Chapter 2-Theory of Projection

Engineering Drawing (MEng 1032)
Chapter Two
Theory Of Projection
Produced by: Daniel Liyew
2015/16 Academic Year
Introduction
Projection
is
the
image
of
an
object
represented / drawn on a plane of projection

/picture plane as it would appear to the
observer stationed at a point and viewing
along the direction of line of projection .
Projectors / lines of projection are an
imaginary lines that emerges from observers
eyes and moves to contour/shape of an object.
Introduction
Station point is the location of an observer.
Plane of projection / picture plane are
an imaginary plane on which the image of
an object is represent / drawn. The plane on
which
principal
view
of
an
object
is
represented / drawn is called principal plane.

The planes are assumed to expand infinitely
and transparent.
Introduction
The
three
principal
plane
are
vertical plane used to represent

front / rear view; horizontal plane
used represent top / bottom view;
and profile plane used to represent
right / left side view of an object.
Introduction
Classification of Projections
P r o je c t io n T h e o r y
P e r s p e c t iv e
P r o je c t io n
O n e - p o in t
T w o - p o in t
T h r e e - p o in t
P a r a lle l
P r o je c t io n
O b liq u e
C a v a lie r
C a b in e t
G e n e ra l
O r t h o g r a p h ic
A x o n o m e t r ic
I s o m e t r ic
D im e t r ic
T r im e t r ic
M u lt iv ie w
Perspective Projection
A perspective drawing offers the
most realistic three-dimensional view
of all the pictorial methods, because
it portrays the object in a manner
that is most similar to how the
human eye perceives the visual
world.
The observer is placed at a fixed distance.
The projectors would converge and meet at
what is referred to as the vanishing point (VP).
It can have one, two or three vanishing points.
The resulting view formed on the picture plane
is of different size and shape as compared to
the actual size of the actual object.
Not suitable for working drawings.
Perspective Drawing
1Point
2Point
3Point
Parallel Projection
Parallel Projection
The projectors are parallel and do not meet.
The
observer
is
placed
at
an
infinite
distance from the object.

The view formed on the picture plane is of
the same size and shape as that of the
object.
Axonometric Projection
If the object is turned and tilted so that the
three faces are inclined to the plane of

projection is a special type of orthographic
projection
known
as
Axonometric
projection.
Note that, the projectors from the object to
the plane are perpendicular to the plane.
Axonometric Projection
Oblique Projection
This
form
differs
from
orthographic
projection in that, although one face (front)

is
imagined
parallel
to
the
plane
of
projection, the projectors make an angle

other than 900.
Front face sketched as a true shape. Starts
with two axes, one horizontal, one vertical.
The third axis is usually drawn at 450 , 300
and 600.
Oblique Projection
Oblique Projection
Orthographic Projection
The word orthographic means to draw
at right angles and is derived from the
Greek words: ORTHOS - straight,
rectangular, upright and GRAPHOS written, drawn.
Orthographic projection is a parallel
projection.
It
is
used
as
an
unambiguous and accurate way of
providing information, primarily for
manufacturing and detail design.
To define the six principal views or orthographic views there are two
methods: 1- Natural method and 2- Glass box method
1-Natural method: Each of the necessary view is
obtained by looking directly at the particular side of the
object.
Revolving an object to produce the six
basic views
2-Glass box method:
Most powerful technique to understand
orthographic projections.
Suspend
the
object
with
transparent
strings inside a glass box.

Fix the view from each direction (each of
the six sides of the box) and unfold the
box.
Glass Box
Approach
Glass Box
Approach
Glass Box
Approach
Glass Box
Approach
Glass Box
Approach
Glass Box
Approach
First angle projection: The object is
between observer and plane of
projection. It is ISO standard and
popular in European country.
Third angle projection: The plane is
between observer and object of
projection. It is popular in USA, Japan
and Thailand.
First and third angle projections
First and third angle projections
Projection of Point
A solid consists of a number of planes, a

plane consists of a number of lines and a
line in turn consists of number of points.
From this, it is obvious that a solid may
be generated by a plane
OBJECT FEATURES
Edges are lines that represent the boundary
between two faces
betweenRepresent
two faces.
Corners
the intersection of two or
are linesmore
that edges
represent the boundary
between two faces.
Edge
Edge
No edge
are lines that represent
the boundary
between two faces.
Corner
No corner
No corner
Contu
Surfaces : are areas that are bounded by
edges
Limiting element: is a line that represents
the last visible part of the curved surface.
Surface
Surface
Surface
or limiting element.
Limit
Limit
Points in Space
A point may lie in space in anyone of the
four quadrants. The positions of a point are:
1. First quadrant, when it lies above H.P and in
front of V.P. (First angle projections)
2. Second quadrant, when it lies above HP and
behind v.P.
3. Third quadrant, when it lies below H.P and
behind v.P.( third angle projections)
4. Fourth quadrant, when it lies below H.P and
in front of V.P.
Contu
Knowing the distances of a point
from H.P and V.P, projections on H.P
and V.P are found by
extending the projections
perpendicular to both the planes.
Projection on H.P is called Top view
and projection on V.P is called Front
view
First angle projection of points
First angle projection of points
Contu
The line of intersection of the H.P and
the V.P is known as hinge line or ground
line or reference
It is name as the XY line
For
drawing
projection
on
two
dimensional paper the HP is imagined
to have been rotated about the line XY
such that the first quadrant opens out
and the HP is brought in the plane of the
VP.
It may be noted that the distance of the
front view of p from the XY line is equal
Example 1 : Point A is 40 mm above

