Engineering Equation Solver (EES) Functions and Procedures For Forced Convection Heat Transfer Calculations
Engineering Equation Solver (EES) Functions and Procedures For Forced Convection Heat Transfer Calculations
Engineering Equation Solver (EES) Functions and Procedures For Forced Convection Heat Transfer Calculations
• http://bookboon.com/en/software-solutions-to-problems-on-heat-
transfer-iv-ebook
• 6. Frank Kreith and Mark S Bohn: Principles of Heat Transfer, PWS Publ.
Co. (Intl. Thomson Publ.), 5th Ed., 1997
EES Functions and Procedures for Forced
convection heat transfer calculations:
Contents:
Forced convection – Tables of formulas
Boundary layer, flow over flat plates, across cylinders, spheres
and tube banks –
Flow inside tubes and ducts
A. Forced convection formulas:
Flow across circular and non-circular cylinders: (Ref: Cengel)
Flow across Tube banks:
For Turbulent flow:
For smooth tubes: First Petukhov eqn:
Chilton-Colburn Analogy:
Chilton-Colburn Analogy:
B. Forced Convection: EES Procedures:
"Finds various quantities for laminar flow of Air over a Flat Plate:"
rho:=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P_infinity)
cp:=Cp(Air,T=T_f)
mu:=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f)
k:=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f)
Pr:=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
IF (xc < 0.95*x) then CALL ERROR (' xc < 0.95 x, Use Mixed b.l. equations, xc (m)= xxxF4 ', xc)
END
"====================================================================="
"Finds various quantities for laminar flow of Air over a Flat Plate:"
rho:=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P_infinity)
cp:=Cp(Air,T=T_f)
mu:=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f)
k:=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f)
Pr:=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
IF (xc >= 0.95*L) then CALL ERROR (' xc > 0.95 L, Use Laminar flow equations, xc= xxxF4 ', xc)
h_lam_avg := (k / xc) * 0.664 *(Re_c)^(1/2) * Pr^(1/3) " finds avg h for lam region"
Q_lam := h_lam_avg * (W * xc) * (T_s - T_infinity) "W....heat tr in lam region"
h_turb_avg :=((k * 0.036)/(L - xc)) * (Re_L^0.8 - Re_c^0.8) * Pr^(1/3) " finds avg h for turb region"
END
"====================================================================="
rho:=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P_infinity)
{cp:=Cp(Air,T=T_f)}
mu:=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f)
k:=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f)
Pr:=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
cp:=SpecHeat(Air,T=T_f)
END
"======================================================================"
"Finds various quantities for Forced Conv (FC) of Air across a cylinder:"
rho:=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P_infinity)
{cp:=Cp(Air,T=T_f)}
mu:=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f)
k:=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f)
Pr:=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
cp:=SpecHeat(Air,T=T_f)
END
"=========================================================="
"Finds various quantities for Forced Convection (FC) of Air across a Sphere:"
rho:=Density(Air,T=T_infinity,P=P_infinity)
{cp:=Cp(Air,T=T_f)}
mu:=Viscosity(Air,T=T_infinity)
mu_s := Viscosity(Air,T=T_s) "....mu_s at T_s"
k:=Conductivity(Air,T=T_infinity)
Pr:=Prandtl(Air,T=T_infinity)
cp:=SpecHeat(Air,T=T_infinity)
If (Re_D < 3.5) or (Re_D > 7.6e04) Then CALL WARNING (' The results may not be accurate since 3.5 <
Re_D < 7.6e04 does not hold. Re_d = XXXA1', Re_D)
If (Pr < 0.71) or (Pr > 380) Then CALL WARNING (' The results may not be accurate since 0.71 < Pr <
380 does not hold. Pr = XXXA1', Pr)
Nusselt_D_bar := 2 + (0.4 * Re_D^(1/2) + 0.06 * Re_D^ (2/3)) * Pr^0.4 * (mu/mu_s)^(1/4) " Finds avg.
