HVDC Transmission Systems

Past - Present - Future

Prof. Vijay K. Sood, Ph.D., FIEEE, FEIC, ing.

[email protected]

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 1 of 67
 Acknowledgement

Photos and material: Courtesy of ABB and Siemens; Manitoba Hydro;

Hydro-Quebec

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 2 of 67
 Outline of Presentation
• Primer on HVDC Transmission

• Mercury-Arc Era - 1950-1975

• Thyristor Era - 1975+

• Transistor Era - 1995+

• Future Directions

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 3 of 67
 Primer on HVDC Transmission
• In under-sea cable interconnections of Gotland (1954) and Sardinia (1967),

• In long distance transmission with the Pacific Intertie (1970) and Nelson
River (1973) schemes using mercury-arc valves.

• In 1972 with the first Back to Back (BB) asynchronous interconnection at

Eel River between Quebec and N. Brunswick; this installation also marked
the introduction of thyristor valves to the technology and replaced the earlier
mercury-arc valves.

• Traditional Current Source Converters with line commutation uptil 1990s

• Voltage Source Converters with forced commutation after about 1995

• Rapid growth of DC transmission in the past 50 years, it is first necessary to

compare it to conventional AC transmission.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 4 of 67
 Comparison of AC-DC transmission
Costs
AC

DC

breakeven distance
Distance

Evaluation of transmission costs

• Right of Way (ROW)

• 2 conductors v. 3 conductors

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 5 of 67
 Comparison of AC-DC transmission
Evaluation of Technical Considerations:

• Stability limits

• Voltage Control

• Line Compensation

• Problems of AC interconnection

• Ground Impedance

• Problems of DC transmission

• Evaluation of reliability and availability costs

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 6 of 67
 Comparison of AC-DC transmission
Cost
Total AC cost Total DC cost

Breakeven
Distance
DC Losses

AC Losses

DC line cost

AC line cost
DC terminal cost

AC terminal cost Distance

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 7 of 67
 Applications of DC transmission
• Systems using underground or
undersea cables
Sea

• Long distance bulk-power trans-

mission system

• Asynchronous BB interconnec-
tion of AC systems

• Stabilization of power flows in an

integrated power system

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 8 of 67
 Types of HVDC systems

Id Id

no current 2 Id

Id Id

(a) Monopolar link (b) Bipolar link (c) Homopolar Link

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 9 of 67
 Main components of HVDC station

Converter Bus
Smoothing reactor + pole

AC Breaker
DC filters

Electrode line
AC filters
Converter
transformers

- pole
C HP Tuned

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 10 of 67
 HVDC Station Cost Breakdown

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 11 of 67
 Reliability figures for 3GC Scheme in
China
Equipment failure rates for 3GC and 3GG Schemes in China
Equipment Annual Failure Rate
Thyristors 0.2%
AC-DC Filter Capacitors 0.2%
Circuit Boards, per pole and station 4

Reliability and availability targets for 3GC

Index/Parameter Target Value
Forced Energy Unavailability (FEU) 0.5 % or less
Schedule Energy Unavailability (SEU) 1.0 % or less
Single Pole Forced Outage Rate 6 per year or less
Bipole Forced Outage Rate 0.1 per year or less

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 12 of 67
 Control Techniques: AC vs. DC Transmission

P Pmax

Vs δ1 Vr δ2
XL

P
π δ
P = (Vs.Vr/XL). Sin (δ1 - δ2)

Rcr Rline Rci

Idc
+

+
Vdor Cos(α) Vdor Cos (α) - Vdoi Cos (β) Vdoi Cos(β)
Idc =
Rline + Rcr + Rci

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 13 of 67
 HVDC Milestones
• Hewitt’s mercury-vapour rectifier, which appeared in 1901.

Mercury arc era

• Experiments with thyratrons in USA and mercury arc valves in Europe
before 1940.

• First commercial HVDC transmission, Gotland 1 in Sweden in 1954.

• First solid-state semiconductor valves in 1970.

Thyristor Era
• First microcomputer based control equipment for HVDC in 1979.

• Highest DC transmission voltage (+/- 600 kV) in Itaipú, Brazil, 1984.

• First active DC filters for outstanding filtering performance in 1994.

Transistor (Other)
• First Capacitor Commutated Converter (CCC) in Argentina-Brazil
interconnection, 1998

• First VSC for transmission in Gotland, Sweden,1999

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 14 of 67
 Mercury Arc Era
1950-1975

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 15 of 67
• Sweden in the 1950’s was fertile ground for
transmission development. Electric energy con-
sumption doubled each decade, with major hydro
reserves in the north, some 1000 kms from load
centers in the south.

