ME 6504 Metrology and Measurements Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017 - 2018
ME 6504 Metrology and Measurements Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017 - 2018
ME 6504 Metrology and Measurements Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017 - 2018
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Jain R.K. “Engineering Metrology”, Khanna Publishers, 2005.
2. Gupta. I.C., “Engineering Metrology”, Dhanpatrai Publications, 2005.
REFERENCES:
1. Charles Reginald Shotbolt, “Metrology for Engineers”, 5th edition, Cengage Learning EMEA,1990.
2. Backwith, Marangoni, Lienhard, “Mechanical Measurements”, Pearson Education , 2006.
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04.What is backlash?
Backlash is the maximum distance through which one part of the instrument may be moved without
disturbing the other part.
05.What is frequency response?
Frequency response is defined as the maximum frequency of the measured variable that the
measurement system (instrument) is capable of following without error.
06.What is hysteresis?
Hysteresis is a phenomenon which depicts different output effects when loading and unloading whether
it is a mechanical system or an electrical system and for that matter any system.
07.What is traceability?
Traceability is defined as the ability to trace the accuracy of a standard back to its ultimate source of
standard.
08.Define a measuring instrument.( Jun 2012)
A measuring instrument is a device that has many components to perform a particular function. It is
used to know about physical quantities such as length, weight, pressure, force etc.
09.What are analog and digital instruments?
Signals that vary in a continuous fashion and take on an infinity of values in any given range are called
analog signals and the devices which produce these signals are called analog devices. The signals which
vary in discrete steps and thus take up only finite different values in a given range are called digital
signals and the devices that produce such signals are called digital devices.
10.Define Sensitivity. (Jun 2012 , Dec2012) (Nov/Dec 2016)
Sensitivity maybe defined as the following relation:
Sensitivity = Change in the output signal
Change in the input signal
11.Define readability.(Dec. 12)
Readability is defined as the closeness with which the scale of an analog instrument can be read.
12.Define tolerance and zero line. (Dec. 13)
The basic dimension say 25 mm is the zero line.
Any variation to this basic dimension is the tolerance towards upward or downward limits.
13.Differentiate the terms reproducibility and repeatability.
Reproducibility is the degree of closeness between measurements of the same quantity where the
individual measurements are made under different conditions. Repeatability is the closeness between
successive measurements of the same quantity with the same instrument by the same operator over a
short time span.
14.Define the term error.
Error is the difference between the measured value (Vm) and the true value (Vt) of a physical quantity.
Error = + (Vm-Vt), + => Positive error, - => Negative error.
ii) Explain the purpose of calibrating as instrument and discuss the various calibrating systems.
10. i) Define errors
ii) Explain the causes of those errors with suitable examples.(May/June 2016)(Nov/Dec 2016)
11. Elaborate on different methods of measurement. (May/June 2016)
Part B
1.State the principle of intereferometry. (Nov/Dec. 12)
2. i) Write the advantages of pneumatic comparators.
ii)Explain with a schematic sketch the construction and working principleofsolex pneumatic comparator.
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ME 6504 Metrology and measurements Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017– 2018
* Detection of defect
* Dimensional verification of integrated automation.
24. What are the advantages of Laser in interferometry? (Dec 2014)(Nov/Dec 2016)
The laser provides a source of coherence and truly monochromatic light. The property of clearance
enables it to be projected in a narrow pencil of beam without any scatter.
25. Name the different stages involved in the machine vision based measurements. (Nov/Dec 2016)
Analog to digital conversion
Removal of noise/patterns, improve contrast
Find objects in the image
Take a measurement of the object/relationships
To match the above description with similar descriptions of known objects
26. Write the features of CMM.(Dec 2014)
i) In faster machines with higher accuracies, the stiffness to weight ratio has to be high in order to reduce
dynamic forces.
ii) All the moving members, the bridge structure Z-axis carriage and Z-column are made of hollow box
construction.
iii) Errors in machine are built up and fed into the computer system so that error compensation is built up
into the software.
iv)All machines are provided with their own computers and the CMM is able to measure three-
dimensional object from the variable datums.
Part B
1. i) Describe the working principle of a dual frequency laser interferometer and state its application.
ii) How are the displacements measured using laser interferometer? (Dec 12)
iii) Explain the construction and working principle of laser interferometer with neat diagram.
