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Quebec (/k(w)ɪˈbɛk/ ( listen);[8] French: Québec [kebɛk] ( listen))[9] is one of the thirteen provinces

and territories of Canada. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of
water James Bay and Hudson Bay; to the north by Hudson Straitand Ungava Bay; to the east by
the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador; and to the south by the
province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York.
It also shares maritime borderswith Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia. Quebec is
Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory
of Nunavut is larger. It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada(with
Ontario).
Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada, after Ontario.[10] It is the only one to have
a predominantly French-speaking population, with French as the sole provincial official language.
Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec
City, the capital. Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area, including
the Island of Montreal. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are
concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in
the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the
northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal
peoples.[11]The climate around the major cities is four-season continental with cold and snowy winters
combined with warm to hot humid summers, but further north long winter seasons dominate and as
a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundraconditions.[12] Even in central
Quebec, at comparatively southerly latitudes, winters are severe in inland areas.
Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province. Parti
Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995; both were voted down
by voters, the latter defeated by a very narrow margin.[13] In 2006, the House of Commons of
Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the "Québécois as a nation within a united
Canada."[14][15]
While the province's substantial natural resources have long been the mainstay of its economy,
sectors of the knowledge economysuch as aerospace, information and communication
technologies, biotechnology, and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles. These many
industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within
Canada, second only to Ontario in economic output.[16]

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