Nusselts No."
h_bar :=Nusselt_D_bar * k / D "Finds h_bar"
Q := h_bar * (pi * D^2) * (T_s - T_infinity) "W.... heat transfer"
END
"=========================================================="
"Functions for Nusselts No. for cross flow across Tube bank with In-line and Staggered
arrangements:"
"-----------------------------------------------------------------------"
"-------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
"Correction Factors for In-Line tube banks, if the N_L, no. of rows in Longitudinal direction is less
than 14:"
Else
F_InLine = 1
EndIf
End
"-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
"Correction Factors for Staggered tube banks, if the N_L, no. of rows in Longitudinal direction is
less than 14:"
Else
F_Staggered = 1
EndIf
End
"=============================================================================="
PROCEDURE FC_Inside_Cyl(Fluid$, T_s, T_in, T_out, D,U : Re_D, Nusselt, h,Q, LMTD, L, f, DELTAP )
Re_D := D * U / nu
Pr := mu*cp/k
If (Re_D < 10000) Then CALL WARNING (' The results may not be accurate since Re_D > 10000 does
not hold. Re_D = XXXA1', Re_D)
If (Pr < 0.6) or (Pr > 160) Then CALL WARNING (' The results may not be accurate since 0.6 < Pr < 160
does not hold. Pr = XXXA1', Pr)
END
“===========================================================================”
"Prob. C.1.1 Dry air at atmospheric pressure and 20 C is flowing with a velocity of 3 m/s along the
length of a long flat plate, 0.3 m wide, maintained at 100 C. Calculate the following quantities at x = 0.3
m:
(i) Boundary layer thickness
(ii) Local friction coeff.
(iii) Avg. friction coeff.
(iv) Avg. shear stress due to friction
(v) Thickness of thermal boundary layer
(vi) Local conv. heat transfer coeff.
(vii) Rate of heat transfer from the platebetween x = 0 and x = x by convection, and
(viii) Drag force on the plate between x = 0 and x = 0.3 m
Also, find out the value of x_c , i.e. the distance along the length at which the flow turns turbulent (Re_c
= 5 x 10^5)
EES Solution:
“Data:”
Call ForcedConv_Air_FlatPlate (P_infinity, T_infinity, U_infinity, Re_c, x, W, T_s: xc, Re_x, delta_h,
delta_t, h_x, h_avg,Cf_x, Cf_a, Q, tau_s, F_D)
Results:
Thus:
==============================================================================
Prob. C.1.2. A journal bearing has a clearance of 0.5 mm. The journal has a diameter of 100 mm and
rotates at 3600 rpm within the bearing. It is lubricated by an oil having a density of 800 kg/m^3, viscosity
of 0.01 kg/m.s, and a thermal cond. of 0.14 W/m.K. If both the journal and bearing temps are maintained
at 60 C, calculate the rate of heat transfer from the bearing and the power required for rotation per unit
length.
EES Solution:
"First write functions for temp distribution T(y) and first derivative of temp, i.e. dT/dy:"
Function T(y,mu,k,U,L,T_L,T_0)
end
end
"Data:"
"Properties of oil:"
"Calculations:"
Q_journal = - k * (pi * (D + 2 * L) *1) * dTbydy(0, mu, k, U, L, T_L, T_0) ".... W per unit length of journal"
Q_bearing = - k * (pi * (D + 2 * L) *1) * dTbydy(L, mu, k, U, L, T_L, T_0) ".... W per unit length of bearing"
So, we get:"
Results:
Thus:
Heat transfer to journal = -1127 W/m (-ve sign indicating heat flow in –ve y direction, i.e. into the bottom
plate) …. Ans.
Heat transfer to bearing = 1127 W/m (+ve sign indicating heat flow in +ve y direction, i.e. into the top
plate) …. Ans.
Note that Qtotal = P, as it should be. Small difference is due to the difference in surface areas of
journal and bearing.