• The choice was between going from 230 to 400

kV AC or introduce a completely new technol-
ogy, High Voltage Direct Current, HVDC. When
the decision had to be made in the late forties the
HVDC alternative was not yet ripe for such a
major backbone transmission case.

• Thus, in 1952 the World’s first 400 kV AC trans-

mission was commissioned.

• Gotland was the only part of Sweden, which

completely lacked hydro resources, and it was too
far out in the Baltic Sea to have an AC connec-
tion to the Swedish mainland. The island was
supplied by a single steam power plant and the
electricity rates were considerably higher than on
the mainland.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 16 of 67
• But even for this size, some 20 MW, major
development was required, i.e. on system
layout and design, a high-voltage converter
valve, other main circuit components, con-
trol systems and a 100 kV submarine cable.

• In 1954, the first commercial HVDC plant

was commissioned in Gotland

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 17 of 67
• In 1929, ASEA in Ludvika, Sweden decided
to manufacture mercury arc rectifier valves, a
product used by many industrial customers.

• The first valve did not work properly - it suf-

fered so-called arc-backs - and a young engi-
neer fresh from university and military
service, Uno Lamm, was asked to study it.
This proved to be his fate. When he retired in
1969, the problem was still not completely
solved but in the process Lamm had become
“the Father of HVDC”.

• And what about the arc-backs? Well, it proved

possible to reduce the frequency drastically
and design the system so it could live with an
occasional arc-back. From the very beginning
it was obvious that high voltage was a major
challenge.

• ASEA fairly soon could market rectifiers for The first DC Simulator in Ludvika.
industrial plants,i.e for a few kV, but not for
transmission over any appreciable distance.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 18 of 67
• Back to Uno Lamm: He had seen the problem
and already in 1929 got a patent on a “device to
prohibit arc-backs in metal vapor rectifiers”.
From then on, the development towards really
high voltages built on his idea of a number of
intermediate electrodes connected to an external
voltage divider.

• Many design problems remained to be solved,

such as shape of the electrodes, choice of materi-
als, processing techniques etc. It gradually
became obvious that this was an empirical sci-
ence, valve behavior had to be tested in long-
term, full scale testing.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 19 of 67
• It took quite some time before the next contract
was placed, for an HVDC cable transmission
under the English Channel. Power rating was 160
MW and cable voltage 100 kV. The scheme was
justified by the difference in time for the daily
power peaks in the English and French networks
respectively.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 20 of 67
Then came, in the 1960’s, the commercial break-
through for HVDC, with work on 4 schemes:

• Konti-Skan linked the Nordic system with West-

ern Europe primarily to sell surplus hydro energy
to Denmark and Germany and to provide peak
support to the Nordic system when needed.

• Sardinia-Italy utilized coal resources on Sardinia

and delivered energy to the Italian mainland.

• Sakuma, Japan, the first HVDC frequency con-

verter, connected the 50 and 60 Hz systems in
Japan, to some extent for energy exchange but
primarily to provide emergency support at distur-
bances in either network.

and

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 21 of 67
• In New Zealand, a 600 MW transmission was
built from new hydro developments on the South-
ern island to Haywards close to Wellington on the
Northern island. The scheme boasted several new
features: the first long (580 km) HVDC overhead
line, combined with cables under Cook Strait
(known for its strong currents), ground return
with both sea and land electrodes, measures to
reduce impact from earthquake stresses, etc.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 22 of 67
The final step in ratings for the mercury arc valves
was in North America:

• 150 kV bridge voltage and 2000 A in Nelson

River, Manitoba, Canada, and

• 133 kV/1800 A in the Pacific Northwest-South-

west HVDC Intertie in the U.S. At 1300 km, the
Pacific Intertie was then the longest power trans-
mission in the World. (A final rating of 3100 MW at +/- 500
kV. But these upgrades belong to the thyristor era.)

