  Fun  to  make  
•  Adds  to  variety  in  product  line  
•  Smells  great!  
•  Like  your  honey,  handmade  soaps  are  of  the  very  
best  quality  –  milder  than  any  commercial  soap  –  
and  you  and  your  customers  will  become  
addicted  to  them!  
How  do  Beeswax  and  Honey  Make  
Soap  BeMer?  
•  All  handmade  soaps,  even  those  with  no  beeswax  
or  honey,  are  naturally  1/3  glycerin,  a  humectant  
which  aMracts  moisture  to  the  skin  
•  Honey  is  hygroscopic.    Adding  it  to  any  cosmeRc  
increases  that  product’s  condiRoning/
moisturizing  properRes  
•  Beeswax  does  three  things  in  soap:  
–  It  makes  the  soap  gentler  on  the  skin  
–  It  makes  the  soap  harder  and  longer-­‐lasRng  
–  It  helps  the  soapmaker  by  decreasing  the  Rme  it  takes  
the  soap  to  “trace.”  (More  on  this  later.)  
What  is  Soap?  
•  Soap  is  a  salt  of  a  faMy  
acid  used  as  a  surfactant  
for  washing,  bathing,  and  
cleaning.  
•  Soap  is  the  result  of  a  
chemical  process  called  
saponifica)on.  
•  Soapmakers  combine  
various  fats  and  oils  with  
lye  (sodium  hydroxide)  
and  water  to  create  soap.  
All  Soap  is  Made  with  Lye  
•  BUT,  correctly  made  soap  does  not  CONTAIN  
lye!  
•  Transparent  (glycerin)  soaps  are  also  made  using  
lye  and  are  then  further  treated  with  alcohol.  
•  All  the  lye  added  in  soapmaking,  if  the  correct  
amount  is  used,  is  chemically  bound  with  the  
faMy  acids  in  the  oils  and  fats  and  
becomes…..soap!  Only  if  too  much  lye  is  used  in  
the  first  place  will  there  be  lye  in  your  soap.  
Basic  Soapmaking  101  
•  WEIGH  the  fats  and  oils  in  your  recipe,  put  them  in  a  
pot  and  set  them  to  melt.    Then  let  them  cool.  
•  WEIGH  the  correct  amount  of  lye.  
•  MEASURE  the  right  amount  of  water.  
•  COMBINE  the  lye  and  water  and  set  it  aside  to  cool.  
•  When  the  lye  water  and  the  fats  have  cooled  to  the  
right  temperature,  COMBINE  them  and  STIR.  This  starts  
the  chemical  reacRon.  
•  When  the  soap  TRACES,  pour  it  into  your  MOLDS.  
•  Next  day,  unmold  and  cut  the  soap  into  bars.    Let  cure.  
“Trace”:  What  is  it?  
•  Tracing  is  a  change  in  the  
texture  of  the  liquid  soap  in  
the  pot.    It  becomes  thicker  
so  that  a  spoonful  of  the  
soap  drizzled  on  the  surface  
will  leave  a  “trace.”  
•  When  the  soap  has  traced,  
the  chemical  reacRon  has  
advanced  to  the  point  that  
the  soap  can  be  poured  into  
the  molds.  
•  Beeswax  makes  soap  trace  
much  faster!  
Soapmaking  Tools  
Your  Most  Important  Tool  
•  Choose  a  scale  that  has  the  
capacity  to  weigh  the  
largest  batch  of  soap  you  
think  you  might  want  to  
make.  
•  Accuracy  to  .02  pounds  for  
larger  scales  or  .01  ounce      (.
006  pounds)  for  smaller  
capacity  scales.  
•  Should  have  a  “tare”  
feature.  
•  Should  have  an  A/C  outlet.  
•  Should  be  big  enough  to  
securely  hold  your  pot.  
What  fats  go  into  soap?  
•  All  fats  are  composed  of  different  combinaRons  of  faMy  
acids,  like  oleic  acid,  linoleic  acid,  lauric  acid,  etc.    