===========================================================================
"Prob. C.1.3. Air at 20 C and atm pressure is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the plate
is 30 cm wide and at a temp. of 60 C, calculate: (a) thickness of velocity and thermal boundary layers (b)
local and average friction coeff. (c) local and average heat tr. coeff. (d) total drag force on the plate. Take
the following properties of air at 313 K:..[VTU-July/Aug. 2002]"
"Data:"
T_inf = 20[C]
T_s = 60 [C]
T_f = (T_inf + T_s) / 2
U_inf = 3[m/s]
L = 0.3[m]
W = 1[m]
P_1 = 1.013e05 [Pa]
"Calculations:"
"We note that Re_L is 52941 < 5E05. Therefore, flow is laminar. Use correlations for laminar flow:"
h_avg = 2 * h_L "gives avg heat tr coeff h_avg over entire plate"
Q = h_avg * ( L * W) * (T_s - T_inf) "[W] ... total heat tr from surface of plate"
Results:
Required results are shown boxed in the above Table.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Prob. C.1.4. Air at 200 C and velocity 5 m/s flows over a plate 1.5 m long. The plate is maintained at a
uniform temp of 100 C. The avg. heat transfer coeff is 7.5 W/m^2.K. Calculate the drag force exerted on
the plate per 0.75 m width by using Reynolds - Colburn analogy. - [VTU-May 2007]"
T inf
U inf
Ts
W
L
EES Solution:
"Data:"
T_s = 100[C]
T_inf = 200[C]
U_inf =5[m/s]
L = 1.5[m]
W = 0.75[m]
h_avg = 7.5[W/m^2-K]
T_f = (T_s + T_inf)/2
“Calculations:”
Results:
Thus:
====================================================================
"Prob. C.1.5. Consider a rectangular fin that is used to cool a motor cycle engine. The fin is 0.15 m long
and at a temp of 250 C, while the motor cycle is moving at 80 km/h in air at 27 C. The air is in parallel
flow over both surfaces of the fin and turbulent flow conditions may be assumed to exist throughout. (a)
What is the rate of heat removal per unit width of fin? (b) Plot the heat removal rate per unit width of fin
for motor cycle speeds ranging from 10 to 100 km/h."[Ref:3]
T inf
U inf W
Ts
EES Solution:
"Data:"
T_inf = 27[C]
T_s = 250 [C]
T_f = (T_inf + T_s) / 2
U_inf_kmph = 80 [km/h]
U_inf_mps = U_inf_kmph*convert(km/h,m/s) "[m/s]"
L = 0.15[m]
W = 1[m]
P_1 = 1.013e05 [Pa]
"Properties of Air at mean temp (T_f = 277/2 = 138.5 C ):"
rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P_1) "[kg/m^3]"
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) "[W/m-C]"
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) "[J/kg-C]"
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) "[kg/m-s]"
nu = mu / rho "[m^2/s]"
"Calculations:"
Nusselt_L_avg = 0.037 * (Re_L)^0.8 * Pr^(1/3) "...avg. Nusselt No. for entire plate in turb. flow"
Q = 2 * (h_L_avg * ( L * W) * (T_s - T_inf)) "[W] ... total heat tr from both surfaces of plate"
Results:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To plot the graph of Q vs U_inf:
"Prob.C.1.6. Air at 30 C flows at a velocity of 45 m/s past a flat plate 50 cm long. The plate is maintained
at a uniform temp of 250 C. Find per metre width of plate: (i) the rate of heat transfer to the plate (ii) rate
of heat transfer from laminar portion of the plate (iii) rate of heat transfer from the turb. portion of the
plate. Assume a critical Reynolds No. of 5E05 (iv) What would be the error in the rate of heat transfer if
the boundary layer is assumed to be turbulent from the leading edge? [VTU-July / Aug. 2004]"
T inf
U inf Ts W
EES Solution:
"Data:"
T_s = 250[C]
T_inf = 30[C]
U_inf = 45[m/s]
L = 0.5[m]
W = 1[m]
T_f = (T_s + T_inf)/2
Re_cr = 5E05
P_1 = 101300 [Pa]
"Properties of Air:"
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f)
rho = density(Air, T = T_f, P = P_1)
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f)
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f)
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
"Calculations:"
Re_cr = U_inf * x_cr * rho / mu " finds x_cr.... the critical distance where transio from laminar to turb. flow
occurs"
"We observe that x_cr = 0.305 m. i.e. from the leading edge, upto a distance of 0.305 m, the flow is
laminar, and then from 0.305 up to 0.5 m the flow is turbulent. Use the relevant correlations to find heat
transfer in the two regions:"
Q_lam = (h_lam_avg * (W * x_cr) * (T_s - T_inf)) "W ... heat tr from lam region of plate; only top side of
plate is considered."