In 1972, thyristors became competitive with the

mercury arc valve. Thus, further development
of the mercury arc was ceased.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 23 of 67
 Mercury arc installations (11 in all, + 2 never used)
Converter Converter Cable Overhead
Name Voltage Power Year Remarks
Station 1 Station 2 Length line
Elbe-Project Dessau, Germany Berlin-Marien- 100 km +/-200kV 60 MW 1945 Never placed in service, dismantled
felde, Germany
Moscow-Kash- Moscow, Russia Kashira, Russia 100 km 200kV 30 MW 1951 Built of parts of HVDC Elbe-
ira Project, shut down
Gotland 1 Vaestervik, Sweden Ygne, Sweden 98 km 200kV 20 MW 1954 Shut down in February 1986
Cross-Channel Echingen, France Lydd, UK 64 km +/-100kV 160 MW 1961 Shut down in 1984
Konti-Skan 1 Vester Hassing, Stenkullen, 87 km 89 km 250kV 250 MW 1964
Denmark Sweden
Volgograd-Don- Volzhskaya, Russia Mikhailovskay 475 km +/-400kV 750 MW 1964
bass a, Russia
Inter-Island, Benmore Dam, NZ Haywards, NZ 40 km 570 km +/-250kV 600 MW 1965
New Zealand
BB Sakuma Sakuma, Japan Sakuma, Japan +/-125kV 300 MW 1965
SACOI 1 Lucciana, Corse Codrongianos, 304 km 118 km 200kV 200 MW 1965 Multiterminal scheme
Suvereto, Italia Sardinia
Vancouver Delta, BC North Cow- 42 km 33 km 260kV 312 MW 1968
Island 1 ichan, BC
Pacific Intertie Celilo, Oregon Sylmar, Cali- 1362 km +/-500kV 3100 MW 1970 Transmission voltage until 1984 +-
fornia 400kV, maximum transmission
power until 1982 1440 MW, from
1982 to 1984 1600 MW, from 1984
to 1989 2000 MW
Nelson River Gillam, Canada Rosser, Mani- 895 km +/-450kV 1620 MW 1971 Largest mercury arc rectifiers ever
Bipole 1 toba built. Converted to thyristors in
1993, 2004
Kingsnorth, UK London-Bedding- London-Willes- 85 km +/-266kV 640 MW 1975 Shut down
ton, UK den, UK

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 24 of 67
 Thyristor Era
• Eel River was the first HVDC system
equipped with thyristors.

• System is a back-to-back HVDC station

at Eel River, New Brunswick, Canada.

• Commissioned in 1972 and transmits

320 MW at a symmetrical voltage of 80
kV DC

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 25 of 67
 Growth of HVDC installed capacity
Installed Capacity

Year
First link (between Gotland & Swedish mainland) was a 20 MW, 150 kV link.

Today HVDC transmission is installed around the world in more than 100 projects.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 26 of 67
 See References Table in Book
Name Converter Station 1 Converter Station 2 Length of Cable Length of overhead line Voltage Transmission power Inauguration
Remarks
HVDC back-to-back station Eel River New Brunswick, Canada New Brunswick, Canada - - 80kV 320 MW 1972
Cross-Skagerak 1 + 2 Tjele, Denmark Kristiansand, Norway 130 km 100 km +-250kV 1000 MW 1977
HVDC Vancouver Island 2 Delta, British Columbia North Cowichan, British Columbia 33 km 42 km 280kV 370 MW 1977
Square Butte Center, North Dakota Arrowhead, Minnesota - 749 km +-250kV 500 MW 1977
HVDC back-to-back station Shin Shinano Shin Shinano, Japan Shin Shinano, Japan - - +-125kV 600 MW 1977
CU Coal Creek, North Dakota Dickinson, Minnesota - 710 km +-400kV 1000 MW 1979
HVDC Hokkaido-Honshu Hakodate, Japan Kamikita, Japan 44 km 149 km 250kV 300 MW 1979
Cabora Bassa Songo, Mozambique Apollo, South Africa - 1420 km +-533kV 1920 MW 1979
Inga-Shaba Kolwezi, Zaire Inga, Zaire - 1700 km +-500kV 560 MW 1964
HVDC back-to-back station Acaray Acaray, Paraguay Acaray, Paraguay - - 25,6 kV 50 MW 1981
HVDC back-to-back station Vyborg Vyborg, Russia Vyborg, Russia - - +-85 kV 1065 MW 1982
HVDC back-to-back station Dürnrohr Dürnrohr, Austria Dürnrohr, Austria - - 145 kV 550 MW 1983 shut down in October 1996
HVDC Gotland 2 Västervik, Sweden Yigne, Sweden 92.9 km 6.6 km 150 kV 130 MW 1983
HVDC back-to-back station Artesia, New Mexico Artesia, New Mexico Artesia, New Mexico - - 82 kV 200 MW 1983
HVDC back-to-back station Chateauguay Châteauguay — Saint-Constant Châteauguay — Saint-Constant - - 140 kV 1000 MW 1984
HVDC Itaipu 1 Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná São Roque, São Paulo - 785 km +-600 kV 3150 MW 1984
HVDC Itaipu 2 Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná São Roque, São Paulo - 805 km +-600 kV 3150 MW 1984
HVDC back-to-back station Oklaunion Oklaunion Oklaunion - - 82 kV 200 MW 1984
HVDC back-to-back station Blackwater, New Mexico Blackwater, New Mexico Blackwater, New Mexico - - 57 kV 200 MW 1984
HVDC back-to-back station Highgate, Vermont Highgate, Vermont Highgate, Vermont - - 56 kV 200 MW 1985
HVDC back-to-back station Madawaska Madawaska Madawaska - - 140 kV 350 MW 1985
HVDC back-to-back station Miles City Miles City Miles City - - +-82 kV 200 MW 1985
Nelson River Bipole 2 Sundance, Canada Rosser, Canada - 937 km +-500 kV 1800 MW 1985
HVDC Cross-Channel (new) Les Mandarins, France Sellindge, UK 72 km - +-270 kV 2000 MW 1986 2 bipolar systems
HVDC back-to-back station Broken Hill Broken Hill Broken Hill - - +-8.33 kV 40 MW 1986
Intermountain Intermountain, Utah Adelanto, California - 785 km +-500 kV 1920 MW 1986
HVDC back-to-back station Uruguaiana Uruguaiana, Brazil Uruguaiana, Brazil - - +-17.9 kV 53.9 MW 1986
HVDC Gotland 3 Västervik, Sweden Yigne, Sweden 98 km - 150 kV 130 MW 1987
HVDC back-to-back station Virginia Smith Sidney, Nebraska Sidney, Nebraska - - 55.5 kV 200 MW 1988
Konti-Skan 2 Vester Hassing, Denmark Stenkullen, Sweden 87 km 60 km 285 kV 300 MW 1988

