H Out
H Out
H Out
ON
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
16th to 20th April 2018
Ho Chi Minh City
Vietnam
By
Zulkarnain Ishak
TNB Grid Div.
Malaysia
Contents
1
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
REQUIREMENTS
Introduction
2
Important of Electrical Power System.
– Cover all sector of life,
• Residential
• Commercial
• Industrial
– Thus require
• Reliable / Continuous Supply
• High Quality of Electrical Power
• Cheap / Economical
3
FAULT IN POWER SYSTEM
• Faults will always occur on a power system, and these faults may
represent a risk to
– Life
– Property
– Overall power system.
4
FAULT IN POWER SYSTEM - RISK
• Risk to human life from
– shock due to direct contact with live parts.
– potential rises of expose parts
– hazardous fume and gases from burning materials
5
POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION
• Power System Protection is needed to minimize the risk
by
– Detect
• Undesirable event in the power system
– Act
• Take appropriate actions at the RIGHT time
– Effect
• Ensuring SAFE , EFFICIENT & RELIABLE Power System Operation
6
Objectives of Power System Protection
• Minimize the effects of failure on personnel
and environmental
• Minimize damages to equipment
• Minimize outage area, costs and time
• Minimize the impact of disturbances to power
system stability and quality
13
CVT
CVT
CT
Circuit Breaker / Circuit Breaker
CT
Disconnector
7
Fault Clearing System
FCS - Equipment Analogy
Protective relays - to process the
information given (fault or not fault) Communication channels - to
and to issue command to CB (trip or provide information exchange
no trip) to the remote ends e.g. power
CT and VT - to provide information on system data, equipment status,
voltages and currents at the measureable permissive signal or command
level for relay or metering functions between relay or control
equipment between two or
DC System - to make “live” the more remote stations.
control and protection circuits
Circuit breakers (CB) - to carry out actions after
received command e.g. open/close circuit breaker
8
Instrument Transformer (CT & VT)
• Instrument Transformer
– Current Transformer
• Transform the high primary current
to 1.0A / 5.0A, for measureable and
safe working level
– Voltage Transformer
• Transform the high primary voltage
to low voltage for measureable and
safe working level, e.g. 110VØ-Ø or
63.5VØ-E
17
CT & VT Functions
• Current / Voltage Transformer (Instrument
Transformer) Functions
18
9
Protective Device / Relay
• Example of performance deficiency mode.
– Mechanical & electrical insulation damage, causing CT /
VT totally failed for provide output to relays.
– Hardware defect
• Manufacturing failure (systemic/batches)
• Site failure (individual/isolated)
– Inappropriate protection settings and configurations.
– External influence.
19
20
10
Example of Performance Deficiency Mode
– Inappropriate CT parameter used either due to design or
increase of fault level, causing CT saturation and error in
CT secondary output.
21
11
Protective Device / Relay
– Static Relay
– Digital Relay
– Numerical Relay.
12
Electromechanical Relay
• These relays were the earliest forms of
relay used for the protection of power
systems.
Static Relay
• Static analog relays were first
introduced in the early 1960s.
• In a protection relay, the term ‘static’
refers to the absence of moving parts
to create the relay characteristic. The
output contacts are still generally
attracted armature relays.
• Earlier static relays are designed
based on the use of analogue
electronic devices such as transistors,
diodes, resistors, capacitors,
inductors, etc., instead of coils and
magnets.
13
Digital Relay
• The digital relay was introduced into
service around 1980 and still used at
certain application.
Numerical Relay
• Improvement of microprocessor
capability makes relay with digital
technology completely superseded
with numerical technology.
• Numerical relays use one or more
digital signal processors (DSP) to
have faster real time signal
processing and concurrently running
the software programming of
mathematical algorithms for various
protection functions.
• Reduction in cost and size for
microprocessors, leads to multiple
functions in a single relay hardware.
14
Numerical Relay
• Table shows example of functions in the Numerical Distance Relay.
Numerical Relay
30/91
15
Example of Numerical Relay
Numerical computation
Numerical Relay
• Argument raise on the issues of reliability and availability
when putting many features into one piece of hardware.