HP and 60
mm in
front of VP. Draw its front and
top view.
Solution: (Fig.1)
1. The point A lies in the I Quadrant
Contu
Example 2 : Draw the projections of a point A lying
on HP and 25mm in front of V.P.
.
.
Solution:
1. Point A is lying on H.P and so its front view a1
lies on xy line in Fig.1a. Therefore, mark a line
xy in the orthographic projection and mark on it
a1(Fig.1b)
2. Point A is 25mm in front of V.P and its top
view a lies on H.P itself and in front of xy.
3. Rotate the H.P through 90 in clock wise
direction, the top view of the point a now comes
vertically below a1
4. In the orthographic projection a is 25 mm
Contu
Fig.1a
Fig.1b
Third angle projection of

points
Pictorial of third angel

projection of points
third angel projection of poin
Contu
Example 1 : A point C is 40 mm below
HP and 30 mm behind V.P. Draw
its projections
Solution : (Fig.1)
The point C is in the lll
Quadrant
1. C is 40mm below H.P Hence c1 is 40 mm
below xy.
2. Draw xy and draw projector at any point on
it. Mark c1
40mm below xy on the projector.
3. C is 30mm behind V.P. So c1 is 30 mm
behind xy. Hence in the orthographic
projections mark c 30 mm above xy on the
above projector.
Contu
Fig.1
Projection of Point
BT
BT
AT
AT
Equal
distance
B
A
B
BR
AF B F
AR
AF BF
AR
BR
Projection of Lines
The shortest distance between two points is
called a straight line.
The projectors of a straight line are drawn
therefore by joining the projections of its end
points
The possible projections of straight lines with
respect to V.P and H.P in the first quadrant are
as follows:
1. Perpendicular to one plane and

parallel to the other.
2. Parallel to both planes.
3. Parallel to one plane and inclined to
1. Line perpendicular to H.P and parallel

to V.P
Fig. 1 Line perpendicular to H.P and parallel

to V.P.
2. Line parallel to both

the planes
Example: A line CD 30 mm long is parallel to

both the planes. The line is 40 mm above HP
and 20 mm in front of V.P. Draw its projection.
Solution: (Fig.1)
3. Line parallel to V.P and inclined to HP.
Example: A line AB 40 mm long is parallel to V.P

and inclined at an angle of 30 degree to HP. The
end A is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm in front of
V.P. Draw the projections of the line.
Solution: (Fig.1)
1. A is 15 mm above H.P mark a1, 15 mm above
xy.
Fig. 1 Line parallel to V.P and inclined to H.P.
4. Line inclined to both the

planes
When a line is inclined to both H.P and V.P, it is

called an oblique line. The solution to this kind
of problem is obtained in three stages, as
described below.
Projection of Normal
Line
True length
BT
AT
BT
Equal
length
AT
B
B
A
A
AF BF
Point
BR
AR
True length
AF BF
AR
BR
Projection of Inclined Line

True length
AT
BT
BT
Equal
length
AT
AA
B
B
AF
BR
BF
Foreshortened
AR
AF
Foreshortened
BF
AR
BR
Projection of
Foreshortened Oblique Line
BT
AT
Equal
length
BR
BF
AT
B
A
A
AF
BT
B
B
BF
BR
A
AR
Foreshortened
AF
Foreshortened
AR

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What are the different types of projections discussed in the document?

What are the different types of projections discussed in the document?

What are the different types of lines and their projections?

What are the different types of lines and their projections?

Engineering Drawing (MEng 1032)

represented / drawn on a plane of projection

represented / drawn is called principal plane.

vertical plane used to represent

distance from the object.

three faces are inclined to the plane of

the plane are perpendicular to the plane.

projection in that, although one face (front)

projection, the projectors make an angle

strings inside a glass box.

A solid consists of a number of planes, a

First angle projection of points

First angle projection of points

Example 1 : Point A is 40 mm above

Third angle projection of

Pictorial of third angel

third angel projection of poin

1. Perpendicular to one plane and

1. Line perpendicular to H.P and parallel

Fig. 1 Line perpendicular to H.P and parallel

2. Line parallel to both

Example: A line CD 30 mm long is parallel to

3. Line parallel to V.P and inclined to HP.

Example: A line AB 40 mm long is parallel to V.P

Fig. 1 Line parallel to V.P and inclined to H.P.

4. Line inclined to both the

When a line is inclined to both H.P and V.P, it is

Projection of Inclined Line

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