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 27 of 67
HVDC back-to-back station Mc Neill Mc Neill, Canada Mc Neill, Canada - - 42 kV 150 MW 1989
HVDC back-to-back station Vindhyachal Vindhyachal, India Vindhyachal, India - - 176 kV 500 MW 1989
HVDC Sileru-Barsoor Sileru, India Barsoor, India - 196 km +-200 kV 400 MW 1989
Fenno-Skan Dannebo, Sweden Rauma, Finland 200 km 33 km 400 kV 500 MW 1989
HVDC Gezhouba - Shanghai Gezhouba, China Nan Qiao, China - 1046 km +-500 kV 1200 MW 1989
Quebec - New England Transmission Radisson, Quebec Nicolet, Quebec; Des Cantons, Quebec; Comerford, New Hampshire; James
Bay, Massachusetts - 1100 km +-450 kV 2000 MW 1991 multiterminal scheme
HVDC Rihand-Delhi Rihand, India Dadri, India - 814 km +-500 kV 1500 MW 1992
SACOI 2 Suvereto, Italia Lucciana, France; Codrongianos, Italy 118 km 304 km 200 kV 300 MW 1992 multiterminal scheme
HVDC Inter-Island 2 Benmore Dam, New Zealand Haywards, New Zealand 40 km 570 km 350 kV 640 MW 1992
Cross-Skagerak 3 Tjele, Denmark Kristiansand, Norway 130 km 100 km 350kV 500 MW 1993
Baltic-Cable Lübeck-Herrenwyk, Germany Kruseberg, Sweden 250 km 12 km 450 kV 600 MW 1993
HVDC back-to-back station Etzenricht Etzenricht, Germany Etzenricht, Germany - - 160 kV 600 MW 1993 shut down in October 1995
HVDC back-to-back station Vienna-Southeast Vienna, Austria Vienna, Austria - - 142 kV 600 MW 1993 shut down in October 1996
HVDC Haenam-Cheju Haenam, South Korea Jeju, South Korea 101 km - 180 kV 300 MW 1996
Kontek Bentwisch, Germany Bjaeverskov, Denmark 170 km - 400 kV 600 MW 1996
HVDC Hellsjön-Grängesberg Hellsjoen, Sweden Graengesberg, Sweden - 10 km 180 kV 3 MW 1997 experimental HVDC
HVDC back-to-back station Welch-Monticello Welch-Monticello, Texas Welch-Monticello, Texas - - 162 kV 600 MW 1998
HVDC Leyte - Luzon Orno, Leyton Ormoc, Luzon 21 km 430 km 350 kV 440 MW 1998
HVDC Visby-Nas Nas, Sweden Visby, Sweden 70 km - 80 kV 50 MW 1999
Swepol Starnö, Sweden Slupsk, Poland 245 km - 450 kV 600 MW 2000
HVDC Italy-Greece Galatina, Italy Arachthos, Greece 200 km 110 km 400 kV 500 MW 2001
Kii Channel HVDC system Anan, Japan Kihoku, Japan 50 km 50 km +-500 kV 1400 MW 2000
HVDC Moyle Auchencrosh, UK Ballycronan More, UK 63.5 km - 250 kV 250 MW 2001
HVDC Thailand-Malaysia Khlong Ngae, Thailand Gurun, Malaysia - 110 km 300 kV 300 MW 2002
HVDC back-to-back station Minami-Fukumitsu Minami-Fukumitsu, Japan Minami-Fukumitsu, Japan - - 125 kV 300 MW 1999
HVDC Three Gorges-Changzhou Longquan, China Zhengping, China - 890 km +-500 kV 3000 MW 2003
HVDC Three Gorges-Guangdong Jingzhou, China Huizhou, China - 940 km +-500 kV 3000 MW 2003
Basslink Loy Yang, Australia George Town, Australia 298.3 km 71.8 km 400 kV 600 MW 2005
Imera Power HVDC Wales-Ireland, East West Interconnector Leinster, Ireland Anglesea, Wales 130 km - +-400 kV 500 MW 2008
NorNed Feda, Norway Eemshaven, Netherlands 580 km - +-450 kV 700 MW 2010
HVDC back-to-back station at Vishakapatinam Vishakapatinam, India Vishakapatinam, India - -