"For Mixed boundary layer, we can also use the following relations for the entire plate:"
"Therefore:"
"And,"
Q_total = h_L_avg * (L * W ) * (T_s - T_inf) "[W] ... total heat tr rate from the entire plate"
"Therefore:"
Q_turb = Q_total - Q_lam "[W] .... heat tr from turb. region of plate"
{
h_turb_avg = 0.036 * k *(Re_L^0.8 - Re_cr^0.8) / (L - x_cr) "...finds h_turb_avg"
Q_turbulent = (h_turb_avg * (W * (L - x_cr)) * (T_s - T_inf)) "W ... heat tr from turb region of plate
considering only top surface of plate"
Q_turb_tot = h_avg * (L * W) * (T_s - T_inf) " total heat tr for the plate"
Results:
Thus:
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plot the Q_total against the Air velocity U_inf:
Let Air velocity, U_inf vary from 28 m/s to 100 m/s. (At U_inf = 28 m/s, practically the entire plate
is in laminar flow).
Plot the Q_total against the plate temp, T_s:
Let T_s vary from 30 C to 300 C, keeping U_inf = 45 m/s:
Note that now, the film temp. T_f varies with each trial. But, since the properties of air are obtained
from the built I-in functions in EES, properties are evaluated at the correct T_f.
=====================================================================
"Prob. C.2.1. Assuming that a man can be represented by a cylinder 30 cm in diameter and 1.7 m high
with a surface temp of 30 C, calculate the heat he would lose while standing in a 36 km/h wind at 10 C.
[ VTU- Dec.06-Jan.07] "
Ts
T inf
u inf
L
EES Solution:
"Data:"
D = 0.3 [m]
L = 1.7 [m]
u_inf = 10[m/s]
T_inf = 10[C]
T_s = 30[C]
P = 101300[Pa]
"Calculations:"
Pr = Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
rho = Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P) "[kg/m^3]"
mu = Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) "[kg/m-s]"
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) "[W/m-C]"
It is entered in EES:
It is easier to solve the above problem using the EES Procedure written earlier:
"Data:"
D = 0.3 [m]
L = 1.7 [m]
U_infinity = 10[m/s]
T_infinity = 10[C]
T_s = 30[C]
P_infinity = 101325[Pa]
Solution of PROCEDURE:
Of course, the results match with those obtained in Prob.2A1.2.1, as they should.
===============================================================
"Prob. C.2.2. Air stream at 27 C is moving at 0.3 m/s across 100 W incandescent bulb glowing at 127
C. If the bulb is approximated by a 60 mm dia sphere, estimate the heat transfer rate and percentage of
power lost due to convection. Use the correlation: Nu = 0.37. Re_D^0.6 [ VTU-Dec. 2010]”
D, T s
T inf
U inf
Fig.Prob.2A1.2.2
EES Solution:
"Data:"
D = 0.06[m]
T_s = 127[C]
T_inf = 27[C]
U_inf = 0.3[m/s]
T_f = (T_s+T_inf)/2 "[C]... mean film temp."
"Properties of Air:"
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) "[kg/m-s]"
rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=1.013e05) "[kg/m^3]"
nu = mu/rho "[m^2/s]"
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) "[J/kg-C]"
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) "[W/m-C]"
Pr = mu*cp/k
"Calculations:"
Results:
Thus:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We get:
====================================================================
"Prob. C.2.3. A 25 mm dia high tension line has an electrical resistance of 10^-4 Ohm/m and is
transmitting a current of 1000 A. If the ambient air is at 10 C, and is flowing at 5 m/s, what is the surface
temp?
Plot the variation of surface temp for air velocities varying from 1 m/s to 10 m/s"
Ts Dia = D
T inf
U inf
L
EES Solution:
"Data:"
D = 0.025[m]
L = 1 [l]
R_e = 1E-04 [Ohm/m]
I = 1000 [A]
{T_s = 127[C]}
T_inf = 10[C]
U_inf = 5[m/s]
T_f = (T_s+T_inf)/2 "[C]... mean film temp."