16
Numerical Relay – Advantages
1. More protection for less cost.
2. Wiring simplification – less / no wiring req. between h’ware for
protection functions
3. Greater flexibility – user programmable logic and configuration
4. Less maintenance requirements – self supervision
5. Reduction in panel space —less devices required.
6. Event recording capability – helps in fault and failure analysis
7. Ability to calculate and display distance to fault.
8. Data acquisition for metering.
9. Communication capability—ability to design enhanced protection
schemes.
10.Capability for remote interrogation and setting application.
11.Ability to change settings automatically based on system conditions.
17
Example of Performance Deficiency Mode
• Example of performance deficiency mode
(Numerical Relay).
– “Bugs” in algorithm.
– Hardware defect
• Manufacturing failure (systemic/batches)
• Site failure (individual/isolated case)
– Inappropriate protection settings and configurations.
– External influence.
35
36
18
Example of Performance Deficiency Mode
– Hardware defect.
• Site failure (individual/isolated case)
37
19
Circuit Breaker & Disconnector Switch
– Generally there are two types
of switchgear used for the
primary equipment;
1. Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS).
2. Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS)
Comprises of
1. Busbar,
2. Circuit Breaker
3. Busbar/Line/Grounding
Disconnector.
4. CT & VT
39
40
20
CB Trip Coil
41
42
21
Example of Performance Deficiency Mode
• Example of performance deficiency mode for
Circuit Breaker & Disconnector.
– CB Trip Coil Failure - Damaged Generator
Rotor
- Overheat Stator
- Busbar DS Aux. Contact
Failure
CB Trip Coil
43
DC System
22
DC System
– AC/DC Rectifier / Charger
• Supplying the DC Standing Load
• Charging the Battery
– Battery
• Nickel-Cadmium
• Lead-Acid
– Distribution System
• MCB & Fuse
• It is common to design DC system with
redundancy due to it important to the
overall system for protection and control.
– 2 x Battery Charger
– 2 x Battery
45
DC Source 1
Charger 1
Battery
DC
Boost
Bank 1 Distribution
Interlock
Board
DC Source 2
Charger 2
Battery
Bank 2
46/54
23
DC System Failure Alarm
– DC Supply system involving
Battery Charger and Battery
are monitored with following
alarm. (Setting is based on 110DC system
with Nickel Cadmium battery)
To trip CB To trip CB
24
Example of Performance Deficiency Mode
• Example of performance deficiency mode for DC
System
– All Battery Bank Failed (Charger may not able to produce DC
output during system fault).
• The impact may be catastrophic.
Tele-protection System
25
Tele-protection System
• Telecommunication
Equipment
– Multiplexing System
• PDH or SDH
51
26
Zone of Protection
Zone of Protection
Fault Isolation Area
– Power system area that under the responsibility of a
protection system (mainly focus on main protection
function).
– The zone of isolation coverage defined by the position of
circuit breakers
Busbar
Feeder
CT
Circuit Breaker
54
27
Zone of Protection
Fault Detection Area
– However the protection fault detection zone is determined
by the position of the CT used.
CT
Circuit Breaker
55
Zone of Protection
Overlapping Zone of Protection
– The adjacent zone of protections are arranged to overlap
at the individual boundary as to avoid unprotected area.
unprotected area
overlapping area
56
28
Zone of Protection
Legend Zone of Protection
TNB Practices for AIS
a Generator
substations c b Transformer
c Busbar
d Overhead Line / Cable
Substation b
C
Substation
B
c c c
a d d b
a
G
a d d b
Substation
A
c Substation
D
d
57
29
Protection Relay Fundamental Criteria
Reliability
Sensitivity Speed
Protection
Criteria
Stability Selectivity
59
RELIABILITY
RELIABILITY:
Indicates the the ability of the relay or relay system to
perform correctly when needed (dependability) and to
avoid unnecessary operation (security).
60
30
RELIABILITY
RELIABILITY / DEPENDABILITY:
• Loss of reliability of the protection system results in
extremely expensive loss and dangerous to the system.