These  faMy  acids  contribute  different  properRes  to  
soap  such  as  hardness,  condiRoning,  lathering.      
•  If  you  “get  into  it”  and  design  your  own  soap  recipes,  
you  will  need  to  have  a  working  knowledge  of  the  
properRes  of  the  various  fats  and  what  they  contribute  
to  your  soap.  
•  You,  can,  however,  make  a  great  soap  by  incorporaRng  
several  basic,  important  fats.  
•  There  are  many  excellent  proven  recipes  on-­‐line  and  in  
books.  
Commonly  Used  Fats  
•  Coconut  Oil:    Makes  for  a  quick,  fluffy  lather.    
EssenRal  in  a  soap  that  lathers  well.  Too  much  
can  be  drying.  Most  recipes  contain  coconut  oil.  
•  Palm  Oil:    Makes  smaller,  long-­‐lasRng  bubbles.  
Makes  a  briMle,  hard  soap  that  is  mild.  
•  Olive  Oil:    Great  moisturizing  properRes.    Poor  
lathering  qualiRes.    Soap  made  with  all  olive  oil  is  
“casRle”  soap  and  is  very  mild.  Use  “pure”  grade,  
not  extra  virgin.  Used  alone,  takes  very  long  to  
trace  (someRmes  weeks!)  
And  More  Fats….  
•  Castor  Oil:  Makes  a  beauRfully  emollient,  hard  bar  of  
soap  when  used  in  combinaRon  with  other  oils.  
•  Palm  Kernel  Oil:  Makes  a  white,  very  hard  soap  with  
great  lather  but  can  be  drying  if  used  in  excess.    Similar  
to  coconut.  
•  Other  oils:  CoMonseed,  soy,  hemp,  cocoa  buMer,  
sunflower,  tallow,  lard,  peanut,  safflower,  jojoba,  corn,  
etc.  
•  Beeswax  is  treated  as  a  fat  in  soapmaking.  
•  We  COMBINE  fats  to  get  the  qualiRes  we  want.    Note  
that  the  majority  of  the  fats  in  your  recipe  should  be  
SOLID    (hydrogenated)  at  room  temperature.  
SaponificaRon  Values  (SAP)  
•  SAP  =  Milligrams  of  potassium  hydroxide  required  
to  saponify  1g  of  a  parRcular  fat.  
•  SAP  values  are  used  to  calculate  how  much  lye  is  
needed  in  your  soap  recipe.      
•  Most  “soapers”  use  sodium  hydroxide  (lye),  not  
potassium  hydroxide,  so  a  liMle  math  is  needed  to  
convert  the  units.  
•  There  are  many  easy-­‐to-­‐use  lye  calculators  
available  on-­‐line:  www.thesage.com  or  
www.brambleberry.com  are  two  websites  with  
good  ones.  
Lye  DiscounRng  or    
“Super-­‐falng”  
•  These  terms  mean  the  same  thing  and  refer  to  
the  pracRce  of  adding  a  liMle  less  lye  than  you  
need  to  saponify  all  the  fats  in  your  recipe.  In  
pracRce,  it  means  adding  a  liMle  more  fat  than  
you  need.      Lye  discounRng  is  a  guarantee  that  
you  will  not  have  an  excess  of  lye  in  your  soap.      
•  Most  soapers  add  5%  to  8%  extra  fat  as  a  lye  
discount.    Less  than  this  risks  a  harsh  soap.    
More  will  result  in  a  soap  that  is  sop  or  greasy.  
Let’s  Design  a  Soap!  
•  Most  soap  recipes  are  designed  by  the  pound,  and  then  the  
“unit  recipe”  is  just  mulRplied  for  producRon.    Let’s  try:  
–  6  ounces  palm  oil  (long-­‐lasRng  lather,  hardness)  
–  5  ounces  coconut  oil  (big  bubbles  right  away)  
–  4  ½    ounces  pure  olive  oil  (great  condiRoning)  
–  ½  ounce  beeswax  (condiRoning,  hardness)  