"Properties of Air:"
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) "[kg/m-s]"
rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=1.013e05) "[kg/m^3]"
nu = mu/rho "[m^2/s]"
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) "[J/kg-C]"
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) "[W/m-C]"
Pr = mu*cp/k
"Calculations:"
Results:
Thus:
$UnitSystem SI C Pa J
"Prob. C.2.4. Consider a 100 W incandescent lamp of 10cm dia spherical shape, with a surface emissivity
of 0.85. It is subjected to an air stream at 20 C, flowing at a velocity of 2 m/s. What will be the glass
surface temp?
Plot the graph of surface temp against air velocities from 0.5 m/s to 5 m/s."
T s, Dia = D
T inf
U inf
EES Solution:
"Data:"
D = 0.1[m]
{T_s = 127[C]}
T_inf = 20[C]
U_inf = 2[m/s]
epsilon = 0.85 "...emissivity"
sigma = 5.67e-08 [w/m^2-K^4]"....Stefan - Boltzmann const."
T_f = (T_s+T_inf)/2 "[C]... mean film temp."
"Properties of Air:"
mu_inf=Viscosity(Air,T=T_inf) "[kg/m-s]"
mu_s=Viscosity(Air,T=T_s) "[kg/m-s]"
rho_inf=Density(Air,T=T_inf,P=1.013e05) "[kg/m^3]"
nu_inf = mu_inf/rho_inf "[m^2/s]"
cp_inf=Cp(Air,T=T_inf) "[J/kg-C]"
k_inf=Conductivity(Air,T=T_inf) "[W/m-C]"
Pr = mu_inf*cp_inf/k_inf
Q = 100 [W]
"Calculations:"
Results:
Thus:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T inf
U inf
L
Dia = D
EES Solution:
Here, this is the case of cross flow across a cylinder. We use the Churchill- Bernstein eqn.
Note that EES program is very useful when complicated eqns are involved, and, particularly when many
property values have to be determined since EES has built-in Functions for properties of many
substances.
Prob.C.2.6. A copper sphere, 10 mm dia, and at 75 C is subjected to an air stream at 1 atm and 25 with a
velocity of 10 m/s. Estimate the initial heat transfer rate and the heat transfer coeff.
Ts
T inf
U inf
EES Solution:
Once again, let us use the PROCEDURE to find h and Q for the case of a sphere in cross flow of air using
Whitaker eqn:
“Data:”
D = 0.01[m]
T_s = 75[C]
T_infinity = 25[C]
P_infinity = 1.01325e05[Pa]
U_infinity = 10[m/s]
Now, press F2 and the Results are presented in two windows, one for Main program and the other,
for the PROCEDURE:
We get:
"Prob. C.3.1. A pre-heater for air has surface temp of tubes at 100 C and in the tube bank there are a total
of 196 tubes arranged in a square, aligned array. Tube dia = 10 mm, 1 m long and S_T = S_L = 15 mm.
Air enters at 1 atm, 25 C and at 5 m/s. What is the total rate of heat transfer to air? Also, find the pressure
drop."
SL
Ts
D
ST
U
Ti
Transverse row: 1 2 3 4
"EES Solution:"
It is convenient to solve the problem with EES since the properties of air are available in EES as built-in
functions.