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 28 of 67
 Commercial Break!
See Tables in BOOK:

• V.K.Sood, “HVDC and FACTS Controllers - Applications of Static Convert-

ers in Power Systems”, April 2004, ISBN 1-4020-7890-0, Published by Klu-
wer Academic Publishers, 300 pages. Available also in Chinese, and soon in
Russian.

Russian version
soon

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 29 of 67
 Past Decade Version
Driving forces were increased performance, increased reliability, reduced
losses, higher overload capacity and better filtering with lower audible noise
requirements. All of these requirements led to increased costs. The industry
matured and was characterized by the following features:

• Valves: Typical valve was ±500 kV water-cooled for indoor utilization, hav-
ing a 12-pulse, suspended 3 quadri-valve configuration,

• Converter Transformers: These were three 1-phase winding transformers

which were mounted close to the valve-hall with protruding bushings,

• AC Filters: conventional, passive double-tuned and high-pass filters type

with internal fused capacitors and air-cored reactors,

• DC Filters: passive type with either air or oil cooled reactors. The DCCTs
were of the zero-flux type, and

• DC Controls: mainly digital, but with some analog parts for the protection
and firing units.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 30 of 67
 Top: DC Side
Bushing in
Valve Hall

AC Side Bushings in Valve Hall

Converter transformer

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 31 of 67
 Inside of Valve Hall and Quadri-Valves

Below: View of Valve Modules

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 32 of 67
 New style air-cored
smoothing reactor

Older style oil-coiled smoothing

reactor in tank
Damped Filters

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 33 of 67
AC High pass filter. Being a HP filter
DC side Voltage
no seasonal tuning is necessary. How-
Divider
ever the filter has a resistor in parallel
with the reactor (the rectangular
tower on the right)

High speed bypass

breaker across the con-
verter on the dc side.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 34 of 67
 Spare Con-
verter Trans-
former in
switchyard
(Dadri,
India)

Air cored smoothing reactor

Triple-tuned AC Filter
(Gurun, Malaysia)

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 35 of 67
 Present Decade Version
New trends in the present decade are being led by a commitment to reduce
costs so that DC transmission can become competitive with AC transmis-
sion. These cost reductions are coming about due to:

• Modular, standardized and re-usable designs are being employed,

• Developments of the past decade in the areas of digital electronics, and

• Power switches.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 36 of 67
Thyristor Valves

• Today, thyristor ratings of 9.5+ kV and 1500 kW on silicon wafers of 150

mm diameter are commercially feasible. This has led to a dramatic decrease
in the number of series connected thyristor elements comprising a valve,
thus simplifying the design and reducing the power losses,

• The thyristors can be either light or electrically triggered. Light-Triggered

Thyristors (LTT) will offer performance and cost advantages in the future by
eliminating the high number of components in the electronic firing unit.
Monitoring and protection features are also incorporated in these devices,