61
RELIABILITY
RELIABILITY / DEPENDABILITY:
• Most of the time protection system remain stable
without operation. It should be healthy and operate
during fault incident.
• Ensuring healthy of the protection system
– Periodic testing (maintenance)
– Self supervision in numerical relays
– On-line monitoring of auxiliary DC supply, CT & VT output
and CB Trip Coil.
62
31
SPEED
The time taken by the protection system to
detect the fault and take action.
1.77sec
Very slow fault clearance
32
Example : Fault record for fast fault clearance
SPEED
Operating time of a protection relay contributes to
33
SELECTIVITY
• SELECTIVITY
Ability to provide maximum service continuity with
minimum system interruption.
Ability of the protection system to determine the
faulted phase/s
Requires:
– correct location of CB
– appropriate location of CTs & VTs
– correct application of relay types
– overlapping zone of protection
– appropriate settings & relay coordination
67
SENSITIVITY
Ability to discriminate between load and fault
condition for any length of time
68
34
STABILITY
STABILITY / SECURITY
Indicates the probability of relay not operating for faults outside the area of
power system it is suppose not to operate.
69
RELAY 1 RELAY 1
RELAY 2 RELAY 2
RELAY 2 ≥2 TRIP
RELAY 3
2/3 for Trip 70
35
Protection System Design Criteria
Reliability
Sensitivity
Simplicity Speed
Protection
Criteria
Stability
Economic Selectivity
72
36
ECONOMIC
Economics – maximum protection at minimum
cost
Influence factors
– Cost of asset
– Size and Quantity of load interruption
– Area / Load sensitivity / national interest etc.
73
SIMPLICITY
Simplicity – minimum equipment and circuitry.
74
37
Main and Backup Protection
Main Protection
Backup Protection
System Protection
76
38
Main and Backup Protection
Main Protection
• Primary protective function to detect and isolate
fault within the protected zone
MAIN PROTECTION
Name Detail Examples
Definite Zone This is the protection function that Unit Protection –
(Local Zone covers only the protected equipment Current Differential
of or a part of it.
Protection- Distance (21Z) –
LZOP) Zone 1 Under-reach
Permissive Zone This is the protection function that Distance (21Z) –
overreached the protected equipment Carrier Aided
but requires a permissive signal to trip Protection
instantaneously. (Tele-Protection) 77
Backup Protection
• Secondary protective function to detect and isolate fault
within the adjacent protected zone or to backup the
primary protective function
BACKUP PROTECTION
Name Detail Examples
Local Backup This is the protection function that act Breaker Failure
as the backup for relay, scheme or
circuit breaker failure condition.
Remote Backup This is the protection function that Distance Protection
overreached up to the adjacent LZOP or - Zone 2
more, to act as the backup for the - Zone 3
adjacent LZOP main protection.
Over-current
78
39
Main and Backup Protection
System Backup Protection
• Final protective function to detect uncontrollable
power system condition
SYSTEM PROTECTION
Name Detail Examples
Local System This is the protection function that Load shedding
isolate abnormal power system Scheme
condition based on local measurement.
Generator Shedding
Wide Area This is the protection function that Islanding Scheme
System isolate abnormal power system
condition based on wide-area Special Protection
measurements. Scheme
79
S
Line of defence
1 MAIN PROTECTION
80
40
Main and Backup Protection
PROTECTION: Lines of defense against abnormal power system conditions
S
X
Line of defence
Relay/CB Failed
1
2 LOCAL BACKUP PROTECTION
Relay Backup
3 Different principle of measurement
from Main relay
Delayed tripping
4 Breaker Backup
Failure of CB
BF Trips surrounding CBs
81
S S
Line of defence X
DC P
82
41
Main and Backup Protection
PROTECTION: Lines of defense against abnormal power system conditions
System Stability
Line of defence
UF Load Shedding
1 UV Load Shedding
Pole-slip & Islanding
Force Generator Tripping
2 Special Protection Scheme
3 SYSTEM PROTECTION
83
1 MAIN PROTECTION
2 BACKUP PROTECTION
3 SYSTEM PROTECTION
44 BLACKOUT
84
42
THANK YOU
43