"Calculations:"
rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P) "[kg/m^3]"
rho_in = Density(Air,T=T_i,P=P) "[kg/m^3]"
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) "[J/kg-C]"
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) "[W/m-K]"
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) "[kg/m-s]"
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)"[-]"
Pr_s=Prandtl(Air,T=T_s)"[-]"
mu_s=Viscosity(Air,T=T_s) "[kg/m-s]"
Enter it in EES:
(T_s - T_o) / (T_s - T_i) = exp(- h * (pi * D * L * N_T * N_L) / (Mass_flow * cp)) " ... determines air outlet
temp, T_o"
"Therefore: heat transferred:"
"Q is equal to heat gained by the air while passing through the array of tubes"
Mass_flow = rho_in * U * (N_T * S_T * L) "[kg/s]...mass flow rate through the array"
"And:"
Q = Mass_flow * cp * (T_o - T_i) "[W] ... heat gained by air in the array"
"Pressure drop:[Ref:1]”
ff = (0.044 + (0.08 * (S_L / D)) / ((S_T - D)/D)^(0.43 + 1.13 * D/S_L))*Re_D^(-0.15) "...friction factor"
DELTAP = (2 * ff *G_max^2 * N_L / rho_in) * (mu_s / mu)^0.14 "[N/m^2] ... pressure drop"
Results:
Thus:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plot the variation of exit temp of air (T_o) and heat transferred (Q) as Air velocity U varies
from 1 to 10 m/s:
"Prob. C.3.2. A tube bank has surface temp of tubes at 90 C and the tube bank has 6 rows of tubes, each
stack 40 tubes high, in an in-line arrangement. Tube dia = 6.33 mm mm, 1 m long and S_T = S_L = 1.9
cm. Air enters at 1 atm, 20 C and 4.5 m/s/. What is the total rate of heat transfer to air? Also, find the
pressure drop."
SL
Ts
D
ST
U
Ti
Transverse row: 1 2 3 4
"EES Solution:"
"This problem is similar to the previous problem. See the EES Functions written earlier for Nusselts No.
and Correction factors for N_L < 14”
"Data:"
T_s = 90 [C]
T_i = 20 [C]
{T_o = 70 [C] ".... assumed. Will be commented out later"}
U = 4.5 [m/s]
D = 0.00633 [m]
L = 1 [m]
S_T = 0.019 [m]
S_L = 0.019 [m]
N_L = 6
N_T = 40
P = 1e05 [Pa]
"Calculations:"
rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P) "[kg/m^3]"
rho_in = Density(Air,T=T_i,P=P) "[kg/m^3]"
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) "[J/kg-C]"
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) "[W/m-K]"
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) "[kg/m-s]"
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)"[-]"
Pr_s=Prandtl(Air,T=T_s)"[-]"
mu_s=Viscosity(Air,T=T_s) "[kg/m-s]"
"Note: Correction factor to Nusselts No. has to be used since N_L =<14"
"This correction factor is obtained from the Table supplied in Text Books (ex. [2]), converted here into a
EES curve fit eqn for convenience"
F = F_InLine (N_L) "...correction factor since there are less than 14 rows"
(T_s - T_o) / (T_s - T_i) = exp(- h * (pi * D * L * N_T * N_L) / (Mass_flow * cp)) " ... determines air outlet
temp, T_o"
"Therefore: heat transferred:"
"Q is also equal to heat gained by the air while passing through the array of tubes"
Mass_flow = rho_in * U * (N_T * S_T * L) "[kg/s]...mass flow rate through the array"
"And:"
Q = Mass_flow * cp * (T_o - T_i) "[W] ... heat gained by air in the array"
"Pressure drop:[Ref:1]”
ff = (0.044 + (0.08 * (S_L / D)) / ((S_T - D)/D)^(0.43 + 1.13 * D/S_L))*Re_D^(-0.15) "...friction factor"
DELTAP = (2 * ff *G_max^2 * N_L / rho_in) * (mu_s / mu)^0.14 "[N/m^2] ... pressure drop"
Results:
Thus:
"Prob. C.4.1. Water at a velocity of 1.5 m/s enters a 2 cm dia heat exchanger tube at 40 C. The heat
exchanger tube wall is maintained at a temp of 100 C. If the water is heated to a temp of 80 C, find the
length of the length of the exchanger tube required. - [VTU-Dec.09-Jan.2010]”
EES Solution:
This is a very common type of problem, often asked in the University exams.