• The valves are now of the air-insulated type and can be housed in outdoor
units or modules with one valve per module,

• An important development in the usage of outdoor valves is a composite

insulator which is used as a communications channel for the fibre optics,
cooling water and ventilation air between the valve unit and ground,

• An outdoor valve of this type has been in operation at the Konti-Skan I sta-
tion since 1992 for 275 kV DC voltage.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 37 of 67
Benefits of LTT-Thyristor Technology and View on the Thyristor Stack
(right side)

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 38 of 67
Thyristor Capabilities

V kW

9000 1800

8000 1500
Power handling capability
7000 1400

6000 1200
Blocking voltage
5000 1000

4000 800

3000 600

2000 400

1000 200
Silicon wafer and construc-
YST 35

YST 45

YST 60
YST 14

YST 60
YST 8
YST 5

0 tion of the LTT. The light

1960 1970 1980 1990 guides appear in the bottom
right hand corner.
Development of blocking voltage and power
handling capacity for HVDC thyristors

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 39 of 67
 Basic elements of an outdoor valve

Processed air
Cooling water
Fibre optics

Bushing

Thyristor Valve Housing

Communication channel for fibre optics,

cooling water and ventilation air.

Support insulation
Housing for Valve based electronics
and air processing unit

Cooling unit Air cooled

liquid cooler

To Pole control electronics

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 40 of 67
 Transistor Era
IGBTs (HVDC Light) installations
Converter Converter Cable
Name Voltage Power Year Remarks
Station 1 Station 2 Length
HVDC Tjæreborg Tjæreborg, Den- Tjæreborg, Den- 4.3 km +-9 kV 7,2 MW 2000 interconnection to wind power generating
mark mark stations
Directlink Mullumbimby, Bungalora, Aus- 59 km +-80 kV 180 MW 2000 land cable
Australia tralia
Cross Sound New Haven, Con- Shoreham, Long 40 km +-150 kV 330 MW 2002 buried underwater cable
Cable necticut Island
Murraylink Berri, Australia Red Cliffs, Aus- 177 km +-150 kV 220 MW 2002 land cable
tralia
HVDC Troll Kollsnes, Norway Offshore plat- 70 km +-60 kV 84 MW 2005 power supply for offshore gas compressor
form Troll A
Estlink Espoo, Finland Harku, Estonia 105 km +-150kV 350 MW 2006

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 41 of 67
 Self-commutated Valves
Increased interest in VSCs has been due to development of self-commutated
switches at increased power ratings. These switches now permit the use of
sophisticated algorithms for deriving sinusoidal output waveforms for con-
trolling active-reactive power and the generation-absorption of harmonics.

Comparison of power semi-conductor devices

Thyristor GTO IGBT SI MCT MOSFET
Max. Voltage rating (V) 9500 6000 1700 2500 3000 1000
Max. Current rating (A) 4000 6000 800 800 400 100
Voltage blocking symmetric/ symmetric/ asymmetric asymmetric symmetric/ asymmetric
asymmetric asymmetric asymmetric
Gating pulse current voltage current voltage voltage
Conduction drop (V) 1.2 2.5 3 4 1.2 resistive
Switching frequency 1 5 20 20 20 100
(kHz)
Development target 10,000 10,000 3,500 5000 5,000 2000
max. voltage rating (V)
Development target 8,000 8,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 200
max. current rating (A)

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 42 of 67
 Comparison of CSC versus VSC
Current source converters Voltage source converters
Uses inductor L for dc side energy storage Uses capacitor C for dc side energy storage
Constant current Constant voltage
Fast accurate control Slower control
Higher losses More efficient
Larger and more expensive Smaller and less expensive
More fault tolerant and more reliable Less fault tolerant and less reliable
Simpler controls Complexity of control system is increased
Not easily expandable in series Easily expanded in parallel for increased
rating

CSC VSC
L C

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 43 of 67
 Offshore Platform Supplies

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 44 of 67
 Active Filters
These devices become prominent due to the following:

• Stringent requirements from the utilities for filtering

harmonics,

• Availability of PWM VSC converters at high power and low losses..