2. i) Explain the working principle of AC laser interferometer and how the displacement is measure
ii) Explain the use of laser interferometer in angular measurement. (May/June 2016)
3. i) Explain the various geometrical tests that are to be done to get a better accuracyin the machine
tool.
ii) Describe the use of Lasers as a means of alignment testing (or) Discuss the testing of machine tools
using interferometer.(Nov/Dec 12)
4. Explain in detail the operation of a machine vision system.
5. i) With neat sketch explain the various types of CMM based on its construction. (Jun 13)
ii) State the possible sources of errors in CMM.(May/June 2016)
6. i) Write short notes on applications and advantages and disadvantages of CMM. (Jun 14)
ii) List out the various probes used in CMM and explain the working principle of touch trigger probe.
7.Explain the construction details of column type CMM. (Jun 14)
8.Explain in detail the various methods of testing acc uracy of horizontal milling machine and lathe using
laser interferometer.(Jun 14)
9.With a neat sketch explain the working of AC laser interferometer and its advantages.(Nov/Dec
14)(Nov/Dec 2016)
10.Explain the construction, measuring principle of CMM and its advantages.(Nov/Dec 14)(Nov/Dec 2016)
UNIT IV FORM MEASUREMENT
Part A
01.Mention the various terminologies of a screw thread.
Screw thread, crest, flank, root, lead, pitch, helix angle, flank angle, depth of thread, included angle,
major diameter, minor diameter, addendum and dedendum are some of the screw thread terminologies.
02.Define Drunken thread error. (Nov/Dec 2016)
In any screw thread if the thread is not cut to the true helix then the Drunken thread error will form. The
thread is having erratic pitch in which the advance of helix is not regular in one complete turn of the
thread.
03.What is the effect of flank angle error?
Flank angle error causes a virtual increase in the effective diameter of a bolt and decrease in the effective
diameter of the nut.
04.How will you measure the major diameter of a screw thread?
The major diameter of a screw thread can be measure by using either ordinary micrometer or bench
micrometer.
18.What are the various factors affecting surface roughness? (Nov/Dec 2016)(May/June 2016)
The surface roughness is affected by:
Work piece material
Vibrations of the work and machine
Method of machining and
Type of tool and fixtures used.
Db=2AP sec x
Part B
1. i) Derive the formula for measuring the effective diameter of thread by 3 wire method.
ii) How will you check the thread form and angle using the principle of optical Projection?
2. i) Describe the two wire method of finding the effective diameter of screw threads. (Jun14)
ii) How to measure the pitch of a screw thread by using the Tool maker‟s Microscope? Discuss in detail.
3. i) What is the “Best wire size”? Derive an expression for the same in terms of the pitch and angle of the
thread. (Jun 2013, Jun 2014)
ii) Explain the principle of measuring gear tooth thickness by base tangent method.
4. i) Describe a method for inspecting the involute profile of a spur gear tooth. Describe the construction of
gear tooth verniercaliper. (Nov/Dec 2016)
ii) How to check the composite errors of the gear by using Parkinson gear testing machine? Explain it in
detail.
5. i) Explain in detail about radius measurements.
ii) Explain the working principle of Tomlinson surface meter with a neat sketch.
6.i) Explain with sketch the working of Talysurf instrument for surface finish measurement. (Jun14)
ii) Describe the methods of measuring straightness of a surface.
7.i) Discuss in detail about comparison methods used for measuring surface finish.
ii) Write short notes on MECRIN.
8. What is the symbol for fully defining surface roughness and explain each term?(Jun 14)
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ME 6504 Metrology and measurements Department of Mechanical Engineering 2017– 2018
9.i) Explain constant chord method for tooth thickness measurement.( NovDec 14)
ii) Describe any one method of roundness measurement.(Nov/Dec 14)(Nov/Dec 2016)
10.i)Explain Tomlinson Surface meter with neat sketch.(Nov/Dec 14)
ii)What is meant by flatness and explain any one method to measure the flatness. (Dec 14)
11.Derive the expression for finding the effective diameter by three wire method. (May/June 2016)
12. Define various terminologies of screw thread with suitable diagram. (May/June 2016)