Fluid$ = 'Water'
T_in = 40[C]
T_out= 80[C]
T_s = 100[C]
D = 0.02[m]
U = 1.5[m/s]
CALL FC_Inside_Cyl(Fluid$, T_s, T_in, T_out, D,U : Re_D, Nusselt, h,Q, LMTD, L, f, DELTAP )
“---------------------------------------------------------------------------------“
Main Results:
PROCEDURE Results:
Thus:
In addition, plot the variation of Length and DELTAP as the velocity changes:
Take the range for U as 0.5 to 5.5 m/s:
Plot Length against Velocity:
"Prob.C.4.2. Engine Oil is heated by flowing through a circular tube of diameter d = 50 mm and length L
= 25 m and whose surface is maintained at 150 C. (a) If the flow rate and inlet temp of oil are 0.5 kg/s and
20 C, what is the outlet temp and total heat transfer rate for the tube?
(b) For flow rates in the range 0.5 < m_dot < 2.0 kg/s, compute and plot the variation of outlet temp,
T_out and Q with m_dot. For what flow rate(s) are Q and T_out maximized?"
EES Solution:
They can be used subsequently to solve all problems where properties of Engine oil are required.
Properties of Engine oil are taken from Ref.[2], and the curve – fit equations were obtained using
CurveExpert software.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.00
900
.00
Density (kg/m^3)
880
.00
860
.00
840
.00
820
.00
800 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0
Temp. (C)
Sp. Heat of Engine Oil:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
42
0.1
4 0
0.1
38
0.1
36
0.1
34
0.1
3 2
0.1
30
0.1 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0
T (deg.C)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dyn. viscosity of Engine Oil:
For better accuracy, curve fit equations are obtained in two temp. ranges, viz. from 0 to 80 deg.C
and from 81 to 150 deg.C:
EES Functions:
Function rho_EngineOil(T)
{ rho_EngineOil
This function returns the density (kg/m^3) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the range: 0 -
150 C
}
"--------------------------------------------------------------------------"
Function cp_EngineOil(T)
{cp_EngineOil
This function returns the sp. heat (J/kg.C) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the range: 0 -
150 C
}
"-----------------------------------------------------------------------"
Function k_EngineOil(T)
{k_EngineOil
This function returns the Th. cond. (W/m.C)) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the range: 0 -
150 C
}
"--------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
Function mu_EngineOil(T)
{mu_EngineOil
This function returns the Dyn. visc. (N.s/m^2)) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the range: 0
- 150 C
}
"--------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
Function Pr_EngineOil(T)
{Pr_EngineOil
This function returns the Prandtl No. (= cp . mu /k) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the
range: 0 - 150 C
}
"--------------------------------------------------------------------------------"
T_in = 20[C]
{T_out= 140[C]"..assumed...will be commented out later"}
T_s = 150[C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2
d = 0.05[m]
L = 25[m]
m_dot = 0.5[kg/s]
k=k_EngineOil(T_b) "[W/m-C]"
Pr= Pr_EngineOil(T_b)
"Calculations:"
"We get Re = 425.2 which is less than 2300; Therefore, flow is Laminar."
"We get L_t = 493.6 m, which is much greater than the tube length of 25 m.
Therefore, the thermally boundary layer is still developing.
This is generally the case for high Prandtl No. fluids."
" Now, Nu = 3.66 for Laminar flow when the velocity and thermal boundary layers are fully developed.
In the present case, since the thermal boundary layer is still not fully developed, we use:"
In EES, it is entered:
Nusselt = 3.66 + (0.065 * (d/L) * Re * Pr) / (1 + 0.04 * ((D / L) * Re * Pr)^(2/3)) "....Nusselts No."
"Now:"
A_s = pi * d * L "[m^2]...surface area"
“Note: For use in Newton’s eqn to calculate Q, we should strictly use LMTD. However, we have used here
Arithmetic Mean Temp Diff (AMTD) = average of temp diff at the inlet and outlet of oil. We shall show later
that values of LMTD and AMTD are practically the same.”
Q = h * A_s * AMTD
"Pressure drop:"
"Check:"
Results:
Thus:
Note that AMTD = 121.9 C and LMTD = 121.8 C. i.e. they are practically the same.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note that flow is laminar for the entire range of mass flow rate.
T_out vs m_dot:
Note that T_out is maximum for minimum flow rate, i.e. for 0.5 kg/s.
Q vs m_dot:
Note that heat transfer, Q , goes on increasing with increasing flow rate.