Ls pole
small With passive filter only
passive I(f) With active filter
filter
active (A, rms)
filter Control 1.5

1
converter
0.5

0
1000 2000 3000 Frequency (Hz)
neutral
Harmonics 12 24 36 48 60 72

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 45 of 67
 Tunable AC Filters
ConTune filter
Z

Damped
filter

Damped ConTune
Filter Filter
-∆f fo +∆f Frequency

Inductance
(H)
Iac

0.06

0.04

0.02
Idc
0 20 40 60
Control Current (A)
(a) (b)

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 46 of 67
 Deep Hole Ground Electrode
• Allows the electrode to be closer to the converter station,

• Usage of a shorter line with reduced power loss,

• Reduced interference and reduced risk of lightning strikes,

• Easier to find a suitable electrode site, and

• Enhanced possibilities to operate the DC link in mono-polar mode.

Electrode Line
Switch House

Cable
Surface of Earth

High resistivity layer

500-1000 m

Electrode element Low resistivity layer

100-200 m 10 m

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 47 of 67
 AC-DC Measurements

Optical Current Transducer

Power Laser Power

+ 5V Supply Diode Optical Converter
Power I
Link
Local Module Remote Module

Data Optical A/D

Data Shunt
Output Data Data Circuit
D/A Link
Converter Receiver Transmitter

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 48 of 67
 Comparison of a 2000 MW HVDC station layout of the 1990s
with a modern design

ACF ACF
SH SH
ACF - AC Filter
DCF - DC Filter
OLD DESIGN
ACF
VH - Valve Hall
VY - Valve Yard
circa 1990
SR
SH - Shunt Capacitor
DCF DCF

SR
SR - Smoothing Reactor
T
VH
C
C - Control Building
VH
SR T CC - Control & Auxi. Modules
DCF DCF
T - Transformers
SR

ACF

SH SH
ACF ACF

ACF - AC Filter
DCF - DC Filter
SH
ACF
SR
VH - Valve Hall NEW DESIGN
T VY
VY - Valve Yard
CC
DCF
SH - Shunt Capacitor circa 2005
DCF SR - Smoothing Reactor
SH ACF
T VY
SR
C - Control Building
CC - Control & Auxi. Modules
T - Transformers

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 49 of 67
Artist’s view of next generation Converter Station

AC filters ConTune and

Commutation Capacitors High-pass filters

Converter transformers

Outdoor valves

Control and Service

Building

Valve cooling equipment

Smoothing reactor
Active DC filter

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 50 of 67
 Aerial view of CCC at Garabi

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 51 of 67
 Modeling and Simulation
• Real-time Digital Simulators (ex. HYPERSIM, RTDS, OPAL RT)

• Off-line Digital Simulation packages (ex. EMTP RV, EMTDC etc)

EMTP-RV Package includes:

- EMTP-RV, the Engine;
- EMTPWorks, the GUI;
- ScopeView, the Output Processor.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 52 of 67
 HYPERSIM Simulator

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 53 of 67
 Key Features
Pentium M with up to 3 VIRTEX II Pro FPGA
RT-LAB, SIMULINK, RTW, XILINX SG compatible
Compact and robust aluminum case15’’ x 12’’ x 5’’
PC and IO sections can be used separately
Computer Section
Two slot PCI – one free for optional PCI IO boar
Pentium M, Mini-ITX, 2Ghz
One OP5110 XILINX FPGA board for IO management
Ethernet 10/100 4-port Hub (optional)
IO Section
Capacity of 4 IO carriers to create IO configurations using 16-channel high-speed IO modules:
Up to 128ch of opto-isolated DIO Real-time Digital Simulator
Up to 128ch of DAC(5ma) or ADC
16-ch. A/D modules,16-bit 2-us total sampling time
for Hardware-in-Loop testing
16-ch. D/A modules, 16-bit, 1us update time.
Optional additional OP5130 FPGA boards for fast model execution and control prototyping.
of Controllers
32 Leds display controllable by the model (from OPAL RT)
Linear IO power supply with Led indicator

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 54 of 67
 800 kV and beyond

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 55 of 67
 Number of lines in parallel required to transmit 8 – 12 GW

Cond. Thermal Thermal Required no. of

1.5 x
diam. limit limit SIL lines
SIL
(line) (s/s)
kV mm GW GW GW GW 8 GW 12 GW

800 5 x 35 7.5 5.5 2.5 3.8 4 5

EHVAC
1000 8 x 35 15.0 6.9 4.3 6.5 3 3

±600 3 x 50 8.0 5.8 NA NA 2 3

HVDC
±800 5 x 50 17.7 5.8 NA NA 2 3

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 56 of 67
 800 kV Equipment

Wall Bushing for 800 kV

800 kV Converter transformer

Transformer Bushing for 800 kV

Based on proven design used in 3G projects
in China

• Hollow core composite insulator

• Silicon rubber sheds with proven profile

• SF6 enhanced insulation

• “Explosion safe” – no porcelain

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 57 of 67
HVDC Projects in China

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 58 of 67
[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 59 of 67
HVDC Projects in India

Existing Multi-infeed HVDC Scheme

• At Chandrapur in Maharashtra,
1000 MW BB link and 1500 MW
Rectifier end of Chandrapur –
Padghe Bipole are linked through
19 km, 400 kV AC Line.

Future Multi-infeed HVDC Schemes

• Rihand - Dadri 1500 MW Bipole -

In operation since 1991

• Ballia - Bhiwadi 2500 MW Bipole-

To be commissioned by 2009.

• NER-Agra 3000 MW Bipole –

Likely to commissioned by 2011.

• The Inverters of all three Bipole

schemes are terminated in same
network and are closely linked.

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 60 of 67
 Economic
development of
the east

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 61 of 67
HVDC Projects in Scandinavia

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 62 of 67
[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 63 of 67
[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 64 of 67
 Nelson River Quebec-New England Madawaska Cross Channel Skagerrak Zhoushan Island Minami-
3420 MW 2690 MW 350 MW 2000 MW 940 MW 50 MW 300 MW Gotland
Square Butte Chateauguay 260 MW
Eel River Corsica tapping Fenno-Skan Cheju Island
500 MW 1000 MW 320 MW 50 MW 500 MW 300 MW Konti-Skan
McNeil 550 MW
150 MW Vyborg
1050 MW Baltic Cable
Vancouver 600 MW
682 MW Kontek
600 MW Hokkaido-Honshu
Sidney 600 MW
200 MW
Volgograd-Donbass
DA Hamil 720 MW
100 MW
Moyle Shin-Shinano
Miles 500 MW
200 MW 600 MW

CU-project Higashi-Shimizu
1000 MW 300 MW
Dürnrohr
Wels 550 MW Sakuma
600 MW 300 MW

Intermountain Shikoku-Kausai
1920 MW 3400 MW

Pacific Intertie Gezhouba-Shanghai

3100 MW 1200 MW
Eddy County Rihand-Delhi
1500 MW
200 MW Wien
Blackwater
550 MW Leyte - Luzon
440 MW
200 MW
Vindhyachal
Oklaunion
200 MW 500 MW

Highgate Vishakapatanam
200 MW 500 MW

Acaray New Zealand

50 MW 1240 MW
Brazil-Argentina Italy-Greece Three Gorges-Changzhou Chandrapur-Padghe Broken Hill
Itaipu 500 MW B t B 1000 MW
6300 MW 1000 MW 3000 MW 40

Urugaiana Sardinia-Italy Inga-Shaba Cahora Bassa Etzenricht Chandrapur-Padghe Sileru-Barsoor

50 300 MW 560 MW 1920 MW 600 MW 1500 MW 100 MW
60
50

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 65 of 67
 Closing Comments
• 50+ years old HVDC technology is now mature, reliable and accepted glo-
bally. From its modest beginning, the technology has advanced considerably
and maintained its leading edge image. Costs will continue to come down.

• The first 25 years were sustained by Mercury arc converters. The second 25
years where sustained by Thyristor technology. The next 25 years will be the
era of the Transistor technology.

• There is no question of replacing AC transmission. However, AC-DC tech-

nology will work in a closely integrated fashion. The encroaching technol-
ogy of FACTS has learned and gained from the enhancements made initially
by HVDC systems. FACTS technology may challenge some of the tradi-
tional roles for HVDC applications as deregulation of the utility business
will open up the market for increased interconnection of networks.

• HVDC transmission has unique characteristics which will provide it with

new opportunities. Although the traditional applications of HVDC transmis-
sion will be maintained for bulk power transmission in places like China,
India, S.America and Africa, the increasing desire for the exploitation of

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 66 of 67
 renewable resources will provide an opportunity for innovative solutions in
the following applications:

• Connection of small dispersed generators to the grid,

• Alternatives to local generation, and
• Feeding to urban city centers (i.e. Super conducting cables).
• Further research/development will occur in the following areas:
• Active harmonic filtering and reactive/active power support,
• Multi-infeed converters,
• Compensation of non-linear loads, and
• Transient performance of the controller.
B1
DC1 AC1

B2
DC2 AC2

[email protected] HVDC Transmission Systems - Past, Present and Future (2006) Page 67 of 67