•  16  ounces  total  

•  This  should  produce  a  hard,  mild  soap  with  good  lather.    


How  much  lye  will  we  need?  
Use  www.thesage.com’s  lye  calculator:  

We  enter  the  
amounts  of  the  
various  fats  and  oils,  
known  as  “fixed  
oils”  by  soapmakers,  
and  hit  the  
“calculate  lye”  
buMon  at  the  
boMom,  and….  
Voila!    Out  pops  the  answer!  

We’ll  use  2.36  oz  of  lye,  


a  6%  lye  discount.  
Making  the  Soap  Smell  Wonderful  
•  Many  people  comment  on  how  
great  our  Honey  House  smells,  
and  are  drawn  to  our  booth  at  
crap  fairs  and  farm  markets.  
•  Use  essenRal  oils  for  all-­‐natural  
fragrance.  
•  Use  fragrance  oils  for  some  great  
smells  not  available  in  essenRal  
oils  (like  vanilla.)  
•  Be  careful  with  certain  spicy  or  
citrus  essenRal  oils  and  some  
fragrance  oils.    They  can  make  
your  soap  curdle,  separate,  or  
seize.  ALWAYS  make  a  test  batch  
of  a  pound  or  two!  
Adding  Fragrance  
•  Rule  of  thumb:  Add  1  
tablespoon  of  fragrance/
essenRal  oil  per  pound  of  
soap  
•  Use  less  for  things  like  
clove  or    cinnamon  e.o.    
•  ALWAYS  test  a  new  recipe  
in  a  small  one  or  two  
pound  batch.  
•  Add  fragrance  to  your  fats  
just  before  combining  
with  the  lye-­‐water.  
Adding  Botanicals  
•  “Botanicals”  are  dried  
goodies  like  oatmeal,  flower  
petals,  herbs,  ground  
scrubby  things  (like  apricot  
kernel)  that  act  as  an  
exfoliant  and/or  make  the  
soap  preler.  
•  Add  them  to  the  cooled  fats  
when  you  add  your  
fragrance.  
•  Be  aware  that  many  
botanicals  will  discolor  
under  the  acRon  of  the  lye.  
Always  make  a  TEST  batch!  
Coloring  the  Soap  
Soap  Colorants  
•  Soap  can  be  colored  in  many  ways,  or  not  at  all.  
•  Some  use  natural  colorants  like  carrot  juice  or  beet  juice.    Honey  
added  to  the  lye  water  colors  soap  a  rich  brown.  
•  Natural  mineral  pigments  such  as  iron  oxide  or  ultramarine  make  
beauRful  colors,  as  do  mica  powders.  
•  FD  &  C  colors  are  arRficial,  but  very  vivid.  
•  Some  soapers  even  use  crayons!  
•  Colors  can  be  layered  or  marbleized  for  a  dramaRc  touch.  
•  All  colorants  are  either  water-­‐soluble  and  added  to  the  lye  water  
or  fat-­‐soluble  and  blended  into  the  melted  fats.    Glycerin  is  a  good  
vehicle  for  pre-­‐mixing  both  types.  
•  Follow  recommended  usage  guidelines  for  the  type  of  color  you  
are  using.  Do  not  use  so  much  that  the  soap’s  lather  is  not  white  
or  color  comes  off  on  a  washcloth.    In  the  case  of  soap  coloring,  
less  is  more!  ½  to  1  tsp  per  pound  is  a  good  starRng  point.  
Now  let’s  make  some  soap!  
First  we  weigh  the  fats.  
•  The  pot  is  the  “tare.”    It  
goes  directly  on  the  scale.  
•  Be  neat  and  precise.    
Accurate  measurements  are  
criRcal  for  making  good  
soap.  
•  Don’t  walk  away  in  the  
middle  of  a  measurement.    
Many  scales  automaRcally  
turn  off  if  lep  for  a  period  of  
Rme.  
•  Put  the  pot  of  fats  on  the  
stove  over  medium  heat  to  
melt.  
Next,  we  weigh  out  the  lye  and  
measure  the  water.  
•  It’s  a  good  idea  to  wear  safety  
goggles  and  plasRc  gloves  
whenever  handling  lye,  even  in  
the  dry  phase.  
•  We  usually  measure  6  to  8  
fluid  ounces  of  water  per  
pound  of  soap  in  the  batch.    
The  higher  amount  will  take  
longer  to  cure  but  is  less  likely  
to  do  undesirable  things  like  
curdle  or  seize.      
•  Precision  measurement  of  
water  is  not  as  important  as  
accuracy  in  weighing  lye  and  
fats.  
Pour  the  water  into  a  thick  plasRc  
bucket  or  container  
•  Remember  that  once  
you  add  the  lye,  the  
mixture  will  get  very  hot  
–  almost  boiling!    Do  
NOT  use  glass  or  
anything  that  might  
break.  
•  You  can  test  a  container  
by  pouring  boiling  water  
into  it  and  lelng  it  sit  
for  a  while.  
Now  we  combine  the  lye  and  the  
water  and  sRr  
•  ALWAYS  ADD  LYE  TO  WATER,  NOT  
WATER  TO  LYE!  (unless  you  are  fond  
of  explosions.)  Remember:  
•  “It’s  always  smart  to  add  lye  to  
water.    Add  water  to  lye,  and  you  
may  die!”  
•  Wear  safety  goggles,  gloves,  shoes.  
•  Smoothly  pour  the  lye  into  a  thick  
plasRc  container  containing  the  
water,  hold  your  breath,  and  sRr  
the  mixture  unRl  combined.  
•  The  fumes  are  VERY  CHOKEY.  Do  
not  breath  them.    Do  not  let  
children  or  animals  near  the  area.  
•  It’s  best  to  do  this  outside  if  
possible..  
Unhappy,  but  safe!  
More  Safety  Notes  
•  Lye  is  the  scariest  part  of  making  soap.    SRngs  are  the  
reason  more  people  don’t  keep  bees  and  lye  is  the  
reason  more  people  don’t  make  soap.  
•  Lye  is  a  causRc  chemical  that  can  burn  or  blind  you.  
•  Use  basic  common  sense  and  you  will  be  fine.  
•  Adding  lye  to  water  is  an  exothermic  process,  i.e.,    it  
generates  HEAT.    The  lye  water  will  immediately  heat  
up  to  around  200º.  Water  boils  at  212º.  
•  Even  a  slight  whiff  of  the  causRc  fumes  will  set  you  
coughing.    Test  the  direcRon  of  the  wind  and  stand  
upwind.    Hold  your  breath  as  an  added  precauRon.    
Mixing  the  lye  water  only  takes  a  few  seconds.    Do  it  
and  walk  away.  

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