=======================================================================
"Prob. C.4.3. Water flows at 2 kg/s through a 40 mm dia tube 4 m long. The water enters the tube at 25
C, and the surface temp is 90 C.
(a) What is the outlet temp of water? What is the rate of heat transfer to water?
(b) Maintaining the outlet temp found in part (a), plot the tube length required as a function of tube
surface temp when the surface temp varies from 85 to 95 C. All other conditions remain the same.
[Ref. 3]"
EES Solution:
"Data:"
T_in = 25[C]
T_s = 90[C]
d = 0.04[m]
L = 4 [m]
m_dot = 2 [kg/s]
"Calculations:"
k=Conductivity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
rho=Density(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
mu=Viscosity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
cp=SpecHeat(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
Pr=Prandtl(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
Nusselt = 0.023 * Re^0.8 * Pr^0.4 "finds Nusselts No. for Re > 10000"
Nusselt = h * d / k "finds h"
"Friction factor: Use the first Petukhov eqn, which is an explicit eqn. for f. Re range: 3000 to 5E06"
Results:
Thus:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
EES Solution:
"Data:"
T_in = 100[C]
{T_out= 140[C]"..assumed...will be commented out later"}
T_s = 150[C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2
d = 0.051[m]
L = 9[m]
m_dot = 0.25[kg/s]
k=k_EngineOil(T_b) "[W/m-C]"
Pr= Pr_EngineOil(T_b)
"Calculations:"
"We get Re = 609.2 which is less than 2300; Therefore, flow is Laminar."
"We get L_t = 272.1 m, which is much greater than the tube length of 9 m.
" Now, Nu = 3.66 for Laminar flow when the velocity and thermal boundary layers are fully developed.
In the present case, since the thermal boundary layer is still not fully developed, and the variation of
viscosity of engine oil with temp is significant, we use:"
"Now:"
Q = h * A_s * AMTD
“Simultaneous solution of above two eqns for Q gives the value of T_out”
"Pressure drop:"
"Check:"
Results:
Thus:
Q = 3275 W …. Ans.
And, also note that by taking AMTD instead of LMTD, there is no significant error, since AMTD =
47.07 C and LMTD = 47.01 C, almost equal to AMTD.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now, if the flow rate varies from 0.1 to 0.6 kg/s, plot the variation of T_out and Q, all other
parameters remaining the same:
========================================================
"Prob. C.4.5. The velocity of water flowing through a tube of 2.2 cm dia is 2 m/s. Steam condensing at
150 C on the outside surface of the tube heats the water from 15 C to 60 C over the length of the tube.
Find the heat transfer coeff and the length of the tube neglecting the tube and steam side film resistance. -
[VTU-June.2012]"
EES Solution:
Fluid$ = 'Water'
T_in = 15[C]
T_out= 60[C]
T_s = 150[C]
D = 0.022[m]
U = 2 "[m/s]"
CALL FC_Inside_Cyl(Fluid$, T_s, T_in, T_out, D,U : Re_D, Nusselt, h,Q, LMTD, L, f, DELTAP )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Now, press F2 to get the solution. We get:
Results: Main:
Results: PROCEDURE:
Thus:
Heat transfer coeff. = h = 8298 W/m^2.C …. Ans.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"Prob. C.4.6. Consider the flow of water at a rate of 0.015 kg/s through a square duct 2 cm x 2 cm whose
walls are maintained at a uniform temp of 100 C. Assuming that the flow is hydrodynamically and
thermally developed, determine the length of the duct required to heat water from 30 C to 70 C. [VTU-
Jan./Feb.2006]"
EES Solution:
"Data:"
T_in = 30[C]
T_out= 70[C]
T_s = 100[C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2
W = 0.02[m]
A_c = W^2 "[m^2]"
m_dot = 0.015 [kg/s]
k=Conductivity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
rho=Density(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
mu=Viscosity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
cp=SpecHeat(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
Pr=Prandtl(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
"Calculations:"
Nusselt = 3.66 " Nusselts No. for Re < 2300 and fully developed flow"
"Friction factor: For laminar flow inside tubes: f = 56.92 / Re, for square section:"
f = 56.92 / Re
Results: